130 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Chapter 03

Human Reproduction

1. Human Reproduction
● In human beings, sexes are separate and sexual reproduction takes place.
● Sex organs: Humans are unisexual, which refers to the condition of an organism or species being capable of producing only
male or female gametes (sex cells), but never both. A unisexual organism of a bisexual species is one in which the male and
female gonads are found in separate individuals. The reproductive system in each sex has many organs. These sex organs are
further distinguished into primary and secondary sex organs. Besides these, there are some accessory sexual characters
as well.
● Primary sex organs: Gonads which form the gametes are called primary sex organs. These are testes in males and ovaries in
females. The testes produce sperms and secrete testosterone. The ovaries produce ova.
● Secondary sex organs: Sex organs, glands and ducts which do not produce gametes but are otherwise essential for sexual
reproduction are called secondary sex organs. In males, the secondary sex organs are vasa efferentia, epididymis, vas
deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra, accessory sex glands (prostate gland, seminal vesicles and Cowper’s glands) and penis. In
females, the secondary sex organs include oviduct, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, Bartholin’s glands and
mammary glands.
● Accessory / External / Secondary sex characters: These are traits that do not have any direct role in reproduction but provide
specific features in the two sexes. In males, secondary sex characters include beard, moustaches, body hair on shoulder and
chest, pubic hair, larynx apparent externally and a low-pitched voice. In females, secondary sex characters include a high-
pitched voice, breast development, broader pelvis, pubic hair and menstruation.
● Puberty: Beginning of sexual maturity or ability to reproduce is known as puberty. Puberty occurs at the age of 10-14 years in
girls and 13-15 years in boys. After attaining puberty, many reproductive events occur in the body of males and females.

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● The reproductive events in humans include:

● Gametogenesis: Formation of gametes i.e., formation of sperms in males and formation of ovum in females.
● Insemination: Transfer of sperms into the female genital tract.
● Fertilization: Fusion of male and female gametes leading to formation of zygote.
● Implantation: Process of formation and development of blastocyst and its attachment to the uterine wall.
● Gestation: Embryonic development that takes place in the mother’s body.
● Parturition: Process of delivery of the baby.
There are remarkable differences between the reproductive events in males and females. For example, sperm formation
continues even in old men, but formation of ovum ceases in women around the age of fifty years.

2. The Male Reproductive System

Fig 3.1 Male reproductive system (side view)

Fig 3.2 Male Reproductive system (sectional view from the front)

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● The male reproductive system is located in the pelvic region.

● It includes a pair of testes along with accessory ducts, glands and the external genitalia.

2.1 Scrotum

Fig 3.3 Anatomy of scrotum

● The testes are situated outside the abdominal cavity within a pouch called scrotum. The scrotum helps in maintaining the low
temperature of the testes (2–2.5oC lower than the normal internal body temperature) necessary for spermatogenesis.
● The testes descend into the scrotum during the seventh month of pregnancy of the mother.
● The scrotum remains connected to the abdomen or pelvic cavity by the inguinal canal.
● The spermatic cord formed from the spermatic artery, vein and nerve bound together with connective tissues runs from the
deep inguinal ring down to each testicle. Testes are suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cords.
● A fibrous cord, called gubernaculum, extends from the caudal end of the testes to the scrotal wall.

2.2. Testis

Fig 3.4 Longitudinal section of testes

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● In adults, each testis is oval in shape, with a length of about 4 to 5 cm and a width of about 2 to 3 cm.
● The testis is covered by a dense fibrous covering. Each testis has about 250 compartments called testicular lobules.
● Each lobule contains 1-3 highly coiled seminiferous tubules in which sperms are produced.
● Each seminiferous tubule is lined on its inside by two types of cells called male germ cells (spermatogonia) and Sertoli cells.
● The male germ cells undergo meiotic divisions finally leading to sperm formation, while Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the
germ cells.
● The regions outside the seminiferous tubules called interstitial spaces, contain small blood vessels and interstitial cells or
Leydig cells.
● Leydig cells synthesize and secrete testicular hormones called androgens. Other immunologically competent cells are
also present.
● The testes are surrounded by three layers:
● Tunica vaginalis: The tunica vaginalis is the pouch of serous membrane. It is the outermost covering of the testes.
● Tunica albuginea: It is the fibrous covering surrounding the testes situated under tunica vaginalis.
● Tunica vasculosa: It consists of a network of capillaries supported by delicate connective tissue which lines
● tunica albuginea.
● The seminiferous tubules of the testes open into the vasa efferentia through the rete testis.
● The vasa efferentia leave the testis and open into epididymis located along the posterior surface of each testis.

Fig 3.5 Diagrammatic sectional view of seminiferous tubule

Differences between Leydig Cells and Sertoli Cells

Leydig Cells Sertoli Cells
(Interstitial Cells) (Sustentacular Cells)
They are present in between the They are present in between the germinal
1. 1.
seminiferous tubules. epithelial cells of the seminiferous tubules
Leydig cells are found in small groups Sertoli cells are found singly and are
2. 2.
and are rounded in shape elongated.
They provide nourishment to the developing
spermatozoa (sperms). Sertoli cells secrete
They secrete androgens (e.g., ABP (Androgen Binding Protein) that
3. 3.
testosterone) - male sex hormones. concentrates testosterone in the seminiferous
tubules. It also secretes another protein
inhibin which suppresses FSH synthesis

● Functions of testes
● The germinal epithelial cells of seminiferous tubules produce sperms and the process is called spermatogenesis.
● Leydig cells produce male sex hormones e.g., testosterone.

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FUN FACT
Some mammals such as elephants and aquatic mammals have intra-abdominal testes i.e., their testes do not descend into the
scrotum. It is because these animals have comparatively lower core body temperatures which is suitable for the process of
spermatogenesis.

2.3. Epididymis
● It is a mass of long narrow closely coiled tubule which lies along the inner side of testes.
● At the anterior end of testes, the epididymis is called caput where the vasa efferentia opens.
● The middle part of epididymis is called corpus epididymis.
● The posterior end of epididymis is called cauda epididymis.
● The epididymis stores the sperms and also secrete a fluid which is considered to nourish the sperms.

2.4. Vasa Deferentia (Ductus Deferens)

● The epididymis leads to vas deferens that ascends to the abdomen and loops over the urinary bladder.
● It receives a duct from the seminal vesicle and opens into the urethra as the ejaculatory duct.
● These ducts store and transport the sperms from the testis to the outside through urethra.
● The male sex accessory ducts include rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis and vas deferens.

2.5. Ejaculatory Duct

Fig 3.6 Ejaculatory duct

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● The ejaculatory ducts are two short tubes, each formed by the union of ducts of the seminal vesicles and vas deferens.
● Ejaculatory ducts carry sperm and the secretions of seminal vesicles.

2.6. Urethra

Fig 3.7 Different parts of urethra

● The urethra originates from the urinary bladder and extends through the penis to its external opening called urethral meatus.
● Urethra is divided into three parts
● Prostatic urethra, which arises from the urinary bladder and carries urine only. In the posterior part of the
prostatic urethra, is the urethral crest where the prostatic ductules open up on either side, bringing the prostatic fluid
into the urethral lumen. Inferior to this is the seminal colliculus, where the ejaculatory duct opens into the
prostatic urethra.
● Membranous urethra, which is the smallest part is situated behind the lower part of pubic symphysis.
● Penile urethra, also known as the spongy urethra, is the longest and the most distal part of the urethra in males. It is
situated inside the penis and it opens into the external environment through the external urethral orifice.

● There are two urethral sphincters. They are:

● Internal sphincter consists of smooth muscle fibers and is present in the neck of the bladder.
● External sphincter consists of striated muscle fibers surrounding the membranous urethra. The membranous urethra is
surrounded by the external urethral sphincter and this sphincter controls the voluntary control of urine flow.
● It provides a common pathway for the flow of urine as well as semen.

● The duct system of the male reproductive system is as follows:

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Fig 3.8 Duct system of the male reproductive system

2.7. Penis
● It is the male copulatory organ and is also called the male genitalia.
● The tip of the penis is called glans penis which consists of a slit-like opening called the external urethral orifice or
urogenital aperture.
● The glans penis is covered by a loose fold of skin called the prepuce or foreskin.
● Penis is made up of three cylindrical masses of erectile tissues, which are - two dorsal corpora cavernosa and one ventral
corpora spongiosum.
● Corpora spongiosum contains penile urethra which is enlarged at the end of the penis called glans penis.
● Penis conducts the urine from the body and transfers the semen into the reproductive tract of females during
sexual intercourse.

Fig 3.9 Structure of penis or male genitalia

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2.8. Male Accessory Glands

Fig 3.10 Accessory glands of the male reproductive system

2.8.1. Seminal Vesicles
● They are a pair of sac-like structures near the base of the urinary bladder.
● They produce an alkaline secretion with pH of 7.4 which form 60% of the volume of semen.
● The seminal fluid contains fructose, hormones like prostaglandins and clotting factors.
● The seminal fluid helps in nourishment as fructose is a source of energy for sperm, and also the alkaline nature of this fluid
neutralizes the acidic environment of the urethra as well as that of the female reproductive tract.

2.8.2. Prostate Gland

● It is a single large gland that surrounds the urethra.
● It produces a milky secretion with pH of 6.5 which forms 25% of the volume of semen.
● This secretion contains citric acid (a sperm nutrient), enzymes (such as acid phosphatase, amylase) and prostaglandins.
● Secretions of prostate gland nourishes and activates the spermatozoa to swim.

2.8.3. Bulbourethral Gland (Cowper’s gland)

● They are present on either side of the membranous urethra.
● These glands secrete an alkaline fluid.
● They secrete mucus that lubricates the end of penis and lining of the urethra.

2.8.4. Seminal Plasma

● Secretions of these glands constitute the seminal plasma which is rich in fructose, calcium and certain enzymes. The
secretions of bulbourethral glands also help in the lubrication of the penis.

Gland Secretions Function

 Fructose  Nourishment of sperms
Seminal Vesicles  Prostaglandins Neutralizes the acidity of urethra and female
Clotting proteins reproductive tract
 Citric acid
 Enzymes such as acid
 Nourishment of sperms
Prostate Gland phosphatase and
 Helps in motility of the sperm
amylase
 Prostaglandins
 Lubrication of penis and lining of
Bulbourethral Glands  Mucus
urethra

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2.9. Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive System

Fig 3.11 Hormonal control of male reproductive system

● GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone), secreted by the hypothalamus, stimulates the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
to secrete LH and FSH.
● In males, LH is also called the interstitial cell stimulating hormone because it stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to
● secrete androgens.
● Testosterone is the principal androgen which stimulates the growth of secondary sex organs and accessory glands.
● FSH stimulates Sertoli cells of testes to produce androgen binding protein (ABP) that concentrates testosterone in
seminiferous tubules.
● Sertoli cells also secrete a protein called inhibin which suppresses FSH synthesis.
● Testosterone suppresses the release of GnRH and LH when not required.

2.10. Disorders of Male Reproductive System

Sterility
● In males, sterility is inability of the sperm to fertilize the ovum.

Impotency
● Impotency is the inability to achieve or hold an erection of penis long enough to complete sexual intercourse. Certain drugs
are available to cure impotency.

Benign Prostate Hypertrophy

● Benign Prostate Hypertrophy is the enlargement of the prostate gland, and it occurs at old age. It compresses the urethra,
causing frequent night urination or frequent and painful urination.

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Prostate Cancer

Fig 3.12 An enlarged prostate showing malignant tumor

● Prostate Cancer is a common malignancy accounting for 2-3% of mortality in males. Malignant prostate cells are usually
stimulated by testosterone. Hence, the treatment of prostate cancer involves the removal of testes, thereby preventing
production of the testosterone hormone.

Cryptorchidism

Fig 3.13 True and Ectopic cryptorchidism

● Cryptorchidism is a condition in which the testes do not descend into the scrotum. It is caused by deficient secretion of
testosterone by foetal testes and often leads to sterility.

Androgen Deficiency in Ageing males (ADAM)

● Androgen Deficiency in Ageing males (ADAM) is also known as andropause or male menopause. It occurs due to decreased
production of testosterone in the body.

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3. Female Reproductive System

Fig 3.14 Sectional view of the female reproductive system

● The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries along with a pair of oviducts, the uterus, a cervix, vagina and the
external genitalia located in the pelvic region.

Fig 3.15 Sectional view of female pelvis showing the reproductive system

● These parts of the system along with a pair of the mammary glands are integrated structurally and functionally to support the
processes of ovulation, fertilization, pregnancy, birth and child care.

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3.1. Ovaries

Fig 3.16 Ovaries: Primary sex organs in females

● The ovaries are the primary sex organs located on each side of the lower abdomen.
● Ovaries produce the female gamete (ovum) and several steroid hormones (ovarian hormones).
● Each ovary is about 2-4 cm in length and is connected to the pelvic wall and uterus by ovarian ligaments.
● Each ovary is covered by a layer of cuboidal epithelium called germinal epithelium which encloses the ovarian stroma.
● Beneath the epithelium is tunica albuginea - a layer of connective tissues. Underlying it, is the ovarian stroma.
● The ovarian stroma consists of a dense outer portion called cortex and a less dense inner portion called medulla.
● Interspersed throughout the cortex are the many ovarian follicles in various stages of development.

3.2. Oviduct or Fallopian Tube

● Each fallopian tube is 10-12 cm long and extends from the periphery of each ovary to the uterus. Oviducts consist of the
following parts:
● Infundibulum: The distal part of the oviduct closer to the ovary is the funnel-shaped infundibulum. The edges of the
infundibulum possess finger-like projections called fimbriae, which help in collection of the ovum after ovulation.
● Ampulla: It is the widest and longest part of the infundibulum.
● Isthmus: It is a short, narrow and thick-walled proximal part of the oviduct that follows ampulla and joins the uterus.
● Functions
● It transfers the ova from the ovary to the uterus through peristalsis.
● The fertilization of ovum takes place in the ampulla of the fallopian tube.

3.3. Uterus or Womb

Fig 3.17 Uterus in female reproductive system

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● The uterus (Greek: hystera) is a hollow, muscular and inverted pear-shaped structure. It lies in the pelvic cavity between the
urinary bladder and rectum. It comprises of three parts:
● Fundus: It is the dome shaped part of the uterus above the openings of the uterine parts of the fallopian tube.
● Body: It is the main part of the uterus which narrows interiorly where it continues to form cervix.
● Cervix: The uterus opens into the vagina through the cervix. The cavity of the cervix is known as the cervical canal
which, along with vagina, is called the birth canal.
● The cervix communicates above with the body of the uterus through internal os and with the vagina below an opening called
the external os.
● The wall of the uterus is composed of three layers of tissues. These are:
● Perimetrium - the outer thin covering of peritoneum.
● Myometrium - the middle thick layer of smooth muscle fibers which show strong contraction during the delivery
● of a baby.
● Endometrium - the inner glandular layer that lines the uterine cavity. This layer undergoes cyclical changes during the
menstrual cycle.
● Functions
● After puberty, the uterus undergoes changes as part of the menstrual cycle on a monthly basis.
● If fertilization takes place, the embryo gets attached to the uterine wall where it is nourished and protected.

3.4. Vagina
● It is a narrow stretchable tube, about 10 cm long that extends from the cervix to the outside of the body. The opening of the
vagina is called the vaginal orifice.
● Functions
● It provides a passageway for the flow of menstrual blood.
● It serves as a receptacle for sperm during intercourse.
● It forms a part of the birth canal during childbirth.

3.5. External Genitalia/ Vulva

Fig 3.18 Female external genitalia

● The female external genitalia include mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, hymen and clitoris.
● Mons pubis is the anterior most portion of the female external genitalia, which is covered by skin and pubic hair.
● Labia majora are the two fleshy folds of skin forming the boundary of the vulva. They are partly covered with pubic hair and
contain a large number of sebaceous glands. They are homologous to the male scrotum.
● Labia minora are two smaller folds of skin which lie under the labia majora. Labia minora is partially homologous to the
penile urethra of males.
● The area between the two folds of the labia minora is called the vestibule which is homologous to the membranous urethra
of males.
● Clitoris is posterior to the mons pubis. It contains erectile tissues and is homologous to glans penis in males.
● Hymen: The opening of vagina is called the vaginal orifice. It is partly covered by hymen.

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Differences between Male and Female Urethra

Male Urethra Female Urethra

It is much longer (About 20 cm in length) It is short (about 4 cm in length)

1. 1.

It has three regions: Prostatic (3-4cm), It is not differentiated into regions.

2. membranous (1cm) and penial (15cm) 2.

It opens out at the tip of the penis by It opens by urinary aperture in front of
3. urinogenital aperture. 3. vaginal aperture.
It carries both urine and semen. It carries only urine.
4. 4.

3.6. Mammary Glands

Fig 3.19 Sectional view of female mammary glands

● A functional mammary gland is characteristic of all female mammals.

● They are also present in males but only in the rudimentary form.
● In females, the mammary glands remain underdeveloped till puberty and after puberty they begin to develop under the
influence of female sex hormones.
● The mammary glands are paired structures (breasts) that contain glandular tissues and variable amounts of fat.
● Mammary glands are modified sweat glands with a projection called nipple, surrounded by pigmented skin called areola.
● The glandular tissue of each breast is divided into 15-20 mammary lobes containing clusters of cells called alveoli.
● The cells of alveoli secrete milk, which is stored in the cavities (lumen) of alveoli.
● The alveoli open into mammary tubules. The tubules of each lobe join to form a mammary duct.
● Several mammary ducts join to form a wider mammary ampulla which is connected to a lactiferous duct through which milk
is sucked out.
● The main function of the mammary glands is lactation, which refers to secretion and ejection of milk. Lactation is associated
with pregnancy and childbirth.
● Milk production is stimulated largely by the hormone prolactin which is secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary gland and
milk ejection is stimulated by the hormone oxytocin which is secreted by the posterior lobe of pituitary gland.

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● Colostrum is the first form of milk produced by mammary glands of mammals, immediately after the delivery of a newborn.
● Human milk consists of water, organic and inorganic substances. Its main constituents are fats (fat droplets), casein (milk
protein), lactose (milk sugar), mineral salts (calcium, potassium, potassium) and vitamins. Milk is poor in iron content.
Vitamin C is present in very small quantities in milk.
● The flow of milk in the mammary glands of mammals occurs through the following route:

FUN FACT

Marsupials give birth to a live but relatively

underdeveloped foetus called a joey. When the
joey is born it crawls from inside the mother to a
pouch. Inside the pouch, the blind offspring
attaches itself to one of the mother’s teats and
remains attached for as long as it takes for it to
grow and develop into a juvenile stage.

3.7. Vestibular Glands

● Vestibular region of the female's vulva has two types of vestibular glands:
● Lesser vestibular glands (Paraurethral gland/ Skene’s gland) are numerous minute glands on either side of the urethral orifice.
They are homologous to the male prostate gland and secrete mucus.
● Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin’s glands) are paired glands on either side of the vaginal orifice. They are homologous to
the Cowper’s glands in males and they secrete a viscous fluid.

3.8. Homologous Organs in Male and Female Reproductive Systems

Female Reproductive Organs Male Reproductive Organs

Labia Majora Scrotum

Labia Minora Penile urethra

Clitoris Glans penis or Penis

Vestibule Membranous urethra

Greater Vestibular Glands Prostate gland

Lesser Vestibular Glands Cowper’s gland

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3.9. Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive System

Fig 3.20 Hormonal control of female reproductive system

● GnRh secreted by hypothalamus stimulates the release of FSH and LH by the pituitary gland.
● FSH stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles and increases the development of egg/oocyte within the follicle to complete
Meiosis I to form a secondary oocyte.
● LH secretes corpus luteum to secrete progesterone.
● Rising levels of progesterone inhibit the release of GnRH, which in turn inhibits the release of FSH, LH and progesterone.

3.10. Disorders of Female Reproductive System

Sterility
● Sterility is the inability of a female to conceive. It occurs due to inadequacy in structure or function of the
reproductive organs.
Menstrual Disorders
● Menstrual disorders occur due to imbalance in the menstrual cycle of a female. These disorders include:
● Amenorrhea (absence of menstruation).
● Menorrhagia (excessive menstruation).
● Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation).
Cervical Cancer
● Cervical cancer is a cancer arising in the cervix. It occurs due to an abnormal growth of cervical cells that have the ability to
invade or spread to other parts of the body. Human papillomavirus causes almost 90% of the cases of cervical cancers.

Fig 3.21 Female reproductive system showing cervical cancer

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Ectopic Pregnancy
● Ectopic pregnancy is a complication of pregnancy in which the embryo attaches itself outside the uterus. Signs and symptoms
of ectopic pregnancy includes abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. An ectopic pregnancy can be fatal for the foetus.

Normal pregnancy Ectopic pregnancy

Fig 3.22 Normal and ectopic pregnancy in females

Endometriosis
● Endometriosis is a disease of the female reproductive system in which cells similar to those in the endometrium, the layer of
tissue that normally covers the inside of the uterus, grow outside the uterus. Most often this occurs on the ovaries, fallopian
tubes and tissues around the uterus and ovaries; however, in rare cases it may also occur in other parts of the body.

Fig 3.23 Endometriosis on ovary, fallopian tube and uterus

Breast Cancer
● Breast cancer is an invasive tumor that develops in the mammary glands. Breast cancer is detected via mammograms and
specialized testing on breast cancer tissues. Treatment of breast cancer may involve surgery, radiation, hormone therapy,
chemotherapy, and targeted therapy.

Fig 3.24 Breast cancer

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4. Gametogenesis

Fig 3.25 Female gamete (egg) and male gamete (sperm)

● Gametogenesis is the process by which male and female sex cells or gametes i.e., sperm and ovum are formed respectively.
● The primary sex organs are the testes in the males and the ovaries in females which produce gametes through the process
of gametogenesis.
● Gametes differ from all other cells of the body as their nuclei contain only half the number of chromosomes found in the
nuclei of somatic cells.
● Meiosis forms the most significant part of the process of gametogenesis.
● Gametogenesis in male is called spermatogenesis while in females it is called oogenesis.
● Gametogenesis in both males and females comprises similar sequential changes that are multiplication phase, growth phase
and maturation phase.

4.1. Stages of Spermatogenesis

Fig 3.26 Schematic representation of spermatogenesis

● Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules of testes which are lined with germinal epithelium. consisting of largely
primordial germ cells.
● One cycle of spermatogenesis takes place for 65-75 days. Spermatogenesis includes two phases:
● Formation of spermatids, which includes the following phases:
● Multiplication phase: At sexual maturity, the undifferentiated primordial germ cells undergo mitosis several times to
form a large number of spermatogonia. Spermatogonia are diploid cells and are of two types i.e., Type A
spermatogonia that serves as stem cells to form additional spermatogonia, and Type B spermatogonia that serve as the
precursor of sperms.

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● Growth phase: Type B spermatogonia actively divide to form a large primary spermatocyte by obtaining nourishment
from the nurse cells. Primary spermatocytes are diploid cells.
● Maturation phase: Each primary spermatocyte undergoes a meiotic division called maturation division. First meiotic
division leads to formation of two haploid secondary spermatocytes. These secondary spermatocytes undergo second
meiotic division to form four haploid spermatids.
● Formation of spermatozoa from spermatids
● The transformation of spermatid into spermatozoa is called spermiogenesis or spermateleosis. These spermatozoa are
later called spermatozoa or sperms.

● After spermatogenesis, the sperm heads become embedded in the Sertoli cells and are finally released from seminiferous
tubules by the process of spermiation.

Fig 3.27 Diagrammatic sectional view of seminiferous tubules

Differences between Spermatogenesis and Spermiogenesis

Spermatogenesis Spermiogenesis
It is the process of the formation of It is the process of the transformation of
haploid spermatozoa (sperms) from the spermatids into spermatozoa (sperms).
1. 1.
undifferentiated diploid primordial
germ cells of the testes.
It involves multiplication phase, growth It involves only the differentiation
2. phase, maturation phase and 2. phase. Therefore, it is a part of
differentiation phase. spermatogenesis.
A spermatogonium produces four One spermatid develops into one
3. 3.
spermatozoa (sperms). spermatozoon.

4.2. Hormonal Control of spermatogenesis

● Spermatogenesis starts at puberty due to significant increase in the secretion of a hypothalamic hormone which is the
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH).
● The increased level of GnRH then acts on the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates secretion of two gonadotropins –
luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
● LH acts on the Leydig cells and stimulates synthesis and secretion of androgens. Androgens, in turn, stimulate the
process of spermatogenesis.
● FSH acts on the Sertoli cells and stimulates secretion of factors which help in the process of spermiogenesis.

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4.3. Significance of Spermatogenesis

● During spermatogenesis, one spermatogonium produces four sperms.
● Sperms have half the number of chromosomes as compared to spermatogonia. After fertilization, the diploid chromosome
number is restored in the zygote. It maintains the chromosome number of species.
● During meiosis I, crossing over takes place, which brings about variations.

4.4. Structure of a Human Sperm

Fig 3.28 Structure of a spermatozoa (sperm)

● Sperms are microscopic and motile cells.

● Sperms are alive and retain their ability to fertilize the ovum (eggs) from 24 to 48 hours after having been released in the
female genital tract.
● A typical mammalian sperm consists of head, neck, middle piece and end piece.
● Head: It consists of anterior small acrosome and posterior large nucleus. Acrosome is formed of Golgi bodies of the
spermatid. It contains hyaluronidase proteolytic enzyme called spermalysin that is used to penetrate egg at the time of
fertilization. Another important structure is the nucleus containing a haploid set of chromosomes which can be either
22X or 22Y.
● Neck: It is short and is present between the head and middle piece. It contains a proximal centriole towards the nucleus
which plays an important role in first cleavage of zygote and distal centriole which give rise to axial filament of sperm.
● Middle piece: It contains mitochondria coiled round the axial filament called mitochondrial spiral called Nebenkern
sheath. Mitochondria provides energy for the movement of sperm. Hence, it is called the powerhouse of sperm. Posterior
half of the nucleus, neck and middle piece of the sperm are covered by a sheath called a manchette.
● Tail: The tail is several times longer than the head. In most parts called the middle piece, the axial filament is surrounded
by a thin layer of cytoplasm. The part behind the main piece is called the end piece which consists of naked filament
only. The sperm swims by its tail in the fluid medium.

4.5. Semen
● Sperms released from the seminiferous tubules are transported by the accessory ducts.
● Secretions of epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle and prostate are essential for maturation and motility of sperms. The
seminal plasma along with the sperms constitute the semen.
● The functions of male sex accessory ducts and glands are maintained by the testicular hormones (androgens).
● Semen has a pH of 7.35 to 7.50 and is ejected from the penis during ejaculation. A single ejaculation may contain 200 to 300
million spermatozoa of which 60% must have normal shape and size and at least 40% of them must show rigorous motility
for normal fertility.
● When the above criteria is not met, it can lead to a number of sperm disorders such as

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Aspermia - lack of semen; anejaculation

Asthenozoospermia - sperm motility below lower reference limit
Azoospermia - absence of sperm in the ejaculate
Hyperspermia - Semen volume above higher reference limit
Hypospermia - Semen volume below lower reference limit
Oligozoospermia - Total sperm count below lower reference limit
Necrozoospermia - Absence of living sperm in the ejaculate
Percent normal forms below lower reference limit.
Teratozoospermia –
The condition of presence of normal number of motile
Isospermia-
sperms in human male.

FUN FACT
Sperm swim in the human seminal fluid at the rate of 1-4mm per minute and time taken by the sperm for the entry in the oocyte
is around 30 minutes.

4.6. Oogenesis

Fig 3.29 Schematic representation of oogenesis

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● The process of formation of mature female gamete (ovum) is called oogenesis. It occurs inside the ovaries.
● Oogenesis occurs in three phases which are as follows
● Multiplication Phase:
● Multiplication stage of oogenesis is initiated during the embryonic development stage when a couple of million gamete
mother cells (oogonia) are formed within each foetal ovary; no more oogonia are formed and added after birth.
● Growth Phase:
● Oogonia start division and enter into Prophase-I of the meiotic division and get temporarily arrested at that stage, called
primary oocytes. This phase of primary oocyte is very long and may extend for many years. Each primary oocyte gets
surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells to form a primary follicle.
● Each primary oocyte then gets surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells and is called the primary follicle. A large number
of these follicles degenerate during the phase from birth to puberty. Therefore, at puberty only 60,000-80,000 primary
follicles are left in each ovary.
● Primary oocyte does not complete the first meiotic division and gets arrested in the diplotene stage of the prophase I.
● Maturation Phase:
● Each primary oocyte undergoes two maturation divisions. After puberty is attained, the primary oocyte completes its first
meiotic or maturation division to form a large haploid secondary oocyte and small first polar body so that secondary
oocyte retains the bulk of the nutrient rich cytoplasm of the primary oocyte.
● The secondary oocyte retains the bulk of the nutrient-rich cytoplasm of the primary oocyte because the secondary oocyte
further develops into ovum that undergoes fertilization and formation of the zygote where the nutrition in bulk is required
for healthy development and growth.
● Secondary oocyte starts the second meiotic or maturation division but does not complete it, rather gets arrested in the
metaphase -II of the second meiotic division and completes it only after the fusion of a sperm with it.
● The formation of the polar body is essential to retain the haploid state of the female gamete. But the polar body only gets
a small amount of cytoplasm so it frequently dies and disintegrates.
● Apart from development of the oocyte, follicles surrounding the oocyte also undergo development to form secondary follicles
then tertiary follicles followed by mature Graafian follicles.

4.7. Hormonal Control of Oogenesis:

● Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) secreted by hypothalamus stimulates the anterior lobe of the pituitary to secrete LH
and FSH, the gonadotropins.
● FSH stimulates the growth of Graafian follicles and also the development of egg or oocyte within the follicle to complete
meiosis-I to form a secondary oocyte. FSH stimulates the formation of estrogen.
● LH stimulates the rupture of Graafian follicle to release secondary oocytes thus causing ovulation.
● The remaining part of the Graafian follicle is stimulated by LH to form a large yellow temporary endocrine structure called
corpus luteum. Corpus luteum releases a surge of progesterone.
● The rising high level of progesterone inhibits the release of GnRH which in turn, inhibits the production of FSH, LH
and progesterone.

4.8. Significance of Oogenesis

● One oogonium produces one egg and two or three polar bodies.
● Polar bodies have small amounts of cytoplasm. It helps to retain a sufficient amount of cytoplasm in the ovum which is
essential for the development of early embryos. Formation of polar bodies maintains half the number of chromosomes in
the ovum.
● During meiosis, first crossing over takes place which brings about variation.
● Oogenesis occurs in various organisms. Therefore, it supports the basic relationship among the organisms.

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4.9. Ovum/Ootid

Fig 3.30 Structure of Ovum

● The mature ovum or female gamete is spherical in shape. It is almost free of yolk and is hence called alecithal.
● The cytoplasm of the ovum is called ooplasm and it contains a large nucleus called the germinal vesicle. The nucleus contains
a prominent nucleolus.
● Centrioles are absent in the cytoplasm of the ovum.
● The cytoplasm is enveloped by a plasma membrane. Very small vesicles called cortical granules are present under
plasma membranes.
● A narrow perivitelline space is present outside the plasma membrane. Just outside the perivitelline space, there is a thick
acellular zona pellucida which is secreted by follicular cells.
● Beyond the zona pellucida, there is a very thick cellular layer called corona radiata made up of radially elongated
follicular cells.
● The side of the ovum that extrudes the polar body is called the animal pole and the side opposite to it is the vegetal pole.
● Human ovum loses its ability to be fertilized about 24 hours after ovulation.
● In humans, the ovum is released from the ovary as a secondary oocyte.

