7-MAGNETISM AND

MATTER
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its
magnetic dipole moment. Bar magnet as an
equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines;
Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar 1) Find the magnitude of magnetic moment of
magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to the current carrying loop ABCDEFA.
its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole in a Each side of the loop is 10 𝐜𝐦 long and
uniform magnetic field. Para, dia- and current in the loop is 𝐢 = 𝟐. 𝟎 𝐀
ferromagnetic substances with examples,
effect of temperature on magnetic properties.

Magnetic moment of current

carrying coil (loop)
Current carrying coil (or loop) behaves like
magnetic dipole. The face of coil in which
current appears to flow anticlockwise acts as
north pole while face of coil in which current
appears to flow clock wise acts as south pole. Mnet = √M 2 + M 2 = √2M where
M = iA = (2.0)(0.1)(0.1) = 0.02 A − m2
➢ A loop of geometrical area 'A', carries a
Mnet = (√2)(0.02)A − m2 = 0.028 A − m2
current 'I' then magnetic moment of coil
𝐌 = 𝐈𝐀
➢ A coil of turns ' 𝐍 ', geometrical area 'A', 2) The wire loop PQRSP formed by joining
carries a current 'I' then magentic moment two semicircular wires of radii 𝐑 𝟏 and 𝐑 𝟐
M=NIA carries a current I as shown in fig. What is
the magnetic induction at the centre 𝐎 and
➢ Magnetic moment of current carrying coil
magnetic moment of the loop in cases (𝐀)
⃗⃗⃗ = NIA where 𝐀
is an axial vector 𝐌 ⃗ is a
and (𝐁) ?
area vector perpendicular to the plane of
the coil and along its axis.
➢ SI unit: 𝐀𝐦𝟐 or 𝐉/𝐓

Direction of 𝐌
⃗⃗⃗ find out by right
hand thumb rule

➢ Curling fingers ⇒ In the direction of A

1 1
current ⃗⃗⃗
M = NIA⃗ = 1 × I [ πR22 ⊗ + πR21 ⊙]
2 2
⃗⃗⃗
➢ Thumb ⇒ Gives the direction of 𝐌 1
= πI[R 2 − R21 ] ⊗
2
2
➢ For a current carrying coil, its magnetic B
moment and magnetic field vectors both 1
⃗⃗⃗ = πI[R22 + R21 ] ⊗
M
are parallel axial vectors. 2
3) A wire of length ' 𝐂 ' carries a current bent
into various regular polygons shown
below. Find magnetic moment in terms of
length of the wire.
 (a) Equilateral triangle associated with this solenoid is
(b) Square (a) 1.2 J T −1
(c) Regular hexagon (b) 2.4 J T −1
(d) Circular loop (c) 3.0 J T −1
(d) 𝟑. 𝟔 𝐉 𝐓−𝟏
8) A solenoid of cross-sectional area 𝟐 ×
𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐 and 900 turns has 𝟎. 𝟔 𝐀 𝐦𝟐
magnetic moment. Then the current
flowing through it is
(a) 2.24 A
(b) 2.34 mA
(c) 𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝐀
(d) 3.33 mA
Magnetic Dipole Moment of a
revolving electron

4) A closely wound solenoid of 750 turns

and area of cross section of 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐
carries a current of 𝟑. 𝟎 𝐀. Its associated
magnetic moment is
(a) 4.12 J T −1
(b) 3.12 J T −1
(c) 2.12 J T −1
(d) 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑 𝐉 𝐓−𝟏
5) A closely wound solenoid of 1000 turns 𝐞𝐕𝐫
and area of cross section 𝟏. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐 𝐌=
𝟐
carrying a current of 𝟑 𝐀 is suspended
through its centre allowing it to turn in a 𝐋𝐞
𝐌=
horizontal plane. The magnetic moment 𝟐𝐦
associated with this solenoid is
(a) 0.22 J T −1 Relationship with angular Momentum
(b) 0.32 J T −1
⃗
𝐋=𝐫×𝐏
(c) 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 𝐉 𝐓−𝟏
(d) 0.52 J T −1 L=mVr
6) A circular coil of 300 turns and diameter 𝐧𝐡
𝟏𝟒 𝐜𝐦 carries a current of 𝟏𝟓 𝐀. The 𝐋=
𝟐𝛑
magnitude of magnetic moment
associated with the loop is
(a) 51.7 J T −1 BAR MAGNET
(b) 𝟔𝟗. 𝟐 𝐉 𝐓−𝟏 A bar magnet consists of two equal and
(c) 38.6 J T −1 opposite magnetic poles separated by a small
distance. Poles are not exactly at the ends.
(d) 19.5 J T −1
The shortest distance between two poles is
7) A closely wound solenoid of 3000 turns called effective length (𝐋𝐞 ) and is less than its
and area of cross section 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐 , geometric length (𝐋𝐠).
carrying a current of 𝟔 𝐀 is suspended ➢ For bar magnet 𝐋𝐞 = 𝟐𝒍 and 𝐋𝐞 = (𝟓/
through its centre allowing it to turn in a 𝟔)𝐋𝐠.
horizontal plane. The magnetic moment
➢ For semicircular magnet 𝐋𝐠 = 𝛑𝐑 and
𝐋𝐞 = 𝟐𝐑.

Properties of Magnet (iii) Poles of a magnet always exist in pairs:

(i) Attractive property: When a magnet is In a magnet the two poles are found to be
dipped into iron fillings it is found that the equal in strength and opposite in nature. If a
concentration of iron filings, i.e., attracting magnet is broken into number of pieces, each
power of the magnet is maximum at two points piece becomes a magnet with two equal and
near the ends and minimum at the centre. The opposite poles. This shows that monopole do
places where its attracting power is not exist.
maximum are called poles 𝐏𝟏 and 𝐏𝟐 while
the place of minimum attracting power is
called the neutral region 𝐍𝐑.

(iv) Repulsive Property: A pole of a magnet

attracts the opposite pole while repels similar
pole. A sure test of polarity is repulsion and
(ii) Directive property: When a magnet is not attraction, as attraction can take place
suspended its length becomes parallel to 𝐍 − 𝐒 between opposite poles or a pole and a piece
direction. The pole pointing north is called of unmagnetised magnetic material due to
the north pole while the other pointing in the 'induction effect'. A magnet attracts certain
geographical south is called the south pole other substances through the phenomenon of
of the magnet. magnetic induction i.e., by inducing opposite
pole in a magnetic material on the side facing
it.

