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 MIL-HDBK-17-1F MIL-HDBK-17-1F
Volume 1, Foreword / Table of Contents Volume 1, Foreword / Table of Contents

CONTENTS
FOREWORD Page

Foreword.....................................................................................................................................................ii
1. This Composite Materials Handbook Series, MIL-HDBK-17, are approved for use by all Departments
and Agencies of the Department of Defense. Summary of Changes ............................................................................................................................. xvii

2. This handbook is for guidance only. This handbook cannot be cited as a requirement. If it is, the con-
tractor does not have to comply. This mandate is a DoD requirement only; it is not applicable to the CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................. 1
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) or other government agencies.
1.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 1
3. Every effort has been made to reflect the latest information on polymer (organic), metal, and ceramic 1.2 PURPOSE.................................................................................................................................. 1
composites. The handbook is continually reviewed and revised to ensure its completeness and cur- 1.3 SCOPE....................................................................................................................................... 2
rentness. Documentation for the secretariat should be directed to: Materials Sciences Corporation, 1.3.1 Strength properties and allowables data ......................................................................... 3
MIL-HDBK-17 Secretariat, 500 Office Center Drive, Suite 250, Fort Washington, PA 19034. 1.3.2 Volume 1: Guidelines for Characterization of Structural Materials ................................. 3
1.3.3 Volume 2: Material Properties ........................................................................................ 3
4. MIL-HDBK-17 provides guidelines and material properties for polymer (organic), metal, and ceramic 1.3.4 Volume 3: Materials Usage, Design, and Analysis Guidelines ....................................... 4
matrix composite materials. The first three volumes of this handbook currently focus on, but are not 1.4 USE OF THE DOCUMENT AND LIMITATIONS ........................................................................ 4
limited to, polymeric composites intended for aircraft and aerospace vehicles. Metal matrix compos- 1.4.1 Roadmaps for use of Volumes 1 - 3 ................................................................................ 4
ites (MMC) and ceramic matrix composites (CMC), including carbon-carbon composites (C-C) are 1.4.2 Source of information..................................................................................................... 16
covered in Volume 4 and Volume 5 , respectively. 1.4.3 Use of data and guidelines in applications .................................................................... 16
1.4.4 Strength properties and allowables terminology............................................................ 16
5. This standardization handbook has been developed and is being maintained as a joint effort of the 1.4.5 Use of references .......................................................................................................... 16
Department of Defense and the Federal Aviation Administration. 1.4.6 Use of tradenames and product names ........................................................................ 17
1.4.7 Toxicity, health hazards, and safety ............................................................................... 17
6. The information contained in this handbook was obtained from materials producers, industry, reports 1.4.8 Ozone depleting chemicals............................................................................................ 17
on Government sponsored research, the open literature, and by contact with research laboratories 1.5 APPROVAL PROCEDURES.................................................................................................... 17
and those who participate in the MIL-HDBK-17 coordination activity. 1.6 SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYSTEMS OF UNITS.................................................... 18
1.6.1 Symbols and abbreviations............................................................................................ 18
7. All information and data contained in this handbook have been coordinated with industry and the U.S. [Link] Constituent properties...................................................................................... 23
Army, Navy, Air Force, NASA, and Federal Aviation Administration prior to publication. [Link] Laminae and laminates ................................................................................... 23
[Link] Subscripts ........................................................................................................ 24
8. Copies of this document and revisions thereto may be obtained from the Document Automation and [Link] Superscripts ..................................................................................................... 25
Production Service (DAPS), Bldg. 4D, (DODSSP/ASSIST), 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA [Link] Acronyms ......................................................................................................... 26
19111-5094. 1.6.2 System of units .............................................................................................................. 27
1.7 DEFINITIONS........................................................................................................................... 29
9. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data which may be of REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 50
use in improving this document should be addressed to: U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Weapons
and Materials Research Directorate, Attn: AMSRL-WM-MA, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-
5069, by using the Standardization Document Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at CHAPTER 2 GUIDELINES FOR PROPERTY TESTING OF COMPOSITES ..................................... 1
the end of this document or by letter.
2.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 1
2.1.1 Building-block approach to substantiation of composite structures................................. 1
2.1.2 Test levels and data uses ................................................................................................ 2
[Link] Structural complexity levels ............................................................................... 2
[Link] Data application categories ............................................................................... 3
[Link] Test program definition ...................................................................................... 4
2.2 TEST PROGRAM PLANNING ................................................................................................... 5
2.2.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 5
2.2.2 Baseline and alternate approaches for statistically-based properties ............................. 6
2.2.3 Issues of data equivalence .............................................................................................. 6
2.2.4 Test method selection ...................................................................................................... 7
2.2.5 Population sampling and sizing ......................................................................................11
[Link] Sample size selection .......................................................................................11
[Link] Batch quantity effects on ANOVA .................................................................... 12

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Volume 1, Foreword / Table of Contents Volume 1, Foreword / Table of Contents

2.2.6 Material and processing variation, specimen preparation and NDE ............................. 13 [Link] Compression strength tests ............................................................................. 70
[Link] Materials and material processing................................................................... 13 [Link] Other properties............................................................................................... 70
[Link] Specimen preparation and NDE ...................................................................... 16 2.4.3 Data normalization ......................................................................................................... 70
2.2.7 Moisture absorption and conditioning factors. ............................................................... 16 [Link] Normalization theory........................................................................................ 71
[Link] Moisture diffusivity ........................................................................................... 18 [Link] Normalization methodology ............................................................................. 71
[Link] Moisture equilibrium content............................................................................ 18 [Link] Practical application of normalization .............................................................. 74
[Link] Conditioning and test environment .................................................................. 20 2.4.4 Dispositioning of Outlier Data ........................................................................................ 75
2.2.8 Material operational limit (MOL)..................................................................................... 20 2.4.5 Data documentation....................................................................................................... 78
[Link] Steam pressure delamination .......................................................................... 24 2.5 MATERIAL TESTING FOR SUBMISSION OF DATA TO MIL-HDBK-17 ................................. 78
[Link] MOL considerations for high temperature composite systems ....................... 24 2.5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 78
[Link] Hot Wet Testing - Report Moisture Content at Failure..................................... 27 2.5.2 Material and process specification requirements .......................................................... 80
2.2.9 Nonambient testing........................................................................................................ 29 2.5.3 Sampling requirements.................................................................................................. 80
2.2.10 Unidirectional lamina properties from laminates............................................................ 29 [Link] Additional requirements for B and A data classes ........................................... 81
2.2.11 Data normalization ......................................................................................................... 29 [Link] Data pooling..................................................................................................... 81
2.2.12 Data documentation....................................................................................................... 29 2.5.4 Conditioning requirements............................................................................................. 82
2.2.13 Application specific testing needs.................................................................................. 31 2.5.5 Test method requirements ............................................................................................. 82
2.3 RECOMMENDED TEST MATRICES....................................................................................... 31 2.5.6 Data documentation requirements................................................................................. 82
2.3.1 Material screening test matrices .................................................................................... 31 2.5.7 Data normalization ......................................................................................................... 87
[Link] Mechanical property screening........................................................................ 31 2.5.8 Statistical analysis.......................................................................................................... 87
[Link] Mechanical property screening for high-temperature material systems.......... 32 2.5.9 Mechanical properties of laminae and laminates .......................................................... 87
[Link] Fluid sensitivity screening................................................................................ 33 [Link] Unidirectional properties from laminates ........................................................ 87
2.3.2 Material qualification test matrices ................................................................................ 38 [Link] Strength and strain-to-failure ........................................................................... 87
[Link] Constituent test matrix ..................................................................................... 38 [Link] Elastic moduli, Poisson's ratios, and stress/strain curves ............................... 88
[Link] Prepreg test matrix .......................................................................................... 38 2.5.10 Chemical properties ....................................................................................................... 88
[Link] Lamina test matrices........................................................................................ 39 2.5.11 Physical properties of laminae and laminates ............................................................... 88
[Link] Filament-wound materials test matrix.............................................................. 41 [Link] Density............................................................................................................. 88
2.3.3 Material acceptance test matrices ................................................................................. 42 [Link] Composition..................................................................................................... 88
2.3.4 Alternate material equivalence test matrices................................................................. 42 [Link] Equilibrium moisture content ........................................................................... 88
[Link] Qualification of alternate source composite materials..................................... 42 [Link] Moisture diffusivity ........................................................................................... 88
[Link].1 Introduction............................................................................................. 42 [Link] Coefficient of moisture expansion ................................................................... 88
[Link].2 Goal and approach................................................................................. 42 [Link] Glass transition temperature ........................................................................... 88
[Link].3 Material compatibility.............................................................................. 43 2.5.12 Thermal properties......................................................................................................... 89
[Link].4 Key material or structural performance parameters............................... 43 [Link] Coefficient of thermal expansion ..................................................................... 89
[Link].5 Success criteria ...................................................................................... 43 [Link] Specific heat .................................................................................................... 89
[Link].6 Lamina-level test matrices for alternate material assessment ............... 45 [Link] Thermal conductivity........................................................................................ 89
[Link].7 Laminate-level test matrices for alternate material assessment............ 48 [Link] Thermal diffusivity............................................................................................ 89
[Link].8 Alternate material evaluation summary.................................................. 48 2.5.13 Electrical properties ....................................................................................................... 90
[Link] Evaluation of changes made to previously qualified materials........................ 48 2.5.14 Fatigue 90
[Link].1 Modification categories........................................................................... 50 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 92
[Link].2 Actions required for each modification category .................................... 51
[Link].3 Implementation....................................................................................... 51
[Link].4 Validation test matrices .......................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 3 EVALUATION OF REINFORCEMENT FIBERS ............................................................. 1
2.3.5 Generic laminate/structural element test matrices ........................................................ 56
[Link] Introduction ...................................................................................................... 56 3.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 1
[Link] Overview.......................................................................................................... 58 3.2 CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES ........................................................................................................ 1
[Link].1 Laminate strength test matrix ................................................................. 58 3.2.1 Elemental analysis ........................................................................................................... 1
[Link].2 Bolt bearing and bearing/bypass strength test matrix............................ 60 3.2.2 Titration ............................................................................................................................ 2
2.3.6 Alternate approaches to basis values............................................................................ 64 3.2.3 Fiber structure.................................................................................................................. 2
[Link] Lamina mechanical property test matrix for regression analysis .................... 64 3.2.4 Fiber surface chemistry ................................................................................................... 2
2.3.7 Data substantiation for use of basis values from MIL-HDBK-17 or other large 3.2.5 Sizing content and composition ....................................................................................... 5
databases ...................................................................................................................... 66 3.2.6 Moisture content .............................................................................................................. 5
2.4 DATA REDUCTION AND DOCUMENTATION ......................................................................... 67 3.2.7 Thermal stability and oxidative resistance ....................................................................... 5
2.4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 67 3.2.8 Chemical resistance ........................................................................................................ 5
2.4.2 Lamina properties from laminates ................................................................................. 67 3.3 PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES (INTRINSIC) ................................................................................... 6
[Link] Methodology .................................................................................................... 68 3.3.1 Filament diameter ............................................................................................................ 6
[Link] Tension strength tests...................................................................................... 69 3.3.2 Density of fibers ............................................................................................................... 6

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Volume 1, Foreword / Table of Contents Volume 1, Foreword / Table of Contents

