COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND ORGANISATION

• A computer is an electronic device that can be programmed to accept data (input), process
it and generate result (output). A computer along with additional hardware and software
together is called a computer system.
• A computer system primarily comprises a central processing unit (CPU), memory,
input/output devices and storage devices. All these components function together as a
single unit to deliver the desired output.
• A computer system comes in various forms and sizes. It can vary from a high-end server
to personal desktop, laptop, tablet computer, or a smartphone.
• A computer works on the IPO cycle i.e. Input -> Process -> Output
• Any kind of computer consists of HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE.

Hardware: Hardware refers to the tangible (physical) components of a computer system.

Input Devices (e.g., Keyboard, Mouse) Output Devices (e.g., Monitor, Printer)
Storage Devices (e.g., Hard Disk, SSD) Processing Unit (e.g., CPU, GPU)
Software: Software is a collection of programs or instructions that operate hardware and
perform specific tasks.
Input Devices: These devices are used to enter data and instructions into the computer.
Output Devices: The device that receives data from a computer system for display,
physical production, etc., is called output device. It converts digital information into human
understandable form.

Fig 1
COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

Fig 2
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CPU (Central Processing Unit) - It is the electronic circuitry of a computer that carries
out the actual processing and is usually referred as the brain of the computer. It is commonly
called processor also.
Components of CPU:
1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
o Performs arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, etc.)
o Performs logical operations (AND, OR, NOT, etc.)
2. Control Unit (CU)
o Controls all operations inside the CPU
o Fetches instructions from memory and directs the execution
3. Registers
o Temporary, fast storage units inside the CPU
o Store data, instructions, and results during processing
Working of CPU:
• Uses the Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle:
1. Fetch instruction from memory.
2. Decode it.
3. Execute the instruction.
Memory:
Computer memory refers to the electronic components that store data and instructions
temporarily or permanently for processing by a computer.
Memory unit is used to store data and instructions.
It stores data in machine language i.e. in the form of 0 and 1. The binary digits 0 and 1 are
known as bits.(BInary DigiTS)
A) Primary Memory (Main Memory)
Primary memory refers to the memory that is directly accessible by the CPU. It stores data
and instructions that are currently being used or processed. This memory plays a crucial role
in the computer’s speed and performance.
➤ Types of Primary Memory:
1. RAM (Random Access Memory):
o RAM is a volatile memory, which means that it loses all stored data when
the power is turned off.
o It is used to temporarily store data and instructions that the CPU needs
while performing tasks.
o RAM allows data to be read and written quickly, which is why it is often
referred to as working memory or temporary memory.
o The more RAM a computer has, the better it can perform multiple tasks at once
(multitasking).
Types of RAM:
DYNAMIC RAM: It consists of capacitors and transistors. It uses electric charge to
store the data. It requires constant refreshing to maintain data.
STATIC RAM: It consists of flip-flops (a fundamental digital circuit that stores a single
bit of binary data (either 0 or 1)). It has faster access time compared to dynamic RAM.
2. ROM (Read-Only Memory):
o ROM is a non-volatile memory, which means it retains its data even when
the power is switched off.
o It stores permanent instructions that are required to start (boot) the
computer, such as the BIOS (Basic Input Output System).
o As the name suggests, data in ROM can usually only be read, not modified
(though special types like EEPROM can be updated).
Types of ROM:
PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory): It can be programmed once.
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 EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory): It can be erased by keeping
the ROM chip using Ultraviolet light. It can be reprogrammed.
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Read Only Memory): It can be erased by electrical
signal. It can also be reprogrammed

B) Cache Memory: Cache memory is a high-speed memory located inside or very close
to the CPU. It stores the most frequently used data and instructions, allowing the CPU to
access them more quickly than if it had to fetch them from RAM.
• Cache is much faster than RAM but also more expensive and has a smaller storage
capacity.
• It helps in reducing the time taken to access data, thereby improving the overall
performance of the computer.