Differences between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
1. It occurs in the testes 1. It occurs in the ovaries
Spermatogonia changes to primary
2. 2. Oogonia changes to primary oocytes
spermatocytes
A primary spermatocyte divides to A primary oocyte divides to form one
3. 3.
form two secondary spermatocytes. secondary oocyte and one polar body
A secondary spermatocyte divides to A secondary oocyte divides to form
4. 4.
form two spermatids one ootid and one polar body
5. No polar body is formed 5. Polar bodies are formed
A spermatogonium forms four
6. 6. An oogonium forms one ovum.
spermatozoa
Ova are much larger often with yolk
7. Sperms are minute yolkless and motile 7.
and nonmotile
It is often completed in the female
It is generally completed in the testes
reproductive tract or in many animals
8. and thus mature sperms are released 8.
in water because oocytes are released
from the testes
from the ovaries

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4.10. Folliculogenesis

Fig 3.31 Diagrammatic sectional view of ovary

● Folliculogenesis is the maturation of the ovarian follicle, a densely packed shell of somatic cells that contains an immature
oocyte. The credit for the discovery of the ovarian follicles is given to De Graaf.
● The primary oocyte formed after first meiotic division gets surrounded by a layer of flat granulosa cells resulting in a
structure called the primordial follicle. The cells of primordial follicles increase in size and number to form primary follicles.
● All the primary follicles are formed in the foetal stage and no new follicle is formed after the birth. These follicles are located
in the stroma of the ovaries.
● A large number of these follicles degenerate during the phase from birth to puberty by a process called follicular atresia.
Therefore, at the time of puberty only 60,000 - 80,000 primary follicles are left in the ovary. Primary follicles have oocytes
arrested in the diplotene stage of Prophase I.
● The primary follicles get surrounded by more granulosa cells to form secondary follicles. Secondary follicles develop theca
layers and connective tissues. The theca layers are responsible for production of the ovarian hormone, estrogen.
● The secondary follicle soon transforms into a tertiary follicle which is characterised by a fluid filled cavity called antrum. The
theca layer is organised into an inner theca interna and an outer theca externa. The primary oocyte within the tertiary follicle
grows in size and completes its first meiotic division. It is an unequal division resulting in the formation of a large haploid
secondary oocyte and a tiny first polar body.
● The tertiary follicle further changes into a mature follicle or Graafian follicle. The secondary oocyte forms a new membrane
called the zona pellucida surrounding it. The Graafian follicle now ruptures to release the secondary oocyte (ovum) from the
ovary by the process of ovulation.

Description Size
Primordial Dormant, small, only layer of flat granulosa 0.03 - 0.05 mm in diameter
Follicles cells surrounding primary oocyte

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Primary Follicles ● A primary oocyte surrounded by a layer 0.1 mm in diameter

of granulosa cuboidal cells.
● Primary oocyte is arrested at the
diplotene stage of Prophase-I

Secondary ● Primary oocyte surrounded by multiple 0.2 mm in diameter

Follicles layers of granulosa cells.
● Presence of endocrine theca cells and
connective tissue.

Tertiary Follicles ● It has a fully formed antrum (= cave) Range from 0.2 mm to 20 mm in diameter depending on
filled with a fluid called follicular fluid various stages of development
or liquor folliculi.
● The theca layer is organized into inner
theca interna and outer theca externa.
● Primary oocyte completes its first
meiotic division forming a large
secondary oocyte arrested at metaphase
II and a tiny polar body.

Graafian Follicles ● Majority of follicles that started the

(Antral Follicle or growth have died. This is called follicular
late tertiary atresia.
follicle) ● Granulosa cells begin to differentiate into
subtypes.
● Zona pellucida, a translucent matrix of
glycoproteins, surrounds the secondary
oocyte.
● The follicle is filled with a fluid called
antrum.
Corpus Luteum ● Remnant of Graafian follicle turns into a
yellow-coloured body.
● Its life span in non-pregnant females is
for 14 days where it produces
progesterone hormone.
● In pregnant females it lasts until the
placenta is developed i.e., roughly for 4
months.
Corpus albicans ● Regressed form of corpus luteum
● It is a white-coloured structure which is
formed after the attack of macrophages
on corpus luteum.

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5. Menstrual Cycle
The events involved in reproduction in female mammals occur in a cyclic manner. Constituting the reproductive cycle or ovarian
cycle. The reproductive cycle is of two types:
● Oestrus Cycle
● Menstrual Cycle

5.1. Oestrus Cycle

● The oestrus cycle consists of a few days of oestrus or “heat” followed by a few days of anoestrus of “quiescence”.
● During oestrus, the female is sexually responsive, allows a male to copulate, eggs are released and pregnancy is possible.
● During anoestrus, females become passive and do not accept a male
● The oestrus occurs in all mammals except primates.
● In non-primate mammals, oestrus occurs in the breeding season only whereas an oestrus spreads over the entire non-
● breeding season.
● During the oestrus cycle, the wall of the uterus does not dissolve i.e., no bleeding takes place.
● Depending upon the number of oestrus cycle in a breeding season, they can be of two types:
● Mono-oestrus cycle: In the breeding period of some animals only one oestrus cycle is present. E.g., rabbit, hare, dog, fox,
bat, deer etc.
● Poly-oestrus cycle: In majority of animals many oestrus cycles occur during the breeding period. E.g., rats, squirrels,
cow, sheep, pig, horse etc.

5.2. Menstrual Cycle

● The reproductive cycle in female primates (e.g., monkeys, apes and human beings) is called menstrual cycle.
● The first menstruation marks the onset of puberty in females and is called menarche.
● In human females, menstruation is repeated at an average interval of about 28/29 days, and the cycle of events starting from
one menstruation till the next one is called the menstrual cycle.

Fig 3.32 Menstrual cycle in females

● One secondary oocyte is released (ovulation) during the middle of each menstrual cycle.

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● Menstrual cycle is divided into four phases:

● Menstrual Phase or Bleeding Phase
● Follicular Phase or Proliferative Phase
● Ovulatory Phase or Fertility Phase
● Luteal Phase or Secretory Phase

Menstrual Phase (Bleeding Phase)

● The cycle starts with the menstrual phase, which comprises of uterine blood flow lasting for 3-5 days.
● The production of the LH hormone from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is considerably reduced. The withdrawal of
this hormone degenerates the corpus luteum, therefore reducing progesterone production. Estrogen production is
also reduced.
● The low level of progesterone results in menstrual flow that occurs due to breakdown of endometrial lining of the uterus and
its blood vessels, which forms the liquid that comes out through vagina.
● Apart from blood, the cells of the endometrial lining and the unfertilized ovum also constitute menstrual flow.
● Lack of menstruation may be indicative of pregnancy. However, it may also be caused due to some other underlying causes
like stress, poor health etc.

Proliferative Phase (Follicular Phase)

● This phase lasts for 6-13 days. During this phase, the primary follicles in the ovary grow to become a fully mature Graafian
follicle and simultaneously the endometrium of the uterus regenerates through proliferation.
● These changes in the ovary and the uterus are induced by changes in the levels of pituitary and ovarian hormones.
● The secretion of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) increases gradually during the follicular phase, and stimulates follicular
development as well as secretion of estrogens by the growing follicles.

Ovulatory Phase
● It involves ovulation, or release of the female gamete, from the Graafian follicle of ovary.
● The mature Graafian follicle rises to the surface of the ovary and ruptures to release the oocyte. This phenomenon is
called ovulation.
● It occurs midway between two menstrual cycles on 14th day of the onset of menstrual cycle due to increasing turgidity and
contraction of smooth muscles fibres around the Graafian follicles.
● The oocyte is received by fimbriae of fallopian tube. The female gamete remains viable for two days.
● Both LH and FSH attain a peak level in the middle of the cycle.
● Rapid secretion of LH leading to its maximum level during the mid-cycle called LH surge induces rupture of the Graafian
follicle and thereby the release of the female gamete.
● Egg, at the time of ovulation, is in the secondary oocyte state. It remains surrounded by its zona pellucida and corona radiata.
● There is not much change in the uterine endometrium during ovulatory phase.

Luteal Phase (Secretory Phase)

● Ovulation (ovulatory phase) is followed by the luteal phase during which the remaining parts of the Graafian follicle
transform into the corpus luteum.
● The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone which is essential for maintenance of the endometrium.
● Such an endometrium is necessary for implantation of the fertilized ovum and other events of pregnancy.
● Cyclic menstruation is an indicator of normal reproductive health, and it extends between menarche and menopause.
● During pregnancy, all events of the menstrual cycle stop and there is no menstruation.
● In the absence of fertilization, the corpus luteum degenerates. This causes disintegration of the endometrium leading to
menstruation, marking a new cycle.

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Fig 3.33 Diagrammatic presentation of various events during a menstrual cycle

5.3. Effect of Fertilization

● If fertilization occurs and an embryo is implanted in the endometrium, the trophoblast cells of the developing placenta secrete
a hormone called the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
● This hormone, like LH, maintains the corpus luteum and the secretion of progesterone and estradiol by it.
● These two hormones check the breakdown of endometrium of the uterus.
● The absence of menstrual bleeding is the earliest sign of pregnancy.
● By the 16th week of pregnancy, the placenta produces progesterone and estradiol in case of a normal pregnancy. The now
unnecessary corpus luteum undergoes shrinkage.
● Fertilization restores the diploid condition in the zygote and the equational division (meiosis II) is completed only if
fertilization occurs.
● Premature degeneration of corpus luteum is a common cause of miscarriage (abortion) at about 10-12 week of pregnancy.

5.4. Menopause
● In human beings, menstrual cycle and ovulation ceases to occur around 50 years of age. This phenomenon of the cessation of
the menstrual cycle is termed as menopause.
● Menopause is characterized by hot flushes and a number of behavioural changes in women. FSH is secreted in the urine.

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Phases Days Events

Endometrium breaks down, menstruation begins.
The cells of endometrium, secretions, blood and the
Menstrual Phase 1-5 unfertilized ovum constitute the menstrual flow.
Progesterone production is reduced. In fact, menstrual
flow is associated with withdrawal of progesterone
Follicular phase Endometrium rebuilds, FSH and estrogen secretion
6 - 13
(Proliferative Phase) increases.
Both LH and FSH attain peak levels. Concentration of
Ovulatory Phase About 14th Day estrogen in the blood is also high and this reaches its
peak. Ovulation occurs.
Luteal Phase Corpus luteum secretes progesterone. Endometrium
15-28
(Secretory Phase) thickens and the uterine glands become secretory.

6. Fertilization
● The fusion of a haploid male gamete (sperm) and a haploid female gamete (ovum) to form a diploid zygote is
called fertilization.
● In human beings, fertilization takes place mostly in the ampulla region of the oviduct.

Fig 3.34 Transport of ovum, fertilization and passage of growing embryo through fallopian tube

Fig 3.35 Steps of fertilization

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6.1 Approach of a Sperm towards the Secondary Oocyte

● During copulation (coitus), the male genitalia discharges around 3.5 ml of semen into the vagina, close to the cervix of the
female reproductive system. This is called insemination.
● The motile sperms swim rapidly, pass through the cervix, enter the uterus and finally reach the ampullary region of the
fallopian tube where fertilization takes place.
● There are as many as 200- 300 million sperms released in the vagina, but only 100 sperms reach the fallopian tubes because
many sperms are either killed by the acidity of the female genital tract or engulfed by phagocytes of the vaginal epithelium.
● The sperms swim in the seminal fluid at the rate of 1-4 mm per minute by the action of the uterus and peristaltic movement of
the fallopian tube.
● Capacitation is the phenomenon of physiological maturation of sperms by breaking down of the acrosome membrane inside
the female genital tract.
● Fertilization can only occur if the ovum and sperm are transported simultaneously to the ampullary region.
● This is the reason why every act of copulation doesn’t lead to fertilization and pregnancy.

6.2. Penetration of Sperm

● The oocyte secretes a chemical substance called fertilizin, which has a number of spermophilic sites as its surface where the
sperm of species-specific type can be bound by their anti-fertilizin site.
● The fertilizin and anti-fertilizin interaction causes agglutination or sticking together of egg and sperm. Penetration of the
oocyte membrane by a sperm occurs by means of a chemical mechanism.
● The acrosome of a sperm undergoes an acrosomal reaction and releases an acidic protein called sperm lysin which dissolves
the egg envelope.
● The sperm lysin contains hyaluronidase which dissolves the hyaluronic acid matrix holding the granulosa cells of the corona
radiata. Acrosin or zona lysin from the acrosome dissolves the zona pellucida.
● A sperm that comes in contact with the zona pellucida layer of the oocyte, induces changes in the oocyte membrane that block
the entry of additional sperms, preventing polyspermy.

6.3. Cortical Reaction

● Immediately after the fusion of the sperm and plasma membrane of the oocyte, the secondary oocyte shows the
cortical reaction.
● In this reaction, the cortical granules present beneath the egg’s plasma membrane fuse with the plasma membrane of the
oocyte and release their contents, including cortical enzymes between the plasma membrane and zona pellucida.
● These enzymes harden the zona pellucida and form a fertilization membrane which prevents the entry of additional
sperms (block of polyspermy).
● Entrance of the sperm induces completion of the second meiotic division in the secondary oocyte, and it turns into an ovum.
● The second meiotic division is also unequal and results in the formation of the second polar body and a haploid ovum (ootid).

6.4. Fusion of Gametic Nuclei

● The head of sperm which contains the nucleus detaches or separates from the middle piece and the sperm tail.
● The egg nucleus or female pronucleus is ready for union with the male pronucleus, which is present within the sperm head.
● The male and female pronuclei fuse together.
● Mixing of the chromosomes of sperm and the ovum is known as karyogamy or amphimixis.
● The fertilized ovum is now called zygote. The zygote is a diploid unicellular cell, which has 46 chromosomes in humans.

6.5. Significance of Fertilization

● It provides a stimulus for the egg to complete its maturation.
● It restores the diploid number of chromosomes, which is 46 in human beings.
● It introduces the centriole which is lacking in mature ova.
● It results in determination of the sex of the embryo. It combines the characteristics of two parents, introducing variations,
hence helping in evolution.
● Fertilization membrane formed after sperm entry checks the entry of additional sperms (block of polyspermy).

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6.6. Sex of the Baby

Fig 3.36 Sex determination in humans

● The sex of the baby is decided at the fertilization stage.

● The sex chromosome pattern in the human female is XX and that in the male is XY.
● Therefore, all the haploid gametes (ova) produced by the female have the sex chromosome X whereas in the male gametes
(sperms) the sex chromosome could be either X or Y. Hence, 50 percent of sperms carry the X chromosome while the other
50 percent carry the Y chromosome. This is called male heterogamety, in which males produce two different types
of gametes.
● After fusion of the male and female gametes the zygote would carry either XX or XY depending on whether the sperm
carrying X or Y fertilized the ovum respectively.
● The zygote carrying XX would develop into a female baby and the one containing XY would form a male.
● That is why, scientifically it is correct to say that the sex of the baby is determined by the father and not by the mother.

7. Embryonic Development
7.1. Cleavage
● Cleavage is a series of rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote which convert single cell zygote into multicellular structure called
blastula (blastocysts).
● About 30 hours after fertilization, the newly formed zygote divides into cells (blastomeres), in the upper portion of the
fallopian tube. This is the first cleavage.
● The next division occurs within 40 hours after fertilization. The third division occurs about three days after fertilization.
● During these early cleavages, the young embryo is slowly moving down the fallopian tube towards the uterus.
● At the end of the fourth day, the embryo reaches the uterus. It has 8-16 blastomeres and this solid mass of cells is known as
morula (little mulberry) as it looks like mulberry.
● When the blastomeres divide completely the cleavage is called holoblastic.

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Fig 3.37 Stages of cleavage in zygote

7.2. Significance of Cleavage

● Cleavage brings about:
● The distribution of cytoplasm of the zygote, amongst the blastomeres.
● Increased mobility of the protoplasm which facilitates morphogenetic movements necessary for cell differentiation, germ
layer formation and the formation of organs and tissues.
● The restoration of the cell size and the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio characteristics of the species.
● Conversion of unicellular zygote into a multicellular embryo.

7.3. Blastocyst (Blastula) and Blastomeres

Fig 3.38 Structure of blastocyst

● At the next stage of development which produces an embryo with about sixty-four cells, a cavity is formed within the
cell mass.
● This cavity is called the blastocyst cavity and the embryo is termed as the blastocyst, which is composed of an outer envelope
of cells, the trophoblast or trophoectoderm and an inner cell mass.

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● The side of blastocyst to which the inner cell mass is attached is called embryonic or animal pole while the opposite side is
abembryonic pole.
● The trophoblast encircles the blastocoel and the inner cell mass.
● The cells of trophoblast help to provide nutrition to the embryo.
● The cells of trophoblast later form extra embryonic membranes namely chorion and amnion and part of the placenta.
● The cells of trophoblast which are in contact with the inner cell mass are called cells of Rauber.

Differences between Morula and Blastula

Morula Blastula (Blastocyst)

It is a solid ball like structure which It is a hollow structure with a

1. 1.
looks like a little mulberry blastocoel/blastocyst cavity in the center

It is formed of an outer nutritive layer, a

2. It is formed of similar type of cells 2.
trophoblast and an inner cell mass

3. Zona pellucida is intact 3. Zona pellucida starts disintegrating

7.4. Implantation
● The process of blastocyst getting embedded in the endometrium of the uterus is called implantation.
● Though the implantation may occur at any period between 6th and 10th day after fertilization but generally it occurs on the
seventh day after fertilization.
● The blastocyst sinks into a pit formed in the endometrium to get completely buried in the endometrium. The embedded
blastocyst forms finger-like projections called villi to get nourishment.
● Zona pellucida becomes thinner and finally disappears. The function of zona pellucida is to prevent implantation at an
abnormal site which could lead to ectopic or extrauterine pregnancy.

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Fig 3.39 Implantation of blastocyst in endometrium of uterus

7.5. Significance of Implantation

● It helps in deriving nourishment for the baby from the maternal tissues.
● It ensures that the developing embryo is protected within the uterus.

7.6. Gastrulation
● The blastocyst continues with the development process even when implantation is taking place. Formation of gastrula from
blastula is called gastrulation.
● Gastrulation is defined as the process during which the primary germinal layers namely ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
are formed by morphological movements.
● Immediately after implantation, the inner cell mass (embryo) differentiates into an outer layer called ectoderm and an inner
layer called endoderm.
● A mesoderm soon appears between the ectoderm and the endoderm.

Fig 3.40 Gastrulation in embryo

● These three layers give rise to all tissues and organs in adults. The inner cell mass of a blastocyst contains certain cells called
stem cells which have the potency to give rise to all the tissues and organs.

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7.7. Fate of Germ Layers

Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm

Epidermis and skin derivatives Dermis Gut

Cutaneous Glands Muscular Glands Glands of stomach and intestine

Nervous system Connective tissue Tongue

Motor and optic nerve Endoskeleton Lungs, trachea, bronchi

Eye (Retina, lens, cornea) Vascular system (Heart and blood Urinary bladder
vessels)

Conjunctiva and ciliary and iridial muscles Kidney Primordial germ cells

Nasal epithelium Gonads (Testis and ovary) Gills

Internal ear Urinary and genital duct Liver

Lateral line sense organ Coelom and coelomic epithelium Pancreas

Stomodeum Choroid and sclerotic coat of eye Thyroid gland

Salivary gland Adrenal cortex Parathyroid gland

Enamel of teeth Spleen Thymus

Proctodaeum Notochord Middle ear

Pituitary gland Parietal and visceral peritoneum Eustachian tube

Pineal body - Mesenteron

Adrenal medulla - Lining of vagina and urethra

Hypothalamus - Prostate gland

7.8. Extra-Embryonic layers or Foetal Membranes

● The growing embryo or foetus develops four membranes called extra- embryonic or foetal membranes. These include the
amnion, chorion, allantois and yolk sac.
● Chorion: It is made up of trophoblast on the outside and somatopleuric extra embryonic mesoderm on the inside. It
completely surrounds the embryo and protects it. It also takes part in the formation of placenta.
● Amnion: It is composed of trophoblast on the inside and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm outside. The space
between embryo and amnion is called the amniotic cavity which is filled with a clear water fluid secreted by both the embryo
and amniotic membrane. The amniotic fluid prevents desiccation of the embryo and acts as a protective cushion that
absorbs shock.

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● Allantois: The allantois is composed of endoderm on the inside and splanchnopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm outside. It is
a sac-like structure which arises from the gut of embryos near the yolk sac.
● Yolk sac: The primary yolk sac consists of endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm outside. The
yolk sac is nonfunctional in human beings, except that it acts as a site of early blood cell formation.

Fig 3.41 Extraembryonic or foetal membranes

FUN FACT
Embryo is an organism in the early stage of
development.
In human beings, the developing organism from
conception until approximately the end of eight
week (second month) is called embryo. Foetus
is the unborn young one of a viviparous animal,
after it has taken form in the uterus. In human
beings, an embryo is called a foetus from the
end of eight week till birth

Fig 3.42 Embryo

Fig 3.43 Foetus

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8. Pregnancy and Gestation

● Pregnancy or gestation period is the time from conception to birth. In human beings, it is approximately 9 months or 280 days
or 80 weeks.

Fig 3.44 Foetus developing in a pregnant female

● Birth normally occurs at a gestational age of about 40 weeks, though it is common for birth to occur between week 37-42 of
the gestation period.
● Human pregnancy can be divided into three trimesters, each approximately three-month long.
● Gestation period of some animals are given below

S. No. Animal Days

1. Mouse 19-20

2 Rat 20-22

3 Rabbit 28-32

4 Cat 52-65

5 Dog 60-65

6 Pig 112-120

7 Goat 145-156

8 Man 270-290

9 Cow 275-290 (3 weeks)

10 Horse 330-345

11 Elephant 607-641

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9. Placenta
● After implantation, finger-like projections appear on the trophoblast, called the chorionic villi which are surrounded by the
uterine tissue and maternal blood.
● The chorionic villi and uterine tissue become interdigitated with each other and jointly form a structural and functional unit
between the developing embryo (foetus) and the maternal body called the placenta.
● The human placenta is chorionic as it is formed only by the chorion.

Fig 3.45 Structure of placenta

● The function of the placenta is as follows:
● It supplies of oxygen and nutrients to the embryo
● It removes carbon dioxide and excretory/waste materials produced by the embryo.
● It also acts as an endocrine tissue and produces several hormones like human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), human
placental lactogen (HPL), estrogens, progestogens, etc.
● In the later phase of pregnancy, a hormone called relaxin is also secreted by the ovary. HCG, HPL and relaxin are produced
in women only during pregnancy.
● In addition, during pregnancy the levels of other hormones like estrogens, progestogens, cortisol, prolactin, thyroxine, etc.,
are increased several folds in the maternal blood.
● Increased production of these hormones is essential for supporting foetal growth, metabolic changes in the mother and
maintenance of pregnancy.
● The placenta is connected to the embryo through an umbilical cord which helps in the transport of substances to and from
the embryo.
● The maternal and foetal blood are not in direct contact in the placenta because:
● The two blood types may be incompatible.
● The maternal blood pressure is far too high for the foetal blood vessels.
● There must be a check on the inflow of harmful materials (blood proteins, germs) into the foetal blood.

9.1. Important Developmental Changes in a Human Embryo

● The human gestation period or pregnancy in humans lasts for 9 months.
● In human beings, after one month of pregnancy, the embryo’s heart is formed. The first sign of a growing foetus may be
noticed by listening to heart sounds carefully through the stethoscope.
● By the end of the second month of pregnancy, the foetus develops limbs and digits. By the end of 12 weeks (first trimester),
most of the major organ systems are formed. For example, the limbs and external genital organs are well developed.
● The first movements of the foetus and appearance of hair on the head are usually observed during the fifth month.

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168 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

● By the end of about 24 weeks (end of second trimester), the body is covered with fine hair, the eye-lids separate, and
eyelashes are formed.
● By the end of nine months of pregnancy, the foetus is fully developed and is ready for delivery.

Fig 3.46 Developmental changes in human embryo

9.2. Development at 4 Weeks

At this point the baby is developing structures that will eventually form their face and neck. The heart and blood vessels continue
to develop. And the lungs, stomach, and liver start to develop. A home pregnancy test would give a positive result at this stage.

Fig 3.47 Foetus development in 4 weeks

9.3. Development at 8 Weeks

The baby is now a little over half an inch in size. Eyelids and ears are forming, and you can see the tip of the nose. The arms and
legs are well formed. The fingers and toes grow longer and more distinct.

Fig 3.48 Foetus development in 8 weeks

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HUMAN REPRODUCTION 169

9.4. Development at 20 Weeks

The baby weighs about 10 ounces and is a little more than 6 inches long. The baby can suck a thumb, yawn, stretch, and
make faces.

Fig 3.49 Foetus development in 20 weeks

9.5. Development at 24 Weeks

The baby weighs about 1.4 pounds now and responds to sounds by moving or increasing their pulse. Mothers may notice jerking
motions if they hiccup. With the inner ear fully developed, the baby may be able to sense being upside down in the womb.

FUN FACT
Can a Foetus Hear its Mother's Voice?
A foetus can hear sounds from the outside world around 22-24 weeks of pregnancy. Amazingly, babies may be able to recognize
their mother’s voice since even before birth. One study found that babies in the womb listen to their mother’s voice during the last
ten weeks of pregnancy. In fact, researchers have known that newborns recognize and prefer their own mother’s voice.

10. Parturition
● The average duration of human pregnancy is about 9 months which is called the gestation period.
● Vigorous contraction of the uterus at the end of pregnancy causes expulsion/delivery of the foetus. This process of delivery of
the foetus (childbirth) is called parturition.
● Parturition is induced by a complex neuroendocrine mechanism. The signals for parturition originate from the fully developed
foetus and the placenta, which induce mild uterine contractions called foetal ejection reflex.
● This triggers release of oxytocin from the maternal pituitary. Oxytocin acts on the uterine muscle and causes stronger uterine
contractions, which in turn stimulates further secretion of oxytocin.

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170 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

● The stimulatory reflex between the uterine contractions and oxytocin secretion continues, resulting in increasingly
stronger contractions.
● This leads to expulsion of the baby out of the uterus through the birth canal. This process is called parturition. Soon after the
infant is delivered, the placenta is also expelled out of the uterus.

Fig 3.50 Parturition or childbirth

OPEN ENDED QUESTION

Q. What do you think the doctors inject to induce delivery?
A. Doctors inject oxytocin to induce labour pain and delivery. Oxytocin is released by the posterior
pituitary in response to the foetal ejection reflex initiated by a fully developed foetus and placenta.
Oxytocin induces stronger uterine contractions at the time of parturition (childbirth).

11. Lactation
● The mammary glands of females undergo differentiation during pregnancy and start producing milk towards the end of
pregnancy by a process called lactation.
● Lactation helps the mother in feeding the newborn. The milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is called
colostrum which contains several antibodies that are absolutely essential for develop innate immunity in the foetus. It is also
rich in proteins and has a low-fat content, which is required for development of the new-born babies.
● Breast-feeding during the initial period of infant growth is recommended by doctors for bringing up a healthy baby.

Fig 3.51 Colostrum of lactating mother and normal milk

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HUMAN REPRODUCTION 171

● Composition of human milk

● Human milk consists of water and organic and inorganic substances.
● Its main constituents are fats (fat droplet), casein (milk protein), lactose (milk protein), mineral salts (sodium, potassium,
calcium and phosphorus) and vitamins.
● It is poor in iron content. Vitamin C is also present in very small quantities.

FUN FACT
Monozygotic twins, also called maternal or identical twins, are formed by the splitting of the fertilized egg. They share the same
placenta as well. Eli-zygotic twins, also called paternal or non-identical twins, are formed by the fat teat on of two separate eggs
from two separate sperms at the same time. Identical twins are always of the same sex while non-identical twins can belong to
different sexes.

Fig. 3.52 Monozygotic Twin Fig 3.53 Dizygotic Twin

FUN FACT
Conjoint twins is a condition where two babies born are physically connected to each other. It is a rare phenomenon that
happens at the early stage of embryo development when the embryo partially separates to form two foetuses but physically
remain connected. Usually, the two infants are seen to be connected at the chest, abdomen or pelvis. Chang and Eng Bunker
who lived from May 11, 1811 - January 17,1874, were Siamese-American conjoined brothers who became so famous that the
expression Siamese twin is now synonymous for conjoined twins in general.

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FUN FACT
Most of the body of the foetus is covered with downy hair called lanugo which are generally shed before birth. Lanugo
functions as an anchor to hold the vernix, a waxy substance coating the foetus. Vernix is theorized to serve several purposes like
lubrication, preventing infection and water proofing etc.