[Link]
Overview............................................................................................................ 6 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 23
[Link]
ASTM D 3800, Standard Test Method for Density of High-Modulus
Fibers ................................................................................................................. 7
[Link] Recommended procedure changes to Section [Link].1 (helium CHAPTER 4 MATRIX CHARACTERIZATION ..................................................................................... 1
pycnometry) for use in measuring fiber density................................................. 8
[Link] Density test methods for MIL-HDBK-17 data submittal ..................................... 8 4.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 1
3.3.3 Electrical resistivity .......................................................................................................... 8 4.2 MATRIX SPECIMEN PREPARATION........................................................................................ 1
3.3.4 Coefficient of thermal expansion ..................................................................................... 9 4.2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1
3.3.5 Thermal conductivity........................................................................................................ 9 4.2.2 Thermoset polymers ........................................................................................................ 2
3.3.6 Specific heat .................................................................................................................... 9 4.2.3 Thermoplastic polymers................................................................................................... 3
3.3.7 Thermal transition temperatures...................................................................................... 9 4.2.4 Specimen machining........................................................................................................ 3
3.4 PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES (EXTRINSIC) .................................................................................. 9 4.3 CONDITIONING AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ........................................................... 4
3.4.1 Yield of yarn, strand, or roving......................................................................................... 9 4.4 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES ...................................................................................... 4
3.4.2 Cross-sectional area of yarn or tow............................................................................... 10 4.4.1 Elemental analysis ........................................................................................................... 4
3.4.3 Twist of yarn................................................................................................................... 10 4.4.2 Functional group and wet chemical analysis ................................................................... 4
3.4.4 Fabric construction ........................................................................................................ 10 4.4.3 Spectroscopic analysis .................................................................................................... 4
3.4.5 Fabric areal density ....................................................................................................... 10 4.4.4 Chromatographic analysis ............................................................................................... 6
3.5 MECHANICAL TESTING OF FIBERS ..................................................................................... 10 4.4.5 Molecular weight and molecular weight distribution analysis .......................................... 6
3.5.1 Tensile properties........................................................................................................... 10 4.4.6 General scheme for resin material characterization ........................................................ 7
[Link] Filament tensile testing .....................................................................................11 4.5 THERMAL/PHYSICAL ANALYSIS AND PROPERTY TESTS ................................................. 14
[Link] Tow tensile testing ............................................................................................11 4.5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 15
[Link] Fiber properties from unidirectional laminate tests.......................................... 14 4.5.2 Thermal analysis............................................................................................................ 15
3.5.2 Filament compression testing ........................................................................................ 14 4.5.3 Rheological analysis ...................................................................................................... 16
3.6 TEST METHODS ..................................................................................................................... 14 4.5.4 Morphology .................................................................................................................... 17
3.6.1 Determination of pH....................................................................................................... 14 4.5.5 Density/specific gravity .................................................................................................. 17
[Link] Scope............................................................................................................... 14 [Link] Overview.......................................................................................................... 17
[Link] Apparatus ........................................................................................................ 14 [Link] Recommended procedure changes to Sections [Link], [Link] and
[Link] Procedure ........................................................................................................ 15 [Link] (D 792, D 1505 and helium pycnometry) for use in measuring
3.6.2 Determination of amount of sizing on carbon fibers ...................................................... 15 cured resin density........................................................................................... 18
[Link] Scope............................................................................................................... 15 [Link] Density test methods for MIL-HDBK-17 data submittal ................................... 18
[Link] Apparatus ........................................................................................................ 15 4.5.6 Volatiles content............................................................................................................. 19
[Link] Materials .......................................................................................................... 16 4.5.7 Moisture content ............................................................................................................ 19
[Link] Procedure ........................................................................................................ 16 4.6 STATIC MECHANICAL PROPERTY TESTS ........................................................................... 20
[Link] Calculation ....................................................................................................... 16 4.6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 20
[Link] Preparation of crucibles for reuse.................................................................... 17 4.6.2 Tension........................................................................................................................... 20
3.6.3 Determination of moisture content or moisture regain .................................................. 17 [Link] Introduction ...................................................................................................... 20
[Link] Scope............................................................................................................... 17 [Link] Specimen preparation...................................................................................... 20
[Link] Apparatus ........................................................................................................ 17 [Link] Test apparatus and instrumentation ................................................................ 21
[Link] Sample preparation ......................................................................................... 17 [Link] Tensile test methods for MIL-HDBK-17 data submittal.................................... 22
[Link] Procedure ........................................................................................................ 17 4.6.3 Compression.................................................................................................................. 22
[Link] Calculations ..................................................................................................... 18 [Link] Introduction ...................................................................................................... 23
3.6.4 Determination of fiber diameter ..................................................................................... 18 [Link] Specimen preparation...................................................................................... 23
[Link] Description and application ............................................................................. 18 [Link] Test apparatus and instrumentation ................................................................ 23
[Link] Apparatus ........................................................................................................ 18 [Link] Limitations........................................................................................................ 24
[Link] Calibration........................................................................................................ 20 [Link] Compressive test methods for MIL-HDBK-17 data submittal.......................... 24
[Link] Prepare slide.................................................................................................... 20 4.6.4 Shear ............................................................................................................................. 24
[Link] Measuring procedure....................................................................................... 20 [Link] Test methods available .................................................................................... 24
[Link] Calculation ....................................................................................................... 21 [Link] Torsion specimen preparation ......................................................................... 25
3.6.5 Determination of electrical resistivity ............................................................................. 21 [Link] Iosipescu shear specimen preparation............................................................ 25
[Link] Scope............................................................................................................... 21 [Link] Test apparatus and instrumentation ................................................................ 25
[Link] Apparatus ........................................................................................................ 21 [Link] Limitations........................................................................................................ 25
[Link] Sample preparation ......................................................................................... 21 [Link] Shear testing methods for MIL-HDBK-17 data submittal ................................ 25
[Link] Procedure ........................................................................................................ 21 4.6.5 Flexure ........................................................................................................................... 26
[Link] Calculation ....................................................................................................... 21 [Link] Introduction ...................................................................................................... 26
[Link] Calibration and maintenance........................................................................... 22 [Link] Specimen preparation...................................................................................... 26
[Link] Definition of units of measurement .................................................................. 22 [Link] Test apparatus and instrumentation ................................................................ 26

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[Link] Flexural test methods for MIL-HDBK-17 data submittal .................................. 27 [Link] Procedural hints ................................................................................................. 8
4.6.6 Impact ............................................................................................................................ 27 6.4 INSTRUMENTATION AND CALIBRATION.............................................................................. 10
4.6.7 Hardness........................................................................................................................ 27 6.4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 10
4.7 FATIGUE TESTING.................................................................................................................. 27 6.4.2 Test specimen dimensional measurement .................................................................... 10
4.8 TESTING OF VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES ........................................................................ 28 [Link] Introduction ...................................................................................................... 10
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 29 [Link] Calibrated microscopes ................................................................................... 10
[Link] Micrometers ..................................................................................................... 10
[Link] Scaled calipers .................................................................................................11
CHAPTER 5 PREPREG MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION ........................................................... 1 [Link] Precision scales................................................................................................11
[Link] Rulers and tape measures............................................................................... 12
5.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 1 [Link] Special hole diameter measuring devices ....................................................... 12
5.2 CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES - OVERVIEW................................................................ 1 [Link] Calibration of dimensional measurement devices........................................... 12
5.3 SAMPLING................................................................................................................................. 2 6.4.3 Load measurement devices........................................................................................... 12
5.4 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTY TESTS..................................................... 2 [Link] Introduction ...................................................................................................... 12
5.4.1 Physical description of reinforcement.............................................................................. 2 [Link] Load cells......................................................................................................... 13
[Link] Alignment........................................................................................................... 2 [Link].1 Design and specification considerations ................................................ 13
[Link] Gaps .................................................................................................................. 2 [Link] Other load measuring systems........................................................................ 14
[Link] Width.................................................................................................................. 3 [Link] Instrumentation and calibration ....................................................................... 14
[Link] Length ................................................................................................................ 3 [Link] Precautions ...................................................................................................... 15
[Link] Edges................................................................................................................. 3 6.4.4 Strain/displacement measurement devices ................................................................... 15
[Link] Splices ............................................................................................................... 3 [Link] Introduction ...................................................................................................... 15
5.4.2 Resin content ................................................................................................................... 3 [Link] LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer) deflectometers ..................... 16
5.4.3 Fiber content .................................................................................................................... 3 [Link] Contacting extensometers ............................................................................... 16
5.4.4 Volatiles content............................................................................................................... 3 [Link].1 Contacting extensometers, applications ................................................ 16
5.4.5 Moisture content .............................................................................................................. 4 [Link] Bondable resistance strain gages ................................................................... 17
5.4.6 Inorganic fillers and additives content ............................................................................. 4 [Link].1 Strain gage selection .............................................................................. 17
5.4.7 Areal weight ..................................................................................................................... 4 [Link].2 Surface preparation and bonding of strain gages .................................. 17
5.4.8 Tack and drape ................................................................................................................ 4 [Link].3 Strain gage circuits ................................................................................. 17
5.4.9 Resin flow ........................................................................................................................ 4 [Link].4 Strain gage instrumentation ................................................................... 18
5.4.10 Gel time 4 [Link].5 Strain gage instrumentation calibration .................................................. 19
5.5 TEST METHODS ....................................................................................................................... 4 [Link] Other methods ................................................................................................. 19
5.5.1 Resin extraction procedure for epoxy resin prepregs...................................................... 4 [Link].1 Optical methods of extensometry........................................................... 19
5.5.2 Procedure for HPLC/HPSEC analysis of glass, aramid, and graphite fiber [Link].2 Capacitative extensometers ................................................................... 20
prepregs........................................................................................................................... 6 [Link] Special considerations for textile composites.................................................. 20
[Link] Reverse phase HPLC analysis.......................................................................... 6 6.4.5 Temperature measurement devices .............................................................................. 20
[Link] Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) analysis .............................................. 7 [Link] Introduction ...................................................................................................... 20
5.5.3 Procedure for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) ....................................... 7 [Link] Thermocouples ................................................................................................ 20
5.5.4 Procedure for differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) .................................................... 7 [Link] Metallic resistive temperature devices............................................................. 21
5.5.5 Procedure for dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)........................................................ 8 [Link] Thermistors...................................................................................................... 22
5.5.6 Procedure for rheological characterization ...................................................................... 8 [Link] Bimetallic devices ............................................................................................ 22
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 9 [Link] Liquid expansion devices................................................................................. 22
[Link] Change-of-state devices.................................................................................. 22
[Link] Infrared detectors............................................................................................. 23
CHAPTER 6 LAMINA, LAMINATE, AND SPECIAL FORM CHARACTERIZATION .......................... 1 [Link] Calibration of temperature measurement devices........................................... 23
6.4.6 Data acquisition systems ............................................................................................... 26
6.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 1 6.5 TESTING ENVIRONMENTS.................................................................................................... 26
6.2 SPECIMEN PREPARATION ...................................................................................................... 1 6.5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 26
6.2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 6.5.2 Laboratory ambient test environment ............................................................................ 26
6.2.2 Traceability....................................................................................................................... 2 6.5.3 Non-ambient testing environment.................................................................................. 26
6.2.3 Test article fabrication ...................................................................................................... 2 [Link] Introduction ...................................................................................................... 26
6.2.4 Specimen fabrication ....................................................................................................... 3 [Link] Subambient testing .......................................................................................... 27
6.3 CONDITIONING AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ........................................................... 4 [Link] Above ambient testing ..................................................................................... 27
6.3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 4 6.6 THERMAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTY TESTS ............................................................................ 28
6.3.2 Fixed-time conditioning.................................................................................................... 5 6.6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 28
6.3.3 Equilibrium conditioning................................................................................................... 6 6.6.2 Extent of cure................................................................................................................. 28
[Link] Accelerating conditioning times ......................................................................... 7 6.6.3 Glass transition temperature.......................................................................................... 29