Bar Magnet as an Equivalent

Solenoid
In solenoid each turn behaves as a small
magnetic dipole having dipole moment IA. A
solenoid is treated as arrangement of small
magnetic dipoles placed in line with each
other. The number of dipoles is equal to
Magnetic axis and magnetic meridian: The
number of turns in a solenoid. The south and
line joining the two poles of a magnet is called
north pole of each turn cancel each other
magnetic axis and the vertical plane passing
except the ends. So solenoid can be replaced
through the axis of a freely suspended or
by single south and north pole separated by
pivoted magnet is called magnetic meridian.
distance equal to length of solenoid. The
The distance between two poles along the axis
magnetic field produced by a bar magnet is
of a magnet is called its effective or magnetic
identical to that produced by a current carrying
length 2l. As poles are not exactly at the ends,
solenoid.
the effective length is lesser than the actual
length 𝐋 of the magnet.
 Coulomb's law in magnetism
If two magnetic poles of strengths 𝑚1 and 𝑚2
are kept at a distance 𝑟 apart then force of
attraction or repulsion between the two poles
is directly proportional to the product of their
pole strengths and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them

𝐦𝟏 𝐦𝟐
i.e., 𝐅 ∝
𝐫𝟐
𝛍𝟎 𝐦𝟏 𝐦𝟐
𝐅=
𝟒𝛑 𝐫 𝟐
𝛍𝟎
Permanent magnets and = 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐖𝐛 𝐀−𝟏 𝐦−𝟏 =
𝟒𝛑
Electromagnets 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐡𝐞𝐧𝐫𝐲/𝐦
The permanent artificial magnets are made of
some metals and alloys like Carbon-steel, 𝛍𝟎 is permeability of free space or absolute
Alnico, Platinum-cobalt, Alcomax, Ticonal permeability
etc. The permanent magnets are made of
ferromagnetic substances with large coercivity MAGNETIC FIELD
and retentivity and can have desired shape like The space around a magnet (or a current
bar-magnet, U shaped or horse-shoe magnet carrying conductor) in which its magnetic
and magnetic needle etc. These magnets retain effect can be experienced is called the
its attracting power for a long time. magnetic field.
The magnetic field in a region is said to be
uniform if the magnitude of its strength and
direction is same at all points in that region.

The temporary artificial magnets like

electromagnets are prepared by passing
current through coil wound on soft iron core.
These cannot retain its strength for a long
time. These are made from soft iron, non-
metal and alloy. Electromagnets are stronger
than permanent magnet The strength of magnetic field is also known
as magnetic induction or magnetic flux
density.
 (with an upper limit called saturation) and
The SI unit of strength of magnetic field is area of cross-section.
tesla (T) 1 tesla = ➢ The north pole experiences a force in the
𝟏 𝐰𝐞𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐞−𝟐 ( 𝐖𝐛 𝐦−𝟐 ) direction of magnetic field while south
The cgs unit is gauss (G) pole experiences force opposite to field.
1 gauss (𝐆) = 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 tesla (𝐓)
Magnetic dipole moment: The
product of strength of either pole and the
Magnetic flux density or magnetic
magnetic length of the magnet i.e., ⃗⃗⃗
𝐌=
field intensity (B) ⃗)
𝐦(𝟐𝓵
The force experienced by a unit north pole
when placed in a magnetic field is called
magnetic flux density or field intensity at
that point.

➢ It is a vector quantity whose direction is

from south pole to north.
This is the magnetic field produced by a pole ➢ The SI unit of magnetic dipole moment is
of strength 𝐦 at distance r. ampere metre 𝟐 (𝐀𝐦𝟐 ) or joule/tesla
(J/T).
𝛍𝟎 𝐦
𝐁= ➢ The dimensions are [𝐌 𝟎 𝐋𝟐 𝐓𝟎 𝐀].
𝟒𝛑 𝐫 𝟐
➢ If a magnet is cut into two equal parts
Pole strength
𝛍𝟎 𝐦𝟏 𝐦𝟐 along the length, then pole strength is
In relation, 𝐅 = reduced to half and length remains
𝟒𝛑 𝐫𝟐
unchanged.

The strength of a magnetic pole is said to be

one ampere meter if it repels an equal and
similar pole with a force of 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐍 when
placed in vacuum (or air) at a distance of one
meter from it.
The pole strength of north pole is defined as
the force experienced by the pole when kept in
𝐅
unit magnetic field. i.e., 𝐦 = ⃗⃗ New magnetic dipole moment
𝐁
𝐦 𝐌
➢ Pole strength is a scalar quantity with 𝐌′ = × 𝟐𝓵 = 𝟐 .
𝟐
dimensions [𝐌 𝟎 𝐋𝐓𝟎 𝐀]. The SI unit is The new magnetic dipole moment of each part
newton/tesla or ampere meter. becomes half of original value.
➢ The pole strength depends on nature of
material of magnet, state of magnetisation
 direction of magnetic field at that point or the
magnetic field line is the imaginary path along
which an isolated north pole will tend to move
if it is free to do so.

Properties of magnetic lines of

force
(i) The magnetic lines of force are closed
➢ If a magnet is cut into two equal parts curves. They appear to converge or diverge at
transverse to the length, then pole strength poles. Outside the magnet they run from
remains unchanged and length is north to south pole and inside from south to
reduced to half. north.
New magnetic dipole moment (ii) The number of lines originating or
𝟐𝓵 𝐌 terminating on a pole is proportional to its
𝐌′ = 𝐦 ( ) = . pole strength.
𝟐 𝟐
(iii) Magnetic lines of force do not intersect
each other. Because if they do, there will be
two directions of magnetic field which is not
possible.
(iv) The magnetic lines of force may enter or
come out of surface at any angle.

(v) The number of magnetic lines of force per

unit area at a point gives magnitude of field at
The new magnetic dipole moment of each part that point. The crowded lines show a strong
becomes half of original value. In magnetism field while distant lines represent a weak field.
existence of magnetic monopole is not
possible. (vi) The magnetic lines of force have a
tendency to contract longitudinally like a
➢ As magnetic moment is a vector, in case of stretched elastic string producing attraction
two magnets having magnetic moments between opposite pole.
𝐌𝟏 and 𝐌𝟐 with angle 𝛉 between them, (vii) The magnetic lines of force have a
the resulting magnetic moment. tendency to repel each other laterally resulting
in repulsion between similar poles.

𝟏/𝟐
𝐌 = [𝐌𝟏𝟐 + 𝐌𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝐌𝟏 𝐌𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉]

Magnetic lines of force and their

properties

Magnetic line of force is an imaginary curve

the tangent to which at a point gives the
 (d) The monopole momentum increase due
to increase at its distance from the field.
GAUSS'S LAW IN MAGNETISM
⃗ over a
The surface integral of magnetic field 𝐁
closed surface 𝐒 is always zero.

⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟎
⃗⃗ ⋅ 𝐝𝐬
Mathematically, ∮ 𝐁
𝐒
(viii) The region of space with no magnetic
field has no lines of force. At neutral point ➢ Isolated magnetic poles do not exist is a
where resultant field is zero there cannot be direct consequence of Gauss's law in
any line of force. magnetism.
(ix) Magnetic lines of force exist inside every ➢ The total magnetic flux linked with a
magnetised material. closed surface is always zero.
➢ If a number of magnetic field lines are
Distinction Between Electric leaving a closed surface, an equal number
of field lines must also be entering the
Lines of Force and Magnetic Lines
surface.
of Force
(i) Magnetic lines of force always form closed 11) A straight steel wire of length ' 𝓵 ' has a
and continuous curves whereas the electric magnetic moment ' 𝐌 '. It is bent into
lines of force are discontinuous. various shapes shown in figure. Find out
(ii) Each electric line of force starts from a new magnetic moment of each shape.
positive charge and ends at a negative charge.
Electric lines of force are discontinuous
because no such lines exist inside a charged
body.
(iii) At very far off points, the lines due to
an electric dipole and a magnetic dipole
appear identical.

9) Which of the following is not correct about

the magnetic field lines?
(a) The magnetic field lines of a magnet
form continuous closed loops.
(b) The tangent to the field line at a given
point represents the direction of the net
12) Two/three/four identical bar magnets of
magnetic field B at that point.
magnetic moment ' M ' are combined
(c) The larger the number of field lines
according to figure. Find net magnetic
crossing per unit area, the stronger is the
moment of the system.
magnitude of the magnetic field B.
(d) The magnetic field lines may
intersect to each other in certain
conditions.
10) Which of the following is correct about
magnetic monopole?
(a) Magnetic monopole exist.
(b) Magnetic monopole does not exist.
(c) Magnetic monopole have constant
value of monopole momentum.
 (c) M
𝟑
(d) 𝛑 𝐌

15) A bar magnet of magnetic moment 𝐌 is

cut into two parts of equal length. The
magnetic moment of each part will be
(a) M
(b) 2M
(c) zero
(d) 𝟎. 𝟓𝐌

16) Two identical bar magnets are fixed with

their centres at a distance 𝐝 apart. A
stationary charge 𝐐 is placed at 𝐏 in
between the gap of the two magnets at a
distance 𝐃 from the centre 𝐎 as shown in
13) Following figures show the arrangement of the figure
bar magnets in different configurations. The force on the charge 𝐐 is
Each magnet has magnetic dipole moment
⃗⃗⃗ . Which configuration has highest net
𝐦
magnetic dipole moment?

(a) zero
(b) directed along OP
(c) directed along PO
(d) directed perpendicular to the plane of
paper
17) The magnetic induction at a point 𝟏Å
away from a proton measured along its
axis of spin is (magnetic moment of the
14) A bar magnet of length ' 𝐥 ' and magnetic proton is 𝟏. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟔 𝐀 𝐦𝟐 )
dipole moment ' 𝐌 ' is bent in the form of (a) 0.28mT
an arc as shown in figure. The new (b) 28mT
magnetic dipole moment will be (c) 0.028mT
(d) 𝟐. 𝟖𝐦𝐓

MAGNETIC FIELD ON AXIAL OF

BAR MAGNET

2
(a) π M
M
(b) 2
 µ˳ 𝟐𝐌 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝐫 and direction of magnetic field produced
𝐁𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐚𝐥 = (𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐌) by the magnet at a distance of 𝟏𝟎 𝐜𝐦 from
𝟒 (𝐫 𝟐 − 𝐥𝟐 )𝟐
the centre of the magnet on its axis is
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐦𝟐𝐥
𝐌 (a) 0.48 × 10−4 T along N − S direction
(b) 0.28 × 10−4 T along S − N direction
➢ When bar magnet is very small length (c) 0.28 × 10−4 T along N − S direction
(l<<r) (d) 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐓 along 𝐒 − 𝐍 direction
⃗⃗⃗
µ˳ 𝟐𝐌 19) A short bar magnet has a magnetic
𝐁𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐚𝐥 = (𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐌) moment of 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗 𝐉 𝐓 −𝟏 . The magnitude
𝟒 𝐫 𝟑
and direction of the magnetic field
M=Pole Strength produced by the magnet at a distance of
2l=Magnetic length 𝟐𝟎 𝐜𝐦 from the centre of the magnet on
M=Magnetic dipole the equatorial line of the magnet is
(a) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗𝐆, 𝐍 − 𝐒 direction
MAGNETIC FIELD ON (b) 4.95G, S − N direction
EQUATORIAL LINE OF BAR (c) 0.0195G, S − N direction
(d) 19.5G, N − S direction
MAGNET
20) The pole strength of 𝟏𝟐 𝐜𝐦 long bar
magnet is 𝟐𝟎 𝐀 𝐦. The magnetic induction
at a point 𝟏𝟎 𝐜𝐦 away from the centre of
𝛍𝟎
the magnet on its axial line is [ =
𝟒𝛑
𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐇𝐦−𝟏 ]
(a) 𝟏. 𝟏𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐓
(b) 2.20 × 10−3 T
(c) 1.17 × 10−2 T
(d) 2.20 × 10−2 T
𝐁𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢 21) Two identical magnetic dipoles of
⃗⃗⃗ magnetic moment 𝟐 𝐀 𝐦𝟐 are placed at a
µ˳ 𝐌
= − (𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐌 ) separation of 𝟐 𝐦 with their axes
𝟒 (𝐫 𝟐 − 𝐥𝟐 )𝟑/𝟐 perpendicular to each other in air. The
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐦𝟐𝐥
𝐌 resultant magnetic field at a midpoint
between the dipoles is
→When bar magnet is very small length (a) 4√5 × 10−5 T
(l<<r) (b) 2√5 × 10−5 T
(c) 4√5 × 10−7 T
⃗⃗⃗
µ˳ 𝐌
𝐁𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐥 = − (𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐌 ) (d) 𝟐√𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐓
𝟒 𝐫 𝟑
22) The magnitude of the equatorial magnetic
M=Pole Strength field due to a bar magnet of length 𝟐 𝐜𝐦 at
2l=Magnetic length a distance of 𝟏 𝐦 from its mid-point is
M=Magnetic dipole (magnetic moment of the bar magnet is
0.60 A m2 )
𝐁𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐚𝐥 = 𝟐𝐁𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢 (a) 5.0 × 10−5 T
(b) 𝟔. 𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝐓
(c) 7.0 × 10−7 T
18) A short bar magnet has a magnetic
(d) 8.0 × 10−8 T
moment of 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖 𝐉 𝐓−𝟏 . The magnitude
23) What is the magnitude of axial field due
to a bar magnet of length 𝟑 𝐜𝐦 at a
distance of 𝟕𝟓 𝐜𝐦 from its mid-point if its
magnetic moment is 𝟎. 𝟔 𝐀 𝐦𝟐 ?
(a) 0.013μT
(b) 0.113μT
(c) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟑𝛍𝐓
(d) 0.313μT
24) A wire is placed between the poles of two =𝐌 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝐗 𝐁
⃗
fixed bar magnets as shown in the figure. 𝛕 = 𝐌𝐁𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
A small current in the wire is into the plane
of the paper. The direction of the magnetic 𝛕 = 𝐈𝛂
force on the wire is