Human Reproduction
EXERCISES
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 173

EXERCISE – 1: Basic Objective Questions

The Male Reproductive System? 10. Which of the following provides nutrition to sperms?
1. Epididymis lies between (a) Leydig cells (b) Scrotum
(a) Rete testis and vasa efferentia (c) Sertoli cells (d) Epididymis
(b) Vas deferens and vasa efferentia 11. Sertoli cells are found
(c) Vas deferens and ejaculatory duct (a) Between the seminiferous tubules
(d) Seminal tubules and rete testis (b) In the germinal epithelium of ovary
2. Where do sperms mature? (c) In the upper part of the Fallopian tube
(a) In seminal vesicle (d) In the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous
(b) Seminiferous tubules tubules
(c) In epididymis 12. Recognise the figure and find out the correct
matching.
(d) Vasa efferentia
3. Corpus spongiosum is found in
(a) ovary (b) penis
(c) testis (d) uterine wall
4. The sugar fructose is present in the secretion of
(a) Bartholin’s glands (b) Cowper’s glands
(c) seminal vesicles (d) prostate gland
5. Ejaculatory duct is formed by the
(a) Vas deferens along with a duct from seminal
vesicle
(b) Epididymis along with a duct from seminal
vesicle
(c) Epididymis along with the prostatic duct
(d) Vas deferens along with the prostatic duct (a) e-rete testis, d-testicular lobules, c-epididymis,
6. Which one of the following is not a male accessory b-vasa efferentia, a-vas deferens
gland? (Exemplar) (b) d-rete testis, e-testicular lobules, b-epididymis,
(a) Seminal vesicle (b) Ampulla a-vasa efferentia, c-vas deferens
(c) Prostate (d) Bulbourethral gland (c) d-rete testis, e-testicular lobules, a-epididymis,
7. Scrotal sacs are connected with abdominal cavity by c-vasa efferentia, b-vas deferens
(a) Vaginal cavity (b) Spermatic canal (d) d-rete testis, e-testicular lobules, b-epididymis,
(c) Inguinal canal (d) Haversian canal c-vasa efferentia, a-vas deferens
8. In many mammals, testes remain outside the body 13. Which is the correct sequence of male accessory
cavity in scrotal sacs because: ducts starting from testis?
(a) It helps in coitus (a) Rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis,
(b) It helps in ejection of semen vas deferens
(c) Sperms produced in it are more active (b) Rete testis, vasa efferentia, vas deferens,
(d) Spermatogenesis occurs at a temperature lower epididymis
than that of body (c) Rete testis, vas deferens, epididymis,
9. The Leydig cells secrete vasa efferentia
(a) oestrogen (b) testosterone (d) Rete testis, vas deferens, vasa efferentia,
(c) progesterone (d) corticosterone epididymis.
174 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

14. Match the following 17. Cryptorchidism is a condition in which

Set I Set II (a) testis does not descend into scrotal sac
Network of (b) sperm is not found
I Inguinal canal 1
seminiferous tubules (c) male hormones are not reactive
Secondary sexual (d) ovaries are removed
ii Rete testis 2
characters 18. Spot the odd one out from the following structures
For descending of with reference to the male reproductive system.
iii Leydig cells 3
testis (Exemplar)
Dorsal bundles of (a) Rete testis (b) Epididymis
iv Prepuce 4
penile tissue (c) Vasa efferentia (d) Isthmus
Corpora Terminal skin of 19. Seminal plasma, the fluid part of semen,is contributed
v 5
cavernosa penis by (Exemplar)
(a) i = 1, ii = 2, iii = 3, iv = 5, v = 4 (i) seminal vesicle
(b) i = 3, ii = 1, iii = 4, iv = 2, v = 5 (ii) prostate
(c) i = 2, ii = 4, iii = 3, iv = 5, v = 1 (iii) urethra
(d) i = 3, ii = 1, iii = 2, iv = 5, v = 4 (iv) bulbourethral gland
15. Which of the following gives the correct combination (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i), (ii) and (iv)
of structures found in the mammalian testes? (c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
(a) Graafian follicles, Sertoli cells, Leydig cells 20. The vas deferens receives duct from the seminal
(b) Graafian follicles, Sertoli cells, seminiferous vesicle and opens into urethra as (Exemplar)
tubules (a) epididymis (b) ejaculatory duct
(c) Sertoli cells, seminiferous tubules, Leydig cells (c) efferent ductules (d) ureter
(d) Graafian follicles, Leydig cells, seminiferous 21. Urethral meatus refers to the (Exemplar)
tubules
(a) urinogenital duct
16. Recognise the figure and find out the correct
(b) opening of vas deferens into urethra
matching.
(c) external opening of the urinogenital duct
(d) muscles surrounding the urinogenital duct.
22. Given below are the three statements each with two
blanks. Select the option which correctly fills up the
blank in any two statements.
(A) Each seminiferous tubule is lined on Its inside by
two types of cells called (i) and (ii).
(B) The seminiferous tubules open into the (i) through
(ii).
(C) The enlarged end of penis called the (i) is covered
by a loose fold of skin called the (ii)
(a) (B) – (i) vas deferens, (ii) urethral meatus
(A) – (i) spermatogonia, (ii) follicular cells
(a) d-vas deferens, c-seminal vesicle, a-ejaculatory
(b) (C) – (i) glans penis, (ii) foreskin
duct b-bulbourethral gland, e-prostate gland
(B) – (i) vasa efferentia, (ii) rete testis
(b) b-vas deferens, a-seminal vesicle, d-ejaculatory
23. The function of the secretion of prostate gland is to
duct, c-bulbourethral gland, e-prostate gland
(a) inhibit sperm activity
(c) d-vas deferens, e-seminal vesicle, b-ejaculatory
duct, a-bulbourethral gland, c-prostate gland (b) attract sperms
(d) b-vas deferens, a-seminal vesicle, d-ejaculatory (c) stimulate sperm activity
duct, e-bulbourethral gland, c-prostate gland (d) none of these.
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 175

24. Assertion: The regions outside the seminiferous 30. The main function of the fimbriae of the fallopian
tubules are called interstitial spaces, which contain tube in females is to
Leydig cells. (a) release ovum from the Graafian follicle
Reason: Leydig cells synthesize and secrete testicular (b) make necessary changes in the endometrium for
hormones called androgens. implantation
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is (c) help in the development of corpus luteum
the correct explanation of assertion. (d) help in the collection of the ovum after ovulation
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is 31. Recognise the figure and find out the correct
not the correct explanation of assertion. matching.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
25. Assertion: Each seminiferous tubule is lined on its
inside by three types of cells.
Reason: These cells are male germ cells, Sertoli cells
and Leydig cells.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is (a) c-infundibulum, b-ampulla, a-isthmus, d-fimbriae
not the correct explanation of assertion. (b) a-infundibulum, b- ampulla, c-isthmus, d-fimbriae
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false. (c) b-infundibulum, a-ampulla, d-isthmus, c-fimbriae
(d) If both assertion and reason are false. (d) c-infundibulum, a-ampulla, b-isthmus, d-fimbriae
32. Identify the structures labeled A, B, C and D in the
The Female Reproductive System female reproductive system

26. Clitoris in a female mammal is:

(a) Nonfunctional
(b) An overgrown structure
(c) Analogous to penis of male
(d) Homologous to penis of male
27. The female external genitalia includes
(i) Mons pubis (ii) Labia majora
(iii) Labia minora (iv) Hymen (a) A-oviduct, B-uterus, C-oviduct, D-ovary
(v) Clitoris (vi) Uterus (b) A-cervix, B-uterus, C-ovary, D-fundus
(a) i, ii and iii (b) iv, v and vi (c) A-uterus, B-uterine cavity, C-oviducal funnel,
(c) i, ii, iii and vi (d) i, ii, iii, iv and v D- ovary
28. Mammary glands are modified (d) A-cervix, B-uterine cavity, C-Fallopian tube,
(a) sweat glands (b) sebaceous glands D- ovary
(c) lacrimal glands (d) endocrine glands 33. Recognise the figure and find out the correct
29. Bartholin’s glands occur in matching
(a) Females and help in vestibular lubrication
(b) Females and produce estrogen for regulating
secondary sexual characters
(c) Males and form liquid part of spermatic fluid
(d) Males and produce alkaline fluid for neutralizing
urethral acidity
176 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

(a) d-vagina, c-cervix, b-urinary bladder, a-uterus, Gametogenesis

e-urethra 38. For the normal fertility of human male ____ of
(b) c-vagina, d-cervix, a-urinary bladder, b-uterus, sperms must have normal shape and size and at least
e-urethra _____ of then must show vigorous movement
respectively
(c) e-vagina, b-cervix, c-urinary bladder, d-uterus,
(a) 40,60
a-urethra
(b) 60,40
(d) d-vagina, c-cervix, a-urinary bladder, b-uterus,
(c) 70,30
e-urethra
(d) 30,70
34. Milk secreted from the cells of alveoli of mammary
39. How many sperms are usually found in an average
lobes reaches nipple through lactiferous duct (L),
(3 mL) ejaculation?
mammary duct (M), mammary tubule (T) and
mammary ampulla (A) in the following order (a) 200 million

(a) TMAL (b) 300 million

(c) 400 million
(b) MTLA
(d) 500 million
(c) MTAL
40. 2n=16 is a primary spermatocyte, which is in
(d) ATML
metaphase of first meiotic division. What shall be the
35. Identify the odd one from the following. (Exemplar) total number of chromatids in each of the secondary
(a) Labia minora spermatocytes?
(b) Fimbriae (a) 32 (b) 8
(c) Infundibulum (c) 16 (d) 24
(d) Isthmus 41. Recognise the figure and find out the correct
matching.
36. Assertion: The shape of the uterus is like an inverted
pear.
Reason: The inner glandular layer that lines the
uterine cavity is called as myometrium.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
37. Assertion: The female external genitalia includes
mons pubis, labia majora and labia minora.
(a) a-spermatozoa, b-spermatid, c-primary
Reason: The glandular tissue of each breast is spermatocyte, d-secondary spermatocyte,
divided into 5-10 mammary lobes. e-spermatogonia, f-Sertoli cell
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is (b) a-spermatozoa, b-spermatid, d-primary
the correct explanation of assertion. spermatocyte, c-secondary spermatocyte,
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is f-spermatogonia, e-Sertoli cell
not the correct explanation of assertion. (c) b-spermatozoa, a-spermatid, c-primary
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false. spermatocyte, d-secondary spermatocyte,
(d) If both assertion and reason are false. e spermatogonia, f-Sertoli cell
(d) b-spermatozoa, a-spermatid, d-primary
spermatocyte, c-secondary spermatocyte,
f-spermatogonia, e-Sertoli cell
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 177

42. Recognise the figure and find out the correct (d) d-mitosis differentiation, c-first meiotic
matching. division, a-second meiotic division, b-
differentiation
44. How many secondary spermatocytes are required to
form 400 spermatozoa?
(a) 40 (b) 100
(c) 200 (d) 400
45. The immature male germ cell undergoes division to
produce sperms by the process of spermatogenesis.
Choose the correct one with reference to above.
(Exemplar)
(a) Spermatogonia have 46 chromosomes and they
always undergo meiotic cell division.
(b) Primary spermatocytes divide by mitotic cell
division.
(c) Secondary spermatocytes have 23 chromosomes
and undergo a second meiotic division.
(a) c-plasma membrane, b-acrosome, a-nucleus, (d) Spermatozoa are transformed into spermatids.
d-mitochondria 46. Germ cells in female gonad and male gonad begin
undergoing meiosis simultaneously. What will be the
(b) a-plasma membrane, b-acrosome, d-nucleus,
ratio of ova and sperms produced?
c-mitochondria
(a) 1:1 (b) 1:2
(c) a-plasma membrane, d-acrosome, c-nucleus,
(c) 1:4 (d) 2:1
b-mitochondria
47. The head of mature mammalian sperm is made of
(d) c-plasma membrane, a-acrosome, b-nucleus,
(a) An acrosome
d-mitochondria
(b) Elongated nucleus covered by acrosome
43. Recognise the figure and find out the correct
(c) Two centrioles and an axial filament
matching.
(d) Nucleus, acrosome, cytoplasm and mitochondrial
sheath
48. In the diagram of the section of the Graafian follicle,
different parts are indicated by alphabets. Choose the
answer in which these alphabets have been correctly
matched with the parts

(a) d-mitosis differentiation, a-first meiotic division,

b-second meiotic division, c-differentiation
(b) a-mitosis differentiation, b-first meiotic division,
c-second meiotic division, d-differentiation
(c) c-mitosis differentiation, a-first meiotic division, (a) A = Theca externa, B = Theca interna, C = Ovum,
b-second meiotic division, d-differentiation D = Cumulus oophorus, E = Antrum,
F = Membrane granulosa
178 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

(b) A = Membrane granulosa, B = Theca externa, 52. The process of spermatogenesis and oogenesis in a
C = Ovum, D = Cumulus oophorus, E = Antrum, male and female is started respectively at
F = Theca interna (a) Puberty and puberty
(c) A = Membrane granulosa, B = Theca interna, (b) Puberty and menopause
C = Ovum, D = Cumulus oophorus, E = Antrum, (c) Embryonic stage and menarche
F = Theca externa (d) Puberty and embryonic stage
(d) A = Theca externa, B = Theca interna, C = Ovum, 53. Which among the following has 23 chromosomes?
D = Membrane granulosa, E = Antrum, (Exemplar)
F = Cumulus oophorus (a) Spermatogonia (b) Zygote
49. In the given T.S of human ovary identify A to F and (c) Secondary oocyte (d) Oogonia
select the correct option
54. In spermatogenesis, the phase of maturation
involves
(a) The growth of Spermatogonia into primary
spermatocyte
(b) The formation of Spermatogonia from gonocytes
through mitosis
(c)The formation of spermatids from primary
spermatocytes through meiosis
(d) The formation of oogonia from the spermatocytes
through meiosis
55. A large number of primary follicles degenerate during
the phase from birth to puberty. Therefore, at puberty
each ovary has about
(a) A-Secondary follicle, B-Tertiary follicle with (a) 1 million primary follicles
antrum, C-Ovum, D-Corpus luteum, E-Primary
(b) A couple of million primary follicles
follicle, F-Corpus albicans
(c) 60, 000-80, 000 primary follicles
(b) A-Graafian follicle, B-Tertiary follicle with
antrum, C-Ovum, D-Corpus spongiosum, E- (d) 1,20,000-1,60,000 primary follicles
primary follicle, F-Corpus albicans 56. Indicate the correct sequence during spermatogenesis
(c) A-Graafian Follicle, B-Tertiary follicle with (a) Spermatozoa Spermatogonia spermatid
antrum, C-Ovum, D-Corpus albicans, E-Primary spermatocyte
follicle, F-Corpus luteum (b) Spermatogonia spermatocyte  spermatid
(d) A-Graafian follicle, B-Tertiary follicle with spermatozoa
antrum, C-Ovum, D-Corpus luteum, E-Primary (c) Spermatid  spermatocyte spermatozoa
follicle, F-Corpus albicans Spermatogonia
50. Polar bodies are produced during the formation of:
(d) Spermatocyte spermatozoa spermatid
(a) Sperm Spermatogonia
(b) Oogonium 57. Which of the following options is correct?
(c) Spermatocyte
Haploid Diploid
(d) Secondary oocyte
Primary
51. During oogenesis, each diploid cell produces: (a) Secondary oocyte
spermatocyte
(a) Four functional cells
Secondary
(b) Four nonfunctional polar bodies (b) Secondary oocyte
spermatocyte
(c) One functional egg and three polar bodies Secondary
(d) Two functional eggs and two polar bodies (c) Primary oocyte
spermatocyte
(d) Ovum Spermatid
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 179

58. Spermiation is the process of the release of sperms (b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
from. (Exemplar) not the correct explanation of assertion.
(a) seminiferous tubules (c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(b) vas deferens (d) If both assertion and reason are false.
(c) epididymis 64. Assertion: The middle piece is called as power house
(d) prostate gland of the sperm.
59. The membranous cover of the ovum at ovulation is Reason: The numerous mitochondria coiling around
(Exemplar) axial filament produce energy for the movement of
(a) corona radiate the tail.
(b) zona radiata (a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
(c) zona pellucida the correct explanation of assertion.
(d) chorion. (b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
60. Layers of an ovum from outside to inside is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(a) corona radiata, zona pellucida and vitelline (c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
membrane (d) If both assertion and reason are false.
(b) zona pellucida, corona radiata and vitelline 65. Assertion: Infundibulum is a funnel shaped part close
membrane to ovary.
(c) vitelline membrane, zona pellucida and corona Reason: The edges of infundibulum helps in
radiate collection of the ovum after ovulation.
(d) zona pellucida, vitelline membrane and corona (a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
radiate
the correct explanation of assertion.
61. Assertion: A drop in temperature do not affect
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
spermatogenesis.
not the correct explanation of assertion.
Reason: During temperature drops the smooth
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
muscles contracts and bring the testes closer to the
pelvic cavity. (d) If both assertion and reason are false.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
the correct explanation of assertion. Menstrual Cycle
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is 66. The immediate cause of induction of ovulation in
not the correct explanation of assertion. female is the large plasma surge of
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false. (a) progesterone (b) oestradiol
(d) If both assertion and reason are false. (c) LH (d) FSH
62. Assertion: The human male ejaculates about 50-100
67. Which hormone level reaches peak during the luteal
million sperms during a coitus.
phase of menstrual cycle?
Reason: For normal fertility at least 40 percent
(a) Luteinizing hormone
sperms must have normal shape and size.
(b) Progesterone
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
the correct explanation of assertion. (c) Follicle stimulating hormone
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is (d) Oestrogen
not the correct explanation of assertion. 68. Mature Graafian follicle is generally present in the
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false. ovary of a healthy human female around (Exemplar)
(d) If both assertion and reason are false. (a) 5 – 8 days of menstrual cycle
63. Assertion: The type B spermatogonia are called (b) 11 – 17 days of menstrual cycle
primary spermatocytes. (c)18 – 23 days of menstrual cycle
Reason: Primary spermatocyte completes the (d) 24 – 28 days of menstrual cycle
first meiotic division leading to secondary
69. The starting of menstruation in girls is
spermatocytes.
(a) Puberty (b) menarche
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
(c) climacteric (d) menopause
the correct explanation of assertion.
180 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

70. Ovulation in the human female normally takes place (a) a-LH, b-FSH, c-estrogen, d-progesterone
during the menstrual cycle (b) b-LH, a-FSH, c-estrogen, d-progesterone
(a) At the mid secretory phase (c) c-LH, d-FSH, a-estrogen, b-progesterone
(b) At the end of the proliferative phase (d) d-LH, c—FSH, b-estrogen, a-progesterone
(c) Just before the end of the secretory phase 75. Match the column
(d) At the beginning of the proliferative phase
Column-I Column-II
71. Menstruation is triggered by an abrupt decline in the
amount of Prepare endometrium
(i) FSH 1.
(a) LH (b) FSH for implantation

(c) Estrogen (d) Progesterone Develops female

(ii) LH 2. secondary sexual
72. The mammalian corpus luteum produces
characters
(a) Estrogen
Contraction of
(b) Progesterone (iii) Progesterone 3.
uterine wall
(c) Luteinizing hormone
Development of
(d) Luteotropic hormone (iv) Estrogen 4.
corpus luteum
73. Some important events in the human female Maturation of
reproductive cycle are given below. Arrange the 5.
Graafian follicle
events in proper sequence.
(a) (i)-5, (ii)-4, (iii)-1, (iv)-2
I. Secretion of FSH
(b) (i)-4, (ii)-5, (iii)-2, (iv)-1
II. Growth of Corpus luteum
(c) (i)-4, (ii)-3, (iii)-2, (iv)-5
III. Growth of the follicle and oogenesis
(d) (i)-5, (ii)-1, (iii)-2, (iv)-4
IV. Ovulation
76. Graafian follicle is maintained by
V. Sudden increase in the levels of LH
(a) Estrogen
(a) III→Ι→ΙV→ΙΙ→V
(b) Prolactin
(b) I→III→V→IV→II
(c) Luteinizing hormone
(c) I→IV→III→V→II
(d) Follicle stimulating hormone
(d) II→I→III→IV→V
77. The correct sequence of phases in the menstrual cycle
74. Recognise the figure and find out the correct
is
matching.
(a) Menstrual phase, follicular phase and luteal phase
(b) Menstrual phase, luteal phase and follicular phase
(c) Menstrual phase, proliferative phase and secretory
phase
(d) Both A and C
78. Identify the correct statement from the following.
(Exemplar)
(a) High levels of estrogen triggers the ovulatory
surge.
(b) Oogonial cells start to proliferate and give rise to
functional ova in regular cycles from puberty
onwards.
(c) Sperms released from seminiferous tubules are
highly motile.
(d) Progesterone level is high during the post
ovulatory phase of menstrual cycle.
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 181

79. A human female reaches menopause around the age 86. Ovum receives the sperm in the region of
of (a) animal pole (b) vegetal pole
(a) 50 years (b) 15 years (c) equator (d) pigmented area
(c) 70 years (d) 25 years 87. Match the following with correct combination
80. Assertion: The endometrium undergoes cyclical i Hyaluronidase 1 Acrosomal reaction
charges during menstrual cycle.
ii Corpus luteum 2 Morphogenetic
Reason: The myometrium exhibits strong
movements
contractions during delivery of the baby.
iii Gastrulation 3 Progesterone
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
the correct explanation of assertion. iv Capacitation 4 Mammary gland
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
v Colostrum 5 Sperm activation
not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false. (a) i = 5, ii = 2, iii = 4, iv = 1, v = 3
(d) If both assertion and reason are false. (b) i = 1, ii = 3, iii = 2, iv = 5, v = 4
(c) i = 3, ii = 2, iii = 5, iv = 4, v = 1
Fertilization (d) i = 1, ii = 2, iii = 3, iv = 4, v = 5
81. The change in a mammalian sperm which prepares it (e) i = 4, ii = 2, iii = 5, iv = 3, v = 1
to fertilize the ovum is termed as: 88. Choose the incorrect statement from the following.
(a) Maturation (Exemplar)
(b) Preparation (a) In birds and mammals, internal fertilization takes
(c) Capacitation place.
(d) Metamorphosis (b) Colostrum contains antibodies and nutrients.
82. Fertilization of ovum by the sperm takes place in (c) Polyspermy in mammals is prevented by chemical
changes in the female pronucleus.
(a) ampulla of oviduct
(d) In the human female implantation occurs almost
(b) isthmus of oviduct
seven days after fertilization.
(c) fimbriae of oviduct
89. The sex of the foetus will be decided at
(d) None of the above
(a) fertilization by male gamete
83. Fertilization membrane is formed to
(b) implantation
(a) Facilitate entry of sperm into to egg
(c) fertilization by female gamete
(b) Provide stability to egg
(d) the start of cleavage
(c) Prevent monospermy
90. Acrosomal reaction of the sperm occurs due to
(d) Prevent polyspermy
(Exemplar)
84. Capacitation of sperms occurs in
(a) Its contact with zona pellucida of the ova
(a) Female genital tract
(b) Reactions within the uterine environment of the
(b) Vagina
female
(c) Vasa efferentia
(c) Reactions within the epididymal environment of
(d) Vas deferens the male
85. Sperm of animal species a cannot fertilise ovum of (d) Androgens produced in the uterus
species b because
91. A reaction of granules content which harden the zona
(a) Fertilizin of a and b are not compatible pellucida and ensures sure block to polyspermy is
(b) Antifertilizin of a and b are not compatible (a) acrosomal reaction
(c) Fertilizin of a and Anti fertilizin of b are not (b) cortical reaction
compatible
(c) acrosin reaction
(d) Anti fertilizin of a and fertilizin of b are not
(d) binding reaction.
compatible
182 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

92. The fertilized egg in human female is implanted in 96. The embryo at 16-celled stage is known as
the uterus after (a) morula (b) gastrula
(a) One month of fertilization (c) blastula (d) blastomere
(b) Two months of fertilization 97. Morula is a development stage
(c) Three weeks of fertilization
(a) between the zygote and blastocyst
(d) About seven days of fertilization
(b) between the blastocyst and gastrula
93. Recognise the figure and find out the correct
(c) after the implantation
matching.
(d) between implantation and parturition.
98. Zona pellucida disintegrates just
(a) After fertilization
(b) Before fertilization
(c) Midway during cleavage
(d) After completion of cleavage
99. Human embryo will be called as a ‘foetus’ after
(a) Two months (b) Six months
(c) Four months (d) Seven months
100. Assertion: The embryo with 8 to 16 blastomeres is
called a morula.
Reason: The morula continues to divide and
transforms intro trophoblast.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
(a) a-cells of corona radiata, b-zona pellucida, the correct explanation of assertion.
c- perivitelline space (b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
(b) c-cells of corona radiata, a-zona pellucida, not the correct explanation of assertion.
b- perivitelline space (c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(c) b-cells of corona radiata, c-zona pellucida, (d) If both assertion and reason are false.
a- perivitelline space
(d) b-cells of corona radiata, a-zona pellucida,
Pregnancy & gestation
c- perivitelline space
101. Identify the human development stage shown below
94. Assertion: All copulations do not lead to fertilization
as well as the related right place of its occurrence in a
and pregnancy.
normal pregnant woman and select the right option
Reason: Fertilization can occur only if the ovum and
for the two together
sperms are transported simultaneously to the
ampullary region of oviduct.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false. Development stage Site of occurrence
(a) Blastocyst 1 Uterine wall
Embryonic Development Starting point of
(b) 8-celled Morula 2
fallopian tube
95. Fixing up of the blastocyst in the wall of the uterus is
Middle part of
known as (c) Late Morula 3
fallopian tube
(a) Fertilization (b) Placentation
End part of fallopian
(c) Impregnation (d) Implantation (d) Blastula 4
tube
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 183

102. Match the following and choose the correct option

Embedding of
i. Trophoblast (a) blastocyst in the
endometrium
Group of cells
that would
ii. Cleavage (b)
differentiate as
embryo b
Outer layer of (a) a-morula, b-blastocyst
Inner cell blastocyst (b) a-blastocyst, b-morula
iii. (c)
mass attached to the (c) a-blastocyst, b-gastrula
endometrium (d) a- morula, b-gastrula
105. Identify the correctly matched pairs of the germ
Mitotic division
iv. Implantation (d) layers and their derivatives.
of zygote
I. Ectoderm – Epidermis
(a) i-(b), ii-(a), iii-(c), iv-(d) II. Endoderm – Dermis
(b) i-(c), ii-(d), iii-(b), iv-(a) III. Mesoderm – Muscles
IV. Mesoderm – Notochord
(c) i-(c), ii-(a), iii-(b), iv-(d) V. Endoderm - Enamel of teeth
(d) i-(b), ii-(d), iii-(c), iv-(a) (a) I, III and IV only (b) I, II, III and V only
103. Choose the correct group of labelling. (c) I and IV only (d) I and II only
106. Fill in the blanks
(i) Zygote divides to form …1… which is implanted
to uterus
(ii) The structure which provides vascular connection
between foetus and uterus is called …2...
(iii) Inner cell mass contains certain cells called
…3… which have the potency to give rise to all
the tissues and organs.
(iv) By the end of …4… most of the major organ
systems are formed, for example, the limbs and
external genital organs are well-developed
(a) I-Trophoblast, II-Blastocoel, III-Megameres (v) Immediately after implantation, the …5…
differentiates into an outer layer called ectoderm
(b) I-Trophoblast, II-Archenteron, III-Micromeres
and an inner layer called endoderm.
(c) I-Trophoblast, II-Blastocoel, III-Inner mass cells
(a) 1-morula, 2-umbilical cord, 3-trophoblast, 4-
(d) I-Trophoblast, II-Archenteron, III-Inner mass cells second trimester, 5-stem cells
104. Recognise the figure and find out the correct (b) 1-blastocyst, 2-placenta, 3-stem cells, 4-first
matching. trimester, 5-trophoblast
(c) 1-blastocyst, 2-umbilical cord, 3-stem cells, 4-
second trimesters, 5-inner cell mass
(d) 1-blastocyst, 2-placenta, 3-stem cells, 4- first
trimester, 5-inner cell mass.
107. Which one develops from endoderm?
(a) Nervous system, urinary bladder and eye
(b) Liver, connective tissue and heart
a (c) Thymus, spinal cord and brain
(d) Liver, pancreas, thymus and thyroid
184 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

108. Recognise the figure and find out the correct 111. Match the columns:
matching.
Column-I Column-II

a. Oxytocin p. Stimulates ovulation

b. Prolactin q. Implantation and

maintenance of pregnancy
c. Luteinizing r. Lactation after childbirth
hormone
d. Progesterone s. Uterine contraction during
labour
t. Reabsorption of water by
nephrons
(a) a-s, b-r, c-p, d-q
(b) a-s, b-r, c-p, d-s
(a) e-embryo, d-placental villi, a- yolk sac, (c) a-s, b-q, c-r, d-t
b- umbilical cord (d) a-t, b-p, c-s, d-r
(b) e-embryo, a-placental villi, b- yolk sac, 112. Match the animal and its gestation period
d- umbilical cord I II
(c) b-embryo, d-placental villi, a- yolk sac,
c- umbilical cord A. Dog/Cat i 22 months
(d) e-embryo, a-placental villi, d- yolk sac,
B. Elephant ii 9 months
b-umbilical cord
109. Foetal membrane that provides the first blood
C. Mouse iii 58-68 days
corpuscle for circulation in embryo is
(a) Trophoblast (b) Yolk sac D. Human iv 19 days
(c) Amnion (d) Chorion
(a) A-iii; B-i; C-iv; D-ii (b) A-i; B-ii; C-iii; D-iv
110. Match the columns:
(c) A-ii; B-iii; C-i; D-iv (d) A-iii; B-ii; C-iv; D-i
Column-I Column-II 113. Select the option that correctly fills up the blanks in
Attachment of the given paragraph. After one month of pregnancy,
i. Parturition p. blastocyst to the embryo’s (i) is formed. By the end of the (ii)
endometrium month of pregnancy, the foetus develops limbs and
Release of egg from digits. By the end of (iii), most of the major organ
ii. Gestation q. systems are formed, for example, the limbs and
Graafian follicle.
external genital organs are well-developed. By the
Delivery of foetus
iii. Ovulation r. end of (iv) the body is covered with fine hair, eye-lids
from uterus
separate, and eyelashes are formed.
Duration between
iv. Implantation s. (a) (i)-heart, (ii)-second. (iii) – First trimester,
pregnancy and birth
(iv) – second trimester
Formation of zygote
(b) (i) – heart, (ii)-second, (iii)-First month,
v. Conception t. by fusion of egg and
sperm (iv)-second trimester
(a) i-q, ii-s, iii-p, iv-t, v-r (c) (i)-heart, (ii)-second, (iii)-First week,
(b) i-r, ii-s, iii-p, iv-t, v-q (iv)-second week
(c) i-r, ii-s, iii-q, iv-t, v-p (d) (i) – heart, (ii)-fourth, (iii)-First trimester,
(d) i-r, ii-s, iii-q, iv-p, v-t (iv)-second trimester
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 185

114. The correct sequence of embryonic development is 122. Assertion: After implantation, finger-like projections
(a) zygote-morula-blastula-gastrula-embryo appear on the trophoblast called chorionic villi.
(b) zygote-blastula-morula-gastrula-embryo Reason: Chorionic villi are surrounded by the uterine
(c) gastrula-morula-zygote-blastula-embryo tissue and maternal blood.
(d) blastula-morula-zygote-gastrula-embryo (a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
the correct explanation of assertion.
115. Retina, eye lens, brain and skin are formed from
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
(a) Mesoderm
not the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Ectoderm
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(c) Endoderm
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
(d) Both ectoderm and endoderm
116. Ectopic pregnancies are referred to as
(a) Pregnancies with genetic abnormality
Placenta
123. Human placenta is formed by
(b) Implantation of defective embryo in the uterus
(a) Chorionic villi (b) Umbilical cord
(c) Implantation of embryo at site other than uterus
(c) Uterine tissue (d) Both a and c
(d) Pregnancies terminated due to hormonal
Imbalance 124. Which hormones are produced in women during
pregnancy?
117. Which of the following embryonic-membrane
structures is excretory in function? (a) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
(a) Amnion (b) Allantois (b) Relaxin
(c) Yolk sac (d) Vitelline Chorion (c) Human placental lactogen (hPL)
118. Amniotic fluid protects the foetus from (d) All the above
(a) Shock (b) Encystment 125. Urine test during pregnancy determines the presence
of
(c) Degeneration (d) Disease
(a) Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone
119. Gastrulation comprises
(b) Estrogen
(a) Morphogenetic movements
(c) Progesterone
(b) Differentiation of archenteron
(d) Luteinising hormone.
(c) Differentiation of three germ layers
126. Which of the following hormones is not secreted by
(d) All the above
human placenta? (Exemplar)
120. The first movements of the foetus and appearance of
(a) hCG (b) Estrogens
hair on its head are usually observed during which
month of pregnancy? (c) Progesterone (d) LH
(a) Fourth month
(b) Fifth month Parturition
(c) Sixth month 127. Delivery of a developed foetus is called
(d) Third month (a) Ovulation (b) Oviposition
121. Assertion: During pregnancy the levels of hormones (c) Parturition (d) Abortion
the estrogens and progestogens are increased. 128. Forceful muscular contractions of uterine wall is
Reason: The increased production of these hormones involved in
is essential for foetal growth. (a) Lactation (b) Micturition
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is (c) Parturition (d) Implantation
the correct explanation of assertion.
129. The signals from parturition originate from
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
(a) Fully developed foetus
not the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Fully developed foetus and placenta
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(c) Placenta only
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
(d) Oxytocin from material pituitary
186 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

130. What is ‘‘afterbirth’’ referred to: 132. Assertion: Vigorous contraction of the uterus at the
(a) Expulsion of baby end of pregnancy causes expulsion.
(b) Amniotic fluid passing out Reason: The stimulatory reflex between the uterus
(c) Secretion of hormone relaxin contraction and oxytocin results in weakening
contractions.
(d) Expulsion of placenta, umbilical cord and foetus
Membranes (a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
the correct explanation of assertion.
131. Consider the following four statements and select the
correct option stating which ones are true (T) and (b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
which ones are false (F). not the correct explanation of assertion.
(i) The scrotum acts as a thermoregulator, (c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
maintaining the testes at a temperature 2°C lower (d) If both assertion and reason are false.
than that of the body.
(ii) Corona radiata layer of the ovum prevents Lactation
polyspermy. 133. The mammary gland of the female undergo
(iii) Middle part of ear is derived from the endoderm differentiation during pregnancy and starts producing
layer. milk towards the end of pregnancy by the process
(iv) The hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin called
facilitates parturition by softening the connective (a) Parturition (b) Gestation
tissue of the pubic symphysis. (c) Lactation (d) Colostrum
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 135. After birth colostrum is released from mammary
glands which is rich in
(a) T T F F
(a) Fat and low in proteins
(b) F T F T (b) Proteins and low in fat
(c) T F T F (c) Proteins, antibodies and low in fat
(d) Proteins, fat and low in antibodies
(d) F F T T
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 187