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[Link] Overview.......................................................................................................... 29 [Link].2 Specimen preparation ............................................................................ 59

[Link] Tg Measurements............................................................................................. 29 [Link].3 Test apparatus and instrumentation ....................................................... 59
[Link].1 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) ................................................. 29 [Link].4 CME test methods for MIL-HDBK-17 data submittal ............................. 60
[Link].2 Thermomechanical analysis (TMA)........................................................ 30 6.6.10 Thermal conductivity...................................................................................................... 60
[Link].3 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)..................................................... 32 [Link] Introduction ...................................................................................................... 60
[Link] Glass transition test methods for MIL-HDBK-17 data submittal ...................... 33 [Link] Available methods ........................................................................................... 60
[Link] Crystalline melt temperature............................................................................ 33 [Link].1 ASTM C177-97....................................................................................... 61
6.6.4 Density ........................................................................................................................... 34 [Link].2 ASTM E1225-99..................................................................................... 62
[Link] Overview.......................................................................................................... 34 [Link].3 ASTM C518-98....................................................................................... 63
[Link] ASTM D 792, Standard Test Method for Density and Specific Gravity [Link].4 Fourier thermal conductivity test method for flat plates ......................... 64
(Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement ............................................... 34 [Link] Thermal conductivity test methods for MIL-HDBK-17 data ............................. 68
[Link] ASTM D 1505, Standard Test Method for Density of Plastics by the 6.6.11 Specific heat .................................................................................................................. 68
Density-Gradient Technique ............................................................................ 35 [Link] Introduction ...................................................................................................... 68
[Link] Use of helium pycnometry to determine density of composites ...................... 36 [Link] Available method ............................................................................................. 68
[Link].1 Helium pycnometry test procedure for determining composite [Link].1 ASTM E1269-95..................................................................................... 68
density .................................................................................................... 38 [Link] Specific heat test methods for MIL-HDBK-17 data submittal .......................... 70
[Link] Summary of helium pycnometry experimental results..................................... 39 6.6.12 Thermal diffusivity .......................................................................................................... 70
[Link] Density test methods for MIL-HDBK-17 data submittal ................................... 40 [Link] Introduction ...................................................................................................... 70
6.6.5 Cured ply thickness ....................................................................................................... 40 [Link] Available test methods..................................................................................... 71
[Link] Overview.......................................................................................................... 41 [Link].1 ASTM E1461-92..................................................................................... 71
[Link] Thickness measurement using direct means .................................................. 41 [Link].2 ASTM C714-85....................................................................................... 76
[Link] Thickness measurement using indirect means ............................................... 41 [Link] Thermal diffusivity test methods for MIL-HDBK-17 data submittal.................. 76
[Link] SRM 10R-94, SACMA Recommended Method for Fiber Volume, 6.6.13 Outgassing..................................................................................................................... 76
Percent Resin Volume and Calculated Average Cured Ply Thickness of 6.6.14 Absorptivity and emissivity............................................................................................. 77
Plied Laminates ............................................................................................... 42 6.6.15 Thermal cycling.............................................................................................................. 77
[Link] Cured ply thickness test methods for MIL-HDBK-17 data submittal ............... 42 6.6.16 Microcracking................................................................................................................. 77
6.6.6 Fiber volume (Vf) fraction .............................................................................................. 42 [Link] Introduction ...................................................................................................... 77
[Link] Introduction ...................................................................................................... 42 [Link] Microcracking due to the manufacturing process ............................................ 77
[Link] Matrix digestion................................................................................................ 42 [Link] Microcracking due thermal cycling .................................................................. 78
[Link] Ignition loss...................................................................................................... 43 [Link] Microcracking due to mechanical loading/cycling ........................................... 78
[Link] Areal weight/thickness ..................................................................................... 43 6.6.17 Thermal oxidative stability (TOS)................................................................................... 78
[Link] Determination of fiber volume using image analysis ....................................... 45 6.6.18 Flammability and smoke generation .............................................................................. 78
[Link].1 Background ............................................................................................ 45 [Link] Introduction ...................................................................................................... 78
[Link].2 Apparatus ............................................................................................... 45 [Link] Fire growth test methods ................................................................................. 78
[Link].3 Specimen preparation ............................................................................ 45 [Link].1 ASTM E 84 - Surface burning characteristics of building materials ....... 79
[Link].4 Image analysis ....................................................................................... 46 [Link].2 ASTM E 162 - Surface flammability of materials using a radiant
[Link].5 Sources of error...................................................................................... 47 heat energy source................................................................................. 80
6.6.7 Void volume (Vv) fraction ............................................................................................... 48 [Link].3 ISO 9705 fire test – full-scale room test for surface products ................ 81
[Link] Introduction ...................................................................................................... 48 [Link].4 ASTM E 1321 - Determining material ignition and flame spread
[Link] Digestive evaluation......................................................................................... 48 properties ............................................................................................... 81
[Link] Determination of void volume using image analysis ....................................... 49 [Link] Smoke and toxicity test methods..................................................................... 82
[Link].1 Background ............................................................................................ 49 [Link].1 ASTM E 662 - Specific optical density of smoke generated by solid
[Link].2 Sources of Error ..................................................................................... 50 materials ................................................................................................. 82
6.6.8 Moisture/diffusivity ......................................................................................................... 52 [Link].2 NFPA 269 - Developing toxic potency data for use in fire hazard
[Link] Standard test methods..................................................................................... 53 modeling ................................................................................................. 83
[Link] Moisture diffusion property test methods for MIL-HDBK-17 data [Link] Heat release test methods............................................................................... 84
submittal........................................................................................................... 54 [Link].1 ASTM E-1354 - Heat and visible smoke release rates for materials
6.6.9 Dimensional stability (Thermal and Moisture) ............................................................... 54 and products using an oxygen consumption calorimeter....................... 84
[Link] Dimensional stability (thermal) ........................................................................ 55 [Link].2 ASTM E 906 – Heat and visible smoke release rates for materials
[Link].1 Introduction............................................................................................. 55 and products........................................................................................... 85
[Link].2 Existing test methods ............................................................................. 55 [Link] Fire resistance test methods ........................................................................... 86
[Link].3 Test specimens....................................................................................... 56 [Link].1 ASTM E-119 - Fire tests for building construction and materials ........... 86
[Link].4 Test apparatus and instrumentation ....................................................... 57 [Link].2 ASTM E-1529 - Determining effects of large hydrocarbon pool
[Link].5 CTE test methods for MIL-HDBK-17 data submittal .............................. 57 fires on structural members and assemblies and UL 1709 - Rapid
[Link] Dimensional stability (moisture)....................................................................... 58 rise fire tests of protection materials for structural steel......................... 87
[Link].1 Introduction............................................................................................. 58 6.7 ELECTRICAL PROPERTY TESTS.......................................................................................... 87

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6.7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 87 6.8.6 Fracture toughness properties..................................................................................... 128

6.7.2 Electrical permittivity ...................................................................................................... 88 [Link] Overview........................................................................................................ 128
6.7.3 Dielectric strength .......................................................................................................... 88 [Link] General discussion ........................................................................................ 129
6.7.4 Magnetic permeability.................................................................................................... 88 [Link] Mode I test methods ...................................................................................... 131
6.7.5 Electromagnetic interference ......................................................................................... 88 [Link].1 Double cantilever beam (DCB) test, ASTM D 5528 ............................. 131
6.7.6 Electrostatic discharage................................................................................................. 88 [Link].2 Other mode I tests................................................................................ 133
6.8 STATIC UNIAXIAL MECHANICAL PROPERTY TESTS.......................................................... 88 [Link] Mode II test methods ..................................................................................... 133
6.8.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 88 [Link].1 End notched flexure (ENF) test............................................................ 133
6.8.2 Tensile properties........................................................................................................... 89 [Link].2 Other mode II tests............................................................................... 134
[Link] Overview.......................................................................................................... 90 [Link] Mode III test methods .................................................................................... 134
[Link] In-plane tension test methods ......................................................................... 91 [Link] Mixed mode test methods ............................................................................. 135
[Link].1 Straight-sided specimen tension tests.................................................... 91 [Link].1 Mixed mode specimen or crack lap shear (CLS) ................................. 135
[Link].2 Filament-wound tubes ............................................................................ 94 [Link].2 Mixed mode bending (MMB) test ......................................................... 135
[Link].3 Width tapered specimens:...................................................................... 94 [Link].3 Edge delamination test......................................................................... 136
[Link].4 Split-disk ring tension test ...................................................................... 95 [Link] Fracture toughness tests for MIL-HDBK-17 data submittal ........................... 137
[Link].5 Sandwich beam test ............................................................................... 95 6.9 UNIAXIAL FATIGUE TESTING .............................................................................................. 137
[Link] Out-of-plane tensile test methods.................................................................... 97 6.10 MULTIAXIAL MECHANICAL PROPERTY TESTING............................................................. 137
[Link].1 Introduction............................................................................................. 97 6.11 VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES TESTS ................................................................................ 138
[Link].2 Direct out-of-plane loading adaptations of ASTM 6.11.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 138
C 297/C 633/D 2095............................................................................... 97 6.11.2 Creep and stress relaxation......................................................................................... 138
[Link].3 Curved beam approach to out-of-plane tensile strength...................... 102 6.12 FORM-SPECIFIC MECHANICAL PROPERTY TESTS......................................................... 139
[Link] Tension test methods for MIL-HDBK-17 data submittal ................................ 102 6.12.1 Tests unique to filament winding.................................................................................. 139
6.8.3 Compressive properties............................................................................................... 104 [Link] Overview........................................................................................................ 139
[Link] Overview........................................................................................................ 104 [Link] History............................................................................................................ 139
[Link] In-plane compression tests............................................................................ 105 [Link] Tension tests for uniaxial material properties ................................................ 140
[Link].1 ASTM D 3410/D 3410M, Compressive Properties of Polymer [Link].1 Zero degree tension ............................................................................. 140
Matrix Composite Materials With Unsupported Gage Section by [Link].2 Transverse tension ............................................................................... 140
Shear Loading ...................................................................................... 105 [Link] Compression tests for uniaxial material properties ....................................... 140
[Link].2 ASTM D 6484, Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix [Link].1 Zero degree compression .................................................................... 140
Composite Laminates Using a Combined Loading Compression [Link].2 Transverse compression ...................................................................... 140
(CLC) Test Fixture................................................................................ 106 [Link] Shear tests for uniaxial material properties ................................................... 140
[Link].3 ASTM D 5467, Compressive Properties of Unidirectional Polymer [Link].1 In-plane shear ...................................................................................... 140
Matrix Composites Using a Sandwich Beam ....................................... 109 [Link].2 Transverse shear.................................................................................. 140
[Link].4 ASTM C 393, Flexural Properties of Flat Sandwich Constructions ......110 [Link] Test methods for MIL-HDBK-17 data submittal ............................................. 140
[Link].5 ASTM D 695, Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics ......................111 6.12.2 Tests unique to textiles composites ............................................................................. 141
[Link].6 SACMA SRM 1R, Compressive Properties of Oriented Fiber-Resin [Link] Overview........................................................................................................ 141
Composites ...........................................................................................112 [Link] Background.................................................................................................... 142
[Link].7 SACMA SRM 6, Compressive Properties of Oriented Cross-Plied [Link] Fabric and two-dimensional weaves ............................................................. 142
Fiber-Resin Composites........................................................................113 [Link].1 Physical property tests ......................................................................... 142
[Link].8 Through-thickness compression tests...................................................114 [Link].2 Mechanical testing................................................................................ 143
[Link] Compressive test methods for developing MIL-HDBK-17 data submittal ......114 [Link].3 Impact considerations .......................................................................... 143
6.8.4 Shear properties ...........................................................................................................116 [Link] Complex braiding considerations .................................................................. 143
[Link] Overview.........................................................................................................116 [Link].1 Three-dimensional weave and braids .................................................. 144
[Link] In-plane shear tests ........................................................................................117 [Link].2 Through the thickness test methods .................................................... 144
[Link].1 ±45° tensile shear tests .........................................................................117 [Link] Test methods for submission to MIL-HDBK-17 ............................................. 144
[Link].2 Iosipescu shear test ..............................................................................119 6.12.3 Tests unique to thick-section composites .................................................................... 145
[Link].3 Rail shear tests..................................................................................... 123 6.13 SPACE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON MATERIAL PROPERTIES................................. 146
[Link].4 Ten-degree off-axis shear test.............................................................. 123 6.13.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 146
[Link].5 Tube torsion tests ................................................................................. 124 6.13.2 Atomic oxygen ............................................................................................................. 146
[Link] Out-of-plane shear tests ................................................................................ 125 6.13.3 Micrometeoroid Debris................................................................................................. 146
[Link].1 Short-beam strength tests .................................................................... 125 6.13.4 Ultraviolet radiation ...................................................................................................... 146
[Link].2 Iosipescu shear test ............................................................................. 126 6.13.5 Charged particles......................................................................................................... 146
[Link].3 ASTM D 3846-79, Test Method for In-Plane Shear Strength of REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 147
Reinforced Plastics............................................................................... 126
[Link] Shear test methods for MIL-HDBK-17 data submittal ................................... 127
6.8.5 Flexural properties ....................................................................................................... 128