Fig 3
C) Secondary Memory (Storage Devices): Secondary memory is used for the
permanent storage of data, files, software, and the operating system. Unlike primary
memory, it is non-volatile, meaning data is not lost when the computer is turned off.
➤ Characteristics of Secondary Memory:
• It is not directly accessible by the CPU; data must be loaded into primary memory
(RAM) before processing.
• It has large storage capacity compared to primary memory.
• It is slower than primary memory, but suitable for long-term data retention.
➤ Examples of Secondary Storage Devices:
1. Hard Disk Drive (HDD):
o Magnetic storage device. Stores data in digital form using rotating disks.
2. Solid State Drive (SSD):
o Uses flash memory. It is faster, more durable, and more expensive than HDDs.
3. Optical Discs (CD/DVD):
o Use laser technology to read/write data.
4. Flash Drives (Pen Drives, USB drives):
o Portable, plug-and-play storage devices, Use flash memory
5. Memory Cards (SD Cards):
o Small in size but capable of storing gigabytes of data.

Fig 4

Data transfer between Memory and CPU:

Data need to be transferred between the CPU and primary memory as well as between the
primary and secondary memory.
Data are transferred between different components of a computer system using physical
wires called bus.

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 Fig 5
Units of Memory: Memory in a computer system is used to store data and instructions.
The amount of data that can be stored in memory is measured using specific units. These
units help us understand how much information a memory device can hold.

Basic Unit: Bit

• The smallest unit of memory in a computer is a bit.
• A bit is short for Binary Digit.
• It can hold only one of two values:
o 0 (off, false)
o 1 (on, true)
• Computers use binary number system (base-2), so all data is stored using
combinations of bits.
Byte
• 1 Byte = 8 Bits
• A byte is the basic unit of storage used to represent a single character (like a
letter, number, or symbol).
o Example: The character ‘A’ is stored in 1 byte.

TYPES OF SOFTWARE:
Software is defined as a collection of programs which are used for different purposes.
There are three types of software:
1) System Software
2) Programming tools and language translators
3) Application Software

Fig 6

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1. System Software
System software is a type of software that controls and manages the hardware components
and provides a platform for running application software.
a) Operating System (OS):
• Acts as an interface between user and hardware.
• Manages files, memory, processes, and devices.
• Examples: Windows, Linux, macOS, Android
b) System Utilities:
• Programs that perform maintenance and support tasks.
• Examples: Antivirus, Disk Cleanup, File Compression Tools (WinZip)
c) Device Drivers:
• Specialized software that allows the OS to communicate with hardware devices.
• Each device (printer, keyboard, etc.) needs its own driver.
• Example: Printer Driver, Graphics Driver
2. Programming Tools and Language Translators
a) Programming Language: A programming language is a special language used to write
code that tells a computer what tasks to perform.
b) Language Translators: Language translators in computers are programs that convert
code written in a programming language into a form the computer can understand and
execute. Types of Language Translators:

a) Assembler b) Compiler c) Interpreter

Translates assembly Converts the entire source code Translates one line at a
language into machine (high-level language) into machine time from source code to
code. code at once. machine code.
One-to-one conversion. Fast execution after compilation. Slower than a compiler.
Used in low-level Example: C, C++ compilers Example: Python,
programming. JavaScript interpreters
c) Program Development Tools: These are tools used by programmers to write, test, debug,
and maintain computer programs. Example : IDE(Integrated Development Environment)
3. Application Software
Application software is designed to help users perform specific tasks or activities.
Types:
• General-purpose software – used by most users.
o Examples: MS Word (word processing), Excel (spreadsheet), PowerPoint
(presentation)
• Special-purpose software – developed for a specific task.
o Examples: Billing Software, Library Management System
Note: Application software runs on top of system software.