EXERCISE – 2 : Previous Year Questions

1. Receptors for sperm binding in mammals are 7. Extrusion of second polar body from egg
present on: (NEET 2021) nucleus occurs: (NEET 2019)
(a) Perivitelline space (b) Zona pellucida (a) after fertilization
(c) Corona radiata (d) Vitelline membrane (b) before entry of sperm into ovum
2. Which of the following secretes the hormone, relaxin, (c) simultaneously with first cleavage
during the later phase of pregnancy? (NEET 2021) (d) after entry of sperm but before fertilization
(a) Foetus (b) Uterus 8. The amnion of mammalian embryo is derived from
(c) Graafian follicle (d) Corpus luteum (NEET 2018)
3. Which of these is not an important component of (a) mesoderm and trophoblast
initiation of parturition in humans? (NEET 2021) (b) endoderm and mesoderm
(a) Release of Oxytocin (c) ectoderm and mesoderm
(b) Release of Prolactin (d) ectoderm and endoderm
(c) Increase in estrogen and progesterone ratio 9. Hormones secreted by the placenta to maintain
(d) Synthesis of prostaglandins pregnancy are (NEET 2018)
4. Match the following columns and select the correct (a) HCG, HPL, progestogens, estrogens
option (NEET 2020) (b) HCG, HPL, estrogens, relaxin, oxytocin
Column I Column II (c) HCG, HPL, progestogens, prolactin
(a) Placenta (i) Androgens (d) HCG, progestogens, estrogens, glucocorticoids
Zona Human Chorionic 10. The difference between spermiogenesis and
(b) (ii)
pellucida Gonadotropin (HCG) spermiation is (NEET 2018)
Bulbourethr (a) In spermiogenesis spermatozoa from Sertoli cells
(c) (iii) Layer of the ovum
al glands are released into the cavity of seminiferous
Lubrication of the tubules, while in spermiation spermatozoa are
(d) Leydig cells (iv)
penis formed.
(a) a – iii; b – ii; c – iv; d – i (b) In spermiogenesis spermatozoa are formed, while
(b) a – ii; b – iii; c – iv; d – i in spermiation spermatids are formed.
(c) a – iv; b – iii; c – i; d – ii (c) In spermiogenesis spermatids are formed, while
(d) a – i; b – iv; c – ii; d – iii in spermiation spermatozoa are formed.
(d) In spermiogenesis spermatozoa are formed, while
5. Meiotic division of the secondary oocyte is
in spermiation spermatozoa are released from
completed: (NEET 2020)
Sertoli cells into the cavity of seminiferous
(a) After zygote formation
tubules.
(b) At the time of fusion of a sperm with an ovum
11. Match the items given in Column I with those in
(c) Prior to ovulation Column II and select the correct option given below:
(d) At the time of copulation Column I Column II
6. Which of the following hormone levels will cause
a. Proliferative i. Breakdown of
release of ovum (ovulation) from the graafian follicle?
phase endometrial lining
(NEET 2020)
b. Secretory Phase ii. Follicular phase
(a) Low concentration of LH
c. Menstruation iii. Luteal Phase
(b) Low concentration of FSH
(c) High concentration of Estrogen (NEET 2018)
(d) High concentration of Progesterone (a) a-ii, b-iii, c-i (b) a-i, b-iii, c-ii
(c) a-iii, b-ii, c-i (d) a-iii, b-i, c-ii
188 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

12. Capacitation occurs in (NEET 2017) 18. Match Column - I with Column - II and select the
(a) Rete testis correct option using the codes given below:
(b) Epididymis Column – I Column – II
(c) Vas deferens 1. Mons pubis i. Embryo formation
(d) Female reproductive tract
2. Antrum ii. Sperm
13. Fertilization in humans is practically feasible only if
Female external
(NEET 2016) 3. Trophectoderm iii.
genitalia
(a) The sperms are transported into vagina just after
the release of ovum in fallopian tube 4. Nebenkern iv. Graafian follicle
(b) The ovum and sperms are transported (NEET 2016)
simultaneously to ampullary - isthmic junction of (a) 1-iii, 2-iv, 3-ii, 4-i (b) 1-iii, 2-iv, 3- i, 4-ii
the fallopian tube (c) 1-iii, 2-i, 3-iv, 4-ii (d) 1-i, 2-iv, 3-iii, 4-ii
(c) The ovum and sperms are transported 19. Several hormones like HCG, HPL, estrogen,
simultaneously to ampullary - isthmic junction of progesterone are produced by (NEET 2016)
the cervix (a) ovary (b) placenta
(d) The sperms are transported into cervix within 48 (c) fallopian tube (d) pituitary
hours of release of ovum in uterus
20. Ectopic pregnancies are referred to as- (NEET 2015)
14. Select the incorrect statement: (NEET 2016)
(a) Pregnancies terminated due to hormonal
(a) FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells which help in
imbalance
spermiogenesis
(b) pregnancies with genetic abnormality
(b) LH triggers ovulation in ovary
(c) Implantation of embryo at site other than uterus
(c) LH and FSH decrease gradually during the
follicular phase (d) Implantation of defective embryo in the uterus
(d) LH triggers secretion of androgens from the 21. Which of the following events is not associated with
Leydig cells ovulation in human female? (NEET 2015)
15. Identify the correct statement on inhibin (a) LH surge
(NEET 2016) (b) Decrease in estradiol
(a) Inhibits the secretion of LH, FSH and Prolactin (c) Full development of Graafian follicle
(b) Is produced by granulosa cells in ovary and (d) Release of secondary oocyte
inhibits the secretion of FSH 22. Which of the following layers in an antral follicle is
(c) Is produced by granulosa cells in ovary and acellular? (NEET 2015)
inhibits the secretion of LH (a) Zona pellucida (b) Granulosa
(d) Is produced by nurse cells in testis and inhibits the (c) Theca interna (d) Stroma
secretion of LH 23. In human females, meiosis-II is not completed until?
16. Embryo with more than 16 blastomeres formed due to
(a) birth (b) puberty
in vitro fertilization is transferred into (NEET 2016)
(c) fertilization (d) uterine implantation
(a) uterus (b) fallopian tube
24. The shared terminal duct of the reproductive and
(c) fimbriae (d) cervix
urinary system in the human male is (NEET 2014)
17. Which of the following depicts the correct pathway of
(a) urethra (b) ureter
transport of sperms? (NEET 2016)
(c) vas deferens (d) vasa efferentia
(a) Rete testis  Efferent ductules Epididymis
25. The main function of mammalian corpus luteum is to
 Vas deferens
produce (NEET 1995,2014)
(b) Rete testis  Epididymis  Efferent ductules
(a) estrogen only
 Vas deferens
(b) progesterone
(c) Rete testis  Vas deferens  Efferent ductules
(c) human chorionic gonadotropin
 Epididymis
(d) relaxin only
(d) Efferent ductules Rete testis Vas deferens
 Epididymis
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 189

26. Select the correct option describing gonadotropin 32. The Leydig cells as found in the human body are the
activity in a normal pregnant female secretory source of (AIPMT 2012)
(NEET 2014, 2012) (a) progesterone (b) intestinal mucus
(a) High level of FSH and LH stimulates the (c) glucagon (d) androgens
thickening of endometrium 33. If for some reason, the vasa efferentia in the human
(b) High level of FSH and LH facilitate reproductive system get blocked, the gametes will
implantation of the embryo not be transported from (AIPMT 2011)
(c) High level of HCG stimulates the synthesis of
(a) epididymis to vas deferens
estrogen and progesterone
(b) ovary to uterus
(d) High level of HCG stimulates the thickening of
endometrium (c) vagina to uterus
27. What is the correct sequence of sperm formation? (d) testes to epididymis
(AIPMT 2013) 34. The testes in humans are situated outside
(a) Spermatid, Spermatocyte, Spermatogonia, the abdominal cavity inside a pouch called
Spermatozoa scrotum. The purpose served is for (AIPMT 2011)
(b) Spermatogonia, Spermatocyte, Spermatozoa, (a) escaping any possible compression by the visceral
Spermatid organs
(c) Spermatogonia, Spermatozoa, Spermatocyte, (b) providing more space for the growth of
Spermatid epididymis
(d) Spermatogonia, Spermatocyte, Spermatid, (c) providing a secondary sexual feature for
Spermatozoa exhibiting the male sex
28. Which one of the following is not the function of (d) maintaining the scrotal temperature lower than
placenta? It (AIPMT 2013) the internal body temperature
(a) facilitates supply of oxygen and nutrients to 35. Sertoli cells are found in (AIPMT 2010)
embryo
(a) ovaries and they secrete progesterone
(b) secretes oestrogen
(b) adrenal cortex and they secrete adrenaline
(c) facilitates removal of carbon dioxide and waste
(c) seminiferous tubules and they provide nutrition to
material from embryo
germ cells
(d) secretes oxytocin during parturition
(d) pancreas and they secrete cholecystokinin
29. Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of (AIPMT 2012)
(a) progesterone 36. Vasa efferentia are the ductules leading from
(AIPMT 2010)
(b) FSH
(c) oxytocin (a) testicular lobules to rete testis
(d) vasopressin (b) rete testis to vas deferens
30. Which one of the following statements is false in (c) vas deferens to epididymis
respect of viability of mammalian sperm? (d) epididymis to urethra
(AIPMT 2012) 37. Seminal plasma in human males is rich in
(a) Sperm is viable for only up to 24 h (AIPMT 2010, 2009)
(b) Survival of sperm depends on the pH of the (a) fructose and calcium
medium and is more active in alkaline medium (b) glucose and calcium
(c) Viability of sperm is determined by its motility (c) DNA and testosterone
(d) Sperms must be concentrated in a thick suspension
(d) ribose and potassium
31. Signals for parturition originates from
38. The first movements of the foetus and appearance of
(AIPMT 2012, 2010)
hair on its head are usually observed during which
(a) both placenta as well as fully developed foetus month of pregnancy? (AIPMT 2010)
(b) oxytocin released from maternal pituitary
(a) Fourth month (b) Fifth month
(c) placenta only
(c) Sixth month (d) Third month
(d) fully developed foetus only
190 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

39. Which one of the following statements about morula (c) A-Vas deferens; B-Seminal vesicle;
in humans is correct? (AIPMT 2010) C-Bulbourethral gland; D-Prostate
(a) It has almost equal quantity of cytoplasm (d) A-Ureter; B-Seminal vesicle; C-Prostate;
as an uncleaved zygote but much more DNA D-Bulbourethral gland
(b) It has far less cytoplasm as well as less DNA 43. Which one of the following is the correct matching of
than in an uncleaved zygote the events occurring during menstrual cycle?
(c) It has more or less equal quantity of (a) Ovulation - LH and FSH attain peak level and
cytoplasm and DNA sharp fall in the secretion of progesterone
(d) It has more cytoplasm and more DNA (b) Proliferative phase - Rapid regeneration of
than an uncleaved zygote Myometrium and maturation of Graafian follicle
40. A change in the amount of yolk and its distribution in (c) Development of corpus luteum- Secretory phase
the egg will affect. (AIPMT 1993, 1993, 2009) and increased secretion of progesterone
(a) formation of zygote (d) Menstruation-Breakdown of myometrium
(b) pattern of cleavage and ovum not fertilized
(c) number of blastomeres produced 44. At the end of first meiotic division, male germ cell
(d) fertilization differentiates into (AIPMT 1994, 2008)
41. Which one of the following is the most likely reason (a) secondary spermatocyte
of not occurring regular menstruation cycle in (b) primary spermatocyte
females? (AIPMT 2009) (c) spermatogonium
(a) Fertilization of the ovum (d) spermatid
(b) Maintenance of the hypertrophical endometrial 45. Which extra-embryonic membrane in humans
lining prevents desiccation of the embryo inside the uterus?
(c) Maintenance of high concentration of sex- (AIPMT 2008)
hormones in the blood stream
(a) Chorion
(d) Retention of well-developed corpus luteum
(b) Allantois
42. Given below is a diagrammatic sketch of a portion
(c) Yolk sac
of human male reproductive system. Select the correct
(d) Amnion
set of the names of the parts labelled
A, B, C, D. (AIPMT 2009)

(a) A-Ureter; B-Prostate; C-Seminal vesicle;

D- Bulbourethral gland
(b) A-Vas deferens; B-Seminal vesicle;
C-Prostate; D-Bulbourethral gland
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 191

EXERCISE – 3: Achiever's Section

The Male Reproductive System 7. The location of testis in the scrotal sac is important
1. Read the following statements and find out the from the viewpoint of
incorrect statement. (a) providing more space to visceral organs
(i) Each testicular lobule contains one to three highly (b) facilitating spermatogenesis
coiled seminiferous tubules in which sperm are (c) sex differentiation
produced. (d) independent functioning of the kidney
(ii) Each seminiferous tubule is lined on its inside by 8. Which of the following is the odd one out in each of
two types of cells called Leydig cells and Sertoli the given options?
cells. (i) Scrotum, rete testis, Fallopian tube, vas deferens
(iii) The region outside the seminiferous tubules (ii) Ovary, uterus, vagina, ejaculatory duct
called interstitial space, contain small blood (iii) Acrosome, Graafian follicle, corpus luteum,
vessels and male germ cells (spermatogonia) cervix
which led to sperm formation. (iv) Prostate, testis, seminal vesicles, Cowper’s gland
(iv) In testis immunologically competent cells are (a) (i)-Vas deferens, (ii)-Vagina, (iii)-Cervix,
also present. (iv)- Cowper’s gland
(v) The seminiferous tubules of the testes open into (b) (i)-Rete testis, (ii)-Ovary, (iii)-Graafian follicle,
the rete testis through vasa efferentia. (iv)-Prostate
(a) ii and iii (b) iii and iv (c) (i)-Scrotum (ii)-Uterus, (iii)-Corpus luteum,
(c) iv and v (d) ii, iii and v (iv)- Seminal vesicles
2. Component of seminal vesicles that provide a (d) (i)-Fallopian tube, (ii)-Ejaculatory duct,
forensic test for rape is (iii)- Acrosome, (iv)-Testis
(a) Phosphorylcholine (b) Prostaglandin
(c) Fructose (d) Citric acid The Female Reproductive System
3. The ducts that combine to form the ejaculatory duct 9. A sectional view of mammary gland shows
consist of (i) Nipple + Areola
(a) Vasa deferentia and vasa efferentia (ii) Mammary lobe, alveolus and duct
(b) Inferior and superior epigastric artery (iii) Antibodies + Pectoralis major muscles + Ribs
(c) The ducts from the seminal vesicles, prostate (iv) Ampulla + Lactiferous duct
glands and Cowper’s glands The difference between the primordial follicle and
(d) Ducts of the seminal vesicles and vasa deferentia the primary follicle is
4. Enzymes like amylase, pepsinogen and acid (a) (i), (ii) and (iv)
phosphatase is found in (b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(a) Secretions of seminal vesicles (c) (iii) and (iv)
(b) Secretions of the prostate gland (d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(c) Secretions of the Cowper’s glands 10. Which of the following is the correct match about the
(d) Secretions of the ductus deferens female genitalia and their function?
5. A mass of connective tissue at the back of (a) Mons pubis- cushion fatty tissues covered by skin
the testis that is continuous with the tunica albuginea and pubic hair and surround vaginal orifice.
and encloses the rete testis is called (b) Labia majora- Fleshy fold of tissue that extend
(a) Vasa efferentia (b) Inguinal canal down from the mons pubis and surround the
(c) Gubernaculum (d) Mediastinum testis vaginal orifice.
6. In patients with hydrocele, fluid accumulation takes (c) Labia minora- Paired folds of tissue under the
place in labia majora homologous to scrotum in males.
(a) Tunica albuginea of the testis (d) Clitoris- A tiny figure like structure which lies at
(b) Lobules of the seminiferous tubules the upper junction of the two labia minora above
(c) The rete testis network the urethral opening. It is homologous to
(d) Tunica vaginalis of the testis male penis.
192 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

11. Which of the following is not the function of vagina? 16. Enlargement of nucleus and nucleolus of the
(a) It serves as the passage for primary oocyte secondary oocyte takes place
(b) It serves as the passageway for menstrual flow (a) During the first meiotic division
(c) It receives semen from the penis during sexual (b) After it is released during ovulation
intercourse. (c) During the second meiotic division
(d) It is the birth canal. (d) Just before ovulation
17. Once a sperm enters a secondary oocyte, which of
Gametogenesis the following events take place?
12. Match between the following representing parts of (a) Breakdown of M-phase promoting factor
the sperm and their functions and choose the correct (b) Activation of Anaphase promoting complex
option. (c) Completion of meiosis II
(d) All of the above
Column A Column B
18. Which of the following about the polar bodies
A. Head (i) Enzymes formed during oogenesis is true?
B. Middle piece (ii) Sperm motility (a) They are formed during mitotic divisions
C. Acrosome (iii) Energy involved in oogenesis
D. Tail (iv) Genetic material (b) All the primary oocytes degenerate
(a) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(i), D-(iii) (c) The polar bodies do not have any chromosome
(b) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(i), D-(ii) (d) All the secondary polar bodies degenerate
(c) A-(iv), B-(i), C-(ii), D-(iii) 19. Mark the wrong item in each series and select the
(d) A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iii), D-(iv) correct option.
13. The correct sequence of events during Spermiation is (i) Spermatocyte; polar body; spermatid;
(a) Cytoplasmic bridges break  Sperms lie in spermatogonium
lumen of seminiferous tubule  Sperms released (ii) Endometrium; corpus luteum; acrosome; Graafian
from Sertoli cells follicle
(iii) Vas deferens; Fallopian tube; epididymis;
(b) Sperms lie in lumen of seminiferous tubule 
Cowper’s gland
Cytoplasmic bridges break  Sperms released
(iv) Testes; prostate; seminal vesicles; Cowper’s
from Sertoli cells
gland
(c) Cytoplasmic bridges break  Sperms released
from Sertoli cells  Sperms lie in lumen of (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
seminiferous tubules
(d) Sperms released from Sertoli cells  Endometri Epididymi
(a) Spermatid Prostate
um s
Cytoplasmic bridges break  Sperms lie in
Fallopian
lumen of seminiferous tubules (b) Polar body Acrosome Testes
tube
14. Sperm lysins like hyaluronidase and proteolytic
enzymes are Spermatoc Corpus Cowper’s Vas
(c)
(a) Enzymes present in the manchette of the sperm yte Luteum gland deferens
(b) Enzymes released by a mature spermatozoan Spermatog Graafian Cowper’s Seminal
(d)
upon ejection from the seminiferous tubules onium follicle gland vesicles
(c) Enzymes called sperm lysins in the acrosome that 20. Once ovulation has happened, remaining layers of
contact and penetrate the ovum granulosa cells of the Graafian follicle degenerate.
(d) Enzymes that allow the sperm a fluid medium to Which of the following is NOT true about this
swim process?
15. If spermatogenesis proceeds rapidly, inhibin is (a) This process is called follicular atresia
released. Inhibin reduces secretion of (b) Remains of the Graafian follicle forms the corpus
(a) Luteinizing hormone luteum
(b) Follicle-stimulating hormone (c) The corpus luteum forms the germinal epithelium
(c) Testosterone of the ovary, restarting ovulation
(d) Interstitial cell stimulating hormone (d) All of the above
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 193

21. Which phase of follicular development is usually

known to precede follicular atresia?
(a) Secondary follicle (b) Tertiary follicle
(c) Primary follicle (d) Graafian follicle

Menstrual Cycle
22. Consider the following three statements related to the
human male reproductive system and select the
correct option stating which ones are true (T) and (a) Ovulation-A, Menstruation-B
which ones are false (F). (b) Ovulation-A, Menstruation-C
(i) The middle piece of spermatozoon is also termed (c) Ovulation-C, Menstruation-A
as the powerhouse of a spermatozoon. (d) Ovulation-B, Menstruation-D
(ii) Vas deferens joins a duct from seminal vesicle 27. For the process of vitellogenesis in mammals, which
and form vasa efferentia. sentence is not correct
(iii) Semen is a collection of secretion from the (a) Leads to synthesis of yolk in primary oocytes
seminal vesicles, prostate gland and Cowper's (b) Takes place inside modified mitochondria
glands and sperms from testes. (c) Produced in the liver of the female
(d) Deposited in the form of yolk granules in follicle
(i) (ii) (iii)
cells
(a) T F T 28. The given figure shows schematic representation of a
(b) F F T menstrual cycle in human female. Identify the three
phases (A, B, C) of menstrual cycle.
(c) T T F
(d) F T T

23. The main cause of the disintegration of the

endometrial lining is
(a) LH surge
(b) Degeneration of corpus luteum
(c) Ovulation during mid-cycle
(d) Implantation leads to pregnancy
24. Interplay of hormones during the bleeding phase of
the menstrual cycle is
(a) Progesterone and estrogen continue the
hypertrophy of endometrial lining
(b) Prolactin and progesterone reduce LH level
causing regression of corpus luteum A B C
(c) Progesterone inhibits the release of LH from Proliferative Menstrual Secretory
(a)
pituitary causing regression of corpus luteum phase phase phase
(d) Prolactin and estrogen inhibit progesterone Menstrual Proliferative Secretory
(b)
secretion leading to sloughing off of uterine phase phase Phase
lining Secretory Menstrual Proliferative
(c)
25. Ovulation in females does not involve phase phase Phase
(a) Decrease in oestradiol Menstrual Secretory Proliferative
(b) Full development of Graafian follicle (d)
phase phase Phase
(c) Release of secondary oocyte
29. If mammalian ovum fails to get fertilized, which one
(d) LH surge
of the following is unlikely?
26. The given diagram shows the changes that take place
(a) Corpus luteum will disintegrate
in the uterine endometrium during the menstrual
(b) Progesterone secretion rapidly declines.
cycle. Identify these changes and select the correct
(c) Estrogen secretion decreases.
option.
(d) Primary follicle starts developing.
194 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Fertilization (iii)The blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged

30. Which of the following helps in spindle formation for into two layers, trophoblast, and endometrium.
further oocyte division once the sperm has entered (iv) Cleavage divisions result in a solid ball of cells
the egg? called morula.
(a) Sperm head Which of the above two statements are correct?
(b) Proximal centriole of the sperm (a) (i) and (iii)
(c) Distal centriole of the sperm (b) (ii) and (iv)
(d) Centriole of the oocyte (c) (i) and (ii)
31. Which of the following is a precursor of the embryo? (d) (iii) and (iv)
(a) Trophoblast 35. The sperm and the egg make different contributes to
(b) Trophectoderm the zygote. Which of the following statements about
their contributions are true?
(c) Cells of Rauber
(i) Sperm contributes most of the mitochondria.
(d) Inner cell mass
(ii) Egg contributes most of the cytoplasm.
32. Acrosomal reaction of the sperm occurs
due to (iii) Both sperm and egg contribute haploid
nucleus.
(a) its contact with zona pellucida of the ova
(iv) Both sperm and egg contribute centrioles.
(b) reactions within the uterine environment of the
female (a) (i) and (ii)
(c) reactions within the epididymal environment of (b) (ii) and (iii)
the male (c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) androgens produced in the uterus. (d) (i), (ii) (iii) and (iv)

Embryonic Development Pregnancy

33. Match the following and choose the correct option 36. Organs of the circulatory and excretory system are
derived from the
Embedding of (a) Endoderm
A. Trophoblast (i) blastocyst in the
(b) Mesoderm
endometrium
(c) Ectoderm
Group of cells that
(d) Mesoendoderm
B. Cleavage (ii) would differentiate as
embryo 37. The pituitary gland and adrenal medulla are formed
from the
Outer layer of
Inner cell (a) Bilaminar embryonic disc
C. (iii) blastocyst attached to
mass (b) Mesoderm
the endometrium
Mitotic division of (c) Mesenchyme
D. Implantation (iv)
zygote (d) Ectoderm
(a) A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iii), D-(iv) 38. During pregnancy, if the total gonadotropin activity
is assessed, the expected result would be
(b) A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(ii), D-(i)
(a) high levels of circulating FSH and LH in the
(c) A-(iii), B-(i), C-(ii), D-(iv)
uterus to stimulate implantation of the embryo
(d) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(i)
(b) high levels of circulating HCG to stimulate
34. Given below are four statements (i)-(iv) regarding
endometrial thickening
embryonic development in humans.
(c) high levels of FSH and LH in uterus to stimulate
(i) Cleavage divisions bring about considerable
endometrial thickening
increase in the mass of protoplasm.
(d) high levels of circulating HCG to stimulate
(ii) With more cleavage divisions, the resultant
estrogen and progesterone synthesis.
blastomeres become smaller and smaller.
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 195

Placenta Parturition and Lactation

39. Why can’t a woman get pregnant again during 40. Which of the following about uterine contractions is
pregnancy? NOT true?
(a) A woman ovulates during pregnancy, but the (a) It is enhanced by prostaglandins released in the
oviducts are plugged with protective mucus to uterus
prevent sperm from entering. (b) It is enhanced by the action of oxytocin
(b) High levels of HCG in women’s bodies kill (c) Contractions stimulate sensory input to the
sperm. hypothalamus
(c) A woman can’t have intercourse during (d) Sensory input to the hypothalamus acts as a
pregnancy due to the presence of protective negative feedback loop for uterine contractions
mucus plug that develops in the cervix.
(d) High levels of estrogen and progesterone,
secreted by the corpus luteum or placenta during
pregnancy, inhibit the secretion of gonadotropins and
prevent ovulation.
240 ANSWER KEY

Answer Key
CHAPTER 3 : HUMAN REPRODUCTION
EXERCISE-1: EXERCISE-2:
Basic Objective Question Previous Year Question

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b) 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b)
7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (d)
6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (d)
13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (d)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (b)
19. (b) 20. (b) 21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (b)
25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (d) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (c)
31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (a) 36. (c) 21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (b)
37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (c) 41. (b) 42. (d) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (a)
43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (c) 46. (c) 47. (b) 48. (a)
31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (d) 34. (d) 35. (c)
49. (d) 50. (d) 51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (c)
36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (b)
55. (c) 56. (b) 57. (a) 58. (a) 59. (a) 60. (a)
61. (a) 62. (d) 63. (b) 64. (a) 65. (b) 66. (c) 41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (a) 45. (d)
67. (b) 68. (b) 69. (b) 70. (b) 71. (d) 72. (b)
73. (b) 74. (a) 75. (a) 76. (d) 77. (d) 78. (d)
79. (a) 80. (b) 81. (c) 82. (a) 83. (d) 84. (b)
85. (d) 86. (a) 87. (b) 88. (c) 89. (a) 90. (a)
91. (b) 92. (d) 93. (d) 94. (a) 95. (d) 96. (a)
97. (a) 98. (d) 99. (a) 100. (c) 101. (a) 102. (b)
103. (c) 104. (a) 105. (a) 106. (d) 107. (d) 108. (a)
109. (b) 110. (d) 111. (a) 112. (a) 113. (a) 114. (a)
115. (b) 116. (c) 117. (b) 118. (a) 119. (d) 120. (b)
121. (b) 122. (b) 123. (d) 124. (d) 125. (a) 126. (d)
127. (c) 128. (c) 129. (b) 130. (d) 131. (c) 132. (c)
133. (c) 134. (d) 135. (c)
ANSWER KEY 241

CHAPTER 3 : HUMAN REPRODUCTION

EXERCISE-3:
Achiever's Section

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (d)

6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (b)

11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (b)

16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (a)

21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (a)

26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (d) 30. (b)

31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (b)

36. (b) 37. (d) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (d)
SOLUTIONS
 1 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

EXERCISE – 1: Basic Objective Questions

The Male Reproductive System? 5. Ejaculatory duct is formed by the
1. Epididymis lies between (a) Vas deferens along with a duct from seminal
(a) Rete testis and vasa efferentia vesicle
(b) Vas deferens and vasa efferentia (b) Epididymis along with a duct from seminal
(c) Vas deferens and ejaculatory duct vesicle
(d) Seminal tubules and rete testis (c) Epididymis along with the prostatic duct
Ans. (b) (d) Vas deferens along with the prostatic duct
Sol. -Epididymis is a long-tube-like coiled structure that Ans. (a)
stores sperm and helps in its transport from testis to Sol. -Ejaculatory duct also known as the common duct is
the urethra. formed by the union of ducts from vas deferens and
-It is present between vasa efferentia and the vas the seminal vesicles.
deferens. -There are a pair of ejaculatory ducts in the male
-The sperms produced in the testes move into vasa reproductive system.
efferentia through the rete testis and then into the
epididymis. 6. Which one of the following is not a male accessory
-From epididymis, sperms move into the vas deferens gland? (Exemplar)
from where they are taken to the ejaculatory duct. (a) Seminal vesicle (b) Ampulla
(c) Prostate (d) Bulbourethral gland
2. Where do sperms mature? Ans. (b)
(a) In seminal vesicle (b) Seminiferous tubules Sol. Ampulla is a part of oviduct. Oviducts are the part of
(c) In epididymis (d) Vasa efferentia female reproductive system. Seminal vesicles,
Ans. (c) Prostate and bulbourethral glands are male accessory
Sol. -Sperms are produced in the testis by the seminiferous glands.
tubules.
-From testis, they are carried to the epididymis. 7. Scrotal sacs are connected with abdominal cavity by
-Epididymis is a long and coiled structure which (a) Vaginal cavity (b) Spermatic canal
temporarily stores sperms and helps in their (c) Inguinal canal (d) Haversian canal
maturation. Ans. (c)
Sol. -Inguinal canal is a passage between the abdomen
3. Corpus spongiosum is found in and the scrotum.
(a) ovary (b) penis -Spermatic cord, which contains the blood vessels
(c) testis (d) uterine wall and nerves supplying the testes is present in the
Ans. (b) inguinal canal.
Sol. Corpus spongiosum is the erectile tissue found in the
penis. It gets filled with blood during a normal 8. In many mammals, testes remain outside body cavity
erection. It is present below the pair of corpus in scrotal sacs because:
cavernosa. (a) It helps in coitus
(b) It helps in ejection of semen
4. The sugar fructose is present in the secretion of (c) Sperms produced in it are more active
(a) Bartholin’s gland (b) Cowper’s gland (d) Spermatogenesis occurs at a temperature lower
(c) seminal vesicles (d) prostate gland than that of body
Ans. (c) Ans. (d)
Sol. -The sugar fructose is present in the secretion of Sol. -Spermatogenesis is the process of formation of
seminal vesicles. sperms from the spermatogonia in the seminiferous
-Seminal vesicles are accessory glands and the tubules.
fructose secreted by them is used as a source of -The process of spermatogenesis requires a
energy by the sperms. temperature slightly less than the body temperature.
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 2

-For the same reason, testes remain outside the body (a) e-rete testis, d-testicular lobules, c-epididymis, b-
cavity in many of the mammals. vasa efferentia, a-vas deferens
(b) d-rete testis, e-testicular lobules, b-epididymis, a-
9. The Leydig cells secrete vasa efferentia, c-vas deferens
(a) oestrogen (b) testosterone (c) d-rete testis, e-testicular lobules, a-epididymis, c-
(c) progesterone (d) corticosterone vasa efferentia, b-vas deferens
Ans. (b) (d) d-rete testis, e-testicular lobules, b-epididymis, c-
Sol. -Leydig cells are also called as interstitial cells and vasa efferentia, a-vas deferens
produce androgens that help in development of Ans. (d)
secondary sexual characters. Sol.
-Testosterone is the main androgenic hormone
secreted by the Leydig cells.

10. Which of the following provides nutrition to sperm?

(a) Leydig cells (b) Scrotum
(c) Sertoli cells (d) Epididymis
Ans. (c)
Sol. -Sertoli cells are also known as nurse cells.
-They are present in the seminiferous tubules along
with the spermatogonia. 13. Which is the correct sequence of male accessory
-Providing nutrition to the sperms is the most ducts starting from testis?
important function of the sertoli cells. (a) Rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis, vas
deferens
11. Sertoli cells are found (b) Rete testis, vasa efferentia, vas deferens,
(a) Between the seminiferous tubules epididymis
(b) In the germinal epithelium of ovary (c) Rete testis, vas deferens, epididymis, vasa
(c) In the upper part of the Fallopian tube efferentia
(d) In the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous (d) Rete testis, vas deferens, vasa efferentia,
tubules epididymis.
Ans. (d) Ans. (a)
Sol. -Each seminiferous tubule is lined on its inside by two Sol. -The correct sequence of male accessory ducts
types of cells called the male germ cells and sertoli starting from the testis is rete testis, vasa efferentia,
cells. epididymis and vas deferens.
-Hence, option (d) is correct as sertoli cells are located
in the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous 14. Match the following
tubules. Set I Set II
Network of
I Inguinal canal 1
12. Recognise the figure and find out the correct seminiferous tubules
matching. Secondary sexual
ii Rete testis 2
characters
For descending of
iii Leydig cells 3
testis
Dorsal bundles of
iv Prepuce 4
penile tissue
Corpora Terminal skin of
v 5
cavernosa penis
(a) i = 1, ii = 2, iii = 3, iv = 5, v = 4
(b) i = 3, ii = 1, iii = 4, iv = 2, v = 5
(c) i = 2, ii = 4, iii = 3, iv = 5, v = 1
(d) i = 3, ii = 1, iii = 2, iv = 5, v = 4
Ans. (d)
 3 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Sol. -The testes descend through the inguinal canal.