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CHAPTER 7 STRUCTURAL ELEMENT CHARACTERIZATION ........................................................ 1 7.5.6

Fastener-in-composite qualification tests ...................................................................... 42
[Link] Overview.......................................................................................................... 42
7.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 1 [Link] Fastener shear tests ........................................................................................ 44
7.2 SPECIMEN PREPARATION ...................................................................................................... 1 [Link] Fastener tension tests ..................................................................................... 44
7.2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 [Link] Fastener Pull-thru tests.................................................................................... 44
7.2.2 Mechanically fastened joint tests ..................................................................................... 1 [Link] Bearing tests .................................................................................................... 45
7.2.3 Bonded joint tests ............................................................................................................ 2 [Link] Data presentation ............................................................................................ 45
7.3 CONDITIONING AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ........................................................... 2 7.5.7 Bearing/mechanical joint test methods for MIL-HDBK-17 data submittal...................... 45
7.3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 2 7.6 BONDED JOINT TESTS .......................................................................................................... 46
7.3.2 General specimen preparation ........................................................................................ 2 7.6.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 46
[Link] Strain gaging...................................................................................................... 2 7.6.2 Adhesive characterization tests ..................................................................................... 46
[Link] Notched laminates and mechanically fastened joint specimens ....................... 3 [Link] Shear tests....................................................................................................... 47
7.3.3 Bonded joints ................................................................................................................... 3 [Link].1 ASTM D 5656 (thick adherend specimen) ............................................. 47
7.3.4 Damage characterization specimens .............................................................................. 4 [Link].2 ASTM E 229 (tubular specimen) ............................................................ 49
7.3.5 Sandwich Structure.......................................................................................................... 4 [Link].3 ASTM D 1002 (thin single lap spec. - QA test only) ............................... 49
7.4 NOTCHED LAMINATE TESTS .................................................................................................. 6 [Link] Tension tests .................................................................................................... 50
7.4.1 Overview and general considerations ............................................................................. 6 [Link].1 ASTM D 2095......................................................................................... 50
7.4.2 Notched laminate tension ................................................................................................ 7 [Link] Fracture mechanics properties ........................................................................ 50
[Link] Open-hole tensile test methods......................................................................... 8 [Link] Suggested adhesive characterization test matrix............................................ 50
[Link] Filled-hole tensile test methods ......................................................................... 8 7.6.3 Bonded joint characterization tests................................................................................ 50
7.4.3 Notched laminate compression ....................................................................................... 8 [Link] Honeycomb to face sheet flatwise tension test (ASTM C 297) ....................... 51
[Link] Open-hole compressive test methods ............................................................. 10 [Link] Skin to stiffener bond tests .............................................................................. 52
[Link] Filled-hole compressive test methods ..............................................................11 [Link] Double overlap joint tests ................................................................................ 54
7.4.4 Suggested notched laminate test matrix ........................................................................11 [Link] Single overlap joint tests.................................................................................. 56
7.4.5 Notched laminate test methods for MIL-HDBK-17 data submittal................................. 13 [Link].1 ASTM D 3165......................................................................................... 56
7.5 MECHANICALLY-FASTENED JOINT TESTS.......................................................................... 13 [Link].2 European Aircraft Industry Standard EN 6066 ....................................... 57
7.5.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 13 [Link].3 Other examples ...................................................................................... 59
[Link] Definitions ........................................................................................................ 13 7.7 DAMAGE CHARACTERIZATION ............................................................................................ 60
[Link] Failure modes .................................................................................................. 14 7.7.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 60
[Link] Design requirements........................................................................................ 15 7.7.2 Damage resistance ........................................................................................................ 61
7.5.2 Bearing Tests ................................................................................................................. 15 [Link] Falling weight impact ....................................................................................... 61
[Link] Overview.......................................................................................................... 15 [Link] Izod and charpy impact.................................................................................... 62
[Link] Double shear bearing tests.............................................................................. 16 [Link] Quasi-static indentation ................................................................................... 62
[Link].1 ASTM D 953 bearing strength of plastics .............................................. 16 [Link] Other damage resistance tolerance tests........................................................ 62
[Link].2 ASTM D 5961, Procedure A................................................................... 17 7.7.3 Damage tolerance tests................................................................................................. 63
[Link] Single shear bearing tests ............................................................................... 19 [Link] Compression after impact tests ....................................................................... 63
[Link].1 Overview ................................................................................................ 19 [Link].1 Overview ................................................................................................ 63
[Link].2 ASTM D 5961, Procedure B................................................................... 19 [Link].2 SACMA SRM 2R-94 "Compression after Impact Properties of
[Link] Suggested joint bearing test matrices ............................................................. 21 Oriented Fiber-Resin Composites"......................................................... 64
[Link] Effects of thickness/gaps/shimming................................................................. 25 [Link].3 NASA 1142, B.11 "Compression After Impact Test" ............................... 65
[Link] Failure modes .................................................................................................. 27 [Link].4 Test methods for MIL-HDBK-17 data submittal...................................... 65
7.5.3 Bearing/by-pass evaluation ........................................................................................... 30 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 65
[Link] Overview and rationale .................................................................................... 30
[Link] Specimen design and testing........................................................................... 31
[Link] Suggested bearing/bypass test matrix ............................................................ 33 CHAPTER 8 STATISTICAL METHODS ............................................................................................... 1
[Link] Data reduction ................................................................................................. 33
7.5.4 Shear-out strength ......................................................................................................... 34 8.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 1
7.5.5 Fastener pull-thru strength (MIL-HDBK-17 test method)............................................... 36 8.1.1 Overview of methods for calculating statistically-based properties ................................. 1
[Link] Scope............................................................................................................... 36 8.1.2 Computer software .......................................................................................................... 1
[Link] Summary of test methods................................................................................ 36 8.1.3 Symbols ........................................................................................................................... 1
[Link] Significance ..................................................................................................... 41 8.1.4 Statistical terms................................................................................................................ 3
[Link] Apparatus ........................................................................................................ 41 8.2 BACKGROUND.......................................................................................................................... 7
[Link] Test specimen.................................................................................................. 41 8.2.1 Statistically-based design values ..................................................................................... 7
[Link] Specimen assembly......................................................................................... 41 8.2.2 Basis values for unstructured data. ................................................................................. 7
[Link] Test matrix ....................................................................................................... 42 8.2.3 Basis values in the presence of batch-to-batch variability............................................... 8
[Link] Report .............................................................................................................. 42 8.2.4 Batches, panels, and confounding................................................................................... 9

