Metamorphic Rocks
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• Metamorphic rocks are changed rocks
• The protolith (the parent rock) is the
preexisting rock from which the
metamorphic rock was formed
• They are formed in the solid state in
response to the following principal
agents of metamorphism:
• Change in pressure
• Change in temperature
• Change in pressure and temperature
Formation of Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphisme
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Metamorphism may cause a change in a rock’s:
• Structure/Texture
• Mineral assemblage
• Composition (slightly)
• All of the above
Factors That Control the Characteristics of
Metamorphic Rocks
1. Protolith Composition
2. Pressure
3. Temperature
4. Time
Factors That Control the Characteristics of
Metamorphic Rocks
1. Protolith Composition
Mafic protoliths (basalt, diabase, and gabbro)
yield a dark charcoal gray mafic metamorphic
rock called amphibolite
Felsic protoliths (granite, rhyolite, mudstone,
sandstone, conglomerate, breccia) yield light
colored tan, silver, light to medium gray, etc.
felsic metamorphic rocks
Factors That Control the Characteristics of
Metamorphic Rocks
2. Pressure (stress)
Increasing pressure flattens grains, crushes
grains (reduces size), causes shearing
Confining pressure, associated with depth of
burial, is equal in all directions
Differential pressure is not equal in all
directions
¾ Produces foliation (parallel alignment of
grains)
¾ Pure shear = compression, flattens grains
¾ Simple shear = skewing, stretches grains,
produces lineation, aligns elongate grains
in direction of transport
Factors That Control the Characteristics of
Metamorphic Rocks
Confining Pressure
Pressure is equal in
all directions
Factors That Control the Characteristics of
Metamorphic Rocks
Differential Pressure
• Differential pressure
• Is not equal in all directions
• Leads to formation of foliation by either
• Pure shear (flattening)
• Simple shear (skewing)
Pure shear (flattening) Simple shear (skewing)
Factors That Control the Characteristics of
Metamorphic Rocks
Type of foliation
• Slaty Cleavage – Alignment of small mica
flakes
• Schistosity – Alignment of large mica
flakes
• Gneissic Banding – segregation of felsic
and mafic minerals into alternating light
and dark bands
Factors That Control the Characteristics of
Metamorphic Rocks
Foliation: Development of Slaty Cleavage
Bedding is perpendicular to cleavage
at the top and bottom of the fold
Factors That Control the Characteristics of
Metamorphic Rocks
Foliation: Development of Schistosity
[Link]
Factors That Control the Characteristics of
Metamorphic Rocks
Foliation: Formation of Gneissic Banding
Factors That Control the Characteristics of
Metamorphic Rocks
3. Temperature
Increasing temperature causes increased
movement of ions which in turn causes
• Mineral grains to grow larger
• New minerals to form moving up Bowens
Reaction Series
• Minerals to recrystallize
Decreasing temperature causes new minerals
to form moving down Bowens Reaction series
The upper limit on T for metamorphism is
partial melting
Metamorphic Rocks
The Effect of Temperature Changes on Composition and Metamorphism
1200ºC
Olivine
High
Temperature & pressure increases
Temperature & pressure decreases
MAFIC
spar
Ca-rich
Pyroxene
lase feld
Ca-Na-rich
Amphibole
Intermediate INT’M
Plagioc
Na-Ca-rich
Biotite
Na-rich
K-feldspar
Muscovite
Low FELSIC
Quartz
700ºC
BOWEN’S REACTION SERIES
Factors That Control the Characteristics of
Metamorphic Rocks
4. Time
Metamorphic reactions and textural changes
require millions of years to occur
Index Minerals of Metamorphic Rocks
Index Minerals
• Chlorite
• Biotite
• Almandite (garnet)
• Staurolite
An
da
lus
it e
• Andalusite
Si
• Kyanite
llim
an
• Sillimanite
ite
Alm
and
Not specific
Stau
ite (
Chlo
Kya
• Quartz
rolite
Biot
Garn
nite
ri t
it e
• Plagioclase
e
e t)
• Orthoclase
• Biotite
• Muscovite
• Hornblende
• Calcite
• Dolomite
Metamorphic Facies
o
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
1. Regional metamorphic rocks
• Form in response to increased temperature
and directed pressure along plate boundaries
• Are foliated
• Were sheared by pure shear or simple shear
2. Contact metamorphic rocks
• Form in response to contact with magma at
high T and /or high confining P
• Found adjacent to igneous intrusions
• Are usually unfoliated
Where do the metamorphic rocks form?