-Rete testis is a network of seminiferous tubules.
-Leydig cells secrete androgens which are important
for the development of secondary sexual characters.
-Prepuce is the terminal skin of penis and corpora
cavernosa is the dorsal bundle of penile tissue.

15. Which of the following is correct about mammalian

testes?
(a) Graafian follicles, Sertoli cells, Leydig cells
(b) Graafian follicles, Sertoli cells, seminiferous
17. Cryptorchidism is a condition in which
tubules
(a) testis does not descend into scrotal sac
(c) Sertoli cells, seminiferous tubules, Leydig cells
(b) sperm is not found
(d) Graafian follicles, Leydig cells, seminiferous
(c) male hormones are not reactive
tubules
(d) ovaries are removed
Ans. (c)
Ans. (a)
Sol. -Graafian follicle is seen in the ovaries and not in the
Sol. -Cryptorchidism is the failure of testes to descend
testes.
from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum during
-Sertoli cells, seminiferous tubules and the Leydig
embryonic life.
cells are the characteristic features of mammalian
-Cryptorchidism could lead to infertility or testicular
testes.
cancer if left untreated.
-Hence, option (c) is correct.

18. Spot the odd one out from the following structures
16. Recognise the figure and find out the correct
with reference to the male reproductive system.
matching.
(Exemplar)
(a) Rete testis (b) Epididymis
(c) Vasa efferentia (d) Isthmus
Ans. (d)
Sol. Females have two oviducts (or Fallopian tubes). Each
oviduct has three regions, infundibulum, ampulla and
isthmus. Isthmus is the narrow part closest to uterus,
while infundibulum is the first part of oviduct that is
encountered by released ova.

19. Seminal plasma, the fluid part of semen,is

contributed by (Exemplar)
(i) seminal vesicle (ii) prostate
(a) d-vas deferens, c-seminal vesicle, a-ejaculatory (iii) urethra (iv) bulbourethral gland
duct b-bulbourethral gland, e-prostate gland (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(b) b-vas deferens, a-seminal vesicle, d-ejaculatory (c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
duct, c-bulbourethral gland, e-prostate gland Ans. (b)
(c) d-vas deferens, e-seminal vesicle, b-ejaculatory Sol. Seminal plasma is the fluid part of semen and is
duct, a-bulbourethral gland, c-prostate gland contributed by seminal vesicles, prostate gland and
(d) b-vas deferens, a-seminal vesicle, d-ejaculatory bulbourethral glands.
duct, e-bulbourethral gland, c-prostate gland
Ans. (d) 20. The vas deferens receives duct from the seminal
Sol. In the given figure, the correct matching of the vesicle and opens into urethra as (Exemplar)
labelled parts would be – (a) epididymis (b) ejaculatory duct
(c) efferent ductule (d) ureter
Ans. (b)
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 4

Sol. The ejaculatory duct is about two centimeters in 23. The function of the secretion of prostate gland is to
length and is created when the seminal vesicle's duct (a) inhibit sperm activity
merges with the vas deferens. (b) attract sperms
At this point, these ducts travel through the prostate, (c) stimulate sperm activity
and at its far end, drain into the colliculus seminalis in (d) none of these.
the urethra. Ans. (c)
The epididymis leads to the vas deferens that ascend Sol. The prostate gland is a part of the male accessory
and loop over the urinary bladder. It receives a duct gland system. It releases the fluid rich in minerals,
from the seminal vesicle and opens into the urethra as carbohydrates, this fluid from the part of seminal
the ejaculatory duct. fluid.
So, the correct answer is 'ejaculatory duct'.
24. Assertion: The regions outside the seminiferous
21. Urethral meatus refers to the (Exemplar) tubules are called interstitial spaces, which contain
(a) urinogenital duct Leydig cell.
(b) opening of vas deferens into urethra Reason: Leydig cells synthesize and secrete
(c) external opening of the urinogenital duct testicular hormones called androgens.
(d) muscles surrounding the urinogenital duct. (a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
Ans. (c) the correct explanation of assertion.
Sol. The urethra originates from the urinary bladder and (b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
extends through the penis to its external opening not the correct explanation of assertion.
called urethral meatus. Opening of vas deferens along (c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
with a duct of seminal vesicle open into urethra as the (d) If both assertion and reason are false.
ejaculatory duct. Ans. (b)
Sol. Each seminiferous tubule is lined on its inside by two
22. Given below are the three statements each with two types of cells called male germ cells (spermatogonia)
blanks. Select the option which correctly fills up the and Sertoli cells. The regions outside the
blank in any two statements. seminiferous tubules called interstitial spaces,
(A) Each seminiferous tubule is lined on Its inside by contain Leydig cells. Leydig cells synthesize and
two types of cells called (i) and (ii). secrete testicular hormones called androgens.
(B) The seminiferous tubules open into the (i) through
(ii). 25. Assertion: Each seminiferous tubule is lined on its
(C) The enlarged end of penis called the (i) is covered inside by three types of cells.
by a loose fold of skin called the (ii) Reason: These cells are male germ cells, Sertoli cells
(a) (B) – (i) vas deferens, (ii) urethral meatus and Leydig cells.
(A) – (i) spermatogonia, (ii) follicular cells (a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
(b) (C) – (i) glans penis, (ii) foreskin the correct explanation of assertion.
(B) – (i) vasa efferentia, (ii) rete testis (b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
Ans. (b) not the correct explanation of assertion.
Sol. The seminiferous tubule is present in the testicular (c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
lobule and is highly coiled and produces sperms. The (d) If both assertion and reason are false.
seminiferous tubule opens into the vasa efferentia Ans. (d)
(small ducts) through the rete testis (a network of Sol. The seminiferous tubules are lined in inside by two
interconnecting tubules where the straight types of cells. These cells are male germ cells and
seminiferous tubules empty). The enlarged part of the sertoli cells. Leydig cells are present on the outside
penis or the male genitalia is called the glans penis or of seminiferous tubule.
head of the penis (sensitive bulbous structure at the
distal end of the human penis) and is covered by a The Female Reproductive System
foreskin (prepuce) a double-layered fold of smooth 26. Clitoris in a female mammal is:
muscle tissue, blood vessels etc., to protect the glans (a) Nonfunctional
penis and urinary meatus. (b) An overgrown structure
(c) Analogous to penis of male
 5 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

(d) Homologous to penis of male -Their main function is to collect the ovum after
Ans. (d) ovulation so that it can be transported through the
Sol. -Clitoris of the female is a part of the external fallopian tube.
genitalia. It contains abundant nerve endings.
-It is homologous to the male penis, the tip of which 31. Recognise the figure and find out the correct
also contains abundant nerve endings. matching.

27. The female external genitalia includes

(i) Mons pubis (ii) Labia majora
(iii) Labia minora (iv) Hymen
(v) Clitoris (vi) Vagina
(a) i, ii and iii (b) iv, v and vi
(c) i, ii, iii and vi (d) i, ii, iii, iv and v
Ans. (d)
Sol. -The female external genitalia includes the mons
pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris and the
hymen. (a) c-infundibulum, b-ampulla, a-isthmus, d-fimbriae
(b) a-infundibulum, b- ampulla, c-isthmus, d-
28. Mammary glands are modified fimbriae
(a) sweat gland (b) sebaceous gland (c) b-infundibulum, a-ampulla, d-isthmus, c-fimbriae
(c) lacrimal gland (d) endocrine gland (d) c-infundibulum, a-ampulla, b-isthmus, d-fimbriae
Ans. (a) Ans. (a)
Sol. -Mammary glands are modified sweat glands. Sol.
-They are one of the secondary sexual characteristics
of a female.
-They develop during puberty and produce milk
during lactation under influence of prolactin.

29. Bartholin’s glands occur in

(a) Females and help in vestibular lubrication
(b) Females and produce estrogen for regulating
secondary sexual characters
(c) Males and form liquid part of spermatic fluid
(d) Males and produce alkaline fluid for neutralizing 32. Identify the structures labeled A, B, C and D in the
urethral acidity female reproductive system
Ans. (a)
Sol. -Bartholin's glands are accessory glands present in the
female genital tract.
-The secretions from these glands help in vestibular
lubrication.

30. The main function of the fimbriae of the fallopian tube

in females is to (a) A-oviduct, B-uterus, C-oviduct, D-ovary
(a) release ovum from the Graafian follicle (b) A-cervix, B-uterus, C-ovary, D-tumour
(b) make necessary changes in the endometrium for (c) A-uterus, B-uterine cavity, C-oviducal funnel, D-
implantation ovary
(c) help in the development of corpus luteum (d) A-cervix, B-uterine cavity, C-Fallopian tube, D-
(d) help in the collection of the ovum after ovulation ovary
Ans. (d) Ans. (d)
Sol. -The fimbriae of the fallopian tubes is a motile finger
Sol.
like structure.
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 6

35. Identify the odd one from the following.

(Exemplar)
(a) Labia minora (b) Fimbriae
(c) Infundibulum (d) Isthmus
Ans. (a)
Sol. The female accessory ducts constitute the oviducts
(Fallopian tubes), uterus and vagina. Each Fallopian
tube extends from the periphery of each ovary to the
uterus. The part closer to the ovary is the funnel-
33. Recognise the figure and find out the correct matching shaped infundibulum. The edges of the infundibulum
possess finger-like projections called fimbriae. The
infundibulum leads to a wider part of the oviduct
called ampulla. The last part of the oviduct is
isthmus. While, labia minora is the female external
genitalia.

36. Assertion: The shape of the uterus is like an inverted

pear.
Reason: The inner glandular layer that lines the
uterine cavity is called as myometrium.
(a) d-vagina, c-cervix, b-urinary bladder, a-uterus, e-
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
urethra
the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) c-vagina, d-cervix, a-urinary bladder, b-uterus, e-
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
urethra
not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) e-vagina, b-cervix, c-urinary bladder, d-uterus, a-
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
urethra
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
(d) d-vagina, c-cervix, a-urinary bladder, b-uterus, e-
Ans. (c)
urethra
Sol. The shape of the uterus is like an inverted pear. The
Ans. (a)
wall of the uterus has three layers, external thin
Sol.
membranous perimetrium, middle thick layer of
smooth myometrium and inner glandular layer of
endometrium.

37. Assertion: The female external genitalia includes

mons pubis, labia majora and labia minora.
Reason: The glandular tissue of each breast is
divided into 5-10 mammary lobes.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
34. Milk secreted from the cells of alveoli of mammary the correct explanation of assertion.
lobes reaches nipple through lactiferous duct (L), (b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
mammary duct (M), mammary tubule (T) and not the correct explanation of assertion.
mammary ampulla (A) in the following order (c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(a)TMAL (b) MTLA (d) If both assertion and reason are false.
(c) MTAL (d) ATML Ans. (c)
Ans. (a) Sol. The female external genitalia includes mons pubis,
Sol. -The breast contains alveoli which produce the milk. labia majora, labia minora, hymen and clitoris. Mons
The alveoli are connected to the mammary tubules. pubis is a cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin and
-The mammary tubules join to form mammary ducts. pubic hair. The labia majora are fleshy folds of
-Mammary ducts lead into the mammary ampullae. tissue, which extend down the mons pubis and
-The mammary ampullae are further connected to the surrounded the vaginal opening. The labia minora are
lactiferous ducts. paired folds of tissue under the labia majora. A
 7 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

functional mammary gland is characteristic of all 41. Recognise the figure and find out the correct
female mammals. The mammary glands are paired matching.
structures (breasts) that contain glandular tissue and
variable amount of fat. The glandular tissue of each
breast is divided into 15-20 mammary lobes
containing clusters of cells called alveoli.

Gametogenesis
38. For the normal fertility of human male ____ of sperms
must have normal shape and size and at least _____ of
then must show vigorous movement respectively
(a) 40,60 (b) 60,40
(c) 70,30 (d) 30,70
Ans. (b)
Sol. -For the normal fertility of human male 60% of
sperms must have normal shape and size and at least
(a) a-spermatozoa, b-spermatid, c-primary
40% of them must show vigorous movement.
spermatocyte, d-secondary spermatocyte,
e-spermatogonia, f-Sertoli cell
39. How many sperms are usually found in an average
(b) a-spermatozoa, b-spermatid, d-primary
(3 mL) ejaculation?
spermatocyte, c-secondary spermatocyte,
(a) 200 million (b) 300 million
f-spermatogonia, e-Sertoli cell
(c) 400 million (d) 500 million
(c) b-spermatozoa, a-spermatid, c-primary
Ans. (b)
spermatocyte, d-secondary spermatocyte,
Sol. -Ejaculation is the release of semen (sperms along
e spermatogonia, f-Sertoli cell
with the seminal plasma) during intercourse from the
(d) b-spermatozoa, a-spermatid, d-primary
male reproductive system.
spermatocyte, c-secondary spermatocyte,
-On an average, a healthy male ejaculates about 300
f-spermatogonia, e-Sertoli cell
million sperms per 3 ml of ejaculate.
Ans. (b)
Sol.
40. 2n=16 is a primary spermatocyte, which is in
metaphase of first meiotic division. What shall be the
total number of chromatids in each of the secondary
spermatocytes?
(a) 32 (b) 8
(c) 16 (d) 24
Ans. (c)
Sol. -Since the secondary spermatocyte is formed after
meiosis 1, it is haploid.
-In this case, it will contain n=8 chromosomes.
-Since each chromosome has 2 chromatids, the
secondary spermatocyte will have 8 x 2 = 16
chromatids.
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 8

42. Recognise the figure and find out the correct 43. Recognise the figure and find out the correct
matching. matching.

(a) d-mitosis differentiation, a-first meiotic division,

b-second meiotic division, c-differentiation
(a) c-plasma membrane, b-acrosome, a-nucleus, d-
(b) a-mitosis differentiation, b-first meiotic division,
mitochondria
c-second meiotic division, d-differentiation
(b) a-plasma membrane, b-acrosome, d-nucleus, c-
(c) c-mitosis differentiation, a-first meiotic division,
mitochondria
b-second meiotic division, d-differentiation
(c) a-plasma membrane, d-acrosome, c-nucleus, b-
(d) d-mitosis differentiation, c-first meiotic division,
mitochondria
a-second meiotic division, b-differentiation
(d) c-plasma membrane, a-acrosome, b-nucleus, d-
Ans. (b)
mitochondria
Sol.
Ans. (d)
Sol.

The given diagram represents the structure of a

Sperm.
-c corresponds to the plasma membrane of the sperm.
-a corresponds to the acrosome of the sperm which is
filled with enzymes that aid in fertilization.
-b corresponds to the nucleus of the sperm which
contains chromosomal material
-d corresponds to the mitochondria of the sperm
which provides the energy needed for swimming. -The given diagram is a schematic representation of
Spermatogenesis.
-In males, the process by which immature germ cells
form mature sperms in the testis is called
Spermatogenesis.
-The Spermatogonia undergo mitosis and
differentiation to multiply and form diploid cells
known as Primary spermatocytes.
 9 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

-The Primary spermatocytes undergo first meiotic (c) 1:4 (d) 2:1
division to form two, equal haploid cells known as Ans. (c)
Secondary spermatocytes. Sol. -During the process of spermatogenesis in males, one
-The Secondary spermatocytes undergo 2nd meiotic primary spermatocyte gives rise to four haploid
division to form 4 haploid cells called Spermatids. spermatids.
-The Spermatids differentiate into Spermatozoa by a - During the process of oogenesis in females, one
process called Spermiogenesis. primary oocyte undergoes meiosis and gives rise to 1
ovum and 3 degenerated polar bodies.
44. How many secondary spermatocytes are required to -Thus, in females the functional cell will only be the
form 400 spermatozoa? single ovum, therefore, the ratio of ova and sperm
(a) 40 (b) 100 produced is 1:4.
(c) 200 (d) 400
Ans. (c) 47. The head of mature mammalian sperm is made of
Sol. -A primary spermatocyte undergoes first meiotic (a) An acrosome
division (reductional division) to form two equal, (b) Elongated nucleus covered by acrosome
haploid cells called secondary spermatocytes. (c) Two centrioles and an axial filament
-Each secondary spermatocyte undergoes the second (d) Nucleus, acrosome, cytoplasm and mitochondrial
meiotic division (equational division) to produce two sheath
equal, haploid spermatids. Ans. (b)
-Each spermatid is transformed into one spermatozoon Sol. -The mammalian sperm structure is composed of a
(sperm). head, neck, a middle piece and a tail.
-Since each secondary spermatocyte gives 2 -The sperm head contains an elongated haploid
spermatozoon, 200 secondary spermatocytes are nucleus, the anterior portion of which is covered by a
required to produce 400 spermatozoa. cap-like structure called acrosome.
-The acrosome is filled with enzymes that help
45. The immature male germ cell undergoes division to fertilization of the ovum.
produce sperms by the process of spermatogenesis. -The acrosome is derived from the Golgi complex of
Choose the correct one with reference to above. the spermatid.
(Exemplar) -The acrosome contains proteolytic and lysosomal
(a) Spermatogonia have 46 chromosomes and always enzymes popularly called sperm lysins e.g.
undergo meiotic cell division. hyaluronidase, corona penetrating enzyme, acrosin or
(b) Primary spermatocytes divide by mitotic cell zona lysin.
division.
(c) Secondary spermatocytes have 23 chromosomes 48. In the diagram of the section of the Graafian follicle,
and undergo a second meiotic division. different parts are indicated by alphabets. Choose the
(d) Spermatozoa are transformed into spermatids. answer in which these alphabets have been correctly
Ans. (c) matched with the parts
Sol. -Spermatogonia have 46 chromosomes and undergo
mitosis and differentiation.
-Primary spermatocytes divide by meiotic cell
division
-Secondary spermatocytes have 23 chromosomes and
undergo second meiotic division.
-Spermatids are transformed into Spermatozoa by the
process of spermiogenesis.
-Therefore, only statement (c) is correct.

46. Germ cells in female gonad and male gonad begin

undergoing meiosis simultaneously. What will be the
ratio of ova and sperms produced?
(a) 1:1 (b) 1:2
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 10

(a) A = Theca externa, B = Theca interna, C = Ovum, Sol.

D = Cumulus oophorus, E = Antrum, F = Membrane
granulosa
(b) A = Membrane granulosa, B = Theca externa, C =
Ovum, D = Cumulus oophorus, E = Antrum, F =
Theca interna
(c) A = Membrane granulosa, B = Theca interna, C =
Ovum, D = Cumulus oophorus, E = Antrum, F =
Theca externa
(d) A = Theca externa, B = Theca interna, C = Ovum,
D = Membrane granulosa, E = Antrum, F = Cumulus
oophorus 50. Polar bodies are produced during the formation of:
Ans. (a) (a) Sperm
Sol. (b) Oogonium
(c) Spermatocyte
(d) Secondary oocyte
Ans. (d)
Sol. -Polar bodies are produced in the first and second
meiotic division during Oogenesis.
-The primary oocyte undergoes meiosis-I resulting in
the formation of a large haploid secondary oocyte
and a tiny first polar body.
-On entry of the sperm, the secondary oocyte
completes second division and leads to the release of
the 2nd polar body.
-Therefore, polar bodies are produced during the
49. In the given T.S of human ovary identify A to F and
formation of secondary oocytes.
select the correct option
51. During oogenesis, each diploid cell produces:
(a) Four functional cells
(b) Four nonfunctional polar bodies
(c) One functional egg and three polar bodies
(d) Two functional eggs and two polar bodies
Ans. (c)
Sol. -Beginning at puberty, a small number of primary
oocytes are activated each month.
-After primary oocyte has finished its growth, there
are two specialized nuclear divisions, the first one of
(a) A-Secondary follicle, B-Tertiary follicle with
which is reductional leading to the release of one
antrum, C-Ovum, D-Corpus luteum, E-Primary
secondary oocyte and one polar body.
follicle, F-Corpus albicans
-On entry of the sperm, the secondary oocyte
(b) A-Graafian follicle, B-Tertiary follicle with
completes second division and leads to the release of
antrum, C-Ovum, D-Corpus spongiosum, E-primary
the 2nd polar body.
follicle, F-Corpus albicans
-The first polar body may divide to form two polar
(c) A-Graafian Follicle, B-Tertiary follicle with
bodies.
antrum, C-Ovum, D-Corpus albicans, E-Primary
-Therefore, from one oogonium (diploid cell), one
follicle, F-Corpus luteum
functional egg (ovum) and three polar bodies are
(d) A-Graafian follicle, B-Tertiary follicle with
formed.
antrum, C-Ovum, D-Corpus luteum, E-Primary
follicle, F-Corpus albicans
52. The process of spermatogenesis and oogenesis in a
Ans. (d)
male and female is started respectively at
 11 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

(a) Puberty and puberty -Thus, each primary spermatocyte, containing 46

(b) Puberty and menopause chromosomes, produces four spermatids, each having
(c) Embryonic stage and menarche 23 chromosomes.
(d) Puberty and embryonic stage
Ans. (d) 55. A large number of primary follicles degenerate
Sol. - The process of spermatogenesis in males begins at during the phase from birth to puberty. Therefore, at
puberty. At puberty, the levels of LH and FSH puberty each ovary has about
increase which stimulate testosterone production from (a) 1 million primary follicles
the testis. These hormones act to induce (b) A couple of million primary follicles
spermatogenesis (c) 60, 000-80, 000 primary follicles
-Oogenesis is initiated during the embryonic (d) 1,20,000-1,60,000 primary follicles
development stage when a couple of million gamete Ans. (c)
mother cells (oogonia) are formed within each fetal Sol. -Oogenesis is initiated during the embryonic
ovary. development stage when a couple of million gametes
-No more oogonia are formed and added after birth. are formed and added after birth.
-These cells start division and enter into prophase-1
53. Which among the following has 23 chromosomes? of the first meiotic division and get temporarily
(a) Spermatogonia (Exemplar) arrested at this stage. They are called primary
(b) Zygote oocytes.
(c) Secondary oocyte -The primary oocytes then get surrounded by a layer
(d) Oogonia of granulosa cells and are called the primary follicles.
Ans. (c) - A large number of these follicles degenerate during
Sol. -Spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes are the phase from birth to puberty. Therefore, at
diploid cells, each containing 46 chromosomes. puberty, only 60,000-80,000 primary follicles are left
-The Spermatogonia undergo mitosis and in each ovary.
differentiation to multiply and form diploid cells
known as Primary spermatocytes.
-The Primary spermatocytes undergo first meiotic 56. Indicate the correct sequence during spermatogenesis
division to form two, equal haploid cells known as (a) Spermatozoa Spermatogonia spermatid
Secondary spermatocytes. spermatocyte
-The oogonia are the diploid cells which undergo (b) Spermatogonia spermatocyte  spermatid
meiosis to form primary oocyte. spermatozoa
(c) Spermatid  spermatocyte spermatozoa
54. In spermatogenesis, the phase of maturation involves
Spermatogonia
(a) The growth of Spermatogonia into primary
(d) Spermatocyte spermatozoa spermatid
spermatocyte
Spermatogonia
(b) The formation of Spermatogonia from gonocytes
Ans. (b)
through mitosis
Sol. Spermatogenesis is the process in which immature
(c)The formation of spermatids from primary
germ cells (Spermatogonia) transform into mature
spermatocytes through meiosis
sperms.
(d) The formation of oogonia from the spermatocytes
-The Spermatogonia undergo mitosis and
through meiosis
differentiation to multiply and form diploid cells
Ans. (c)
known as Primary spermatocytes.
Sol. The Maturation phase involves the following
-The Primary spermatocytes undergo first meiotic
-First maturation division: Each primary spermatocyte
division to form two, equal haploid cells known as
increases markedly in size and undergoes the first
Secondary spermatocytes.
meiotic or reductional division to form two secondary
-The Secondary spermatocytes undergo 2nd meiotic
spermatocytes.
division to form 4 haploid cells called Spermatids.
-Second maturation division- Each secondary
-The Spermatids differentiate into Spermatozoa by a
spermatocyte undergoes the second meiotic or
process called Spermiogenesis
equational division to form spermatids.
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 12

Spermatogonia → Spermatocytes → Spermatids → Ans. (a)

Sperms (spermatozoa) Sol. The human ovum is surrounded by a number of egg
envelopes, from the outside to inside these are-
57. Which of the following options is correct? -The Corona radiata: outer, thicker coat formed of
Haploid Diploid radially elongated follicular cells.
(a) Secondary oocyte Primary - The Zona Pellucida: middle, thick, transparent and
spermatocyte non-cellular layer.
(b) Secondary spermatocyte Secondary oocyte -The Vitelline membrane: inner, thin, transparent and
(c) Primary oocyte Secondary secreted by ovum itself.
spermatocyte -Between the vitelline membrane and zona pellucida,
(d) Ovum Spermatid there is a narrow perivitelline space.

Ans. (a) 61. Assertion: A drop in temperature do not affect

Sol. -The secondary oocyte is the haploid cell produced spermatogenesis.
after the completion of meiosis-I in a primary oocyte. Reason: During temperature drops the smooth
-The Primary spermatocyte is a diploid cell produced muscles contracts and bring the testes closer to the
from mitosis and differentiation in Spermatogonia. pelvic cavity.
-Primary oocyte is a diploid cell, secondary (a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
spermatocyte is a haploid cell, the ovum is a haploid the correct explanation of assertion.
cell and a spermatid is a haploid cell. (b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
not the correct explanation of assertion.
58. Spermiation is the process of the release of sperms (c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
from. (Exemplar) (d) If both assertion and reason are false.
(a) seminiferous tubules (b) vas deferens Ans. (a)
(c) epididymis (d) prostate gland Sol. The normal temperature of the testes in the scrotum
Ans. (a) is about 2°−2.5°C lower than the internal body
Sol. Spermiation is the release of sperms from temperature. When the body is chilled, the smooth
seminiferous tubules. From here, they will be muscle contracts and brings the testes closer to the
transported to vasa efferentia and then to epididymis pelvic cavity. This movement towards the pelvic
where maturation of sperms occur. cavity allows the testes to absorb heat from the rest
of the body so that the sperm cells do not become
59. The membranous cover of the ovum at ovulation is chilled and get optimum temperature for
(Exemplar) spermatogenesis.
(a) corona radiata (b) zona radiata
(c) zona pellucida (d) chorion. 62. Assertion: The human male ejaculates about 50-100
Ans. (a) million sperms during a coitus.
Sol. The outermost membranous cover of the ovum at Reason: For normal fertility at least 40 percent
ovulation is corona radiata. It is formed by follicular sperms must have normal shape and size.
cells. Inner to corona radiata is zona pellucida, which (a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
is made up of three different glycoproteins secreted by the correct explanation of assertion.
the ovum itself. (b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
not the correct explanation of assertion.
60. Layers of an ovum from outside to inside is (c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(a) corona radiata, zona pellucida and vitelline (d) If both assertion and reason are false.
membrane Ans. (d)
(b) zona pellucida, corona radiata and vitelline Sol. Human male ejaculates about 200 to 300 million
membrane sperms during a coitus of which, for normal fertility,
(c) vitelline membrane, zona pellucida and corona at least 60 percent sperms must have normal shape
radiate and size and at least 40 percent of them must show
(d) zona pellucida, vitelline membrane and corona vigorous motility.
radiate
13 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

63. Assertion: The type B spermatogonia are called projections called fimbriae, which help in collection
primary spermatocyte. of the ovum after ovulation.
Reason: Primary spermatocyte completes the first
meiotic division leading to secondary spermatocytes. Menstrual Cycle
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is 66. The immediate cause of induction of ovulation in
the correct explanation of assertion. female is the large plasma surge of
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is (a) progesterone (b) oestradiol
not the correct explanation of assertion. (c) LH (d) FSH
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false. Ans. (c)
(d) If both assertion and reason are false. Sol. -The immediate cause of induction of ovulation in
Ans. (b) the female is the large plasma surge of Luteinizing
Sol. There are two types of spermatogonia. Type A hormone (LH).
spermatogonia that serves as stem cells to form -Both LH and FSH attain a peak level in the middle
additional spermatogonia and Type B spermatogonia of cycle (about 14th day) i.e., in the ovulatory phase.
that serves as precursor of sperms. These type B - On the 14th day a rapid increase of LH levels
spermatogonia undergo growth to form primary during the mid-cycle occurs. This is called the LH
spermatocyte. surge.
-The surge in LH levels induces rupture of the
64. Assertion: The middle piece is called as power house Graafian follicle and thereby the release of the
of the sperm. secondary oocyte, also known as ovulation.
Reason: The numerous mitochondria coiling around
axial filament produce energy for the movement of the 67. Which hormone level reaches peak during the luteal
tail. phase of menstrual cycle?
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is (a) Luteinizing hormone
the correct explanation of assertion. (b) Progesterone
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is (c) Follicle stimulating hormone
not the correct explanation of assertion. (d) Oestrogen
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false. Ans. (b)
(d) If both assertion and reason are false. Sol. -In a 28-day menstrual cycle, the luteal phase occurs
Ans. (a) after ovulation from days 15-28.
Sol. The middle piece of human sperm contains the -After ovulation, the Graafian follicle is converted to
mitochondria coiled around the axial filament called, a yellow body known as Corpus Luteum by the
mitochondrial spiral. They provide energy for the hormone LH.
movement of the sperm. So, it is called as the -The Corpus Luteum in turn secretes large amounts
'powerhouse of the sperm'. of progesterone and small amounts of Oestrogen.
-The progesterone acts on the Endometrium of the
65. Assertion: Infundibulum is a funnel shaped part close uterus and prepares it to receive the fertilized
to ovary. blastocyst and its further implantation.
Reason: The edges of infundibulum helps in -If fertilization and implantation fail to occur, the
collection of the ovum after ovulation. corpus luteum involutes, leading to a fall in
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is progesterone levels. This causes menstruation, and a
the correct explanation of assertion. new cycle begins.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
not the correct explanation of assertion. 68. Mature Graafian follicle is generally present in the
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false. ovary of a healthy human female around (Exemplar)
(d) If both assertion and reason are false. (a) 5 – 8 days of menstrual cycle
Ans. (b) (b) 11 – 17 days of menstrual cycle
Sol. In human females each fallopian tube extends from (c)18 – 23 days of menstrual cycle
the periphery of each ovary to the uterus, the part (d) 24 – 28 days of menstrual cycle
closer to the ovary is the funnel shaped infundibulum. Ans. (b)
The edges of the infundibulum possess finger-like
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 14

Sol. Starting from puberty, monthly changes in ovaries and remaining parts of the Graafian follicle transform
uterus also starts. The layer of cells surrounding into the corpus luteum. This occurs under the
primary oocyte are called granulosa cells and together, influence of LH.
they are called primary follicle. The growth of the -The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of
follicles is under the influence of pituitary hormones progesterone which is essential for maintenance of
FSH and LH. Further growth is also stimulated by the endometrium.
estrogen. The mature Graafian follicle is present in the -If fertilization doesn’t occur, the corpus luteum
ovary around 11-17 day of menstrual cycle and on involutes and progesterone levels fall.
rupture of which, ovum is released (because of LH -Menstruation is triggered by an abrupt decline in the
surge, 1-2 days before ovulation). level of progesterone.