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8.2.5Sample size guidelines for determining basis values.................................................... 10 8.4 STATISTICAL METHODS ........................................................................................................ 65
[Link] Example............................................................................................................11 8.4.1 Tests for determining equivalency between an existing database and a new
[Link] Mean and standard deviations of normal basis values ....................................11 dataset for the same material ........................................................................................ 65
[Link] Basis values using the ANOVA method........................................................... 13 8.4.2 Alternate material statistical procedures........................................................................ 68
8.3 CALCULATION OF STATISTICALLY-BASED MATERIAL PROPERTIES............................... 14 [Link] Comparing two groups of batches ................................................................... 68
8.3.1 Guide to computational procedures............................................................................... 14 8.4.3 Confidence intervals for the coefficient of variation ....................................................... 71
8.3.2 Subpopulation compatibility - structured or unstructured .............................................. 16 [Link] Example of CV confidence interval calculation ............................................... 71
[Link] Notation for grouped data ................................................................................ 16 [Link] Comment on the approximation ...................................................................... 72
[Link] The k-sample Anderson-Darling test ............................................................... 17 8.4.4 Statistical procedures for process control...................................................................... 72
8.3.3 Detecting outliers ........................................................................................................... 18 [Link] x bar chart including batch effect..................................................................... 72
[Link] The maximum normed residual ....................................................................... 18 [Link] s2 chart for the within-batch component of variance ........................................ 75
8.3.4 Basis values for unstructured data ................................................................................ 19 [Link] Test for trend in batch means .......................................................................... 75
[Link] Goodness-of-fit tests........................................................................................ 19 8.4.5 Average stress-strain curves and bearing load-deformation curves ............................. 77
[Link] Two-parameter Weibull distribution ................................................................. 20 [Link] Fitting equations .............................................................................................. 79
[Link].1 Estimating the shape and scale parameters of a Weibull 8.5 STATISTICAL TABLES AND APPROXIMATIONS ................................................................... 81
distribution .............................................................................................. 20 8.5.1 Quantiles of the F-distribution........................................................................................ 81
[Link].2 Goodness-of-fit test for the two-parameter Weibull distribution ............. 23 8.5.2 Quantiles of the χ 2 distribution ..................................................................................... 82
[Link].3 Basis values for the two-parameter Weibull distribution ........................ 23
8.5.3 Upper-tail quantiles for the t-distribution........................................................................ 82
[Link] Normal distribution........................................................................................... 23
8.5.4 Two-tail probabilities for the t-distribution ...................................................................... 82
[Link].1 Estimating the mean and standard deviation parameters for the
8.5.5 Upper-tail probabilities for the standard normal distribution .......................................... 82
normal distribution .................................................................................. 24
8.5.6 Critical values for the k-sample Anderson-Darling test at the α = 0.05 significance
[Link].2 Goodness-of-fit test for the normal distribution ...................................... 24
level................................................................................................................................ 82
[Link].3 Basis values for the normal distribution ................................................. 24
8.5.7 Critical values for the MNR outlier test .......................................................................... 82
[Link] Lognormal distribution ..................................................................................... 25
8.5.8 One-sided B-basis tolerance factors, VB, for the Weibull distribution............................ 82
[Link] Nonparametric basis values ............................................................................ 25
8.5.9 One-sided A-basis tolerance factors, VA, for the Weibull distribution............................ 83
[Link].1 Nonparametric basis values for large samples ...................................... 25
8.5.10 One-sided B-basis tolerance factors, kB, for the normal distribution ............................. 83
[Link].2 The Hanson-Koopmans method ............................................................ 26
8.5.11 One-sided A-basis tolerance factors, kA, for the normal distribution ............................. 84
8.3.5 Basis values for structured data .................................................................................... 26
8.5.12 Ranks, rB, for determining nonparametric B-basis values ............................................. 84
[Link] Regression analysis of linear statistical models .............................................. 26
8.5.13 Ranks, rA, for determining nonparametric A-basis values ............................................. 84
[Link] Analysis of variance......................................................................................... 28
[Link].1 Levene's test for equality of variances ................................................... 29 8.5.14 Nonparametric B-basis values for small sample sizes .................................................. 84
[Link].2 The F-test for equality of means............................................................. 30 8.5.15 Non-parametric A-basis values for small sample sizes ................................................. 84
[Link].3 One-way ANOVA computations based on individual 8.5.16 Critical values for approximate confidence limits on the coefficient of variation ........... 84
measurements........................................................................................ 30 8.5.17 One-sided tolerance factors for acceptance limits on mean values, for normal
[Link].4 One-way ANOVA computations based on summary statistics ............... 31 distribution...................................................................................................................... 84
[Link].5 The ANOVA table for a one-way model.................................................. 31 8.5.18 One-sided tolerance factors for acceptance limits on individual values, for normal
distribution...................................................................................................................... 85
[Link].6 Calculation of summary statistics for one-way ANOVA basis values ..... 32
[Link].7 Calculations for three or more batches .................................................. 32 8.5.19 Upper and lower tail quantiles for two-sided t-distribution............................................. 85
[Link].8 Calculations for two batches .................................................................. 33 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................110
[Link] Simple linear regression .................................................................................. 33
LIST OF TABLES
[Link] Basis values using pooling of structured data ................................................. 35
8.3.6 Exploratory data analysis............................................................................................... 36 TABLE 8.5.1 Quantiles of the F-distribution ........................................................................................... 86
[Link] The quantile box plot ....................................................................................... 36 TABLE 8.5.2 Quantiles of the χ 2 distribution ......................................................................................... 88
[Link] The informative quantile function..................................................................... 38 TABLE 8.5.3 Upper-tail quantiles for the t-distribution............................................................................ 89
8.3.7 Examples of computational procedures ........................................................................ 40 TABLE 8.5.4 Two-tail probabilities for t-distribution. ............................................................................... 90
[Link] Problem 1 - Outlier detection, multiple-sample tests, and the Weibull TABLE 8.5.5 Upper-tail probabilities for the standard normal distribution. ............................................. 91
distribution ....................................................................................................... 40 TABLE 8.5.6 Critical values for the k-sample Anderson-Darling test at the α = 0.05
[Link] Problem 2 - Normal distribution ....................................................................... 45 significance level.................................................................................................................................. 92
[Link] Problem 3 - Lognormal distribution.................................................................. 49 TABLE 8.5.7 Critical values for the MNR outlier test .............................................................................. 93
[Link] Problem 4 - Nonparametric method ................................................................ 51 TABLE 8.5.8 One-sided B-basis tolerance factors, VB, for the Weibull distribution ............................... 94
[Link] Problem 5 - Hanson-Koopmans method ......................................................... 51 TABLE 8.5.9 One-sided A-basis tolerance limit factors, VA, for the Weibull distribution, ...................... 96
[Link] Problem 6 - Analysis of variance (ANOVA) method ........................................ 52 TABLE 8.5.10 One-sided B-basis tolerance limit factors, kB, for the normal distribution......................... 98
[Link] Problem 7 - Linear regression ......................................................................... 56 TABLE 8.5.11 One-sided A-basis tolerance limit factors, kA, for the normal distribution, .................... 100
[Link] Problem 8 - Simple linear regression with a random effect............................. 61 TABLE 8.5.12 Ranks, rB for determining nonparametric B-basis values .............................................. 102
[Link] Problem 9 - One-way mixed-model ANOVA: basis values with data from TABLE 8.5.13 Ranks, rA, for determining nonparametric A-basis values ............................................. 103
multiple sources............................................................................................... 63 TABLE 8.5.14 Nonparametric B-basis factors for small sample sizes.................................................. 104

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TABLE 8.5.15 Non-parametric A-basis factors for small sample sizes ................................................ 105 SUMMARY OF CHANGES
TABLE 8.5.16 Critical values for confidence limits on the coefficient of variation ................................ 106
TABLE 8.5.17 Constants for test on mean and minimum individual values (values for Chapter Section Title Change type
mean) .............................................................................................................................................. 107
TABLE 8.5.18 Constants for test on mean and minimum individual values (values for
minimum individual)......................................................................................................................... 108 1 1.2 Purpose revision
TABLE 8.5.19 Constants for ta.n ........................................................................................................... 109 1.7 Definitions revision
1.4.1 Roadmaps for use of Volumes 1-3 new
INDEX................................................................................................................................................ I-1
2 [Link] Data application categories revision
CONCLUDING REMARKS ..............................................................................................................C-1 2.2.12 Data documentation new
2.3.7 Data substantiation for use of MIL-HDBK-17 Ba- revision
sis Values
2.4.4 Disposition of outlier data new
2.5 Material testing for submission of data for MIL- revision
HDBK-17
2.5.1 Introduction new
2.5.3 Sampling Requirements revision
2.5.6 Data documentation requirements revision

4 4.6.1 Introduction new

4.6.2 Tension revision
[Link] Introduction new
[Link] Specimen preparation
[Link] Test apparatus
[Link] Tensile test methods for MIL HDBK 17
4.6.3 Compression revision
[Link] Introduction new
[Link] Specimen preparation
[Link] Test apparatus
[Link] Compressive test methods for MIL HDBK 17
4.6.5 Flexure revision
[Link] Introduction new
[Link] Specimen preparation
[Link] Test apparatus
[Link] Flexural test methods for MIL HDBK 17
4.5.6 Volatiles content revision
4.5.7 Moisture content revision

6 Outline Refer to chapter outline revision

6.2 Specimen preparation revision
6.4 (to include Instrumentation and calibration new-incorporates Section
all subsections) 6.7.2 Instrumentation from
Rev E
6.5 (to include Testing environments new-incorporates Section
all subsections) 6.7.3 Non-ambient testing
from Rev E
6.6.4 Density revision

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 MIL-HDBK-17-1F MIL-HDBK-17-1F
Volume 1, Foreword / Table of Contents Volume 1, Chapter 1 Objectives

Chapter Section Title Change type CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES

6.6.5 Cured ply thickness
This handbook documents engineering methodologies for the development of standardized,
6.6.6 Fiber volume fraction revision
statistically-based material property data for polymer matrix composite materials. Also provided
[Link] Determination of fiber volume using image new are data summaries for a number of relevant composite material systems for which available data
analysis meets specific MIL-HDBK-17 requirements for publication. Additionally, supporting engineering
6.6.7 Void volume fraction revision and manufacturing technologies and common practices related to composite materials are sum-
[Link] Determination of void volume using image analy- new marized.
sis
6.6.8 Moisture/fluid diffusivity and equilibrium content revision
1.1 INTRODUCTION
[Link] Dimensional Stability (Thermal) revision-incorporates Section It is generally understood that standardized, statistically-based, material property data are essential to
6.4.9 Dimensional stability an efficient engineering development process; such data are needed by material suppliers, engineering
from Rev E users, and system end-users alike. Since the inherent properties of materials are independent of specific
[Link] Dimensional Stability (Moisture) revision-incorporates Section applications, data development methodologies and material property data are applicable to a wide variety
6.4.9 Dimensional stability of industries; they also form much of the technical basis for establishment of statistically-based design
1
from Rev E values acceptable to procuring or certifying agencies. This evaluation of the inherent properties of com-
6.6.10 Thermal Conductivity new posite materials, as shown in Figure 1.1, is the focus of MIL-HDBK-17.
6.6.11 Specific heat new While the source and context for much of the handbook has historically come from experience with
6.6.12 Thermal Diffusivity new aerospace flight-critical structures, all transportation industries (aerospace, ground, rail, and marine),
6.6.13 Outgassing of composites for spacecraft new whether commercial or military, as well as other applications including general industrial products, will find
the handbook useful. Incorporation of additional information related to broader applications is ongoing.
6.6.18 Flammability and smoke generation new
6.12.2 (to in- Tests unique to textile composites new This handbook has been developed and is maintained as a joint effort of the US Department of De-
clude all subsec- fense (DOD) and the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The data contained herein, or appearing
2
tions) as approved items in the minutes of MIL-HDBK-17 coordination group meetings, while not mandatory,,
are acceptable for use in the development of structural design values to the FAA and to all branches of
the DOD. Note however, that methods for incorporating handbook data into structural design values for
7 7.2 (to include Specimen preparation new
specific applications generally require additional procurement or certification agency approval.
all subsections)
7.4 (to include Notched laminate tests new 1.2 PURPOSE
all subsections)
7.7 Damage Characterization New-incorporates Section The primary purpose of MIL-HDBK-17 is the standardization of engineering data development meth-
7.4 Other Topics from Rev E odologies related to characterization testing, data reduction, and data reporting of properties for polymer
matrix composite materials. In support of this objective MIL-HDBK-17 publishes properties on composite
material systems for which data meeting specific requirements is available. In addition, MIL-HDBK-17
8 Chapter 8 Statistical Methods revision
provides selected guidance on other technical topics related to composites, including material selection,
8.3.1 Guide to Computational Procedures new material specification, material processing, design, analysis, quality control and repair of typical polymer
8.4 reorganized revision matrix composite materials. Thus, MIL-HDBK-17 is published in three volumes, and serves as a source
for the following:
8.5.17 Constants for Test on Mean and Minimum new
Individual values (Values for Mean)
• Volume 1: Documents material characterization, data development, and methodology guidelines
8.5.18 Constants for Test on Mean and Minimum new adaptable to a wide variety of needs, as well as specific requirements to be met by data pub-
Individual values (Values for Minimum Individual) lished in the handbook. Most procuring and certifying agencies prefer, and some may require,
8.5.19 Upper and Lower Tail Quantiles for Two-Sided new that composite material systems used in critical applications either be characterized in accor-
t-Distribution dance with Volume 1 guidelines or selected from material systems published in Volume 2.

1
An example of a procuring agency is a branch of the US Department of Defense (DOD). An example of a certifying agency is an
office of the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
2
Accepted as of the MIL-HDBK-17 Coordination Committee approval date.

1-1
xx
 MIL-HDBK-17-1F MIL-HDBK-17-1F
Volume 1, Chapter 1 Objectives Volume 1, Chapter 1 Objectives

1.3.1 Strength properties and allowables data

MIL-HDBK-17
Statistically-based strength property data are defined for each composite material system over a
range of potential usage conditions. The intent is to provide data at the upper and lower limits of the po-
tential environmental conditions for a particular material, so that application issues do not govern the me-
MATRIX MATERIAL FIBER CHARACTERIZATION chanical property characterizations. If data are also available at intermediate environmental conditions,
CHARACTERIZATION they are used to more exactly define the relationship between the mechanical properties and the effect of
the environment on those properties.