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
Formation of
Contact Metamorphic
Rocks
Formation of
Regional Metamorphic
Rocks
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
Regional metamorphic rocks Contact metamorphic rocks
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
Formation of Contact Metamorphic Rocks
Protolith and Metamorphic Rocks
Perubahan Textur
Foliasi
•Slaty Cleavage
•Sekistositas
•Compositional Banding
FOLIASI
TIDAK YA
UKURAN BUTIR UKURAN BUTIR
Sedang-halus Kasar Sangat Halus Halus Sedang Kasar
Slaty Cleavage Schistosity Gneissore
Keras? Mineral Utama? Keras?
YA Amfibol Kalsit Kuarsa Garnet Feldspar Kehijauan Pucat
Piroksen Piroksen Kataklstik
Hornfels Amfibolit Marmer Kuarsit Eklogit Granulit Slate Filit Milonit Sekis Genis
Pilonit
Migmatik
Types of Metamorphic Rocks
A. Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
Are formed by differential pressure (pure shear, simple shear)
Slate
Dull, microscopic grains, strong slaty cleavage, any
color, mudstone protolith
Phyllite
Shiny, strongly micaceous with microscopic grains,
strong schistosity, cleavage, can be mafic or felsic, any
rock-type protolith
Schist
Shiny, strongly micaceous, fine to medium grained,
strong schistosity, cleavage, any color, any rock-type
protolith
Gneiss
Dull, weakly micaceous, fine to coarse grained, banded,
weak cleavage, any rock-type protolith, but most often
sheared coarse grained protolith such as granite,
conglomerate, breccia
Migmatite
Dull, weakly micaceous, fine to coarse grained, folded
banded texture, weak cleavage, almost melted, any rock-
type protolith
Types of Metamorphic Rocks
Slate
Protolith: Fine grained rock like
shale, mudstone, or siltstone
Appearance: Dull, microscopic
grains, strong slaty cleavage,
any color
Slate (Batusabak)
Types of Metamorphic Rocks
Phyllite
Protolith: Can be any rock-type
Appearance: Shiny, strongly
micaceous with microscopic
grains, has strong schistose
cleavage, can be felsic
(muscovite-rich, silvery) or
Mafic (biotite-rich, shiny
medium to dark gray)
FILIT MIKA
SEKIS KLORITOID
Types of Metamorphic Rocks
Schist
Protolith: Can be any rock-type
Appearance: Shiny, strongly
micaceous, fine to medium grained
has strong schistose cleavage,
can be felsic (muscovite-rich,
silvery) or mafic (biotite-rich,
shiny medium to dark gray)
SEKIS
SEKIS
SEKIS GARNET-MIKA
MILONIT
Types of Metamorphic Rocks
Gneiss
Protolith: Can be any rock-type, but
most often formed from a sheared
coarse grained protolith such as
granite, conglomerate, breccia
Appearance: Dull, weakly micaceous,
fine to coarse grained, banded, weak
cleavage
GENIS-MIGMATIT
GENES
GENIS
Types of Metamorphic Rocks
Migmatite
Protolith: Can be any rock-type
Appearance: Dull, weakly micaceous,
fine to coarse grained, folded banded
texture, weak cleavage, almost melted,
a folded gneiss
MIGMATIT
Types of Metamorphic Rocks
B. Special Types of Metamorphic Rocks
May be foliated or unfoliated
• Quartzite
• Metamorphosed sandstone
• Harder than marble
• Will not fizz (release CO2) in the presence of acid
METAPSAMIT
(META BATUPASIR)
Types of Metamorphic Rocks
B. Special Types of Metamorphic Rocks
May be foliated or unfoliated
• Marble
• Metamorphosed limestone
• Contains calcium carbonate
• Will fizz (release CO2) in the presence of acid
• Softer than quartzite
MARMER
MARMER
Types of Metamorphic Rocks
B. Special Types of Metamorphic Rocks
May be foliated or unfoliated
• Amphibolite
• Dull black, fine to coarse grained, weak cleavage if
sheared (gneissic)
• Metamorphosed gabbro, basalt, or diorite
Dark rock composed mostly of amphibole and Ca-Na plagioclase, may be
either foliated or unfoliated, often with large (visible) elongated crystals of
amphibole
SKARN
EKLOGIT
EKLOGIT