69. The starting of menstruation in girls is 72. The mammalian corpus luteum produces
(a) Puberty (b) menarche (a) Estrogen
(c) climacteric (d) menopause (b) Progesterone
Ans. (b) (c) Luteinizing hormone
Sol. -The start of menstruation in girls is known as (d) Luteotropic hormone
Menarche. Ans. (b)
-Cyclic menstruation is an indicator of normal Sol. -During the luteal phase, the ruptured Graafian
reproductive phase and it extends between menarche follicle transforms to the corpus luteum under the
and menopause influence of LH.
-Average age of menarche in humans is around 12 -The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of
years of age; normal anywhere between ages 8 and 16. progesterone which is essential for the maintenance
-Heredity, diet & overall health can accelerate or of the endometrium.
delay menarche. -If fertilization doesn’t occur, the corpus luteum
involutes and progesterone levels fall.
70. Ovulation in the human female normally takes place -Menstruation is triggered by an abrupt decline in the
during the menstrual cycle level of progesterone.
(a) At the mid secretory phase
(b) At the end of the proliferative phase 73. Some important events in the human female
(c) Just before the end of the secretory phase reproductive cycle are given below. Arrange the
(d) At the beginning of the proliferative phase events in proper sequence.
Ans. (b) I. Secretion of FSH
Sol. -Ovulation in the human female normally takes place II. Growth of Corpus luteum
at the end of the proliferative phase during the III. Growth of the follicle and oogenesis
menstrual cycle. IV. Ovulation
-Ovulation is triggered by a surge in LH levels around V. Sudden increase in the levels of LH
the 14th day of the menstrual cycle. (a) III→Ι→ΙV→ΙΙ→V
-One ovum is released (ovulation) during the middle (b) I→III→V→IV→II
of each menstrual cycle i.e., at the end of follicular (c) I→IV→III→V→II
phase or proliferative phase. (d) II→I→III→IV→V
-In other words, ovulation occurs at the end of the Ans. (b)
proliferative phase and before the beginning of the Sol. -The reproductive cycle in females is called the
luteal or secretory phase. menstrual cycle. It has an average duration of about
28/29 days.
71. Menstruation is triggered by an abrupt decline in the -The cycle starts with the menstrual phase; lowered
amount of levels of progesterone and estradiol also cause
(a) LH (b) FSH release of FSH from the anterior pituitary (I).
(c) Estrogen (d) Progesterone -The menstrual phase is followed by the follicular
Ans. (d) phase, during which, the primary follicles grow to
Sol. -In the menstrual cycle, the ovulatory phase is become fully mature graafian follicles and
followed by the luteal phase during which the
15 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

simultaneously the endometrium of the uterus -b corresponds to FSH which stimulates the growth
regenerates through proliferation (III). of the follicles, and peaks around the mid cycle (14th
-Rapid secretion of LH leading to its maximum level day).
during the mid-cycle called the LH surge (V) -a corresponds to LH, a surge in LH occurs on the
- The LH surge induces rupture of the Graafian 14th day which leads to ovulation.
follicle and thereby the release of the ovum -c corresponds to estrogen which shows two peaks-
(ovulation) (IV). one around the mid cycle and another at the end of
-During the luteal phase, the Graafian follicle the luteal phase.
transforms into the Corpus luteum. The Corpus -d corresponds to progesterone, its levels peak in the
luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone. secretory phase as it is essential for the maintenance
of the endometrium after ovulation.
74. Recognise the figure and find out the correct
matching.
75. Match the column
Column-I Column-II
(i) FSH 1. Prepare endometrium
for implantation
(ii) LH 2. Develops female
secondary sexual
characters
(iii) Progesterone 3. Contraction of
uterine wall
(iv) Estrogen 4. Development of
corpus luteum
5. Maturation of
Graafian follicle
(a) (i)-5, (ii)-4, (iii)-1, (iv)-2
(b) (i)-4, (ii)-5, (iii)-2, (iv)-1
(c) (i)-4, (ii)-3, (iii)-2, (iv)-5
(a) a-LH, b-FSH, c-estrogen, d-progesterone (d) (i)-5, (ii)-1, (iii)-2, (iv)-4
(b) b-LH, a-FSH, c-estrogen, d-progesterone Ans. (a)
(c) c-LH, d-FSH, a-estrogen, b-progesterone Sol. -FSH acts on the ovarian follicles and stimulates their
(d) d-LH, c—FSH, b-estrogen, a-progesterone growth and maturation into secondary and Graafian
Ans. (a) follicles.
Sol. -LH causes luteinization of theca and granulosa cells
forming the Corpus Luteum.
-Progesterone acts on the uterine endometrium and
prepares it for implantation.
-Estrogen develops female secondary sexual
characteristics.

76. Graafian follicle is maintained by

(a) Estrogen
(b) Prolactin
(c) Luteinizing hormone
(d) Follicle stimulating hormone
Ans. (d)
Sol. -The growth and maintenance of the Graafian follicle
are under the influence of FSH released from the
-The given figure is a diagram of the various events pituitary.
occurring during a menstrual cycle.
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 16

-After the LH surge, the follicle ruptures leading to

ovulation. 80. Assertion: The endometrium undergoes cyclical
-The ruptured follicle converts into the corpus luteum. charges during menstrual cycle.
Reason: The myometrium exhibits strong
77. The correct sequence of phases in the menstrual cycle contractions during delivery of the baby.
is (a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
(a) Menstrual phase, follicular phase and luteal phase the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Menstrual phase, luteal phase and follicular phase (b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
(c) Menstrual phase, proliferative phase and secretory not the correct explanation of assertion.
phase (c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both A and C (d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Ans. (d) Ans. (b)
Sol. -The reproductive cycle in female primates is called Sol. The wall of the uterus has three layers of tissue. The
the menstrual cycle. In human females, menstruation external thin membranous perimetrium, middle thick
is repeated at an average interval of about 28/29 days, layer of smooth muscle, myometrium and inner
and the cycle of events starting from one menstruation glandular layer called endometrium that lines the
till the next one is called the menstrual cycle. uterine cavity. The endometrium undergoes cyclical
-The major events of the menstrual cycle can be changes during menstrual cycle while the
grouped in three phases i.e., menstrual phase, myometrium exhibits strong contractions during the
follicular phase or proliferative phase and luteal phase delivery of the baby.
or secretory phase.
-One ovum is released (ovulation) during the middle Fertilization
of each menstrual cycle. 81. The change in a mammalian sperm which prepares it
to fertilize the ovum is termed:
78. Identify the correct statement from the following. (a) Maturation (b) Preparation
(Exemplar) (c) Capacitation (d) Metamorphosis
(a) High levels of estrogen triggers the ovulatory Ans. (c)
surge. Sol. -During sexual intercourse, sperm is ejected from the
(b) Oogonial cells start to proliferate and give rise to penis into the female genital tract.
functional ova in regular cycles from puberty -In order to properly fertilize the ovum, each sperm
onwards. undergoes various chemical changes.
(c) Sperms released from seminiferous tubules are -These chemical changes lead to the hyperactivity of
highly motile. the sperm.
(d) Progesterone level is high during the post -The changes are: removal of cholesterol layer from
ovulatory phase of menstrual cycle. the head of sperm, Calcium ions allow rapid
Ans. (d) whiplash movement of sperm tail.
Sol. Post-ovulatory phase is also known as the luteal -The rapid whiplash movement is also termed as
phase. During this period, the follicle proper folds asymmetrical flagellar beating of tail.
inward on itself and transform into the corpus luteum -These changes enable the sperm to swim towards
which is a steroidogenic cluster of cells that produces the ovum and fertilize it by penetrating the zona
estrogen and progesterone. The action of progesterone pellucida via acrosomal reactions. This change is
increases the basal body temperature. termed capacitation, occurring in the female genital
tract.
79. A human female reaches menopause around the age of
(a) 50 years (b) 15 years 82. Fertilization of ovum by the sperm takes place in
(c) 70 years (d) 25 years (a) ampulla of oviduct (b) isthmus of oviduct
Ans. (a) (c) fimbriae of oviduct (d) None of the above
Sol. Menopause marks the end of a woman's fertility and Ans. (a)
the cease of the menstrual cycle. The ovaries stop Sol. -Fertilization in the human female is internal as in
producing hormones and in humans, the menstrual other mammals.
cycle ceases at around 50 years of age.
17 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

-It takes place in the ampulla of the Fallopian tube, Sol. -The sperm contains a sequence of amino acids on its
usually at the ampullary-isthmic junction. surface known as Antifertilizin. This sequence is
-Fertilization only occurs if the ovum and sperms are species-specific.
transported simultaneously to the ampullary-isthmic -The egg has a glycoprotein molecule on its surface
junction. It is due to this reason, why all copulations called the fertilizin.
do not lead to fertilization and pregnancy. - When the sperm and egg of the same species come
in contact, the antifertilizin and fertilizin react. This
83. Fertilization membrane is formed to reaction is known as agglutination.
(a) Facilitate entry of sperm into to egg - If the sperm and egg are of different species. This
(b) Provide stability to egg reaction fails. Therefore, it ensures that sperm of the
(c) Prevent monospermy same species mates with the ova.
(d) Prevent polyspermy
Ans. (d) 86. Ovum receives the sperm in the region of
Sol. -The fertilization membrane is formed in human eggs (a) animal pole (b) vegetal pole
after fertilization by a sperm. (c) equator (d) pigmented area
-It is formed by the release of cortical granules and Ans. (a)
their enzymes under the vitelline membrane. This Sol. -The mature ovum has two poles- the animal pole
hardens the membrane. and the vegetal pole.
-It acts to prevent polyspermy- that is after - At the animal pole end the cytoplasm is more active
fertilization by one sperm, this membrane provides and contains the nucleus while at the vegetal pole,
resistance to the entry of another sperm. This is also the cytoplasm is less active and contains most of the
known as the slow block to polyspermy. yolk content of the ovum.
-As the animal pole contains the nucleus, the sperm
84. Capacitation of sperms occurs in penetrates the ovum at the animal pole and its
(a) Female genital tract (b) Vagina nucleus fuses with the nucleus of the ovum to form a
(c)Vasa efferentia (d) Vas deferens zygote.
Ans. (a)
Sol. -Capacitation is a process which occurs before 87. Match the following with correct combination
fertilization to the sperms. i Hyaluronidase 1 Acrosomal reaction
-The process activates the ability of sperm to fertilize. ii Corpus luteum 2 Morphogenetic
-It is done by the removal of cholesterol layer present movements
in the head region of sperm. iii Gastrulation 3 Progesterone
-Other chemical changes allow the sperm to get iv Capacitation 4 Mammary gland
hyperactivated (asymmetrical flagellar beating v Colostrum 5 Sperm activation
observed) and the sperm becomes ready to penetrate (a) i = 5, ii = 2, iii = 4, iv = 1, v = 3
the zona pellucida. (b) i = 1, ii = 3, iii = 2, iv = 5, v = 4
-Capacitation occurs in the female genital tract which (c) i = 3, ii = 2, iii = 5, iv = 4, v = 1
consists of the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, (d) i = 1, ii = 2, iii = 3, iv = 4, v = 5
vestibule, etc. (e) i = 4, ii = 2, iii = 5, iv = 3, v = 1
Ans. (b)
85. Sperm of animal species a cannot fertilise ovum of Sol. -Hyaluronidase is an enzyme found in the
species b because acrosome/head of the sperm. It is responsible for
(a) Fertilizin of a and b are not compatible acrosomal reactions which allow the sperm to
(b) Antifertilizin of a and b are not compatible penetrate through the Zona Pellucida and fertilize the
(c) Fertilizin of a and Anti fertilizin of b are not ovum.
compatible -Corpus luteum or luteal body which forms after
(d) Anti fertilizin of a and fertilizin of b are not ovulation. This is the follicle in the ovary after the
compatible secondary oocyte leaves it and travels in the oviduct.
Ans. (d) The corpus luteum then acts as an endocrine organ
and releases progesterone hormone. This prepares the
uterus for implantation mostly.
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 18

-Gastrulation is an embryonic process in which the fusion with the male gamete will the sex of the fetus
blastula converts into gastrula by the movement of be decided.
cells from place to another in a particular order. A
gastrula then has 3 embryonic layers, blastopore and 90. Acrosomal reaction of the sperm occurs due to
an archenteron. (Exemplar)
-Capacitation is a process by which chemical changes (a) Its contact with zona pellucida of the ova
occur to sperm which activates the sperm to enable it (b) Reactions within the uterine environment of the
to fertilize the ovum by penetrating it. female
-Colostrum is the first milk of a mother that is (c) Reactions within the epididymal environment of
provided to a breastfeeding child. It contains the male
antibodies which provide immunity to the child. (d) Androgens produced in the uterus
Ans. (a)
88. Choose the incorrect statement from the following. Sol. When head of sperm binds to zona pellucida of ovum
(Exemplar) the acrosome release its contents by exocytosis. The
(a) In birds and mammals, internal fertilization takes content inside acrosome includes various hydrolytic
place. enzymes like hyaluronidase, corona penetrating
(b) Colostrum contains antibodies and nutrients. enzymes, etc. This is called acrosomal reaction. It
(c) Polyspermy in mammals is prevented by the helps the sperm to reach the plasma membrane of
chemical changes in the egg surface. ovum, by dissolving corona radiata and zona
(d) In the human female implantation occurs almost pellucida.
seven days after fertilization.
Ans. (c) 91. A reaction of granules content which harden the zona
Sol. Internal fertilization is a type of fertilization in which pellucida and ensures sure block to polyspermy is
there is union of an egg and sperm inside the body of (a) acrosomal reaction (b) cortical reaction
a parent. Examples include reptiles, mammals, birds. (c) acrosin reaction (d)binding reaction.
Colostrum is the first form of milk that is produced by Ans. (b)
the mammary glands of mammals. It contains large Sol. Immediately after the fusion of sperm and egg
numbers of IgA antibodies and lymphocytes that help plasma membranes, the egg shows a cortical reaction.
protect the mucous membranes of the infant. In this reaction, the cortical granules present beneath
Polyspermy is a condition in which egg has been the egg's plasma membrane fuse with the plasma
fertilized by more than one sperm. It is prevented by membrane and release enzymes between it and zona
depolarization of the egg plasma membrane after the pellucida. These enzymes harden the zona pellucida,
entry of first sperm. This depolarization prevents the which now functions to block polyspermy.
entry of additional sperms. The fertilized ovum enters
the uterine cavity 3-4 days later. Implantation occurs 92. The fertilized egg in human female is implanted in
almost 7 to 10 days after fertilization and 5 to 6 days the uterus after
after it has entered the uterine cavity. (a) One month of fertilization
Thus, the correct answer is 'Polyspermy is prevented (b) Two months of fertilization
by the chemical changes on the egg surface.' (c) Three weeks of fertilization
(d) About seven days of fertilization
89. The sex of the foetus will be decided at Ans. (d)
(a) fertilization by male gamete Sol. -The fertilized egg is found in the fallopian tube. This
(b) implantation egg after fertilization is called a zygote.
(c) fertilization by female gamete -It undergoes several divisions in the form of
(d) the start of cleavage cleavage in a matter of a few days.
Ans. (a) -In seven days of fertilization, it appears as a
Sol. The genetic composition of the male gamete is with blastocyst in the uterus ready for implantation.
two different sex chromosomes (XY) compared to the
same sex chromosomes in the female (XX). The
haploid gametes produced by the female is X but in
the case of male, it can be either X or Y. So, only after
19 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

93. Recognise the figure and find out the correct 94. Assertion: All copulations do not lead to the
matching. fertilization and pregnancy.
Reason: Fertilization can occur only if the ovum and
sperms are transported simultaneously to the
ampullary region of oviduct.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Ans. (a)
Sol. Fertilisation can only occur if the ovum and sperms
are transported simultaneously to the ampullary-
region of oviduct and ovum is released only once a
month. This is the reason why all copulations do not
lead to fertilisation and pregnancy.

(a) a-cells of corona radiata, b-zona pellucida, c-

perivitelline space
Embryonic Development
95. Fixing up of the blastocyst in the wall of the uterus is
(b) c-cells of corona radiata, a-zona pellucida, b-
known as
perivitelline space
(a) Fertilization (b) Placentation
(c) b-cells of corona radiata, c-zona pellucida, a-
(c) Impregnation (d) Implantation
perivitelline space
Ans. (d)
(d) b-cells of corona radiata, a-zona pellucida, c-
Sol. -The blastocyst appears in the uterus after a span of 7
perivitelline space
days.
Ans. (d)
-In the uterus, the blastocyst finds a suitable place for
Sol.
it to attach itself to the wall of the uterus.
-After the attachment the uterine wall fully covers the
blastocyst and it gets embedded in the uterine wall.
This process is called implantation.

96. The embryo at 16-celled stage is known as

(a) morula (b) gastrula
(c) blastula (d) blastomere
Ans. (a)
Sol. -The morula is a solid ball-like structure which looks
like a little mulberry. The embryo at the 16-celled
stage is known as a morula. The sequence of events
The given figure is a diagram of an ovum surrounded leading to the formation of Morula is-
by a few sperms. -Cleavage: Within a few hours of fertilization,
-a corresponds to the zona pellucida, which is a fertilized egg undergoes a series of repeated mitotic
glycoprotein layer surrounding the plasma membrane cell divisions, which increase the number of cells
of mammalian oocytes. without any increase of its volume.
-b corresponds to the cells of corona radiata which -First division: About 30 hours after fertilization,
surround the zona pellucida. newly formed zygote divides into two cells – the
-c corresponds to the perivitelline space, which is the blastomeres- in the upper portion of the fallopian
space between the plasma membrane and the zona tube
pellucida. -Second division- within 40 hours after fertilization.
-Third division – 3 days after fertilization
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 20

-During these early cleavages, the young embryo is (a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
slowly moving down the fallopian tube towards the the correct explanation of assertion.
uterus (b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
- At the end of the third day, the embryo reaches the not the correct explanation of assertion.
uterus – and 8-16 blastomere Morula is formed. (c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
97. Morula is a development stage Ans. (c)
(a) between the zygote and blastocyst Sol. The embryo with 8 to 16 blastomeres is called a
(b) between the blastocyst and gastrula morula. The morula continues to divide and
(c) after the implantation transforms into blastocyst as it moves further into the
(d) between implantation and parturition. uterus. The blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged
Ans. (a) into an outer layer called trophoblast and an inner
Sol. After fertilisation, zygote is formed. Zygote group of cells attached to trophoblast called the inner
undergoes, mitotic divisions, called cleavage, to form cell mass.
2, 4, 8 and 16 daughter cells called blastomeres. These
divisions start when zygote is moving towards uterus. Pregnancy & gestation
It is called morula at 8-16 cell stage and it continues to 101. Identify the human development stage shown below
divide to form blastocyst. as well as the related right place of its occurrence in a
normal pregnant woman and select the right option
98. Zona pellucida disintegrates just for the two together
(a) After fertilization
(b) Before fertilization
(c) Midway during cleavage
(d) After completion of cleavage
Ans. (d)
Sol. -After the completion of cleavage, that is formation of
blastula, zona pellucida disintegrates.
-The layer is responsible for checking implantation at
an improper site. Development stage Site of occurrence
-This is because implantation needs to be done in the (a) Blastocyst 1 Uterine wall
uterus. Implantation done at oviduct is called ectopic (b) 8-celled Morula 2 Starting point of
pregnancies. fallopian tube
-In such cases, the embryo is required to be removed (c) Late Morula 3 Middle part of
in order to save the mother’s life. fallopian tube
-To avoid such cases from occurring, zona pellucida
(d) Blastula 4 End part of fallopian
keeps a check.
tube
Ans. (a)
99. Human embryo will be called as a ‘foetus’ after
Sol. -The above figure is that of a blastocyst.
(a) Two months (b) Six months
-A blastocyst forms from a morula (which has 8-16
(c) Four months (d) Seven months
cells in it). The morula is found in the fallopian tube.
Ans. (a)
-The cells keep dividing and then an outer
Sol. -Human embryo is termed as a foetus after a span of
trophoblast is formed, and an inner cell mass gets
two months, which is approximately 8 weeks.
attached to the trophoblast known as inner cell mass.
-By this amount of time, the digits of the baby are
These features are characteristic of a blastocyst.
fully developed.
-This blastocyst then gets implanted on the uterine
wall which will lead to embryo formation.
100. Assertion: The embryo with 8 to 16 blastomeres is
called a morula.
Reason: The morula continues to divide and
transforms intro trophoblast.
21 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

103. Choose the correct group of labelling.

102. Match the following and choose the correct option

i. Embedding of (a) I-Trophoblast, II-Blastocoel, III-Megameres
Trophoblast (a) blastocyst in the (b) I-Trophoblast, II-Archenteron, III-Micromeres
endometrium (c) I-Trophoblast, II-Blastocoel, III-Inner mass cells
ii. Group of cells that (d) I-Trophoblast, II-Archenteron, III-Inner mass
Cleavage (b) would differentiate as cells
embryo Ans. (c)
iii. Outer layer of Sol.
Inner cell
(c) blastocyst attached to
mass
the endometrium
iv. Mitotic division of
Implantation (d)
zygote

(a) i-(b), ii-(a), iii-(c), iv-(d)

(b) i-(c), ii-(d), iii-(b), iv-(a)
(c) i-(c), ii-(a), iii-(b), iv-(d)
(d) i-(b), ii-(d), iii-(c), iv-(a)
Ans. (b)
Sol. -Trophoblast is the outer layer of blastocyst which 104. Recognise the figure and find out the correct
gets attached to the endometrium leading to matching.
implantation.
-Cleavage is the division that occurs in the zygote
which leads to more cell formation.
-Inner cell mass is a cluster of cells found attached to
the trophoblast in the blastocyst. The cells later divide
to form the ectoderm, mesoderm and the endoderm. a b
-Implantation is defined as the embedding of the (a) a-morula, b-blastocyst
blastocyst in the endometrium. This helps the cells of (b) a-blastocyst, b-morula
the blastocyst derive further nutrition and grow into an (c) a-blastocyst, b-gastrula
embryo. (d) a- morula, b-gastrula
Ans. (a)
Sol. -Figure shows a morula which contains 8-16 cells or
blastomeres. This structure forms after cleavage
occurs on the zygote.
-Figure b shows a blastocyst, which is characteristic
of inner cell mass, trophoblast and blastocoel.
-Morula forms before a blastocyst. Blastocyst forms
in about 5-9 days.
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 22

-The inner cell mass will later divide to form three (a) 1-morula, 2-umbilical cord, 3-trophoblast, 4-
embryonic layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and second trimester, 5-stem cells
endoderm. (b) 1-blastocyst, 2-placenta, 3-stem cells, 4-first
-Each layer is responsible for the formation of trimester, 5-trophoblast
particular tissues and organs. (c) 1-blastocyst, 2-umbilical cord, 3-stem cells, 4-
second trimesters, 5-inner cell mass
(d) 1-blastocyst, 2-placenta, 3-stem cells, 4- first
trimester, 5-inner cell mass.
Ans. (d)
Sol. -Zygote undergoes cleavage to form a morula which
then forms a blastocyst which gets implanted in the
uterus.
105. Identify the correctly matched pairs of the germ layers
-The structure which provides a vascular connection,
and their derivatives.
which means blood vessels are connected between
I. Ectoderm – Epidermis
foetus and uterus (maternal tissue) is called the
II. Endoderm – Dermis
placenta.
III. Mesoderm – Muscles -Inner cell mass contains certain cells called stem
IV. Mesoderm – Notochord
cells which have potential to give rise to all tissues
V. Endoderm - Enamel of teeth
and organs. This is due to determinate cleavage
(a) I, III and IV only (b) I, II, III and V only
which occurs in the zygote.
(c) I and IV only (d) I and II only
-By the end of the first trimester or by the end of 3
Ans. (a) months, most of the major organs systems form
Sol. -The inner cell mass of the blastocyst develops to
including limbs, and external genital organs.
form three germ layers which are ectoderm,
-Following implantation, the inner cell mass of the
mesoderm and endoderm. These layers are responsible
blastocyst differentiates into an outer layer, ectoderm
for the formation of various organ systems present in
and an inner layer called endoderm.
one’s body.
-Ectoderm is responsible for production of epidermis,
107. Which one develops from endoderm?
enamel of teeth.
(a) Nervous system, urinary bladder and eye
-Mesoderm is responsible for production of dermis,
(b) Liver, connective tissue and heart
skeletal muscles and notochord.
(c) Thymus, spinal cord and brain
-Endoderm is responsible for production of lining of (d) Liver, pancreas, thymus and thyroid
many organs such as the gastrointestinal ones such as
Ans. (d)
pancreas, liver, colon. Even lungs, urogenital tract and
Sol. -Endoderm on differentiation gives rise to many
vaginal linings.
internal organs and their lining.
-The internal organs are from the gastrointestinal and
106. Fill in the blanks endocrine system. Here the examples are of liver,
(i) Zygote divides to form …1… which is implanted
pancreas, thymus and thyroid.
to uterus
-In early stages, endoderm also forms the lining of
(ii) The structure which provides vascular connection
the archenteron which is the primitive gut.
between foetus and uterus is called …2...
(iii) Inner cell mass contains certain cells called …3…
which have the potency to give rise to all the tissues
and organs.
(iv) By the end of …4… most of the major organ
systems are formed, for example, the limbs and
external genital organs are well-developed
(v) Immediately after implantation, the …5…
differentiates into an outer layer called ectoderm and
an inner layer called endoderm.
23 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

108. Recognise the figure and find out the correct Sol. -The first blood corpuscle or red blood cell is formed
matching. by the yolk sac for circulation of oxygen in the
embryo, until 6-8 weeks of gestation.
-As the liver develops, the role of RBC formation is
taken up by it.
-In adult life, it is the bone marrow which develops
the RBCs for the body.
-RBCs when mature have a lifespan of 120 days.

110. Match the columns:

Column-I Column-II
Attachment of
i. Parturition p. blastocyst to
endometrium
(a) e-embryo, d-placental villi, a- yolk sac, b- Release of egg from
ii. Gestation q.
umbilical cord Graafian follicle.
(b) e-embryo, a-placental villi, b- yolk sac, d- Delivery of foetus
iii. Ovulation r.
umbilical cord from uterus
(c) b-embryo, d-placental villi, a- yolk sac, c- Duration between
umbilical cord iv. Implantation s.
pregnancy and birth
(d) e-embryo, a-placental villi, d- yolk sac, b- Formation of zygote
umbilical cord v. Conception t. by fusion of egg and
Ans. (a) sperm
Sol. -Label e represents the embryo developing in the (a) i-q, ii-s, iii-p, iv-t, v-r (b) i-r, ii-s, iii-p, iv-t, v-q
uterus. (c) i-r, ii-s, iii-q, iv-t, v-p (d) i-r, ii-s, iii-q, iv-p, v-t
-Label d represents the placental villi, which is a Ans. (d)
functional unit between the embryo and the maternal Sol. -Parturition is the process of delivery where the
tissue. mother pushes the fully developed baby from the
-Label a represents the yolk sac has a nutritive uterus via vigorous contractions.
function, which is nutrient uptake from its absorptive -Gestation is the duration between pregnancy and
epithelium. birth, which can also be defined as the period
-Label b represents the umbilical cord which is between fertilization and parturition.
present between the placenta and baby. It delivers -Ovulation is the stage observed in the menstrual
nutrients and takes away the waste materials. cycle, where the secondary oocyte is released from
the Graffian follicle during luteinizing hormone (LH)
surge. This oocyte is now ready for fertilization and
is found in the fallopian tube.
-Implantation is the attachment of blastocyst to the
endometrium, where the maternal tissue covers the
blastocyst. After which blastocyst keeps developing.
-Conception is the formation of zygote by fusion,
which is fertilization of egg (female gamete) and
sperm (male gamete).

111. Match the columns:

Column-I Column-II
109. Foetal membrane that provides the first blood a. Oxytocin p. Stimulates ovulation
corpuscle for circulation in embryo is b. Prolactin q. Implantation and
(a) Trophoblast (b) Yolk sac maintenance of pregnancy
(c) Amnion (d) Chorion c. Luteinizing r. Lactation after childbirth
Ans. (b) hormone
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 24

d. Progesterone s. Uterine contraction during of (iv) the body is covered with fine hair, eye-lids
labour separate, and eyelashes are formed.
t. Reabsorption of water by (a) (i)-heart, (ii)-second. (iii) – First trimester, (iv) –
nephrons second trimester
(b) (i) – heart, (ii)-second, (iii)-First month, (iv)-
(a) a-s, b-r, c-p, d-q (b) a-s, b-r, c-p, d-s second trimester
(c) a-s, b-q, c-r, d-t (d) a-t, b-p, c-s, d-r (c) (i)-heart, (ii)-second, (iii)-First week, (iv)-second
Ans. (a) week
Sol. -Oxytocin is the hormone released by the pregnant (d) (i) – heart, (ii)-fourth, (iii)-First trimester, (iv)-
mother’s brain in response to the foetal ejection reflex. second trimester
Oxytocin acts on the uterine muscles to induce Ans. (a)
stronger contraction for parturition. Sol. -In one month’s, pregnancy the embryo’s heart is
-Prolactin induces lactation after childbirth in the formed for circulation of blood.
mammary glands in the pregnant women. -By the end of the second month pregnancy, the
-Luteinising hormone stimulates ovulation by which foetus develops limbs and digits.
the secondary oocyte gets released from the mature -By the end of the first trimester (3 months), limbs
follicle and it goes to the fallopian tube for and external genitals organs are well developed. As
fertilization. Whereas, the follicle then converts to the formation of gonads and genitalia at the span of 6
corpus luteum. weeks.
-Progesterone is released by the corpus luteum which -By end of the second trimester (6 months), the body
prepares the uterus for implantation and maintains it is covered with fine hair, separate eyelids and
for possible pregnancy. This leads to increased eyelashes.
endometrium (more vascularity, which is rich blood
supply). 114. The correct sequence of embryonic development is
(a) zygote-morula-blastula-gastrula-embryo
112. Match the animal and its gestation period (b) zygote-blastula-morula-gastrula-embryo
I II (c) gastrula-morula-zygote-blastula-embryo
A. Dog/Cat i 22 months (d) blastula-morula-zygote-gastrula-embryo
B. Elephant ii 9 months Ans. (a)
C. Mouse iii 58-68 days Sol. -When the gametes fuse together, a single cell with a
D. Human iv 19 days single nucleus is formed known as zygote.
(a) A-iii; B-i; C-iv; D-ii (b) A-i; B-ii; C-iii; D-iv -When cleavage takes place in the zygote, gradually
(c) A-ii; B-iii; C-i; D-iv (d) A-iii; B-ii; C-iv; D-i after a few divisions, a 8-16 cell stage is reached.
Ans. (a) This stage is called a morula.
Sol. -Gestation period is the span between fertilization and -When further divisions take place in the morula, a
parturition. blastula forms which contains an outer trophoblast
-In dog or cat, gestation period in the range of (58-68) and anteriorly placed a clump of cells known as inner
days. cell mass. Inner cell mass upon division and
-In elephant, it takes 22 months for a fully developed gastrulation gives rise to gastrula.
elephant calf to be born.
-In mouse, the gestation period is 19 days. 115. Retina, eye lens, brain and skin are formed from
-In humans, the gestation period is of 9 months (a) Mesoderm
(b) Ectoderm
113. Select the option that correctly fills up the blanks in (c) Endoderm
the given paragraph. After one month of pregnancy, (d) Both ectoderm and endoderm
the embryo’s (i) is formed. By the end of the (ii) Ans. (b)
month of pregnancy, the foetus develops limbs and Sol. -Retina, eye lens and brain are parts of the nervous
digits. By the end of (iii), most of the major organ system. Nervous system is derived from the
systems are formed, for example, the limbs and ectoderm.
external genital organs are well-developed. By the end -Skin which is the outer epidermis is also derived
from the ectoderm.
25 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

-Ectoderm also gives rise to salivary glands, modified 119. Gastrulation comprises
epidermal tissue (fingernails, hair, skin glands), (a) Morphogenetic movements
mucous glands of nose and mouth. (b) Differentiation of archenteron
(c) Differentiation of three germ layers
116. Ectopic pregnancies are referred to as (d) All the above
(a) Pregnancies with genetic abnormality Ans. (d)
(b) Implantation of defective embryo in the uterus Sol. -Gastrulation is a process where differentiation of
(c) Implantation of embryo at site other than uterus three germ layers, which are the ectoderm, endoderm
(d) Pregnancies terminated due to hormonal and mesoderm.
Imbalance -This differentiation occurs in a particular order
Ans. (c) which is termed morphogenetic movements as the
Sol. -Ectopic pregnancies are those where the implantation changes result in different morphology and the
of the embryo happens other than the uterus. arrangement of the gut cavity also differs.
-Most ectopic pregnancies, if they happen, occur in -Here, we also observe the differentiation of
the fallopian tube. In such cases, the embryo is archenteron, which gives a primary digestive tube. It
required to be removed as with time its growth will forms the mesoderm and the endoderm.
cause severe issues to the mother’s body. -The different kinds of gastrulation is as follows:
-If not removed, it becomes fatal for both mother and
child. 120. The first movements of the foetus and appearance of
hair on its head are usually observed during which
117. Which of the following embryonic-membrane month of pregnancy?
structures is excretory in function? (a) Fourth month (b) Fifth month
(a) Amnion (b) Allantois (c) Sixth month (d) Third month
(c) Yolk sac (d) Vitelline Chorion Ans. (b)
Ans. (b) Sol. During the fifth month of pregnancy, the first
Sol. -Allantois is an extra-embryonic membrane which movements of the foetus and appearance of hair on
arises from a pouch or sac, from the hindgut. It also its head is observed.
resembles a balloon with tube-like structure.
-It usually serves as a temporary respiratory organ and 121. Assertion: During pregnancy the levels of hormones
also stores fecal excretory material in its lumen. the estrogens and progestogens are increased.
Reason: The increased production of these hormones
118. Amniotic fluid protects the foetus from is essential for fetal growth.
(a) Shock (b) Encystment (a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
(c) Degeneration (d) Disease the correct explanation of assertion.
Ans. (a) (b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
Sol. not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Ans. (b)
Sol. During pregnancy the levels of hormones like
estrogen progestogens, cortisol, prolactin, thyroxine,
etc., are increased several folds in the maternal blood
increased production of these hormones is essential
for supporting fetal growth, metabolic changes it the
mother and maintenance of pregnancy.
-Amniotic fluid is mostly found in those embryos,
from the evolution point of view which might suffer 122. Assertion: After implantation, finger-like projections
from desiccation. appear on the trophoblast called chorionic villi.
-However, in humans, the fluid acts as a shock Reason: Chorionic villi are surrounded by the uterine
absorber and also facilitates biochemical products, tissue and maternal blood.
nutrients, and water between foetus and mother.
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 26

(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is -In later phases of pregnancy, the ovaries release
the correct explanation of assertion. relaxin. It relaxes the ligaments in pelvis, softens and
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is widens the cervix- this helps in parturition.
not the correct explanation of assertion. - Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), Human
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false. placental lactogen (HPL) and relaxin hence are
(d) If both assertion and reason are false. exclusively secreted during pregnancy in women.
Ans. (b)
Sol. After implantation, finger-like projections appear on 125. Urine test during pregnancy determines the presence
the trophoblast called chorionic villi which are of
surrounded by the uterine tissue and maternal blood. (a) Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone
The chorionic villi and uterine tissue become (b) Estrogen
interdigitated with each other and jointly form a (c) Progesterone
structural and functional unit between developing (d) Luteinising hormone.
embryo (fetus) and maternal body called placenta. Ans. (a)
Sol. -There are few hormones which are only found in
Placenta women during pregnancy, which are human
123. Human placenta is formed by chorionic gonadotropin hormone (HCG), human
(a) Chorionic villi (b) Umbilical cord placental lactogen (HPL) and relaxin.
(c) Uterine tissue (d) Both a and c -HCG is found in the urine of pregnant women.
Ans. (d) -Hence, in pregnancy testing kits the urine is tested
Sol. -Human placenta is formed when chorionic villi gets for presence of HCG.
interdigitated into the uterine tissue, which is the
endometrium. 126. Which of the following hormones is not secreted by
-Placenta is a functional unit between the foetus and human placenta? (Exemplar)
the maternal body. (a) HCG (b) Estrogens
-Placenta helps in the oxygen and nutrient transfer to (c) Progesterone (d) LH
the foetus’ body. It also takes care of its excretion of Ans. (d)
the foetus. Sol. -Several hormones like HCG (Human Chorionic
-Placenta also acts as an endocrine tissue, secreting Gonadotropin), HPL (Human Placental Lactogen),
progesterone, estrogens, human chorionic estrogen, progesterone are produced by placenta.
gonadotropin, human placental lactogen, etc. -LH is produced by the corpus luteum only.