26) A circular coil of 100 turns, radius

𝟏𝟎 𝐜𝐦 carries a current of 𝟓 𝐀. It is
suspended vertically in a uniform
horizontal magnetic field of 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐓 and the
field lines make an angle of 𝟔𝟎∘ with the
(a) ↑
plane of the coil. The magnitude of the
(b) ↓ torque that must be applied on it to
(c) → prevent it from turning is
(d) ← (a) 2.93 N m
(b) 3.43Nm
25) Two identical bar magnets are fixed with
(c) 𝟑. 𝟗𝟑𝐍𝐦
their centres at a distance 𝐝 apart. A
(d) 4.93 N m
stationary charge 𝐐 is placed at 𝐏 in
between the gap of the two magnets at a 27) A circular coil of 25 turns and radius of
distance 𝐃 from the centre O as shown in 𝟏𝟐 𝐜𝐦 is placed in a uniform magnetic
the figure. The force on the charge 𝐐 is field of 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐓 normal to the plane of coil.
If the current in the coil is 𝟓 𝐀, then total
torque experienced by the coil is
(a) 1.5 N m
(b) 2.5 N m
(c) 3.5 N m
(d) zero
(a) zero
(b) directed along OP 28) If a solenoid is having magnetic moment
(c) directed along PO of 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 𝐉 𝐓 −𝟏 is free to turn about the
vertical direction and has a uniform
(d) directed perpendicular to the plane of
horizontal magnetic field of 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝐓
paper applied. What is the magnitude of the
torque on the solenoid when its axis
Torque on a magnetic dipole in makes an angle of 𝟑𝟎∘ with the direction
of applied field?
uniform magnetic field (a) 0.075 N m
A magnet of dipole moment M is kept so that (b) 0.080 N m
it makes angle θ with uniform magnetic field (c) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟏𝐍𝐦
B. (d) 0.091Nm
29) The torque required to hold a small (c) 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝐍 𝐦
circular coil of 10 turns, area 𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝟐 (d) 3 × 10−2 N m
𝟐𝟏
and carrying a current of ( ) 𝐀 in the
𝟒𝟒
middle of a long solenoid of 𝟏𝟎𝟑 turns /𝐦 Work done in Rotating a Magnetic
carrying a current of 𝟐. 𝟓 𝐀, with its axis Dipole in Uniform Magnetic Field
perpendicular to the axis of the solenoid is
Work done on dipole to rotate it from initial
orientation 𝛉𝟏 , to final orientation 𝛉𝟐 is
𝐖 = 𝐌𝐁(𝐂𝐨𝐬𝟏 − 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝟐 )

33) What is work done on dipole to rotate it

−6
(a) 1.5 × 10 N m form stable equilibrium position (𝛉𝟏 = 𝟎∘ )
(b) 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝐍 𝐦 to unstable equilibrium (𝛉𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎∘ ) ?
(c) 1.5 × 106 N m
Solution:
(d) 1.5 × 108 N m
w = MB(cos θ1 − cos θ2 )
30) A bar magnet has a magnetic moment of = MB[cos 0∘ − cos 180∘ ]
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐀 𝐦𝟐 . The magnet is suspended in a
magnetic field of 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎 𝐍 𝐀−𝟏 𝐦−𝟏 . The = MB[1 − (−1)]
torque required to rotate the magnet 𝐰 = 𝟐𝐌𝐁
from its equilibrium position through an
angle of 𝟑𝟎∘ , will be 34) A 250-turn rectangular coil of length
(a) 𝟑𝟎 𝐍 𝐦 𝟐. 𝟏 𝐜𝐦 and width 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝐜𝐦 carries a
(b) 30√3 N m current of 𝟖𝟓𝛍𝐀 and subjected to a
(c) 60 N m magnetic field of strength 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝐓. Work
done for rotating the coil by 𝟏𝟖𝟎∘ against
(d) 60√3 N m
the torque is
31) A short bar magnet placed with its axis at (a) 4.55μJ
𝟑𝟎∘ with a uniform external magnetic field (b) 2.3μJ
of 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝐓 experiences a torque of (c) 1.15μJ
magnitude equal to 𝟒. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝐍 𝐦. The (d) 𝟗. 𝟏𝛍𝐉
magnitude of magnetic moment of the
35) A bar magnet is hung by a thin cotton
given magnet is
thread in a uniform horizontal magnetic
(a) 26 J T −1
field and is in equilibrium state. The
(b) 2.6 J T −1
energy required to rotate it by 𝟔𝟎∘ is 𝐖.
(c) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔 𝐉 𝐓−𝟏
Now the torque required to keep the
(d) 0.026 J T −1
magnet in this new position is
32) A closely wound solenoid of 2000 turns W
(a) 3
√
and area of cross-section 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐
carries a current of 𝟐. 𝟎 𝐀. It is suspended (b) √𝟑𝐖
√3W
through its centre and perpendicular to its (c) 2
length, allowing it to turn in a horizontal 2W
(d)
plane in a uniform magnetic field 𝟓 × √3
𝟏𝟎−𝟐 tesla making an angle of 𝟑𝟎∘ with 36) A magnetic needle suspended parallel to a
the axis of the solenoid. The torque on the magnetic field requires √𝟑 𝐉 of work to
solenoid will be turn it through 𝟔𝟎∘ . The torque needed to
(a) 3 × 10−3 N m maintain the needle in this position will be
(b) 1.5 × 10−3 N m
 (a) 2√3 J
(b) 𝟑 𝐉 39) Figure shows a small magnetised needle 𝐏
(c) √3 J placed at a point 𝐎. The arrow shows the
3 direction of its magnetic moment. The
(d) 2 J
other arrows show different positions (and
orientations of the magnetic moment) of
37) The work done in turning a magnet of another identical magnetised needle 𝐐.
magnetic moment 𝐌 by an angle of 𝟗𝟎∘
from the meridian, is 𝐧 times the
corresponding work done to turn it
through an angle of 𝟔𝟎∘ . The value of 𝐧 is
given by
(a) 1/2
(b) 1/4
(c) 2
(d) 1
38) A bar magnet having a magnetic moment
of 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝐉 𝐓 −𝟏 is free to rotate in a
horizontal plane. A horizontal magnetic
field 𝐁 = 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐓 exists in the space.
The work done in taking the magnet (a) In which configuration the system is not
slowly from a direction parallel to the field in equilibrium?
to a direction 𝟔𝟎∘ from the field is (b) In which configuration is the system in (i)
(a) 12 J stable, and (ii) unstable equilibrium?
(b) 𝟔 𝐉 (c) Which configuration corresponds to the
(c) 2 J lowest potential energy among all the
(d) 0.6 J configurations shown?