OPERATING SYSTEM
An Operating System (OS) is system software that acts as an interface between the user and
the computer hardware. It manages all software and hardware resources and provides
services for the execution of programs.
FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM OS USER INTERFACE
• Memory Management • Command-based Interface

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 • Process Management • Graphical User Interface
• File Management • Touch Based Interface
• Device Management • Voice Based Interface
• User Interface Management • Gesture Based Interface
• Security and Access Control
• Job Scheduling / Task Management
• 8. Error Detection and Handling

QUESTION BANK
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following is the correct order of memory units from smallest to largest?
a) Byte < Bit < KB < MB < GB b) Bit < Byte < KB < MB < GB
c) Bit < KB < Byte < MB < GB d) Bit < Byte < MB < KB < GB
2. A student saved a project on a pen drive. Which category of memory does this pen
drive belong to?
a) Primary Memory b) Cache Memory
c) Secondary Memory d) Virtual Memory
3. Which of the following devices temporarily holds instructions and data that the CPU
needs while executing a program?
a) ROM b) Hard Disk
c) RAM d) SSD
4. Which type of software is responsible for managing hardware and providing services to
other software?
a) Application Software b) System Software
c) Compiler d) Word Processor
5. Which of the following correctly matches the language translator with its function?
a) Assembler – Translates high-level code to binary
b) Compiler – Executes instructions line by line
c) Interpreter – Translates and executes code line by line
d) Compiler – Converts binary to assembly
6. Which of the following is NOT a function of an operating system?
a) File management b) Application development
c) Memory allocation d) Process scheduling
7. A user interacts with a computer using a mouse and graphical icons. What type of user
interface is this?
a) Command-Line Interface (CLI) b) Text-Based Interface
c) Graphical User Interface (GUI) d) Program Interface
8. While working on a large data analysis program, a student notices the program runs
slowly due to frequent data access from RAM. Which memory component would help
speed up processing in this situation?
a) Hard disk b) ROM
c) Cache memory d) USB drive
9. Which of the following best explains why ROM is necessary in a computer system?
a) It contains the startup instructions for the computer
b) It speeds up program execution
c) It stores temporary program data
d) It manages power supply to components
10. Which of the following is not a system utility (software).
a) Disk Defragmenter b) Antivirus
c) Backup Software d) Assembler

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 ANSWERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
b c c b c b c c a d

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. Raw facts and figures are called___________.

2. Processing takes place in the part of the computer known as the __________.
3. The __________ directs and coordinates all the activities within the CPU.
4. A __________ is the sequence of instructions performed to solve one problem.
5. __________ holds data and instructions that the computer is processing at the time.

ANSWERS
1 2 3 4 5
Data CPU (Central Processing Unit) Control Unit Algorithm Primary
memory (RAM)

ASSERTION AND REASONING QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of Assertion(A) is followed by a statement of
Reason (R). Make the correct choice as:
(A)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
(B)Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
(C)A is True but R is False
(D)A is False but R is True

1. Assertion (A): The system software is set of programs which takes care of all the
activities of a computer system.
Reason (R): The system software is designed by the manufacturers in low level
languages to serve as an interface between the user and the computer. It controls
the various hardware and software components of a computer system.
2. Assertion(A): An operating system is a system software that manages various
resources and the overall operations of a computer system.
Reason(R): An operating system can be classified into two categories: single-user
and multi-user operating system. A single-user operating system allows only one
user whereas, the multi-user operating system allows more than one user to
interact with the computer at a time.
3. Assertion(A): An operating system is a system software that manages various
resources and the overall operations of a computer system.
Reason(R): An operating system coordinates different hardware and software
components of a computer system. It also helps in the smooth functioning of
various peripherals.
4. Assertion(A): Compiler and interpreter are the two important language
translators used in computer system.
Reason(R): The compiler is the software that accepts the entire program in high
level language and converts into its equivalent machine language at once whereas,
the interpreter converts the instructions into its equivalent machine language line
by line.
5. Assertion(A): An application software is designed to run the computer system
smoothly and effectively.

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 Reason(R): An application software is the set of programs to fulfil the specific
needs of the user. The Microsoft Office package includes some well-known
application software such as MS- Word, MS-Excel, MS-Power Point, MS-Access to
perform specific task.