The statistically-based strength data that are available are tabulated in Volume 2. These data are
useful as a starting point for establishing structural design allowables when stress and strength analysis
PREPREG EVALUATION capabilities permit lamina level margin of safety checks. Where such cases exist, the MIL-HDBK-17 sta-
tistically reduced strength data may be used in determining material design allowables. Depending on the
application, some structural design allowables will have to be determined empirically by laminate, ele-
ment, or higher level of testing, since MIL-HDBK-17 does not provide these data.
LAMINA/LAMINATE
CHARACTERIZATION Additional information and properties are added as they become available and are demonstrated to
meet the guideline criteria. Typical property values, as well as S-values (see definitions) are included if
they meet the approval of the MIL-HDBK-17 Coordination Group.

When the guidelines or data requirements of MIL-HDBK-17 cannot be followed, the certifying or pro-
NOTCHED/DAMAGED JOINT curing government agency should be contacted to determine data requirements and other documentation
LAMINATE EVALUATION which may be necessary to justify data values proposed or used by the manufacturer.
EVALUATION
1.3.2 Volume 1: Guidelines for Characterization of Structural Materials

This volume contains guidelines for determining the properties of composite material systems, their
constituents, and generic structural elements, including test planning, test matrices, sampling, condition-
ing, test procedure selection, data reporting, data reduction, statistical analysis, and other related topics.
Special attention is given to the statistical treatment and analysis of data. Volume 1 contains guidelines
DETERMINATION OF for general development of material characterization data as well as specific requirements for publication
STRUCTURAL DESIGN VALUES of material data in MIL-HDBK-17.

It must be emphasized that this handbook differentiates between material basis values (material al-
CERTIFICATION OF THE lowables) and design allowable values. Material basis values, being an intrinsic property of a composite
COMPOSITE STRUCTURE material system, are the focus of this handbook. Design allowable values, while often rooted in material
basis values, are application dependent, and consider and include specific additional considerations that
FIGURE 1.1 Focus of MIL-HDBK-17 indicated by shaded block. may further affect the strength or stiffness of the structure. Also, when establishing application design
values there may be additional certification or procurement agency requirements that go beyond
MIL-HDBK-17.

• Volume 2: Provides a repository of potential design data. The documented property summaries 1.3.3 Volume 2: Material Properties
for material systems provide data meeting the criteria for any of the MIL-HDBK-17 data classes.
• Volume 3: Source for additional technical guidance on a wide variety of disciplines related to Volume 2 contains statistically-based data meeting specific MIL-HDBK-17 population sampling and
polymer matrix composites. data documentation requirements, covering constituents and material systems of general interest. Data
published in Volume 2 are under the jurisdiction of the Data Review Working Group and are approved by
the overall Coordination Group (The MIL-HDBK-17 Coordination Group and Working Groups are dis-
1.3 SCOPE cussed in Section 1.5). New material systems will be included and additional material data for existing
systems will be added as data becomes available and are approved. Selected historical data from the
For Department of Defense purposes, this handbook is for guidance only. This handbook cannot be MIL-HDBK-17A version of the handbook that do not meet current data sampling, test methodology, or
cited as a requirement. If it is, the contractor does not have to comply. This mandate is a DoD require- documentation requirements, but that still are of potential interest to the industry, are also documented in
ment only; it is not applicable to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) or other government agencies. an appendix to this volume.

The three volumes of MIL-HDBK-17 serve as a general reference source for technical information on The material properties in Volume 2 are defined over a range of potential use conditions, focusing,
polymer matrix composites, including: when possible, on the upper and lower material environmental limits so that application-specific environ-

1-2 1-3
 MIL-HDBK-17-1F MIL-HDBK-17-1F
Volume 1, Chapter 1 Objectives Volume 1, Chapter 1 Objectives

ments do not limit use of the data. Data at intermediate environmental conditions, when available, pro- Roadmap #5: Use of Volume 2 Data for Design and Structural Substantiation
vide additional definition of the relation between material response and environment.
This roadmap covers the process for obtaining Volume 2 data, and for performing "equivalency" testing to
While the process of establishing structural design values for specific applications can begin with the validate use of the material in the manufacturer's fabrication process.
data contained in Volume 2, most applications require collection of additional data, especially if there are
requirements for data from the laminate or higher structural complexity levels (structural complexity level Roadmap #6: Demonstration of Equivalency for Revised Material and/or Process
is discussed in [Link]). Also, the ability to manufacture material equivalent to that from which the data in
Volume 2 were obtained typically must be proven to the procuring or certifying agency, which usually in- This roadmap covers the process for demonstrating the "equivalency" of a minor change to a material or
volves limited testing and data comparison. General guidelines for such material/process equivalence to a part fabrication process. This roadmap could be used by a material supplier or by a design organiza-
evaluation are presented in Volume 1; however, many of the details of such an evaluation remain at the tion.
discretion of the procuring or certifying agency.
nd
Roadmap #7: Demonstration of Application Acceptance for "2 Source" Material
1.3.4 Volume 3: Materials Usage, Design, and Analysis Guidelines
This roadmap covers the process for demonstrating the acceptability of substituting a new material for the
Volume 3 provides methodologies and lessons learned for the design, manufacture, analysis, and original material used to design and certify a part. "New" material refers to a different fiber or resin mate-
supportability of composite structures, and for utilization of the material data provided in Volume 2 consis- rial, or to a major change to the original material. This roadmap would be typically used by an design or-
tent with the guidance provided in Volume 1. Topics discussed in Volume 3 include materials and proc- ganization.
essing, quality control, design and analysis, joints, reliability, thick composites, and supportability.
Roadmap #8: Bolted Joint Tests and Analysis Methods

1.4 USE OF THE DOCUMENT AND LIMITATIONS This roadmap covers development of allowables and design values for, and the design and analysis of
bolted joints.
1.4.1 Roadmaps for use of Volumes 1 - 3
Roadmap #9: Bonded Joint Tests and Analysis Methods
The following pages provide summary roadmaps that are intended to be brief guides to relevant sec-
tions of this document pertaining to the following topics. The roadmaps are brief guides to the handbook, This roadmap covers development of allowables and design values for, and the design and analysis of
and while they indicate a general process flow for the topics, they do not show the detailed process flows, bonded joints.
interactions and loops that are required in the actual process implementation. In some cases there are
overlaps between the various roadmaps. Some minor sections have not been included; for these the Roadmap #10: Design, Analysis and Fabrication of Repairs
reader is referred to the complete handbook table of contents.
This roadmap covers development of allowables and design values for, the design and analysis, and the
Roadmap #1: Use of New Material in Design and Structural Substantiation fabrication of repairs to composite laminates.

This roadmap covers the qualification of a new material, development of material allowables and struc-
tural design values, and designing, analyzing and certifying a structure with the new material. This road-
map would be typically used by a design organization.

Roadmap #2: Qualification of New Material

This roadmap covers the process for qualifying a new material and establishing the corresponding mate-
rial procurement specification. This roadmap would be typically used by an design organization.

Roadmap #3: Development of Lamina Allowables

This roadmap covers the process for developing lamina level material allowables for a material. This
roadmap could be used by a material supplier who wishes to provide allowables to customers or by a de-
sign organization.

Roadmap #4: Development of Data for New Material for Submittal to Volume 2

This roadmap covers the process for developing material data for submittal to the Handbook for the calcu-
lation of material properties and allowables, and subsequent publication in Volume 2. This roadmap could
be used by a material supplier or by a design organization.

1-4 1-5
 MIL-HDBK-17-1F MIL-HDBK-17-1F
Volume 1, Chapter 1 Objectives Volume 1, Chapter 1 Objectives

Roadmap #1: Use of New Material in Design and Structural Substantiation Roadmap #2: Qualification of New Material

Establish Design Criteria and Certification

Approach for Specific Application Develop Material and Process Specifications
Volume 3, Chapter 2 (overview)
Volume 3, Section 2.11 (specifics)
Review Building Block Approach
(Volume 3, Chapter 4)

Develop QA/QC Procedures, Acceptance Tests for Material

Volume 1, Section 2.3.3, 8.4.2
Qualify Material (see Roadmap #2) Volume 3, Section 2.11
Volume 3, Chapter 3

Develop Lamina Allowables (see Roadmap #3)

Define Test Matrix
Volume 1, Section 2.3.2, 2.3.3

Develop Laminate Allowables

Unnotched Tension, Compression, Shear
(Volume 1, Chapter 6) Define Test Methods
(process similar to Roadmap #3)
Volume 1, Chapters 3 - 6

Develop Structural Design Data

Fracture Toughness (Volume 1, Section 6.8.6) Purchase Material (multiple batches)
Strength after Impact (Volume 1, Section 6.10, 7.7)
Notched Tension, Compression (Volume 1, Section 7.4) Perform Tests
Bolted Joints (Volume 1, Section 7.5)
Bonded Joints (Volume 1, Section 7.6)
Fatigue (V1, Sec. 2.5.14, 6.8, V3, Chapter 7)
Damage Tolerance (Volume 3, Chapter 7)
Reduce/Normalize Test Data
Volume 1, Section 2.4

Design and Analyze Structure

Laminate Strength (Volume 3, Chapter 5.4)
Compression Buckling/Crippling (Volume 3, Section 5.7)
Bonded Joints (Volume 3, Section 6.2)
Calculate Acceptance Limits for Material Specification
Bolted Joints (Volume 3, Section 6.3) Volume 1, Section 8.4.2
Fatigue (Volume 3, Chapter 7)
Damage Tolerance (Volume 3, Chapter 7)
Repairs (Volume 3, Chapter 8)
Thick Section Composites (Volume 3, Chapter 10)
Lessons Learned (Volume 3, Chapter 12)

1-6 1-7
 MIL-HDBK-17-1F MIL-HDBK-17-1F
Volume 1, Chapter 1 Objectives Volume 1, Chapter 1 Objectives

Roadmap #3: Development of Lamina Allowables Roadmap #4: Development of Data for New Material for Submittal to Volume 2

Review Procedures for Data Documentation and Submittal

Develop Material and Process Specifications Volume 1, Section 2.5
Volume 3, Section 2.11 See also [Link]

Develop QA/QC Procedures, Acceptance Tests for Material Develop Material and Process Specifications
Volume 1, Section 2.3.3, 8.4.2 Volume 3, Section 2.11
Volume 3, Section 2.11 (boilerplate spec if being done by material supplier)
Volume 3, Chapter 3

Develop QA/QC Procedures, Acceptance Tests for Material

Define Test Matrix Volume 1, Section 2.3.3, 8.4.2
Volume 1, Section 2.2 (planning) Volume 3, Section 2.11
Volume 3, Chapter 3
Volume 1, Section 2.3.2, 8.2 (matrix)

Define Test Matrix

Define Test Methods Volume 1, Section 2.2 (planning)
Volume 1, Chapters 3 - 6 Volume 1, Section 2.3.2, 8.2 (matrix)
Volume 1, Section 2.5 (data submittal)

Purchase Material (multiple batches)

Define Test Methods
Perform Tests
Volume 1, Chapters 3 - 7
Certification Agency witnessing as required

Perform Tests
Reduce/Normalize Test Data Certification Agency witnessing as required
Volume 1, Section 2.4 Collect all required data
Validate data

Calculate Allowables
Reduce and Document Test Data
Volume 1, Section 8.3.1 - 8.3.4
Volume 1, Sections 2.4 - 2.5
(individual allowables calculation for each environment)
Volume 1, Section 8.3.5
(allowables by regression versus layup parameter)
Volume 1, Section [Link] Submit Data to Mil-Hdbk-17 Secretariat
(allowables calculation for pooled data across environments)

1-8 1-9
 MIL-HDBK-17-1F MIL-HDBK-17-1F
Volume 1, Chapter 1 Objectives Volume 1, Chapter 1 Objectives

Roadmap #5: Use of Volume 2 Data for Design and Structural Substantiation Roadmap #6: Demonstration of Equivalency for Revised Material and/or Process

Obtain Volume 2 data for original material data source.