POTENTIAL ENERGY (a) PQ1 and PQ 2

(b) (i) PQ 3 , PQ6 (stable); (ii) PQ 5 , PQ 4
→Work done in rotating the dipole from a (unstable)
perpendicular direction to given direction (c) PQ 6
U = MB(Cos90˚ − Cos)
40) A short bar magnet of magnetic moment
𝐔 = −𝐌𝐁𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝟎. 𝟒 𝐉 𝐓 −𝟏 is placed in a uniform magnetic
field of 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔 𝐓. The magnet is in stable
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝐁
𝐔 = −𝐌 ⃗ equilibrium when the potential energy is
(a) 0.064 J
=0˚ Stable =180˚ =90˚ (b) −𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟒 𝐉
Equilibrium Unstable (c) zero
Equilibrium (d) −0.082 J
=0 =0 =MB(Max) 41) A current carrying loop is placed in a
U= - U=- U=0 uniform magnetic field in four different
orientations as shown in figure. Arrange
MBCos0 MBCos180 them in the decreasing order of potential
= MB energy.
= -MB
(Min) (Max)
 44) Two bar magnets having same geometry
with magnetic moments 𝐌 and 𝟐𝐌, are
firstly placed in such a way that their
similar poles are in same side then its time
period of oscillation is 𝐓𝟏 . Now the
polarity of one of the magnet is reversed
(a) 4,2,3,1 then time period of oscillation is 𝐓𝟐 , then
(b) 𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟐, 𝟑 (a) 𝐓𝟏 < 𝐓𝟐
(c) 4,3,2,1 (b) T1 = T2
(d) 1,2,3,4 (c) T1 > T2
42) The torque and magnetic potential energy (d) T2 = ∞
of a magnetic dipole in most stable
position in a uniform magnetic field (𝐁 ⃗) 45) A magnetic needle has magnetic moment
having magnetic moment (𝐦 ⃗⃗⃗ ) will be 𝟓. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝐀 𝐦𝟐 and moment of inertia
(a) −mB, zero of 𝟕. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐤𝐠 𝐦𝟐, it performs 12
(b) mB, zero complete oscillations in 𝟔. 𝟎 𝐬. What is the
(c) zero, mB magnitude of magnetic field?
(d) zero, −𝐦𝐁. (a) 0.011 T
(b) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏 𝐓
(c) 0.031 T
Time Period of Oscillation of (d) 0.041 T
Magnetic Dipole in Uniform Magnetic 46) A magnetic needle has a magnetic moment
Field 𝟓. 𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝐀 𝐦𝟐 and moment of inertia
𝟖. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐊𝐠𝐦𝟐 . It performs oscillation
of time period 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 𝐬. What is the
𝐈 magnitude of the magnetic field?
𝐓 = 𝟐√
𝐌𝐁 (a) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟔 𝐓
The moment of inertia of a bar magnet is given (b) 0.16 T
by the equation: (c) 1.6 T
(d) 16 T
𝐌 𝟐
𝐈= (𝐋 + 𝐛𝟐 ) 47) A bar magnet of magnetic moment 𝐌 and
𝟏𝟐
Here, 𝐈 is the moment of inertia, 𝐌 is the moment of inertia 𝐈 (about centre
perpendicular to length) is cut into two
mass, 𝐋 is the length, and 𝐛 is the breadth.
equal pieces perpendicular to length. Let 𝐓
be the period of oscillations of the original
43) A bar magnet is oscillating in the Earth's magnet about an axis through the midpoint
magnetic field with a period 𝐓. What perpendicular to length in magnetic field
happens to its period and motion if its 𝐁. The similar period 𝐓 ′ for each piece
mass is quadrupled?
would be
(a) Motion remains simple harmonic with 𝐓
time period = T/2 (a) 𝟐
3T
(b) Motion remains S.H.M with time (b) 4
period = 𝟐 𝐓 5T
(c) Motion remains S.H.M with time (c) 2
period = 4 T (d) T
(d) Motion remains S.H.M and period 48) A circular coil of magnetic moment
remains nearly constant 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟓 𝐉 𝐓 −𝟏 rests with its plane normal to
an external field of magnitude 𝟓. 𝟎 ×
 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝐓. The coil is free to turn about an In a toroidal solenoid
axis in its plane perpendicular to the field the magnetic induction of field produced in
direction. When the coil is turned slightly material of toroid is 𝐁𝐦 = 𝛍𝐧𝐈
and released, it oscillates about its stable 𝐁𝐦
equilibrium with a frequency of 𝟐 𝐇𝐳. The 𝐇= = 𝐧𝐈
𝛍
moment of inertia of the coil about its axis
of rotation is ➢ Unit of 𝐇 in SI system:
(a) 1.13 × 10−1 kg m2 ampere-meter −𝟏 (𝐀𝐦−𝟏)
(b) 1.13 × 10−2 kg m2 = 𝐉𝐦−𝟏 𝐖𝐛−𝟏 = 𝐍𝐦−𝟐 𝐓−𝟏
(c) 1.13 × 10−3 kg m2
(d) 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐤𝐠 𝐦𝟐 ➢ Where Bm or Bo is Magnetic flux
49) Example density or magnetic field intensity or
magnetic induction
(a) What happens if a bar magnet is cut
into two pieces: (i) transverse to its length,
(ii) along its length?
(b) A magnetised needle in a uniform Intensity of Magnetisation 𝐈
magnetic field experiences a torque but no It is defined as the magnetic dipole moment
net force. An iron nail near a bar magnet, developed per unit volume when a magnetic is
however, experiences a force of attraction subjected to magnetising field. Intensity of
in addition to a torque. Why? magnetisation,
(c) Must every magnetic configuration
Magnetic dipole moment 𝐌
have a north pole and a south pole? What 𝐈= =
Volume 𝐕
about the field due to a toroid?
(d) Two identical looking iron bars A and ➢ It is a vector quantity whose direction is
B are given, one of which is definitely along the direction of magnetising field.
known to be magnetised. (We do not know ➢ Its unit is ampere/m (𝐀/𝐦) and
which one.) How would one ascertain dimensions are [𝐌 𝟎 𝐋−𝟏 𝐓𝟎 𝐀] The
whether or not both are magnetised? If intensity of magnetisation shows the extent
only one is magnetised, how does one to which the substance is magnetised.
ascertain which one? [Use nothing else
but the bars A and B.] 𝐌 𝐦 × 𝟐𝓵 𝐦
𝐈= = =
𝐕 𝐀 × 𝟐𝓵 𝐀
Magnetising field or Magnetic
➢ Intensity of magnetisation is also defined
⃗⃗ )
intensity (𝐇 as pole strength developed per unit area
of cross-section of specimen.
Field in which a material is placed for
magnetisation, called as magnetising field. ➢ Intensity of magnetisation depends on
nature of material, temperature etc.
In vacuum,
the ratio of magnetic induction (𝐁𝟎 ) and Magnetic susceptibility (𝛘𝐦 )
magnetic permeability (𝛍𝟎 ) is called
magnetising field 𝐇
𝐁𝟎 𝐈
𝐇= 𝛘𝐦 =
𝛍𝟎 𝐇
➢ [It is a scalar with no units & dimensions] ⃗Bm = μ0 ⃗H
⃗ + μ0 I
➢ Physically it represent the ease with which
a magnetic material can be magnetized ⃗ 𝐦 = 𝛍𝟎 (𝐇
⇒𝐁 ⃗⃗ + 𝐈)
➢ Note:- A material with more 𝛘𝐦 , can be
change into magnet easily. ⃗m
B I
= μ0 (1 + )
H H