ANSWERS
1 2 3 4 5
A B A A D

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q1. What is the role of the CPU in a computer system?
Q2. What is cache memory? How is it different from RAM?
Q3. What is an interpreter? How is it different from a compiler?
Q4. List two differences between primary memory and secondary memory.
Q5. What is the function of device drivers in a computer system?
Q6. Explain the term ‘bit’ and ‘byte’.
Q7. What is the role of the operating system in process management?
Q8. Name any two system utilities and their uses.
Q9. What is a boot loader?
Q10. What do you understand by IPO cycle?
ANSWERS
Ans 1. The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of the computer. It performs all
arithmetic and logical operations, controls instructions, and manages the flow of data
within the system. It consists of the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), CU (Control Unit), and
Registers.
Ans 2. Cache memory is a small, high-speed memory located near or inside the CPU that
stores frequently accessed data. It is faster than RAM but smaller in size. RAM is used for
general temporary storage while a program runs.
Ans 3. An interpreter translates high-level code line-by-line, whereas a compiler translates
the entire program at once into machine code. Interpreters are slower but allow real-time
error checking.
Ans 4. Primary memory is faster and volatile (e.g., RAM), while secondary memory is
slower and non-volatile (e.g., HDD).
Primary memory is used by the CPU during execution, secondary memory is used for long-
term storage.
Ans 5. Device drivers are system software that enable the operating system to
communicate with hardware devices like printers, scanners, or keyboards.
Ans 6. A bit (binary digit) is the smallest unit of data and can be either 0 or 1.
A byte consists of 8 bits and represents one character (like a letter or number).
Ans 7. The OS manages execution of multiple processes, schedules CPU time, and ensures
smooth multitasking by switching between programs efficiently.
Ans 8. Antivirus software – scans and removes viruses.
Disk Cleanup – removes temporary and unused files to free up space.
Ans 9. A Boot Loader (also called a Boot Manager or Boot Program) is a special program
that loads the operating system (OS) into memory when the computer is turned on or
restarted. It is stored in a special part of the system's ROM or in the Master Boot Record
(MBR) of the hard disk.
Ans 10. IPO cycle refers to the Input Process Output cycle where every operation
undergoes the phases namely input, process and output.

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CASE STUDY BASED QUESTION
Taniya is a beginner of using software. She opened a start-up company to do business. She
wants to purchase some software for writing reports, saving employees data, mathematical
calculations, watching videos, listening music, presentation in meeting, real time
communication with audio & video and email. She is confused to take proper decision for
few applications software. Being a well-wisher of Taniya, what will you suggest her to
purchase the software for the said purposes.

(i) Writing report in office.

(ii) Database software to save employee data.
(iii) Software for mathematical calculations.
(iv) Software for real time communication with audio & video.
(v) Application software for email communication.
ANSWERS
i) Ans: Microsoft Word, Google Docs, WordPad and Notepad
ii) Ans: Microsoft Access, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server
iii) Ans: Google Sheets, Apple Numbers and Microsoft Excel
iv) Ans: Google Meet, Zoom, Skype
v) Ans: Gmail, Microsoft Outlook, Apple Mail

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q1. Explain the different types of memory in a computer system.
Q2. What are the key functions of an operating system? Explain any four.
Q3. Compare and contrast assembler, compiler, and interpreter.
Q4. Describe the components of a computer system with examples and Diagram.
Q5. Differentiate between CLI and GUI. Give examples of OS that use each.
ANSWERS
Ans1. 1. Primary Memory (Main Memory)
Primary memory is the main area where the computer stores data and instructions that are
currently being used. It is directly accessible by the CPU and is typically volatile, meaning it
loses its contents when power is turned off. Primary memory mainly includes:
• RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage for active processes and data. It
allows both read and write operations and is essential for system performance.
• ROM (Read-Only Memory): Contains permanent instructions such as firmware. It is
non-volatile and cannot be easily modified.
2. Secondary Memory (Storage Devices)
Secondary memory refers to non-volatile, long-term storage. Unlike primary memory, it
retains data even when the computer is turned off. It is used to store the operating system,
software applications, and user files.
• Common types include:
Hard Disk Drives (HDD) Solid State Drives (SSD)
Optical disc (CD/ DVD) USB flash drives
3. Cache Memory
Cache memory is a small, high-speed memory located close to the CPU. It stores frequently
accessed data and instructions to speed up processing. Because it’s much faster than RAM,
it helps reduce the time the CPU takes to fetch data.
• It is typically divided into levels: L1, L2, and L3, with L1 being the fastest and
smallest.
Ans2. The operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware,
software resources, and provides services for computer programs. It acts as an interface
between the user and the hardware.
Here are four key functions of an operating system, each explained clearly:
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1. Process Management
The OS manages processes in a system, including their creation, scheduling, execution, and
termination. It handles multitasking by allocating CPU time to various processes and
ensures efficient execution by prioritizing tasks.
2. Memory Management
The OS manages the computer's physical and virtual memory. It keeps track of each byte in
a computer’s memory and allocates or deallocates memory spaces as needed by programs.
3. File System Management
The OS manages files on storage devices. It handles operations like creation, deletion,
reading, writing, and organization of files in directories.
4. Device Management
The OS manages input and output devices such as keyboards, mice, printers, and monitors
through drivers. It acts as a bridge between hardware and software by using device drivers.
Ans 3.
Tool Definition Purpose
Assembler Converts assembly language into Bridges human-readable assembly
machine code. and binary machine language.
Compiler Translates high-level language Converts entire source code into an
(e.g., C, Java) into machine code. executable file before running.
Interpreter Translates and executes high- Allows immediate execution of code
level code line-by-line. without creating an executable file.