Assess differences between "original" material and/or process
Obtain material procurement and processing infomation
corresponding to data in Volume 2. and "new" material and/or process
Volume 1, Section [Link]

Develop Material and Process Specifications

Volume 3, Section 2.11
Define Equivalency Test Matrix and Success Criteria
Volume 1, Section 2.2 (planning)
Develop QA/QC Procedures, Acceptance Tests for Material
Volume 1, Section [Link], 8.2 (matrix)
Volume 1, Section 2.3.3, 8.4.2
Volume 3, Section 2.11, Chapter 3

Define Test Methods

Volume 1, Chapters 3 - 7
Assess differences between original data source layup and cure
process and "new" manufacturer's processes

Perform Tests
Define Equivalency Test Matrix and Success Criteria Certification Agency witnessing as required
Volume 1, Section 2.2 (planning)
Volume 1, Section 2.3.7, 8.2 (matrix)

Reduce/Normalize Test Data

Define Test Methods Volume 1, Section 2.4
Volume 1, Chapters 3 - 7

Perform Statistical Tests

Perform Tests
Certification Agency witnessing as required Volume 1, Section 8.4.3

Reduce/Normalize Test Data Retests for Data

Volume 1, Section 2.4 Accept change in
that do not pass All Data
No Yes material or
Statistical Tests Pass?
process
Volume 1, tbd
Perform Statistical Tests
Volume 1, Section 8.4.3

Perform additional environment and higher scale structural tests

Retests for Data as required
that do not pass All Data Use Volume 2
No Yes
Statistical Tests Pass? data
Volume 1, tbd

Perform additional environment and higher scale structural tests

1-10 1-11
 MIL-HDBK-17-1F MIL-HDBK-17-1F
Volume 1, Chapter 1 Objectives Volume 1, Chapter 1 Objectives
nd
Roadmap #7: Demonstration of Application Acceptance for "2 Source" Material Roadmap #8: Bolted Joint Tests and Analysis Methods

Assess differences between "original" material and Develop Test Matrix

"new" material Volume 1, Section 7.4.4, [Link], 7.5.4, 7.5.6 (laminate strength)
Volume 1, Section [Link] Volume 1, Section 7.5.7 (fastener strength)

Define Equivalency Test Matrix and Success Criteria Reduce/Normalize Test Data
Volume 1, Section 2.2 (planning) Volume 1, Section 2.4
Volume 1, Section [Link], 8.2 (matrix)

Define Test Methods Calculate Allowables and Design Values

Volume 1, Chapters 3 - 7 Volume 1, Section 8.3

Perform Tests
Analysis Methods
Certification Agency witnessing as required
Volume 3, Section 6.3
Volume 3, Section [Link] (bolted repairs)

Reduce/Normalize Test Data

Volume 1, Section 2.4
Lessons Learned
Volume 3, Section [Link], 12.3.1
Perform Statistical Tests
Volume 1, Section [Link]

Retests for Data

that do not pass All Data Accept new
No Yes
Statistical Tests Pass? material
Volume 1, tbd

Perform additional environment and higher scale structural tests

as required to demonstrate acceptability of new material in
specific structural application

1-12 1-13
 MIL-HDBK-17-1F MIL-HDBK-17-1F
Volume 1, Chapter 1 Objectives Volume 1, Chapter 1 Objectives

Roadmap #9: Bonded Joint Tests and Analysis Methods Roadmap #10: Design, Analysis and Fabrication of Repairs

Reference Sections Characterize Repair Materials

Volume 1, Chapter 4 Develop Material and Process Specifications, Volume 3, Section 2.11
Volume 3, Chapter 2 Develop Lamina Allowables (see Roadmap #3)
Develop Laminate Allowables (similar to Roadmap #3)
Develop Bolted Joint Allowables, Volume 1, Sections 7.4 - 7.5
Develop Adhesive Allowables, Volume 1, Section 7.6.2
Develop Material and Process Specifications Develop Bonded Joint Allowables, Volume 1, Section 7.6.3
Volume 3, Section 2.11 Calculate Allowables and Design Values, Volume 1, Section 8.3

Develop Test Matrix Design for Repair

Volume 1, Section 7.6.2 Volume 3, Section 8.2
Volume 1, Section 6.7.8

Repair Design
Calculate Allowables and Design Values Volume 3, Section 8.3
Volume 1, Section 8.3

Bonded Repair Analysis Methods

Analysis Methods Volume 3, Chapter 5
Volume 3, Section 6.2 (Bonded Joints) Volume 3, Section 6.2 (Bonded Joints)
Volume 3, Section [Link] (Disbond Growth) Volume 3, Section [Link] (Disbond Growth)
Volume 3, Section [Link] (Disbonds) Volume 3, Section [Link] (Disbonds)
Volume 3, Section [Link] (Bonded Repairs) Volume 3, Section [Link] (Bonded Repairs)

Lessons Learned Bolted Repair Analysis Methods

Volume 3, Section [Link], [Link] Volume 3, Chapter 5
Volume 3, Section 6.3
Volume 3, Section [Link] (Bolted Repairs)

Lessons Learned
Volume 3, Chapter 12

1-14 1-15
 MIL-HDBK-17-1F MIL-HDBK-17-1F
Volume 1, Chapter 1 Objectives Volume 1, Chapter 1 Objectives

1.4.2 Source of information intended to be helpful, but not necessarily complete or authoritative sources of additional related informa-
tion on specific subject areas.
The information contained in MIL-HDBK-17 is obtained from materials producers and fabricators, the
aerospace industry, reports on government-sponsored research, the open literature, direct contacts with 1.4.6 Use of tradenames and product names
researchers, and from participants in MIL-HDBK-17 coordination activities. All information published in
this document has been coordinated and reviewed by representatives from industry, the US Army, the US Use of tradenames or proprietary product names does not constitute an endorsement of those prod-
Navy, the US Air Force, NASA, and the US Federal Aviation Administration. Every effort has been made ucts by the US Government or by the MIL-HDBK-17 Coordination Group.
to reflect the most up-to-date information on the use of composite materials, with particular emphasis on
use of composites in structures. The handbook is continually reviewed and revised to keep current with 1.4.7 Toxicity, health hazards, and safety
the state-of-the-art and insure completeness and accuracy.
Certain processing and test methods discussed in MIL-HDBK-17 may involve hazardous materials,
1.4.3 Use of data and guidelines in applications operations, or equipment. These methods may not address safety problems, if any, associated with their
use. It is the responsibility of the user of these methods to establish appropriate safety and health prac-
All data contained herein are based on small-scale test specimens for specific environmental condi- tices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. The user is referred to the
1
tions, largely limited to uniaxial quasi-static loading. It is the user's responsibility to determine if hand- Advanced Composite Materials US Army Interim Health and Safety Guidance for a discussion of the
book data is appropriate for a given application, and if selected, to translate or scale the data as neces- health and safety issues involved in the processing and use of composite materials. This document is
sary for use: generated by the US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Material
manufacturers, as well as various composites user groups, may also provide guidance on health and
• in a multi-directional laminate, safety issues pertinent to composite materials.
• on a structure of different characteristic size and geometry,
• under a multi-directional stress state, 1.4.8 Ozone depleting chemicals
• when exposed to a different environment, and/or
• when subjected to non-static loading. Restrictions on the use of ozone depleting chemicals are detailed in the US Clean Air Act of 1991.

Further discussions of these and other issues are provided in Volume 3. Specific uses of handbook data
are beyond the scope and responsibility of MIL-HDBK-17, and applicability and interpretation of specific 1.5 APPROVAL PROCEDURES
provisions of this handbook may require approval by an appropriate procurement or certification agency.
The content of the handbook is developed and approved by the MIL-HDBK-17 Coordination Group,
1.4.4 Strength properties and allowables terminology which meets twice yearly to consider changes and additions to the handbook. This Group consists of the
handbook Co-Chairs, Coordinator, Secretariat, Working Group Chairs, and the active Working Group par-
The handbook intent is to provide guidelines for generating material property data, including statisti- ticipants, which include representatives from various US and international procuring and certifying agen-
cally-based strength data at environmental extremes that bracket most intermediate application-specific cies, in addition to the producing industries and academic and research institutions. MIL-HDBK-17 Coor-
environments. The philosophy is to avoid having application-specific issues govern generic material dination Group meetings are announced to participants by mail about eight weeks prior to the scheduled
property characterization programs. If data are also available at intermediate environmental conditions, meeting date, and minutes of the meetings are mailed eight weeks following the close of the meeting.
they can be used to more completely define the relationship between the property and the effect of the
environment on that property. However, in some cases an environmental limit for a composite material While each of the Working Groups functions similarly, they are of three types: Executive, a single
system may be application dependent, and in others, data at environmental limits may not be available. Working Group with oversight responsibility composed of the Working Group Chairs, the handbook Co-
Chairs, Coordinator, and Secretariat; Standing, including Data Review, Guidelines, Materials and Proc-
Available statistically-based strength data are tabulated in Volume 2. These data are useful as a essing, Statistics, and Testing Working Groups; and Specialty, which varies with time but currently in-
starting point for establishing structural design allowable values when stress and strength analysis capa- cludes the Braiding and Filament Winding, Supportability, Structural Joints, and Thick-Sections Working
bilities permit lamina-level margin-of-safety calculations. For such cases the MIL-HDBK-17 strength basis Groups. The makeup and organization of the Coordination Group and Working Groups, as well as the
value may also be termed a material design allowable. Depending on the application, some structural procedures followed for document change approval, are summarized in the MIL-HDBK-17 Coordination
design allowables may have to be empirically determined from additional laminate, element, or higher- Group Member's Guide, separately published and available from either the Coordinator or Secretariat.
level test data not provided by MIL-HDBK-17.
Proposals for addition to, deletion from, or modification to the handbook should be submitted to both
1.4.5 Use of references the appropriate Working Group and the Secretariat well in advance of the announcement mailing date,
and should include specific notation of the proposed changes and adequate documentation of supporting
While many references are provided at the end of each chapter, note that the information in these data or analytical procedures. Reproducible copies of figures, drawings, or photographs proposed for
citations may not necessarily comply in every respect either with the general guidelines for data develop- publication in the document should be furnished to the Secretariat. Following approval by the appropriate
ment or with the specific requirements for publication of data in the handbook. The references are simply Working Group, the proposed changes are published in the next minutes of the Coordination Group, in a
special section of the minutes called the "yellow pages", and all participants are allowed comment on the
proposed changes. If no substantive comments are received on any individual item by the posted re-
1
Unless otherwise noted, tests were conducted in conformance with the particular test method noted. The emphasis is on data ob- sponse date, then that item is considered approved by the Coordination Group and is considered effective
tained from ASTM standard test methods for advanced composites, but where an ASTM test method has been deemed inappropri- as of that date. (Prior to publication in the next revision of the handbook the collected changes are re-
ate or is not yet available, or when data from a nonstandard but commonly practiced test procedure is available, then data from a
non-standard test method may have been accepted for publication. The specific test method used is noted in the data documenta-
viewed by various branches of the US DOD. Additional proposals for revision may result from this US
tion. See also the statement on test method acceptance criteria in Section 2.5.5. DOD review.)