Magnetic permeability 𝛍 ⇒ 𝛍 = 𝛍𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝛘𝐦 )
𝐁𝐦 ⇒ 𝛍𝐫 = (𝟏 + 𝛘𝐦 )
𝛍=
𝐇
Total magnetic field inside the material ➢ for vacuum χm = 0, (∵ μr = 1)
=
Magnetising field at STP for Air χm = 0.04 (∵ at S.T.P. for
Air μr = 1.04)
➢ It measures the degree to which a magnetic
material can be penetrated (or permeated)
by the magnetic field lines 50) A solenoid of 500 turns /𝐦 is carrying a
➢ Unit of μ current of 𝟑 𝐀. Relative permeability of
core material of solenoid is 5000.
𝐁𝐦
𝛍= Determine the magnitudes of the
𝐇 magnetic intensity, magnetization and
𝐖𝐛/𝐦𝟐 Weber 𝐇−𝐀 𝐇 the magnetic field inside the core.
≡ ≡ ≡ =
𝐀/𝐦 𝐀−𝐦 𝐀−𝐦 𝐦
Solution:
magnetic intensity 𝐇 = 𝐧𝐢
[∵ ϕ = LI ∴ weber ≡ henry − ampere ]
= 500 m−1 × 3 A = 1500Am−1
μr = 1 + χ, i.e., χ = 5000 − 1 = 4999
Relative permeability 𝛍𝐫
Hence, the magnetisation 𝐈 = 𝛘𝐇(χ ≈ 5000)
𝛍
𝛍𝐫 = = 7.5 × 106 Am−1
𝛍𝟎
➢ (It has no units and dimensions.) The magnetic field 𝐁 = 𝛍𝟎 𝛍𝐫 𝐇
B = 5000μ0 H
Relation between permeability 𝛍 or
= 5000 × 4π × 10−7 × 1500 = 9.4 T
Relative permeability 𝛍𝐫 &
susceptibility𝛘𝐦
51) Relation between permeability 𝛍 and
When a magnetic material is placed in
⃗ 𝟎 for magnetisation then total magnetising field 𝐇 for a sample of iron is
magnetic field 𝐁
magnetic field in material 𝟎.𝟒
⃗⃗ 𝐦 = 𝐁
𝐁 ⃗⃗ 𝟎 + 𝐁
⃗⃗ 𝐢 , 𝛍 = ( 𝐇 + 𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 ) henery/ meter,
⃗ 𝐢 = induced field.
where 𝐁 where unit of 𝐇 is 𝐀/𝐦. Find value of H for
which magnetic induction of 𝟏. 𝟎 𝐖𝐛/𝐦𝟐 can
⃗ 0 = μ0 H
B ⃗⃗ ; be produce.

⃗ i = μ0 I ∴
B Solution:
Magnetic induction B = 𝜇H (For medium)
 0.4 (a) H, (b) M, (c) B and (d) the magnetising
1=( + 12 × 10−4 ) H
H current Im .
1 − 0.4
1 = 0.4 + 12 × 10−4 H ⇒ H = Solution
12 × 10−4
= 500 A/m (a) The field H is dependent of the material of
the core, and is 𝐇 = 𝐧𝐈 = 1000 × 2.0 =
2 × 103 A/m.
52) When a rod of magnetic material of size
𝟏𝟎 𝐜𝐦 × 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐜𝐦 × 𝟎. 𝟐 𝐜𝐦 is located in
magnetising field of 𝟎. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝐀/𝐦 then (b) The magnetic field 𝐁 is given by
a magnetic moment of 𝟓 𝐀 − 𝐦𝟐 is B = μr μ0 H
induced in it. Find out magnetic induction . = 400 × 4π × 10−7 ( N/A2 ) × 2 × 103 ( A/m)
in rod. . = 1.0 T