Ans 4.
Input Unit: Devices or components that send data and instructions into the computer (e.g.,
keyboard, mouse).
Primary Memory: Fast, temporary memory that stores data and programs currently in use
(e.g., RAM).
Secondary Memory: Permanent storage for data and programs, even when the computer is
off (e.g., hard drives).
Control Unit: Part of the CPU that directs all operations by managing instructions and data
flow.
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): CPU component that performs arithmetic and logical
operations.
Output Unit: Devices or components that display or deliver processed data to the user (e.g.,
monitor, printer).
Draw Components Of A Computer System(Fig2)

Ans5.
Feature CLI (Command Line Interface) GUI (Graphical User
Interface)
What it looks like You type text commands You click pictures, icons, and
buttons
How you use it Write commands on the keyboard Use a mouse or touch to
click and select
Easy or hard? Harder for beginners, you need to Easy and simple to use, good
learn commands for everyone
Speed Fast if you know commands Slower because of graphics
Uses more Uses less computer power Uses more computer power
resources?
Examples of Linux (using Terminal), MS-DOS Windows, macOS, Ubuntu
Operating Systems (Desktop version)

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 BOOLEAN LOGIC
Boolean logic is a branch of algebra that deals with true/false values, represented as 1
(True) and 0 (False). It is the basis of digital circuits and computer operations. It was
developed by the English Mathematician and logician George Boole. Boolean Algebra
comprises of following:
1. Boolean Expression
2. Boolean Variable
Boolean Expression
A boolean expression is an expression that consists of a combination of boolean
variables, boolean values and boolean operators (such as NOT, AND, OR). A boolean
expression evaluates to either True or False.
• Logic Statement - a sentence that is either true or false, but not both.
Boolean Variable
A boolean variable is a variable that holds boolean values True/ False or 1/0.
Truth Table
A truth table is a representation of all possible combinations of the input variables and
the corresponding output values
The number of rows in a truth table are 2n, where n is no. of input variables.
Example- Here, A and B are the input boolean variables, OR (+) is the operator, F is the
output.
A B F = A OR B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Logic Gates - Logic gates are electronic circuits that perform Boolean logic operations on
one or more binary inputs (0 or 1) to produce a single binary output. They are basic building
blocks of digital circuits.
GATE SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS TRUTH TABLE
NOT GATE A A'
*Also called 0 1
Inverter
1 0

AND GATE
A B A.B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
OR GATE A B A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
NAND GATE A B (A.B)’
*NOT AND
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

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 NOR GATE A B (A+B)’
*NOT OR
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
XOR GATE A B A⊕B
*eXclusive OR
Gives high when
0 0 0
odd numbers of 0 1 1
input are high 1 0 1
1 1 0

De Morgan’s Laws
De Morgan’s First Law states that when two input variables are AND’ ed and
complemented, they are equivalent to the OR of the complements of the individual
variables.
(A.B)'=A'+B'
A B A' B' AB (AB)' A'+B'
0 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 0

DeMorgan’s Second Law states that when two input variables are OR’ed and
complemented, they are equivalent to the AND of the complements of the individual
variables.
(A+B)'=A'. B'
A B A' B' A+B (A+B)' A'.B'
0 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 0
Logic Circuits
A logic circuit is an electronic circuit which performs logical operations on the input
Boolean variables, and transforms them into the output using a combination of Logic
Gates.