124. Which hormones are produced in women during Parturition

pregnancy? 127. Delivery of developed foetus is called
(a) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (a) Ovulation (b) Oviposition
(b) Relaxin (c) Parturition (d) Abortion
(c) Human placental lactogen (HPL) Ans. (c)
(d) All the above Sol. -Delivery of developed foetus by strong contractions
Ans. (d) of the uterine muscles is called parturition.
Sol. -During pregnancy, a vascular connection forms -The foetus is released when the placenta and the
between the foetus and the mother which takes care of fully developed foetus send signals which cause a
the nutrient supply and ejection of waste materials. mild contraction called the foetal ejection reflex.
This connection is a type of endocrine tissue called -This induces the mother’s brain to release oxytocin
placenta. which acts on the uterine muscle, and it strongly
-The placenta being endocrine in nature releases contracts.
hormones such as Human chorionic gonadotropin -The more the uterine muscle contracts, more triggers
(HCG), Human placental lactogen (HPL), estrogens, for oxytocin production continues and the body is
progesterone, etc. induced into labour.

128. Forceful muscular contractions of uterine wall is

involved in
27 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

(a) Lactation (b) Micturition (i) The scrotum acts as a thermoregulator,

(c) Parturition (d) Implantation maintaining the testes at a temperature 2°C lower
Ans. (c) than that of the body.
Sol. -When a foetus is fully developed by the end of 9 (ii) Corona radiata layer of the ovum prevents
months, the fully developed foetus and the placenta polyspermy.
send signals causing mild contractions, called foetal (iii) Middle part of ear is derived from the endoderm
ejection reflex. layer.
-This reflex induces the mother’s brain to release (iv) The hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin
oxytocin. Oxytocin then acts on the uterine muscles facilitates parturition by softening the connective
producing stronger contractions. tissue of the pubic symphysis.
-These contractions are triggers for more oxytocin (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
production. This leads to forceful muscular (a) T T F F
contraction of the myometrium or muscles of the (b) F T F T
uterine wall. (c) T F T F
-The body of the pregnant woman is now under labour (d) F F T T
Ans. (c)
and starts to push the baby out of the uterus, this
Sol. Zona pellucida layer of the ovum prevents
action is called parturition.
polyspermy. Relaxin facilitates parturition by
softening the connective tissue of pubic symphysis.
129. The signals from parturition originate from
(a) Fully developed foetus
132. Assertion: Vigrous contraction of the uterus at the
(b) Fully developed foetus and placenta
end of pregnancy causes expulsion.
(c) Placenta only
Reason: The stimulatory reflex between the uterus
(d) Oxytocin from material pituitary
contraction and oxytocin results in weakening
Ans. (b)
contractions.
Sol. -The vigorous pushing or ejection of foetus is done
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
when a foetal ejection reflex takes place.
the correct explanation of assertion.
-Foetal ejection reflex occurs when mild induction
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
signals are provided by fully developed foetus and
not the correct explanation of assertion.
placenta.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
-This triggers the release of oxytocin from the
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
maternal brain. The oxytocin binds to receptors on
Ans. (c)
uterine muscles and generates stronger uterine
Sol. Vigorous contraction of the uterus at the end of
contractions, which generate more oxytocin
pregnancy causes parturition. Parturition is induced
production.
by a complex neuroendocrine mechanism. The
-This induces labour in the body and parturition starts.
signals for parturition originate from the fully
developed fetus and the placenta which induce mild
130. What is ‘‘afterbirth’’ referred to:
uterine contractions called fetal ejection reflex. This
(a) Expulsion of baby
triggers release of oxytocin from the maternal
(b) Amniotic fluid passing out
pituitary. Oxytocin acts on the uterine muscle and
(c) Secretion of hormone relaxin
causes stronger uterine contractions, which in turn
(d) Expulsion of placenta, umbilical cord and foetus
Membranes
Ans. (d) Lactation
Sol. The expulsion of placenta, umbilical cord and foetus 133. The mammary gland of the female undergo
membranes, after the ejection of the foetus is termed differentiation during pregnancy and starts producing
as afterbirth. milk towards the end of pregnancy by the process
called
131. Consider the following four statements and select the (a) Parturition (b) Gestation
correct option stating which ones are true (T) and (c) Lactation (d) Colostrum
which ones are false (F). Ans. (c)
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 28

Sol. The mammary gland of the female undergoes (c) Cumulus oophorus (d) Colostrum
differentiation during pregnancy and starts producing Ans. (d)
milk towards the end of pregnancy by the process Sol. -Thick yellow, high protein fluid, containing
called lactation. antibodies produced by the differentiation of the
mammary glands of a woman during the first 2-3
134. Thick yellow, high protein fluid produced by days after child birth is the first milk. This first milk
mammary glands of a women during first 2-3 days is called colostrum.
after child birth is -This first milk is essential for the baby’s growth and
(a) Meconium (b) Hymen immunity.

135. After birth colostrum is released from mammary

glands which is rich in
(a) Fat and low in proteins
(b) Proteins and low in fat
(c) Proteins, antibodies and low in fat
(d) Proteins, fat and low in antibodies
Ans. (c)
Sol. -Colostrum, which is mother’s first milk, is highly
rich in proteins, antibodies.
-However, it is low in fat, and lacks enough iron.
-This milk is very important for the baby’s growth
and immunity.
-The baby must also be provided with iron
supplements or the mother can feed on iron-rich food
to increase iron content of her milk.
29 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

EXERCISE – 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Receptors for sperm binding in mammals are present 4. Match the following columns and select the correct
on: (NEET 2021) option (NEET 2020)
(a) Perivitelline space (b) Zona pellucida Column I Column II
(c) Corona radiata (d) Vitelline membrane (a) Placenta (i) Androgens
Ans. (b) Zona Human Chorionic
(b) (ii)
Sol. Zona pellucida is a non-cellular layer secreted by pellucida Gonadotropin (HCG)
follicular cells surrounding the oocyte. This zona Bulbourethr
pellucida layer contains receptors for sperm binding in (c) (iii) Layer of the ovum
al glands
mammals. Corona radiata is a layer of follicular cells Lubrication of the
surrounding oocyte and protecting it. Vitelline (d) Leydig cells (iv)
penis
membrane is absent in mammals instead there is a (a) a – iii; b – ii; c – iv; d – i
perivitelline space present between zona pellucida and (b) a – ii; b – iii; c – iv; d – i
oocyte membrane where the cortical granules are (c) a – iv; b – iii; c – i; d – ii
released to block polyspermy. (d) a – i; b – iv; c – ii; d – iii
Ans. (b)
2. Which of the following secretes the hormone, relaxin, Sol. (a) Placenta also acts as an endocrine tissue and
during the later phase of pregnancy? (NEET 2021) produces several hormones like human chorionic
(a) Foetus (b) Uterus gonadotropin (HCG), human placental lactogen
(c) Graafian follicle (d) Corpus luteum (HPL), estrogens, progestogens, etc.
Ans. (d) (b) The secondary oocyte forms a new membrane
Sol. Relaxin is a hormone that relaxes the smooth muscle called zona pellucida surrounding it.
cells of the pelvic region. This hormone is required (c) The male accessory glands include paired seminal
during the parturition. During the early pregnancy this vesicles, a prostate and paired bulbourethral glands.
hormone is released in small amounts by corpus Secretions of these glands constitute the seminal
luteum but during the late phase of pregnancy when plasma which is rich in fructose, calcium and certain
the corpus luteum gets degenerated, it is produced by enzymes. The secretions of bulbourethral glands also
the uterus. help in the lubrication of the penis.
(d) The regions outside the seminiferous tubules
3. Which of these is not an important component of called interstitial spaces, contain small blood vessels
initiation of parturition in humans? (NEET 2021) and interstitial cells or Leydig cells synthesize and
(a) Release of Oxytocin secrete testicular hormones called androgens.
(b) Release of Prolactin
(c) Increase in estrogen and progesterone ratio 5. Meiotic division of the secondary oocyte is
(d) Synthesis of prostaglandins completed: (NEET 2020)
Ans. (b) (a) After zygote formation
Sol. Parturition is the process of childbirth which gets (b) At the time of fusion of a sperm with an ovum
initiated by the release of oxytocin which is a birth (c) Prior to ovulation
hormone and also by release of prolactin that prepares (d) At the time of copulation
the mother and also help in moving the labor along. Ans. (b)
Increase in ratio of estrogen and progesterone also Sol. When sperm nucleus enters the secondary oocyte
stimulate the parturition process. during fertilization, it provides the anaphase
promoting factor that induces the completion of
meiosis in the secondary oocyte.

6. Which of the following hormone levels will cause

release of ovum (ovulation) from the graafian
follicle? (NEET 2020)
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 30

(a) Low concentration of LH amnion which is derived from the ectoderm (inner
(b) Low concentration of FSH side) and mesoderm (outer side). For the formation of
(c) High concentration of Estrogen amnion, a space develops between the epiblast and
(d) High concentration of Progesterone trophoblast. The roof of the cavity is derived from
Ans. (c) trophoblast and the floor is made of epiblast.
Sol. LH (Luteinizing hormone) is produced by the pituitary Differentiation of epiblast forms amniotic cavity and
gland in the brain. It triggers ovulation & promotes amniocytes which secrete amniotic fluid.
the development of corpus luteum from ruptured
graafian follicle. High concentration of estrogen is 9. Hormones secreted by the placenta to maintain
released by mature graafian follicle during ovulation. pregnancy are (NEET 2018)
(a) HCG, HPL, progestogens, estrogens
(b) HCG, HPL, estrogens, relaxin, oxytocin
(c) HCG, HPL, progestogens, prolactin
(d) HCG, progestogens, estrogens, glucocorticoids
Ans. (a)
Sol. During the pregnancy period placenta can act as an
endocrine gland and it produces hormones which
helps to maintain the pregnancy. It includes HCG
(human chorionic gonadotropin - which help to
stimulate corpus luteum and release of progesterone
and estrogen), progesterone, estrogen, and HPL
(human placental lactogen – for the breast
development and lactation).

10. The difference between spermiogenesis and

spermiation is (NEET 2018)
(a) In spermiogenesis spermatozoa from Sertoli cells
7. Extrusion of second polar body from egg nucleus are released into the cavity of seminiferous
occurs: (NEET 2019) tubules, while in spermiation spermatozoa are
(a) after fertilization formed.
(b) before entry of sperm into ovum (b) In spermiogenesis spermatozoa are formed, while
(c) simultaneously with first cleavage in spermiation spermatids are formed.
(d) after entry of sperm but before fertilization (c) In spermiogenesis spermatids are formed, while in
Ans. (d) spermiation spermatozoa are formed.
Sol. Extrusion of the second polar body from the egg (d) In spermiogenesis spermatozoa are formed, while
nucleus occurs after entry of sperm but before in spermiation spermatozoa are released from Sertoli
fertilization. The entry of sperm into the ovum induces cells into the cavity of seminiferous tubules.
completion of the meiotic division of the secondary Ans. (d)
oocyte. Entry of sperm causes breakdown of Sol. In spermatogenesis spermatozoa are formed. But in
metaphase promoting factor (MPF) and turns on spermiation spermatozoa are released from Sertoli
anaphase promoting complex (APC). cells into the cavity of seminiferous tubules. So,
spermiation is followed by spermiogenesis, where
8. The amnion of mammalian embryo is derived from mature sperm is formed, and it is the last step of
(NEET 2018) spermatogenesis. Spermatogenesis is the formation
(a) mesoderm and trophoblast of mature sperm cells.
(b) endoderm and mesoderm
(c) ectoderm and mesoderm 11. Match the items given in Column I with those in
(d) ectoderm and endoderm Column II and select the correct option given below:
Ans. (c) Column I Column II
Sol. The foetus develops inside the amniotic cavity, the a. Proliferative i. Breakdown of
cavity which is surrounded with the membrane phase endometrial lining
31 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

b. Secretory Phase ii. Follicular phase (b) LH triggers ovulation in ovary

c. Menstruation iii. Luteal Phase (c) LH and FSH decrease gradually during the
(NEET 2018) follicular phase
(a)a-ii, b-iii, c-i (b) a-i, b-iii, c-ii (d) LH triggers secretion of androgens from the
(c) a-iii, b-ii, c-i (d)a-iii, b-i, c-ii Leydig cells
Ans. (a) Ans. (c)
Sol. Follicles start developing during the proliferative Sol. Because during the follicular phase LH that is the
phase hence the name follicular phase. Corpus luteum luteinizing hormone and FSH – follicle stimulating
secretes progesterone while luteal phase so it is also hormone increases gradually. They both produced in
known as the secretory phase. Breakdown of the anterior pituitary gland and LH has a major role
endometrial lining caused by the low level of in puberty, fertility and menstruation which also
progesterone results in menstruation. regulates ovulation and corpus luteum formation.
Whereas FSH influences pubertal maturation,
12. Capacitation occurs in (NEET 2017) growth, development, and reproductive processes.
(a) Rete testis
(b) Epididymis 15. Identify the correct statement on inhibin
(c) Vas deferens (NEET 2016)
(d) Female reproductive tract (a) Inhibits the secretion of LH, FSH and Prolactin
Ans. (d) (b) Is produced by granulosa cells in ovary and
Sol. Capacitation occurs followed by insemination; it is an inhibits the secretion of FSH
activation event of sperm. So, the sperm which is (c) Is produced by granulosa cells in ovary and
going to fertilize the ova gets activated in the female inhibits the secretion of LH
reproductive tract and it helps the sperm to penetrate (d) Is produced by nurse cells in testis and inhibits the
the egg and fertilize it. This event is known as secretion of LH
capacitation. Ans. (b)
Sol. In female inhibin is produced by granulosa cells in
13. Fertilization in humans is practically feasible only if ovary and it inhibits the secretion of FSH by the
(NEET 2016) pituitary gland, whereas in male it is produced by
(a) The sperms are transported into vagina just after Sertoli cells which also inhibit the secretion of FSH
the release of ovum in fallopian tube by pituitary gland. Hence, the answer is option (b).
(b) The ovum and sperms are transported
simultaneously to ampullary - isthmic junction of 16. Embryo with more than 16 blastomeres formed due
the fallopian tube to in vitro fertilization is transferred into
(c) The ovum and sperms are transported (NEET 2016)
simultaneously to ampullary - isthmic junction of (a) uterus (b) fallopian tube
the cervix (c) fimbriae (d) cervix
(d) The sperms are transported into cervix within 48 Ans. (a)
hours of release of ovum in uterus Sol. Embryo with more than 16 blastomeres (also known
Ans. (b) as morula) fertilized and formed outside the mother
Sol. After insemination the sperm comes to uterus via body via in vitro fertilization is transferred into the
cervix and reaches the ampullary – isthmic junction of uterus because the uterus is the site where the embryo
fallopian tube. The ovum from the ovary is also gets implanted. If the embryo is an early embryo or
released to the ampullary – isthmic junction, which is zygote up to 8 blastomeres it gets transferred to the
the site of fertilization. But fertilization is only fallopian tube.
feasible when the ovum and sperms are
transported simultaneously to ampullary - isthmic 17. Which of the following depicts the correct pathway of
junction of the fallopian tube. That’s why not every transport of sperms? (NEET 2016)
copulation is resulting in fertilization and pregnancy. (a) Rete testis  Efferent ductules  Epididymis
14. Select the incorrect statement: (NEET 2016)  Vas deferens
(a) FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells which help in (b) Rete testis  Epididymis  Efferent ductules
spermiogenesis  Vas deferens
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 32

(c) Rete testis  Vas deferens  Efferent ductules (c) fallopian tube (d) pituitary
 Epididymis Ans. (b)
Sol. During the pregnancy period placenta can act as an
(d) Efferent ductules  Rete testis  Vas deferens
endocrine gland and it produces hormones which
 Epididymis
helps to maintain the pregnancy. It includes HCG
Ans. (a)
(human chorionic gonadotropin - which help to
Sol. So, the sperms get transported to epididymis via
stimulate corpus luteum and release of progesterone
efferent ductules from rete testis. And these matured
and estrogen), progesterone, estrogen, and HPL
sperms will be stored there in epididymis. When
(human placental lactogen – for the breast
stimulated, sperms will be released to vas deferens
development and lactation).
from epididymis by contraction.
20. Ectopic pregnancies are referred to as- (NEET 2015)
(a) Pregnancies terminated due to hormonal
imbalance
(b) pregnancies with genetic abnormality
(c) Implantation of embryo at site other than uterus
(d) Implantation of defective embryo in the uterus
Ans. (c)
Sol. Normally the fertilized ovum from the ampullary –
isthmic junction gets transferred to uterus and
undergo implantation in the uterine wall. But some
time the fertilized egg gets implanted at the site other
than uterus, this condition is called as the ectopic
pregnancies. Mostly it seen in the fallopian tube, and
it called as the tubal pregnancy, it can cause severe
problems.

18. Match Column - I with Column - II and select the 21. Which of the following events is not associated with
correct option using the codes given below: ovulation in human female? (NEET 2015)
Column – I Column – II (a) LH surge
1. Mons pubis i. Embryo formation (b) Decrease in estradiol
2. Antrum ii. Sperm (c) Full development of Graafian follicle
(d) Release of secondary oocyte
3. Trophectoderm iii. Female external
Ans. (b)
genitalia
Sol. Estradiol is an estrogen steroid sex hormone seen in
4. Nebenkern iv. Graafian follicle
the female human body. Even though it has no
(NEET 2016)
specific direct role in the ovulation process other
(a)1-iii, 2-iv, 3-ii, 4-i (b) 1-iii, 2-iv, 3- i, 4-ii
events mentioned above has significant role in the
(c) 1-iii, 2-i, 3-iv, 4-ii (d)1-i, 2-iv, 3-iii, 4-ii
ovulation process in the female human body. Hence,
Ans. (a)
the answer is option (b). Estradiol mainly helps to
Sol. Mons pubis is the female external genitalia which is a
maintain the lining of vagina, endometrium and
fatty tissue seen over the pubic bone. Antrum is the
development of secondary sexual characters etc.
cavity present in the graafian follicle and it is filled
with follicular fluid. Trophectoderm is the first set of
cells differentiated from a fertilized egg and it helps
22. Which of the following layers in an antral follicle is
the embryo development. Nebenkern is a structure
acellular? (NEET 2015)
seen in the tail region of sperm.
(a) Zona pellucida (b) Granulosa
(c) Theca interna (d) Stroma
19. Several hormones like HCG, HPL, estrogen,
Ans. (a)
progesterone are produced by (NEET 2016)
Sol. During the maturation follicles which develops
(a) ovary (b) placenta
antrum is called as graafian follicle. In this along
33 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

with the development of follicle a glycoprotein layer

forms around the oocyte which is known as zona
pellucida. So, the layer which is acellular in an antral
follicle is zona pellucida. It will be retained with the
ovum during the ovulation also.

25. The main function of mammalian corpus luteum is to

23. In human females, meiosis-II is not completed until? produce (NEET 1995,2014)
(a) estrogen only (b)progesterone
(NEET 2015)
(a) birth (b) puberty (c) human chorionic gonadotropin
(c) fertilization (d) uterine implantation (d) relaxin only
Ans. (c) Ans. (b)
Sol. During fertilization sperms meets the zona pellucida Sol. Corpus luteum produces progesterone mainly and it
layer of the ovum and makes changes in the act as a temporary endocrine gland which is the main
membrane to prevent the entry of other sperms. And function of it. It is a yellow-colored body formed
the sperm lysins in the acrosome dissolve the egg after the ovulation and it supports the pregnancy by
envelope facilitating fertilization, it is called as producing high level of progesterone and it helps to
acrosomal reaction. This induces the completion of thicken the endometrium.
meiosis II. Before fertilization in female only meiosis
I is completed, and two daughter cells are present. 26. Select the correct option describing gonadotropin
Only after the fertilization of ova by the sperms activity in a normal pregnant female (NEET 2014,
meiosis II is completed. Meiosis II starts after the 2012)
fertilization by sperm. (a) High level of FSH and LH stimulates the
thickening of endometrium
24. The shared terminal duct of the reproductive and (b) High level of FSH and LH facilitate
urinary system in the human male is (NEET 2014) implantation of the embryo
(a) urethra (b) ureter (c) High level of HCG stimulates the synthesis of
(c) vas deferens (d)vasa efferentia estrogen and progesterone
Ans. (a) (d) High level of HCG stimulates the thickening of
Sol. In human males, urethra act as the exit path for both endometrium
urine (excretory system) and semen (reproductive Ans. (c)
system). So, in male reproductive and urinary system Sol. During the pregnancy period placenta can act as an
share the same duct which is the urethra, and it opens endocrine gland and it produces hormones which
at the terminal of penis. helps to maintain the pregnancy. It includes HCG
(human chorionic gonadotropin - which help to
stimulate corpus luteum and release of progesterone
and estrogen), progesterone, estrogen, and HPL
(human placental lactogen – for the breast
development and lactation). So, there will be high
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 34

level of HCG which stimulates the synthesis oxygen and nutrients to the embryo and removes
of estrogen and progesterone. carbon dioxide and waste materials as well.

27. What is the correct sequence of sperm formation? 29. Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of (AIPMT 2012)
(AIPMT 2013) (a) progesterone (b) FSH
(a) Spermatid, Spermatocyte, Spermatogonia, (c) oxytocin (d) vasopressin
Spermatozoa Ans. (a)
(b)Spermatogonia, Spermatocyte, Spermatozoa, Sol. After the ovulation corpus luteum produces
Spermatid progesterone and it supports pregnancy, also helps to
(c)Spermatogonia, Spermatozoa, Spermatocyte, maintain the endometrial lining. The lack of
Spermatid progesterone secretion results in menstrual flow. FSH
(d)Spermatogonia, Spermatocyte, Spermatid, is the follicle stimulating hormone which helps in the
Spermatozoa gonadal development. Oxytocin helps in contractions
Ans. (d) during childbirth and vasopressin is associated with
Sol. Sperm formation is also known as spermatogenesis. In water reabsorption in kidney. They have nothing to
human male matured sperms are formed by this do with the menstrual flow.
process. The event starts from the initial cell
spermatogonia it undergoes mitosis to produce 30. Which one of the following statements is false in
primary spermatocytes. It divides meiotically and respect of viability of mammalian sperm?
secondary spermatocyte are formed. This is the (AIPMT 2012)
meiosis I. meiosis II of this secondary spermatocyte (a) Sperm is viable for only up to 24 h
results in the formation of spermatids, they develop (b) Survival of sperm depends on the pH of the
into mature spermatozoa, that is the sperm cells. medium and is more active in alkaline medium
(c)Viability of sperm is determined by its motility
(d) Sperms must be concentrated in a thick
suspension
Ans. (a)
Sol. It is proven that the sperm can be viable for many
days not only up to 24 hrs. It can stay viable and
active inside the female body for 4-5 days and its
survival depends on the pH of the medium and is
more active in alkaline medium (pH 7.5-8). Viability
of sperm is determined by its motility and the sperms
must be concentrated in a thick suspension.
28. Which one of the following is not the function of
placenta? It (AIPMT 2013) 31. Signals for parturition originates from
(a) facilitates supply of oxygen and nutrients to (AIPMT 2012, 2010)
embryo (a) both placenta as well as fully developed foetus
(b) secretes oestrogen (b) oxytocin released from maternal pituitary
(c) facilitates removal of carbon dioxide and waste (c) placenta only
material from embryo (d) fully developed foetus only
(d) secretes oxytocin during parturition Ans. (a)
Ans. (d) Sol. The process of childbirth or delivery is called as the
Sol. During the pregnancy period placenta can act as an parturition. The stimuli or signal for the childbirth is
endocrine gland and it produces hormones which originates from both placenta as well as fully
helps to maintain the pregnancy. It includes HCG developed foetus. And this results in induction of
(human chorionic gonadotropin - which help to foetal ejection reflex that is the uterine contraction to
stimulate corpus luteum and release of progesterone push the baby out. Oxytocin helps for the contraction
and estrogen), progesterone, estrogen, and HPL which produced from the pituitary gland of mother.
(human placental lactogen – for the breast
development and lactation). It facilitates the supply of
35 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

32. The Leydig cells as found in the human body are the (a) escaping any possible compression by the visceral
secretory source of (AIPMT 2012) organs
(a) progesterone (b) intestinal mucus (b) providing more space for the growth of
(c) glucagon (d) androgens epididymis
Ans. (d) (c) providing a secondary sexual feature for
Sol. The human male testis has many compartments which exhibiting the male sex
are called testicular lobules that contains highly coiled (d) maintaining the scrotal temperature lower than the
seminiferous tubules in which the sperms are formed. internal body temperature
The region outside these tubules consists of interstitial Ans. (d)
cells also called the Leydig cells and they synthesis Sol. The testes in humans are situated outside the
and secrete the male sex testicular hormone androgen. abdominal cavity inside a pouch called scrotum
which has a significant role in the maintenance of
33. If for some reason, the vasa efferentia in the human low temperature of the testes which is 2-2.50 C lower
reproductive system get blocked, the gametes will than the normal temperature that is very crucial for
not be transported from (AIPMT 2011) the spermatogenesis.
(a) epididymis to vas deferens
(b) ovary to uterus 35. Sertoli cells are found in (AIPMT 2010)
(c) vagina to uterus (a) ovaries and they secrete progesterone
(d) testes to epididymis (b) adrenal cortex and they secrete adrenaline
Ans. (d) (c) seminiferous tubules and they provide nutrition to
Sol. The sperms get transported to epididymis via vasa germ cells
efferentia from rete testis, that is the tubule from the (d) pancreas and they secrete cholecystokinin
testis opens to vasa efferentia through rete testis and Ans. (c)
this vasa efferentia leaves testis and opens to Sol. In male human testes we can see highly coiled
epididymis. And these matured sperms will be stored seminiferous tubules are present and inside of each
there in epididymis. When stimulated sperms will be tubule is lined by two types of cells. Sertoli cell is
released to vas deferens from epididymis by one of them, they provide nutrition to the germ cells
contraction. So, if vasa efferentia gets blocked by any and act as the nursing cells. So, they are found in
reason, the gametes will not be transported from testes seminiferous tubules and provide nutrition to germ
to epididymis. cells.

36. Vasa efferentia are the ductules leading from

(AIPMT 2010)
(a) testicular lobules to rete testis
(b) rete testis to vas deferens
(c) vas deferens to epididymis
(d) epididymis to urethra
34. The testes in humans are situated outside Ans. (b)
the abdominal cavity inside a pouch called Sol. The sperms get transported to epididymis via vasa
scrotum. The purpose served is for (AIPMT 2011) efferentia from rete testis, that is the tubule from the
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 36

testis opens to vasa efferentia through rete testis and

this vasa efferentia leaves testis and opens to 39. Which one of the following statements about morula
epididymis. And these matured sperms will be stored in humans is correct? (AIPMT 2010)
there in epididymis. When stimulated sperms will be (a) It has almost equal quantity of cytoplasm
released to vas deferens from epididymis by as an uncleaved zygote but much more DNA
contraction. So, vasa efferentia are the ductules (b) It has far less cytoplasm as well as less DNA
leading from rete testis to vas deferens via epididymis. than in an uncleaved zygote
(c) It has more or less equal quantity of
cytoplasm and DNA
(d) It has more cytoplasm and more DNA
than an uncleaved zygote
Ans. (a)
Sol. After the fertilization the zygote will undergo
cleavage and it produces blastomeres. Here during
the cleavage number of blastomeres increases but the
amount of cytoplasmic mass does not change, it
continues to be same as the zygote. The 16 celled
stage of the embryo is called the morula which has
almost equal quantity of cytoplasm as an uncleaved
zygote but much more DNA (because DNA
replication occurs).