Solation : (c) Magnetisation is given by

Total magnetic induction M = (B − μ0 H)/μ0
. = (μr μ0 H − μ0 H)/μ0 = (μr − 1)H = 399 × H
B = μ0 (I + H)
. ≅ 8 × 105 A/m
M M
. = μ0 ( + H) (∵ I = )
V V
5 (d) The magnetising current 𝐈𝐌 is the
. = 4π × 10 ( −6 + 0.5 × 104 ) = 6.28 Wb/m2
−7
10 additional current that needs to be passed
through the windings of the solenoid in the
53) A rod of magnetic material of cross section
𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝐜𝐦𝟐 is located in 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐀/𝐦 absence of the core which would give a B
magnetising field. Magnetic flux passes value as in the presence of the core.
through the rod is 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐖𝐛. Find Thus B = μo n0 (I + IM ). Using I = 2 A, B =
out for rod 1 T, we get IM = 794 A.
(i) Permeability 55) A magnetising field of 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐀 𝐦−𝟏
(ii) Magnetic susceptibility produces flux of 𝟐. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 weber in a
(iii) Magnetisation iron bar of the cross-sectional area of
Solution: 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐜𝐦𝟐 . The permeability of the iron bar
(i) Magnetic flux ϕ = BA ⇒ B = ϕ/A = is
25×10−6 (a) 245
= 1 Wb/m2 (b) 250
0.25×10−4
B 1 (c) 252
B = μH ⇒ μ = = (d) 255
H 4000
= 2.25 × 10−4 Wb/A − m 56) A solenoid has a core of a substance with
(ii) relative permeability 600. What is the
μ
μr = 1 + χm χm = μr − 1 (∵ μr = ) magnetic permeability of the given
μ0
μ 2.5 × 10−4 substance?
χm = −1=( − 1) = 199 − 1 (a) 20π × 10−5 N A−2
μ0 4π × 10−7
(b) 21π × 10−5 N A−2
= 198
(iii) Magnetization I = χm H = 198 × 4000 = (c) 22π × 10−5 N A−2
7.92 × 105 A/m (d) 𝟐𝟒𝛑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐍 𝐀−𝟐
54) A solenoid has a core of a material with 57) A permanent magnet in the shape of a thin
relative permeability 400. The windings of cylinder of length 𝟓𝟎 𝐜𝐦 has intensity of
the solenoid are insulated from the core magnetisaton 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐀 𝐦−𝟏 . The
and carry a current of 2A. If the number of magnetisation current is
turns is 1000 per metre, calculate
 (a) 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝐀 (c) 𝟗. 𝟗𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝐀 𝐦−𝟏
(b) 6 × 105 A (d) 10.2 × 105 A m−1
(c) 5 × 104 A 63) A solenoid has core of a material with
(d) 6 × 104 A relative permeability 500 and its windings
58) A domain in ferromagnetic iron in the carry a current of 𝟏 𝐀. The number of turns
form of cube is having 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 atoms. If of the solenoid is 500 per metre. The
the side length of this domain is 𝟏. 𝟓𝛍𝐦 magnetization of the material is nearly
and each atom has a dipole moment of (a) 2.5 × 103 A m−1
𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟒 𝐀 𝐦𝟐, then magnetisation of (b) 𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝐀 𝐦−𝟏
domain is (c) 2.0 × 103 A m−1
(a) 11.8 × 105 A m−1 (d) 2.0 × 105 A m−1
(b) 1.18 × 104 A m−1 64) The relation connecting magnetic
(c) 11.8 × 104 A m−1
susceptibility 𝛘𝐦 and relative permeability
(d) 𝟏. 𝟏𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝐀 𝐦−𝟏
𝛍𝐫 is
59) A magnetising field of 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝐀 𝐦−𝟏 (a) χm = μr + 1
produces a magnetic flux density of 𝟖𝛑𝐓 (b) 𝛘𝐦 = 𝛍𝐫 − 𝟏
in an iron rod. The relative permeability (c) χm = μ
1
of the rod will be r

(a) 102 (d) χm = 3(1 + μr)

(b) 1 Dia, Para and Ferromagnetic
(c) 𝟏𝟎𝟒
(d) 103 substances and their properties

60) A permanent magnet in the shape of a thin Diamagne Paramagne Ferromagn

cylinder of length 𝟏𝟎 𝐜𝐦 has
tic tic etic
magnetisation (𝐌) = 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐀 𝐦−𝟏 . It's
magnetization current 𝐈𝐌 is −𝟏 ≤ 𝛘
(a) 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝐀 𝟎<𝛘<𝛆 𝛘 ≫> 𝟏
(b) 106 A <𝟎
(c) 107 A
(d) 108 A 𝟏 < 𝛍𝐫
𝟎 ≤ 𝛍𝐫 < 𝟏 𝛍𝐫 ≫ 𝟏
61) A ring of mean radius 𝟏𝟓 𝐜𝐦 has 3500 <𝟏+𝛆
turns of wire wound on a ferromagnetic
core of relative permeability 800. The 𝛍 < 𝛍𝟎 𝛍 > 𝛍𝟎 𝛍 > 𝛍𝟎
magnetic field in the core for a
magnetising current of 𝟏. 𝟐 𝐀 is Diamagnetic substances
(a) 2.48 T
(b) 3.48 T the substances which when placed in a
(c) 𝟒. 𝟒𝟖 𝐓 magnetic field are feebly magnetised in a
(d) 5.48 T direction opposite to that of the magnetising
field are called diamagnetic substances.
62) A solenoid has a core of a material with
relative permeability of 500. The windings a) Diamagnetism is found to exist normally in
of the solenoid are insulated from the core
substances whose atoms or molecules have
and carry a current of 𝟐 𝐀. If the number
of turns is 1000 per meter, then even number of electrons. The orbital
magnetisation is motion of electrons in a pair are in
(a) 7.78 × 105 A m−1 opposite direction. So, each atom has net
(b) 8.88 × 105 A m−1 magnetic dipole moment equal to zero.
b) Diamagnetic effects are very weak. The an excess of electron spinning in same
diamagnetic property is not affected by direction.
temperature of substance. b) Atoms of paramagnetic substances possess
c) Some diamagnetic substances are a permanent magnetic dipole moment
𝐂𝐮, 𝐙𝐧, 𝐁𝐢, 𝐀𝐠, 𝐀𝐮, 𝐏𝐛, 𝐇𝐞, 𝐀𝐫, 𝐍𝐚𝐂𝐥, 𝐇𝟐 𝐎, and thus behave like small bar magnet
marble, glass etc. called atomic magnet.
d) This substance repelled by a magnet c) In absence of external magnetic field
e) If a rod of diamagnetic material is paramagnetic substance do not show any
suspended freely between two magnetic magnetism because atomic magnets are
poles its axis become perpendicular to randomly oriented so net magnetic
the magnetic field dipole moment is zero.
f) Relative Permeability is less than one (𝛍𝐫 d) In presence of external field each atomic
<1) magnet experiences a torque which tries to
rotate and align them parallel to
g) Susceptibility is small, Negative and
independent of temperature direction of magnetic field. The substance
acquires net dipole moment and thus gets
magnetised in direction of field.
e) Paramagnetism is temperature
dependent. The thermal agitation on
increase of temperature spoils the
alignment of atomic magnets which
reduces net magnetic dipole moment.

h) I - H curve
I → Small, negative, varies linearly with
field

f) Some paramagnetic substances are

𝐀𝓵, 𝐍𝐚, 𝐒𝐛, 𝐏𝐭, 𝐂𝐮𝐂𝐥𝟐 , 𝐌𝐧, 𝐂𝐫, liquid
oxygen etc.
g) This substance attracted by a magnet
h) If a rod of diamagnetic material is
suspended freely between two magnetic
Paramagnefic Subsianices
poles its axis become Parallel to the
The substances which when placed in a magnetic field
magnetic field are feebly magnetised in the i) Relative Permeability is greater than one
direction of magnetising field are called (𝛍𝐫 >1)
paramagnetic substances.
j) Susceptibility is small, Positive and
inversely proportional to absolute
a) Paramagnetism is found to exist in
temperature
substances whose atoms or molecules have
 𝟏 c) In absence of external field the domains
𝛇𝐦  (𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐞 𝐥𝐚𝐰)
𝐓 may be randomly oriented so that their
resultant magnetic dipole moment in
any direction is zero.