Examples of a circuit diagram are:

Y = (A.B)'.BC'

Do it Yourself

Y Y=?

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 Rules of Boolean Logic (Additional Reading)
Name of Rule AND Version OR Version
Identity Law 1.A=A 0+A=A
Null Law or Dominant Law 0.A=0 1+A=1
Idempotent Law A.A=A A+A=A
Inverse Law A.A’=0 A+A’=1
Commutative Law A.B=B.A A+B=B+A
Associative Law (A.B).C=A.(B.C) (A+B)+C=A+(B+C)
Distributive Law A+B.C=(A+B)(A+C) A.(B+C)=A.B+A.C
Absorption Law A.(A+B)=A A+A.B=A
QUESTION BANK
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The output of the two input OR gate is high when
a) Both inputs are low b) Both inputs are high
c) Any one input is high d) Only one input is high
2. The output of the two input AND gate is high when
a) Both inputs are low b) Both inputs are high
c) Any one input is high d) Only one input is high
3. Which of the following is/are the universal logic gates?
a) OR and NOR b) AND c) NAND and NOR d) NOT
4. A Boolean Expression which always results in True is called___________.
a) True b) Tautology c) Fallacy d) False
5. The output of the two input XOR gate is high when
a) Both inputs are low b) Both inputs are high
d) Any one input is high d) Only one input is high
6. To denote NOT operation which of the following symbols is used?
a) asterisk b) dot
c) plus d) bar
7. The dot symbol is used to represent which of the following operation?
a) AND b) OR
c) NOR d) XOR
8. Which of the following are logical statements:
a) The Indian cricket team is a world champion in 2011.
b) The NOT operator can take more than one boolean value as input.
c) Both a & b.
d) None of the above
9. Which of the following gate is also known as an inverter
a) AND b) OR
c) NOT d) NAND
10. Which two input gate(s) returns true if no input is high.
a) NAND b) NOR
c) XOR d) None of the above
ANSWERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
c b c b d d a c c a&b

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q1. What is a truth table? What is its significance?
Q2. What is meant by tautology and fallacy? Prove that 1+Y is a tautology and 0.Y is a
fallacy.
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Q3. Prove the complementarity law of boolean algebra with the help of a truth table.
Q4. Draw logical circuit for the following equation:
a) A.(B+C’) b)A.B’ + C’
Q5. Write the equivalent Boolean expression for the following logic circuit.

ANSWERS
Ans 1. A Truth Table is a table which represents all the possible values of logical variables /
statements along with all the possible results of the given combinations of values.

Ans2. Tautology: - If the result of any logical statement or Boolean expression is

always TRUE or 1 for all input combinations, it is called Tautology.
Fallacy: - If the result of any logical statement or expression is always FALSE or 0 for
all input combinations, it is called Fallacy.
• If we put value of Y = 0 or 1 in 1+Y, then result is always 1 that's why this is tautology.
• If we put value of Y = 0 or 1 in 1.Y, then result is always 1 that's why this is fallacy

Ans 3. (i) Truth Table for X + X' = 1 (ii)Truth Table for X.X' = 0
X+X’ X.X’
X X’ X + X’ X X’ X.X’
0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
Ans 4. a)

b)

Ans 5.
((X+Y)' + (Y+Z)')' or 𝑋 + 𝑌 + 𝑌 + 𝑍

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q. 1 Draw a logic circuit for the following Boolean expression: A.B + (A.C)'
Q. 2 Write the equivalent boolean expression for the following logic circuit.

Q3. State and Prove De Morgan’s law using Truth Table.

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 ANSWERS
Ans 1.

Ans 2. Q=AB+(B+C).(BC)

Ans 3.
Demorgan’s First Law – (A.B)'=A'+B' Demorgan’s Second Law - (A+B)'=A'. B'

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