40. A change in the amount of yolk and its distribution in

the egg will affect. (AIPMT 1993, 1993, 2009)
(a) formation of zygote
(b) pattern of cleavage
37. Seminal plasma in human males is rich in (c) number of blastomeres produced
(AIPMT 2010, 2009) (d) fertilization
(a) fructose and calcium (b) glucose and calcium Ans. (b)
(c) DNA and testosterone (d) ribose and potassium Sol. The fusion of male and female gametes is the
Ans. (a) fertilization and it result in the formation of zygote,
Sol. The male reproductive system has accessory glands which is not depended on the amount of yolk and its
that consists of seminal vesicle (paired), prostate, and distribution. After the fertilization the zygote will
bulbourethral gland (paired). These glands secrete undergo cleavage and it produces blastomeres. Here
seminal plasma. This secretion is rich in fructose and during the cleavage number of blastomeres increases
calcium, certain enzymes are also present. The but the amount of cytoplasmic mass does not change,
secretion of bulbourethral gland has lubrication it continues to be same as the zygote. So, a change in
property also. the amount of yolk and its distribution in the egg
only affect the pattern of cleavage. And there is
38. The first movements of the foetus and appearance of different type of cleavage based on this factor.
hair on its head are usually observed during which
month of pregnancy? (AIPMT 2010) 41. Which one of the following is the most likely reason
(a) Fourth month (b) Fifth month of not occurring regular menstruation cycle in
(c)Sixth month (d) Third month females? (AIPMT 2009)
Ans. (b) (a) Fertilization of the ovum
Sol. During fifth month of the pregnancy the mother can (b) Maintenance of the hypertrophical
feel the movement of the baby and this first movement endometrial lining
of the foetus is termed as quickening and by the time (c) Maintenance of high concentration of
of 20 weeks baby develops the hair on head, eyebrow, sex-hormones in the blood stream
eyelashes etc. Even toenails and fingerprint get (d) Retention of well-developed corpus luteum
developed during this month. Ans. (a)
37 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Sol. After the ovulation corpus luteum produces

progesterone and it supports pregnancy, also helps to
maintain the endometrial lining. The lack of
progesterone secretion results in menstrual flow. So,
every month ovary produces, and releases egg and
uterus prepare the lining of it for the pregnancy. If egg
does not get fertilized corpus luteum degenerates and
this lining or the endometrium rip off which results in
menstruation. So, fertilization of the ovum leads to
pregnancy and during this time all events of
menstruation cycle stops.
43. Which one of the following is the correct matching of
42. Given below is a diagrammatic sketch of a portion of the events occurring during menstrual cycle?
human male reproductive system. Select the correct (AIPMT 2009)
set of the names of the parts labelled A, B, C, D. (a) Ovulation - LH and FSH attain peak level and
sharp fall in the secretion of progesterone
(AIPMT 2009)
(b) Proliferative phase - Rapid regeneration of
Myometrium and maturation of Graafian follicle
(c) Development of corpus luteum- Secretory phase
and increased secretion of progesterone
(d) Menstruation-Breakdown of myometrium
and ovum not fertilized
Ans. (c)
Sol. So, during ovulation LH and FSH attain peak level,
also called LH surge leading to rupture of graafian
follicle and ovum is released and this follicle
transforms to corpus luteum and produce
(a) A-Ureter; B-Prostate; C-Seminal vesicle; progesterone (luteal phase) which induce thickening
D- Bulbourethral gland of endometrium of uterus. If egg does not get
(b) A-Vas deferens; B-Seminal vesicle; fertilized corpus luteum degenerates and this lining
C-Prostate; D-Bulbourethral gland or the endometrium rip off which results in
(c) A-Vas deferens; B-Seminal vesicle; menstruation. The menstrual cycle can be lasts up to
C-Bulbourethral gland; D-Prostate 3-6 days.
(d) A-Ureter; B-Seminal vesicle; C-Prostate;
D-Bulbourethral gland
Ans. (b)
Sol. In human male reproductive structure vas deferens is a
sex accessory duct to which the epididymis opens.
Seminal vesicle is a male accessory gland, secretion of
this gland along with the other glands like prostate and
bulbourethral gland produces the seminal plasma and
it is enriched with fructose, some enzymes and
calcium and the bulbourethral gland secretion helps in
the lubrication of penis.
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 38

44. At the end of first meiotic division, male germ cell

differentiates into (AIPMT 1994, 2008)
(a) secondary spermatocyte
(b) primary spermatocyte
(c) spermatogonium
(d) spermatid
Ans. (a)
Sol. Sperm formation is also known as spermatogenesis. In
human males, matured sperms are formed by this
process. The event starts from the initial cell
spermatogonia it undergoes mitosis to produce
primary spermatocytes. It divides meiotically and
secondary spermatocytes are formed. This is Meiosis
I. Meiosis II of this secondary spermatocyte results in
the formation of spermatids, they develop into mature
spermatozoa, that is the sperm cells.

Spermatogenesi

45. Which extra-embryonic membrane in humans

prevents desiccation of the embryo inside the uterus?
(AIPMT 2008)
(a) Chorion (b) Allantois
(c) Yolk sac (d) Amnion
Ans. (d)
Sol. The foetus develops inside the amniotic cavity, the
cavity which is surrounded with the membrane
amnion which is derived from the ectoderm (inner
side) and mesoderm (outer side). For the formation of
amnion, a space develops between the epiblast and
trophoblast. The roof of the cavity is derived from
trophoblast and the floor is made of epiblast cells.
Differentiation of epiblast forms the amniotic cavity
and amniocytes, which secrete amniotic fluid. This
fluid acts as an insulator and shock absorber and
prevents desiccation
39 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

EXERCISE – 3: Achiever's Section

The Male Reproductive System 3. The ducts that combine to form the ejaculatory duct
1. Read the following statements and find out the consist of
incorrect statement. (a) Vasa deferentia and vasa efferentia
(i) Each testicular lobule contains one to three highly (b) Inferior and superior epigastric artery
coiled seminiferous tubules in which sperm are (c) The ducts from the seminal vesicles, prostate
produced. glands and Cowper’s glands
(ii) Each seminiferous tubule is lined on its inside by (d) Ducts of the seminal vesicles and vasa deferentia
two types of cells called Leydig cells and Sertoli Ans. (b)
cells. Sol. The ejaculatory ducts are paired structures in male
(iii) The region outside the seminiferous tubules anatomy. Each ejaculatory duct is formed by the
called interstitial space, contain small blood vessels union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal
and male germ cells (spermatogonia) which led to vesicle.
sperm formation.
(iv) In testis immunologically competent cells are 4. Enzymes like amylase, pepsinogen and acid
also present. phosphatase is found in
(v) The seminiferous tubules of the testes open into (a) Secretions of seminal vesicles
the rete testis through vasa efferentia. (b) Secretions of the prostate gland
(a) ii and iii (b) iii and iv (c) Secretions of the Cowper’s glands
(c) iv and v (d) ii, iii and v (d) Secretions of the ductus deferens
Ans. (d) Ans. (b)
Sol. -Statement (ii) is incorrect because each seminiferous Sol. Enzymes like amylase, pepsinogen and acid
tubule is lined on its inside by two types of cells phosphatase is found in the secretions of the prostate
called the male germ cells and sertoli cells. gland.
-Statement (iii) is incorrect because the region
outside the seminiferous tubules is called the 5. A mass of connective tissue at the back of
interstitial space. It contains small blood vessels and the testis that is continuous with the tunica albuginea
Leydig cells that secrete androgens. and encloses the rete testis is called
-Statement (v) is incorrect because seminiferous (a) Vasa efferentia (b) Inguinal canal
tubules open into the vasa efferentia through the rete (c) Gubernaculum (d) Mediastinum testis
testis. Ans. (d)
-Hence, option (d) is correct. Sol. A mass of connective tissue at the back of
the testis that is continuous with the tunica albuginea
2. Component of seminal vesicles that provide a and encloses the rete testis is called the tunica
forensic test for rape is albuginea. The tunica albuginea is the fibrous
(a) Phosphorylcholine (b) Prostaglandin covering of the testis. It is a dense blue-grey
(c) Fructose (d) Citric acid membrane, composed of bundles of white fibrous
Ans. (c) connective tissue.
Sol. Seminal vesicles contain the sugar fructose, a
coagulating enzyme, ascorbic acid and a hormone 6. In patients with hydrocele, fluid accumulation takes
like prostaglandins. Fructose provides energy to the place in
spermatozoa for swimming, it is not produced (a) Tunica albuginea of the testis
anywhere else in the body, provides a forensic test (b) Lobules of the seminiferous tubules
for rape. Its presence in the female's genital tract (c) The rete testis network
confirms sexual intercourse (d) Tunica vaginalis of the testis
Ans. (d)
Sol. A hydrocele testis is an accumulation of
clear fluid within the cavum vaginale, the potential
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 40

space between the layers of the tunica vaginalis of duct, however, is a part of the male reproductive
the testicle. system.
(c) Acrosome is an organelle present on the anterior
7. The location of testis in the scrotal sac is important side of the spermatozoa, which protects the sperm
from the viewpoint of and helps in fertilization. The other three: Graafian
(a) providing more space to visceral organs follicle, corpus luteum and cervix are involved in the
(b) facilitating spermatogenesis female reproductive system.
(c) sex differentiation (d) The prostrate, seminal vesicles and Cowper’s
(d) independent functioning of the kidney glands are glands involved in the male reproductive
Ans. (b) system and their secretions help in the formation of
Sol. In mammals, scrotal sacs (containing testes) act as a semen. The testis, however, is an organ inside the
thermoregulator, by maintaining the temperature of the testes 2°C lower
scrotal
than sac
the of
restthe
of male
the body.
reproductive
This temperature
system, which
is required
is for sp
the site of sperm production and maturation.

The Female Reproductive System

9. A sectional view of mammary gland shows
(i) Nipple + Areola
(ii) Mammary lobe, alveolus and duct
(iii) Antibodies + Pectoralis major muscles + Ribs
(iv) Ampulla + Lactiferous duct
The difference between the primordial follicle and
the primary follicle is
(a) (i), (ii) and (iv) (b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Ans. (a)
Sol. Mammary glands or breasts are modified sweat
glands that lie over the pectoral muscles. Each breast
8. Which of the following is the odd one out in each of has a broad multi-porous tip called nipple for the
the given options? release of milk. A circular pigmented area called
(i) Scrotum, rete testis, Fallopian tube, vas deferens areola lies below it. Each breast contains. 15−20
(ii) Ovary, uterus, vagina, ejaculatory duct glandular lobes separated from one another by dense
(iii) Acrosome, Graafian follicle, corpus luteum, connective tissue and adipose tissue. Each lobe is
cervix further made of a number of lobules having glandular
(iv) Prostate, testis, seminal vesicles, Cowper’s gland or secretory alveoli. The cells of alveoli produce milk
(a) (i)-Vas deferens, (ii)-Vagina, (iii)-Cervix, (iv)- which is stored in the cavities or lumens of alveoli.
Cowper’s gland Alveoli open into mammary tubules and then into
(b) (i)-Rete testis, (ii)-Ovary, (iii)-Graafian follicle, mammary ducts. Mammary ducts form a mammary
(iv)-Prostate ampulla from which a lactiferous duct develops.
(c) (i)-Scrotum (ii)-Uterus, (iii)-Corpus luteum, (iv)- Each lobe produces a separate lactiferous duct. The
Seminal vesicles various lactiferous ducts open at the nipple by
(d) (i)-Fallopian tube, (ii)-Ejaculatory duct, (iii)- separate pores.
Acrosome, (iv)-Testis
Ans. (d) 10. Which of the following is the correct match about the
Sol. (a) The scrotum, rete testis and vas deferens are part female genitalia and their function?
of the male reproductive system and are involved in (a) Mons pubis- cushion fatty tissues covered by skin
spermatogenesis and sperm transport. Fallopian tube and pubic hair and surround vaginal orifice.
is part of the female reproductive system, which joins (b) Labia majora- Fleshy fold of tissue that extend
the ovaries with the uterus. down from the mons pubis and surround the vaginal
(b) Ovary, uterus and vagina are parts of the female orifice.
reproductive system and are involved in the (c) Labia minora- Paired folds of tissue under the
production and transport of ovum. The ejaculatory labia majora homologous to scrotum in males.
41 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

(d) Clitoris- A tiny figure like structure which lies at

the upper junction of the two labia minora above the
urethral opening. It is homologous to male penis.
Ans. (b)
Sol. Labia majora are the thick vertical folds of skin that
surround the vaginal orifice. This labia majora is
homologous to scrotum.

11. Which of the following is not the function of vagina?

(a) It serves as the passage for primary oocyte
(b) It serves as the passageway for menstrual flow 13. The correct sequence of events during Spermiation is
(c) It receives semen from the penis during sexual (a) Cytoplasmic bridges break  Sperms lie in
intercourse. lumen of seminiferous tubule  Sperms released
(d) It is the birth canal. from Sertoli cells
Ans. (a) (b) Sperms lie in lumen of seminiferous tubule 
Sol. Vagina acts as the pathway for the menstrual flow the Cytoplasmic bridges break  Sperms released from
eroded endometrium and the rejected egg. Vagina Sertoli cells
also receives the semen during the copulation. Along (c) Cytoplasmic bridges break  Sperms released
with cervix, the vagina acts as the birth canal during from Sertoli cells  Sperms lie in lumen of
parturition. seminiferous tubules
(d) Sperms released from Sertoli cells 
Gametogenesis Cytoplasmic bridges break  Sperms lie in lumen of
12. Match between the following representing parts of seminiferous tubules
the sperm and their functions and choose the correct Ans. (c)
option. Sol. During Spermiation, the cytoplasmic bridges
Column A Column B connecting spermatocytes at different stages of
A. Head (i) Enzymes spermatogenesis break. Subsequently, the sperms are
B. Middle piece (ii) Sperm motility released from the Sertoli cells after which they lie in
C. Acrosome (iii) Energy
the lumen of the seminiferous tubule, till they are
D. Tail (iv) Genetic material
ejaculated out of the testis.
(a) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(i), D-(iii)
(b) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(i), D-(ii)
14. Sperm lysins like hyaluronidase and proteolytic
(c) A-(iv), B-(i), C-(ii), D-(iii)
enzymes are
(d) A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iii), D-(iv)
(a) Enzymes present in the manchette of the sperm
Ans. (b)
(b) Enzymes released by a mature spermatozoan
Sol. The sperm can be divided into four parts:
upon ejection from the seminiferous tubules
(i) Head: consists of an elongated haploid nucleus
(c) Enzymes called sperm lysins in the acrosome that
storing genetic material and at tip of the head is
contact and penetrate the ovum
acrosome, which consist of various hydrolyzing
(d) Enzymes that allow the sperm a fluid medium to
enzymes.
swim
(ii) Neck: It is very short and consists of two
Ans. (c)
centrioles.
Sol. The acrosomal cap present in the head of a sperm
(iii) Middle piece: It is cylindrical in human sperm
contains hyaluronidase and proteolytic enzymes,
and consists of mitochondria, which provides energy
together called sperm lysins,which help in contacting
for movement of sperm inside female reproductive
and penetrating the ovum during fertilization.
tract. The energy provided by mitochondria can help
sperm survive 1-2 days.
15. If spermatogenesis proceeds rapidly, inhibin is
(iv) Tail: It is long, slender and consists of
released. Inhibin reduces secretion of
cytoplasm. It helps in providing sperm with motility.
(a) Luteinizing hormone
(b) Follicle-stimulating hormone
(c) Testosterone
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 42

(d) Interstitial cell stimulating hormone Sol. Polar bodies are haploid bodies (as opposed to
Ans. (b) diploid oocytes) formed only during meiotic
Sol. Inhibin is secreted by Sertoli cells in male which divisions involved in oogenesis. Primary oocytes are
decreases the release of FSH hormone of the formed during the first meiotic division, and during
pituitary. It is the negative feedback control of the second meiotic division they may divide to form
pituitary FSH secretion. secondary polar bodies, which eventually degenerate.

19. Mark the wrong item in each series and select the
correct option.
(i) Spermatocyte; polar body; spermatid;
spermatogonium
(ii) Endometrium; corpus luteum; acrosome; Graafian
follicle
(iii) Vas deferens; Fallopian tube; epididymis;
Cowper’s gland
(iv) Testes; prostate; seminal vesicles; Cowper’s
gland
(i) (ii)
(a) Spermatid Endometrium Epididymis
16. Enlargement of nucleus and nucleolus of the
(b) Polar body Acrosome Fallopian
secondary oocyte takes place
tube
(a) During the first meiotic division
(c) Spermato- Corpus Vas Cowper’s
(b) After it is released during ovulation
cyte luteum
(c) During the second meiotic division
(d) Spermato- Graafian Cowper’s
(d) Just before ovulation
gonium follicle
Ans. (b)
Ans. (b)
Sol. Enlargement of nucleus and nucleolus of the
Sol. Polar body is the result of an unequal meiotic
secondary oocyte takes place after the secondary
division of the primary/secondary oocyte and belongs
oocyte is released during ovulation.
to the female reproductive system. Acrosome
similarly is a structure present in the anterior portion
17. Once a sperm enters a secondary oocyte, which of
of the spermatozoan in the head region and consists
the following events take place?
of enzymes to penetrate the ovum. The fallopian tube
(a) Breakdown of M-phase promoting factor
is a part of the female reproductive tract that is also
(b) Activation of Anaphase promoting complex
called the oviduct and is the site of the fertilization.
(c) Completion of meiosis II
Testes are the male sex organ while the others are
(d) All of the above
accessory glands.
Ans. (d)
20. Once ovulation has happened, remaining layers of
Sol. Once a sperm enters a secondary oocyte during
granulosa cells of the Graafian follicle degenerate.
fertilization, the mitosis-promoting factor or M-phase
Which of the following is NOT true about this
promoting factor breaks down, the APC (anaphase-
process?
promoting complex) is activated and meiosis II
(a) This process is called follicular atresia
finally completes, forming a mature, fertilized ovum.
(b) Remains of the Graafian follicle forms the corpus
luteum
18. Which of the following about the polar bodies
(c) The corpus luteum forms the germinal epithelium
formed during oogenesis is true?
of the ovary, restarting ovulation
(a) They are formed during mitotic divisions
(d) All of the above
involved in oogenesis
Ans. (a)
(b) All the primary oocytes degenerate
Sol. Follicular atresia refers to the process by which
(c) The polar bodies do not have any chromosome
follicles degenerate during follicular developmental
(d) All the secondary polar bodies degenerate
stages in the ovary. Most of the atretic or
Ans. (d)
degenerating follicles are in the primary follicle
43 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

stage. Degeneration of Graafian follicles after Ans. (b)

ovulation and formation of corpus luteum is not Sol. In the menstrual cycle, the ovulatory phase is
follicular atresia. followed by the luteal phase during which the
remaining parts of the Graafian follicle transform
21. Which phase of follicular development is usually into the corpus luteum.
known to precede follicular atresia? The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of
(a) Secondary follicle (b) Tertiary follicle progesterone which is essential for maintenance of
(c) Primary follicle (d) Graafian follicle the endometrium.
Ans. (c) Such an endometrium is necessary for the
Sol. Follicular atresia is the breakdown of the implantation of the fertilized ovum.
ovarian follicles, which consist of an oocyte In the absence of fertilization, the corpus luteum
surrounded by granulosa cells and internal and degenerates. This leads to a fall in progesterone
external theca cells. Follicular atresia mainly happens levels and is the main cause for the disintegration of
during the primary oocyte stage from the birth of a the endometrium leading to menstruation.
woman until she reaches puberty. 24. Interplay of hormones during the bleeding phase of
the menstrual cycle is
Menstrual Cycle (a) Progesterone and estrogen continue the
22. Consider the following three statements related to the hypertrophy of endometrial lining
human male reproductive system and select the (b) Prolactin and progesterone reduce LH level
correct option stating which ones are true (T) and causing regression of corpus luteum
which ones are false (F). (c) Progesterone inhibits the release of LH from
(i) The middle piece of spermatozoon is also termed pituitary causing regression of corpus luteum
as the powerhouse of a spermatozoon. (d) Prolactin and estrogen inhibit progesterone
(ii) Vas deferens joins a duct from seminal vesicle secretion leading to sloughing off of uterine lining
and form vasa efferentia. Ans. (c)
(iii) Semen is a collection of secretion from the Sol. If fertilization does not occur, the secondary oocyte
seminal vesicles, prostate gland and Cowper's glands undergoes autolysis and progesterone (secreted by
and sperms from testes. the corpus luteum) inhibits the release of LH from
(i) (ii) (iii) the pituitary gland. Reduction in the levels of LH
(a) T F T causes regression of corpus luteum by autolysis,
(b) F F T leading to a fall in the blood progesterone levels. Due
(c) T T F to deficiency of progesterone the uterine lining
(d) F T T sloughs off, causing bleeding. This whole phase is
Ans. (a) called the bleeding phase of the menstrual cycle.
Sol. The middle piece of spermatozoon or sperm contains
many mitochondria which provide energy to the 25. Ovulation in females does not involve
sperm for it’s movement. Hence the middle piece is (a) Decrease in oestradiol
also referred to as the powerhouse of the sperm or (b) Full development of Graafian follicle
spermatozoon. (c) Release of secondary oocyte
Vas deferens joins a duct from seminal vesicle to (d) LH surge
form ejaculatory duct. Ans. (a)
Semen is a collection of secretion from the seminal Sol. Oestradiol levels fall after ovulation and before
vesicles, prostate gland and Cowper's glands and menstruation while, its levels reach to the peak prior
sperms from testes to ovulation. Decrease in oestradiol level results in
the cessation of menstruation.
23. The main cause of the disintegration of the
endometrial lining is 26. The given diagram shows the changes that take place
(a) LH surge in the uterine endometrium during the menstrual
(b) Degeneration of corpus luteum cycle. Identify these changes and select the correct
(c) Ovulation during mid-cycle option.
(d) Implantation leads to pregnancy
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 44

(a) Ovulation-A, Menstruation-B

(b) Ovulation-A, Menstruation-C
(c) Ovulation-C, Menstruation-A
(d) Ovulation-B, Menstruation-D
Ans. (c)
Sol. During the ovulation period, the endometrium lining
of the uterine wall thickens to prepare the uterus for A B C
implantation of the zygote, in case of fertilization. (a) Proliferative Menstrual Secretory
However, in the absence of the event of fertilization, phase phase
If the egg has not been fertilized, the corpus luteum (b) Menstrual Proliferative Secretory
dies and progesterone levels drop. This causes phase phase
menstruation, where the uterus lining breaks down. (c) Secretory Menstrual Proliferative
Menstruation occurs for 1-5 days, and ovulation phase phase
occurs on the 14th day of a normal menstrual cycle. (d) Menstrual Secretory Proliferative
phase phase
27. For the process of vitellogenesis in mammals, which Ans. (c)
sentence is not correct Sol. With reference to the given diagram, the correct
(a) Leads to synthesis of yolk in primary oocytes option is 'A- Secretory phase, B- Menstrual phase, C-
(b) Takes place inside modified mitochondria Proliferative phase'.
(c) Produced in the liver of the female
(d) Deposited in the form of yolk granules in follicle 29. If mammalian ovum fails to get fertilized, which one
cells of the following is unlikely?
Ans. (b) (a) Corpus luteum will disintegrate
Sol. Vitellogenesis is the process by which yolk is (b) Progesterone secretion rapidly declines.
synthesized in primary oocytes. In fishes and (c) Estrogen secretion decreases.
amphibians, this process takes place inside the (d) Primary follicle starts developing.
modified mitochondria but in the rest of the Ans. (d)
vertebrates, like mammals, it takes place in the liver. Sol. A) Corpus luteum will disintegrate- If the egg is not
The yolk is then transported by blood to the follicle fertilized, the corpus luteum stops secreting
cells where it is deposited in the form of yolk progesterone and decays (after approximately 14
granules or yolk platelets. days in humans). It then degenerates into a corpus
Albicans, which is a mass of fibrous scar tissue.
28. The given figure shows schematic representation of a B) Progesterone secretion starts declining- If
menstrual cycle in human female. Identify the three pregnancy occurs, human chorionic gonadotropin is
phases (A, B, C) of menstrual cycle. released maintaining the corpus luteum allowing it to
maintain levels of progesterone. In the other way
round, (i.e., in case of fertilization does not occur),
progesterone levels fall due to the disintegration of
the corpus luteum.
C) Estrogen secretion decreases- Estrogen is secreted
by the corpus luteum. Since it disintegrates in the
absence of fertilization, estrogen levels fall.
45 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

D) Primary follicle starts developing- Primary Group of cells that

follicle is a precursor to the corpus luteum and thus B. Cleavage (ii) would differentiate as
this is most unlikely to happen. At the start of the embryo
menstrual cycle, some 12-20 primary follicles begin Outer layer of
Inner cell
C. (iii) blastocyst attached to
to develop under the influence of elevated FSH to mass
the endometrium
form secondary follicles. The primary follicles have Mitotic division of
formed from primordial follicles, which developed in D. Implantation (iv)
zygote
the ovary at around 10-30 weeks after conception. (a) A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iii), D-(iv)
(b) A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(ii), D-(i)
Fertilization (c) A-(iii), B-(i), C-(ii), D-(iv)
30. Which of the following helps in spindle formation for (d) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(i)
further oocyte division once the sperm has entered Ans. (b)
the egg? Sol. The trophoblast is the outer layer arrangement of the
(a) Sperm head blastomeres in the blastocyst and is attached to the
(b) Proximal centriole of the sperm endometrium. The mitotic division of the zygote
(c) Distal centriole of the sperm starts as the zygote moves through the isthmus of the
(d) Centriole of the oocyte oviduct towards the uterus and is called cleavage.
Ans. (b) The inner cell mass refers to the inner cells of the
Sol. Once the sperm has entered the egg, the proximal blastocyst that will differentiate into the embryo later
centriole of the sperm helps in formation of the and is attached to the Trophoblast. The trophoblast
spindle which aids in further division of the oocyte. layer then gets attached to the endometrium and the
uterine cells rapidly divide and cover the blastocyst
31. Which of the following is a precursor of the embryo? by a process called implantation. The blastocyst
(a) Trophoblast (b) Trophectoderm becomes embedded in the endometrium of the uterus.
(c) Cells of Rauber (d) Inner cell mass
Ans. (d) 34. Given below are four statements (i)-(iv) regarding
Sol. The cells of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst are embryonic development in humans.
the precursor of the embryo. (i) Cleavage divisions bring about considerable
increase in the mass of protoplasm.
32. Acrosomal reaction of the sperm occurs due to (ii) With more cleavage divisions, the resultant
(a) its contact with zona pellucida of the ova blastomeres become smaller and smaller.
(b) reactions within the uterine environment of the (iii) The blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged
female into two layers, trophoblast, and endometrium.
(c) reactions within the epididymal environment of (iv) Cleavage divisions result in a solid ball of cells
the male called morula.
(d) androgens produced in the uterus. Which of the above two statements are correct?
Ans. (a) (a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) and (iv)
Sol. When head of sperm binds to zona pellucida of ovum (c) (i) and (ii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
the acrosome release its contents by exocytosis. The Ans. (b)
content inside acrosome includes various hydrolytic Sol. Cleavage is a series of rapid mitotic divisions of the
enzymes like hyaluronidase, corona penetrating zygote, characterized by absence of growth in
enzymes, etc. This is called acrosomal reaction. It daughter cells, which converts a single celled zygote
helps the sperm to reach the plasma membrane of into a multicellular structure called blastocyst. It
ovum, by dissolving corona radiata and zona starts in the Fallopian tube and is holoblastic.
pellucida. Interphase in cleavage division is short and don does
not involve growth so that the resulting blastomeres
Embryonic Development become smaller in size as their number increases.
33. Match the following and choose the correct option During cleavage, at 8-16 celled stage, a solid ball of
Embedding of cells called morula (as it looks like mulberry) is
A. Trophoblast (i) blastocyst in the formed. In cleavage, there is increased mobility of
endometrium protoplasm. The blastomeres in the blastocyst get
HUMAN REPRODUCTION 46

arranged into outer layer called trophoblast and an 38. During pregnancy, if the total gonadotropin activity
inner group of cells attached to trophoblast called the is assessed, the expected result would be
inner cell mass. (a) high levels of circulating FSH and LH in the
uterus to stimulate implantation of the embryo
35. The sperm and the egg make different contributes to (b) high levels of circulating HCG to stimulate
the zygote. Which of the following statements about endometrial thickening
their contributions are true? (c) high levels of FSH and LH in uterus to stimulate
(i) Sperm contributes most of the mitochondria. endometrial thickening
(ii) Egg contributes most of the cytoplasm. (d) high levels of circulating HCG to stimulate
(iii) Both sperm and egg contribute haploid nucleus. estrogen and progesterone synthesis.
(iv) Both sperm and egg contribute centrioles. Ans. (d)
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) Sol. Placenta acts as an endocrine gland during pregnancy
(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i), (ii) (iii) and (iv) and produces several hormones including the human
Ans. (b) chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), estrogen,
Sol. The egg is larger in size as compared to the sperm; progesterone, etc. the HCG hormone also stimulates
therefore, it contributes most of the cytoplasm during the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone.
fertilization besides only sperm head containing
nucleus enters egg during fertilization. The haploid Placenta
nucleus is contributed by both sperm and egg to form 39. Why can’t a woman get pregnant again during
the diploid zygote. pregnancy?
(a) A woman ovulates during pregnancy, but the
Pregnancy oviducts are plugged with protective mucus to
36. Organs of the circulatory and excretory system are prevent sperm from entering.
derived from the (b) High levels of HCG in women’s bodies kill
(a) Endoderm (b) Mesoderm sperm.
(c) Ectoderm (d) Mesoendoderm (c) A woman can’t have intercourse during
Ans. (b) pregnancy due to the presence of protective mucus
Sol. The inner cell mass of the blastocyst after plug that develops in the cervix.
implantation differentiates into an outer ectoderm, (d) High levels of estrogen and progesterone,
middle mesoderm, and inner endoderm. These layers secreted by the corpus luteum or placenta during
then develop into tissues and organs of the embryo. pregnancy, inhibit the secretion of gonadotropins and
Endoderm gives rise to certain organs including the prevent ovulation.
colon, stomach, intestines, liver, lungs, and pancreas. Ans. (d)
Mesoderm gives rise to heart, kidneys, gonads, Sol. During pregnancy, the levels of hormones such as
genital ducts, cartilage, muscles, blood cells, and estrogens, progesterone, cortisol, prolactin and
other structures. Ectoderm forms the outer linings thyroxine increase several folds in the maternal blood
like the epithelium, brain, spinal cord, nerves, ears, so as to support the fetal growth, metabolic changes
nails, and hair. The vascular organs include the heart and maintenance of pregnancy. However, this will
and related organs, and excretory organs include the lead in the inhibition of the gonadotropins such as
kidney, bladder etc. LH and FSH and prevent any ovulation. As a result, a
woman cannot get pregnant again during pregnancy.
37. The pituitary gland and adrenal medulla are formed So, the correct answer is 'High levels of estrogen and
from the progesterone, secreted by the corpus luteum or
(a) Bilaminar embryonic disc placenta during pregnancy, inhibit the secretion of
(b) Mesoderm gonadotropins and prevent ovulation.'
(c) Mesenchyme
(d) Ectoderm Parturition And Lactation
Ans. (d) 40. Which of the following about uterine contractions is
Sol. The pituitary gland and adrenal medulla are formed NOT true?
from the ectoderm of the embryo.
47 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

(a) It is enhanced by prostaglandins released in the

uterus
(b) It is enhanced by the action of oxytocin
(c) Contractions stimulate sensory input to the
hypothalamus
(d) Sensory input to the hypothalamus acts as a
negative feedback loop for uterine contractions
Ans. (d)
Sol. Uterine contractions caused by oxytocin and
prostaglandins stimulate sensory input to the
hypothalamus, which acts as a positive feedback
loop, releasing more oxytocin and causing further
contractions.