d) In presence of external field the magnetic

dipole moment increases due to :
(a) Displacement of boundaries of
k) I - H curve
domains : Here size of domain with
I → Small, positive, varies linearly with field magnetic dipole moment parallel to
applied field increases while for others it
decreases.
(b) Rotation of domains: Here domains
rotate until their magnetic dipole moments
are aligned parallel to direction of
Ferromagnetic Substances external field.
The substances which when placed in a
magnetic field are strongly magnetised in the
direction of the magnetising field are called
ferromagnetic substances.

a) Each atom of ferromagnetic material

possesses permanent magnetic dipole
moment before application of external e) In presence of weaker fields displacement
magnetic field. of boundaries takes place while in stronger
b) The unpaired electron of one atom fields rotation of domains takes place.
interacts with electron of neighbouring f) When external magnetic field is removed
atom through quantum mechanical substance is not totally demagnetised and
exchange interaction and align in a some magnetism is left in specimen.
common direction over a small volume g) On heating it loses property of
of material. These small volumes of ferromagnetism at certain temperature
uniform magnetisation are called called Curie temperature and becomes
domains which are small in size paramagnetic. On cooling it becomes
(𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟖 𝐦𝟑 ) but contain large number of ferromagnetic again. The Curie
atomic dipoles (∼ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 ) temperature for iron is 𝟕𝟕𝟎∘ 𝐂.
h) Ferromagnetic substances are permanent magnet
paramagnetic substances which acquire A permanent magnet is a material that retains
very high magnetism in external magnetic its magnetic properties without the need for an
field. external power source, such as an electric
i) Iron, Cobalt, nickel etc are some current. Unlike electromagnets, which require
an electric current to generate a magnetic field,
examples of ferromagnetic substance.
permanent magnets have a stable and enduring
magnetic field that persists over a long period
j) Relative Permeability is greater than one
of time. They are typically made from
(𝛍𝐫 >>>1) materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt, or alloys
k) The ferromagnetic substances obey Curie- and compounds that exhibit strong
Weiss law ferromagnetic properties.
𝐂 Electromagnet Permanent
𝛘𝐦 = ( for 𝐓 > 𝐓𝐂 )
𝐓 − 𝐓𝐂 Magnet
𝐓𝐂 is Curie temperature which depends on (i)High Retentivity (i)High Retentivity
nature of material (𝐓𝐂 of iron = 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟑 𝐊 =
(ii)Low Coercivity (ii)High Coercivity
𝟕𝟕𝟎∘ 𝐂 ). Above Curie temperature a
ferromagnetic material behaves as (iii) Smaller area of (iii) Large area of
paramagnetic.
BH curve BH curve
(iv)Low Hysterisis (iv)Large
loss Hysterisis loss
E.g. Soft iron E.g. Steel

Soft iron Steel

l) This substance strongly attracted by a (i)Retentivity of (i)less
magnet soft iron greater
m) If a rod of diamagnetic material is (ii)Coercivity of (ii)Grater
soft iron less
suspended freely between two magnetic
(iii) BH loop area (iii)BH loop area is
poles its axis become Parallel to the
is smaller larger
magnetic field (iv)Hysterisis loss (iv)Hysterisis loss
n) Susceptibility is large & Positive in case of soft iron grater
o) I - H curve is smaller
I → very large, positive & varies
non-linearly with field

Electromagnet
An electromagnet is a type of magnet that is
created by passing an electric current through
a coil of wire. Unlike permanent magnets,
which have a constant magnetic field,
electromagnets can be turned on and off by
controlling the flow of electric current.
65) The magnetic susceptibility of a (b) no magnetic property
paramagnetic material at −𝟕𝟑∘ 𝐂 is 0.0075, (c) diamagnetism
its value at −𝟏𝟕𝟑∘ 𝐂 will be (d) paramagnetism
(a) 0.0045 72) The temperature of transition from
(b) 0.0030 ferromagnetic property to paramagnetic
(c) 0.015 property is called
(d) 0.0075 (a) Transition temperature
66) The magnetic susceptibility of a (b) Critical temperature
paramagnetic substance at −𝟏𝟕𝟑∘ 𝐂 is (c) Curie temperature
𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 then its value at −𝟕𝟑∘ 𝐂 will (d) Triplet temperature.
be 73) A domain in ferromagnetic iron is in the
(a) 7.5 × 10−1 form of a cube of side length 𝟐𝛍𝐦 then the
(b) 7.5 × 10−2 number of iron atoms in the domain are
(c) 𝟕. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 (Molecular mass of iron = 𝟓𝟓 𝐠 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏
(d) 7.5 × 10−4 and density = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟐 𝐠 𝐜𝐦−𝟑 )
67) A paramagnetic liquid is taken in a U-tube (a) 6.92 × 1012 atoms
and arranged so that one of its limbs is (b) 𝟔. 𝟗𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 atoms
kept between pole pieces of the magnet. (c) 6.92 × 1010 atoms
The liquid level in the limb (d) 6.92 × 1013 atoms
(a) goes down
74) In question number 72, maximum value of
(b) rises up
magnetisation of the given domain is
(c) remains same
(Dipole moment of an iron atom 𝟗. 𝟐𝟕 ×
(d) first goes down and then rise
𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟒 𝐀 𝐦𝟐 )
68) Mark the correct set of ferromagnetic (a) 𝟖. 𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝐀 𝐦−𝟏
substances (b) 6.0 × 104 A m−1
(a) iron, cobalt and nickel (c) 8.0 × 103 A m−1
(b) iron, copper and lead (d) 6.0 × 103 A m−1
(c) silicon, bismuth and nickel
(d) aluminium, sodium and copper. 75) Permanent magnets are the substances
having the property of
69) In an experiment it is found that the (a) ferromagnetism at room
magnetic susceptibility of given substance temperature for a long period of time.
is much greater than one. The possible (b) paramagnetism at room temperature for
substance is a long period of time.
(a) diamagnetic (c) anti ferromagnetism at room
(b) paramagnetic temperature for a long period of time.
(c) ferromagnetic (d) diamagnetism at room temperature for
(d) nonmagnetic a long period of time.
70) Magnetic permeability is maximum for 76) Core of electromagnets are made of
(a) ferromagnetic substances ferromagnetic materials which have
(b) diamagnetic substances (a) low permeability and low retentivity
(c) paramagnetic substances (b) high permeability and high retentivity
(d) all of these (c) high permeability and low retentivity
71) Nickel shows ferromagnetic property at (d) low permeability and high retentivity.
room temperature. If the temperature is
increased beyond Curie temperature, then
it will show
(a) anti ferromagnetism