1-16 1-17
 MIL-HDBK-17-1F
Volume 1, Chapter 1 Objectives

Requests for inclusion of material property data into MIL-HDBK-17 should be submitted to either the
Coordinator or the Secretariat, accompanied by the documentation specified in Section 2.5.5. A Data
Source Information Package has been created to aid those considering submitting data for inclusion in
MIL-HDBK-17, and is available from either the Coordinator or the Secretariat. The Secretariat reviews
and analyzes each data submission and at the next available meeting of the Coordination Group presents
a summary for evaluation by the Data Review Working Group. The choice of new materials to be in-
cluded herein is governed by the MIL-HDBK-17 Coordination Group. Practical considerations preclude
inclusion of all advanced composite materials, but reasonable attempts will be made to add new material
systems of interest in a timely manner.
MIL-HDBK-17-1F
Volume 1, Chapter 1 Objectives

1.6 SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYSTEMS OF UNITS

This section defines the symbols and abbreviations which are used within MIL-HDBK-17 and de- Lamina Laminate
scribes the system of units which is maintained. Common usage is maintained where possible. Refer- A 3, Thickness A z. Thickness
ences 1.6(a), 1.6(b), and 1.6(c) served as primary sources for this information.

1.6.1 Symbols and abbreviations

2, Transverse y, Transverse
The symbols and abbreviations used in this document are defined in this section with the exception of
statistical symbols. These latter symbols are defined in Chapter 8. The lamina/laminate coordinate axes 1, Longitudinal X. Longitudinal
used for all properties and a summary of the mechanical property notation are shown in Figure 1.6.1.
Notation = Hi'^
Where, i
• The symbols f and m, when used as either subscripts or superscripts, always denote fiber and 0, T; Applied Normal, Shear Stress «^ ^i
Note: v^2== Major Poisson's Ratio
matrix, respectively. F; Allowable Stress
H = e»7; Extensional, Shear Strain t 1
• v., = Minor Poisson's Ratio = —r
The type of stress (for example, cy - compression yield) is always used in the superscript position. E, G; Young's, Shear Modulus
v; Poisson's Ratio " 4 -T .t -*HH*-
• Direction indicators (for example, x, y, z, 1, 2, 3, etc.) are always used in the subscript position.
1; Longitudinal c; Compression
2; Transverse Lamina t; Tension
• Ordinal indicators of laminae sequence (e.g., 1, 2, 3, etc.) are used in the superscript position and 3; Thickness s; Shear
must be parenthesized to distinguish them from mathematical exponents. 12,13, 32; Shear, Poisson's-
x; Longitudinal y; Yield
y; Transverse k = - u; Ultimate, Not Used
• Other indicators may be used in either subscript or superscript position, as appropriate for clarity. 2; Thickness
Laminate
for Stiffness
xy. xz, zy; Shear, Poisson's
• Compound symbols (such as, basic symbols plus indicators) which deviate from these rules are
tu
shown in their specific form in the following list. Examples, F^ = Lamina Ultimate Transverse Tensile Allowable Stress

E^= Laminate Compressive Young's Modulus. Thickness Direction

The following general symbols and abbreviations are considered standard for use in MIL-HDBK-17.
Where exceptions are made, they are noted in the text and tables.
FIGURE 1.6.1 Mechanical property notation.
2 2
A - (1) area (m ,in )
- (2) ratio of alternating stress to mean stress
- (3) A-basis for mechanical property values 1-19
a - (1) length dimension (mm,in)
2 2
- (2) acceleration (m/sec ,ft/sec )
- (3) amplitude
- (4) crack or flaw dimension (mm,in)
B - (1) B-basis for mechanical property values
- (2) biaxial ratio
Btu - British thermal unit(s)
b - width dimension (mm,in), e.g., the width of a bearing or compression panel normal to load,
or breadth of beam cross-section

1-18
 MIL-HDBK-17-1F MIL-HDBK-17-1F
Volume 1, Chapter 1 Objectives Volume 1, Chapter 1 Objectives

K - (1) Kelvin
C - (1) specific heat (kJ/kg °C,Btu/lb °F) - (2) stress intensity factor (MPa/m,ksi/in)
2
- (2) Celsius - (3) coefficient of thermal conductivity (W/m °C, Btu/ft /hr/in/°F)
CF - centrifugal force (N,lbf) - (4) correction factor
CPF - crossply factor - (5) dielectric constant
CPT - cured ply thickness (mm, in.) Kapp - apparent plane strain fracture toughness or residual strength (MPa/m,ksi/in)
CG - (1) center of mass, "center of gravity" Kc - critical plane strain fracture toughness, a measure of fracture toughness at point of crack
- (2) area or volume centroid growth instability (MPa/m,ksi/in)
CL - centerline KIc - plane strain fracture toughness (MPa/m,ksi/in)
c - column buckling end-fixity coefficient KN - empirically calculated fatigue notch factor
c - honeycomb sandwich core depth (mm,in) Ks - plate or cylinder shear buckling coefficient
cpm - cycles per minute Kt - (1) theoretical elastic stress concentration factor
D - (1) diameter (mm,in) - (2) tw/c ratio in H/C sandwich
- (2) hole or fastener diameter (mm,in) Kv - dielectric strength (KV/mm, V/mil)
- (3) plate stiffness (N-m,lbf-in) Kx,Ky - plate or cylinder compression buckling coefficient
d - mathematical operator denoting differential k - strain at unit stress (m/m,in/in)
E - modulus of elasticity in tension, average ratio of stress to strain for stress below propor- L - cylinder, beam, or column length (mm,in)
tional limit (GPa,Msi) L' - effective column length (mm,in)
E' - storage modulus (GPa,Msi) lb - pound
E" - loss modulus (GPa,Msi) M - applied moment or couple (N-m,in-lbf)
Ec - modulus of elasticity in compression, average ratio of stress to strain for stress below Mg - megagram(s)
proportional limit (GPa,Msi) MPa - megapascal(s)
MS - military standard
E’c - modulus of elasticity of honeycomb core normal to sandwich plane (GPa,Msi)
M.S. - margin of safety
Esec - secant modulus (GPa,Msi) MW - molecular weight
Etan - tangent modulus (GPa,Msi) MWD - molecular weight distribution
e - minimum distance from a hole center to the edge of the sheet (mm,in) m - (1) mass (kg,lb)
e/D - ratio of edge distance to hole diameter (bearing strength) - (2) number of half wave lengths
F - (1) stress (MPa,ksi) - (3) metre
- (2) Fahrenheit - (4) slope
Fb - bending stress (MPa,ksi) N - (1) number of fatigue cycles to failure
Fccr - crushing or crippling stress (upper limit of column stress for failure) (MPa,ksi) - (2) number of laminae in a laminate
Fsu - ultimate stress in pure shear (this value represents the average shear stress over the - (3) distributed in-plane forces on a panel (lbf/in)
cross-section) (MPa,ksi) - (4) Newton
2 2
FAW - fiber areal weight (g/m , lb/in ) - (5) normalized
FV - fiber volume (%) NA - neutral axis
f - (1) internal (or calculated) stress (MPa,ksi) n - (1) number of times in a set
- (2) stress applied to the gross flawed section (MPa,ksi) - (2) number of half or total wavelengths
- (3) creep stress (MPa,ksi) - (3) number of fatigue cycles endured
fc - internal (or calculated) compressive stress (MPa,ksi) P - (1) applied load (N,lbf)
fc - (1) maximum stress at fracture (MPa,ksi) - (2) exposure parameter
- (2) gross stress limit (for screening elastic fracture data (MPa,ksi) - (3) probability
ft - foot, feet - (4) specific resistance (Ω)
G - modulus of rigidity (shear modulus) (GPa,Msi) Pu - test ultimate load, (N,lb per fastener)
GPa - gigapascal(s) Py - test yield load, (N,lb per fastener)
g - (1) gram(s) p - normal pressure (Pa,psi)
2 2
- (2) acceleration due to gravity (m/s ,ft/s ) psi - pounds per square inch
H/C - honeycomb (sandwich) Q
3
- area static moment of a cross-section (mm ,in )
3

h - height dimension (mm,in) e.g. the height of a beam cross-section q - shear flow (N/m,lbf/in)
hr - hour(s) R - (1) algebraic ratio of minimum load to maximum load in cyclic loading
4 4
I - area moment of inertia (mm ,in ) - (2) reduced ratio
i - slope (due to bending) of neutral plane in a beam, in radians RA - reduction of area
in. - inch(es) R.H. - relative humidity
4 4
J - (1) torsion constant (= Ip for round tubes) (m ,in ) RMS - root-mean-square
- (2) Joule RT - room temperature

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r - (1) radius (mm,in) Τ - applied shear stress (MPa,ksi)

- (2) root radius (mm,in) ω - angular velocity (radians/s)
- (3) reduced ratio (regression analysis) ∞ - infinity
S - (1) shear force (N,lbf)
- (2) nominal stress in fatigue (MPa,ksi) [Link] Constituent properties
- (3) S-basis for mechanical property values
Sa - stress amplitude in fatigue (MPa,ksi) The following symbols apply specifically to the constituent properties of a typical composite material.
Se - fatigue limit (MPa,ksi)
Sm - mean stress in fatigue (MPa,ksi) Ef - Young's modulus of filament material (MPa,ksi)
Smax - highest algebraic value of stress in the stress cycle (MPa,ksi) Em - Young's modulus of matrix material (MPa,ksi)
Smin - lowest algebraic value of stress in the stress cycle (MPa,ksi)
Egx - Young's modulus of impregnated glass scrim cloth in the filament direction or in the warp di-
SR - algebraic difference between the minimum and maximum stresses in one cycle (MPa,ksi)
S.F. - safety factor rection of a fabric (MPa,ksi)
s - (1) arc length (mm,in) Egy - Young's modulus of impregnated glass scrim cloth transverse to the filament direction or to the
- (2) H/C sandwich cell size (mm,in) warp direction in a fabric (MPa,ksi)
T - (1) temperature (°C,°F) Gf - shear modulus of filament material (MPa,ksi)
- (2) applied torsional moment (N-m,in-lbf) Gm - shear modulus of matrix (MPa,ksi)
Td - thermal decomposition temperature (°C,°F)
G gxy - shear modulus of impregnated glass scrim cloth (MPa,ksi)
TF - exposure temperature (°C,°F)
Tg - glass transition temperature (°C,°F) G’cx - shear modulus of sandwich core along X-axis (MPa,ksi)
Tm - melting temperature (°C,°F)
G’cy - shear modulus of sandwich core along Y-axis (MPa,ksi)
t - (1) thickness (mm,in)
- (2) exposure time (s) - filament length (mm,in)
- (3) elapsed time (s) α f
- coefficient of thermal expansion for filament material (m/m/°C,in/in/°F)
V
3
- (1) volume (mm ,in )
3
α m
- coefficient of thermal expansion for matrix material (m/m/°C,in/in/°F)
- (2) shear force (N,lbf) α gx - coefficient of thermal expansion of impregnated glass scrim cloth in the filament direction or in
W - (1) weight (N,lbf) the warp direction of a fabric (m/m/°C,in/in/°F)
- (2) width (mm,in)
- (3) Watt α gy - coefficient of thermal expansion of impregnated glass scrim cloth transverse to the filament di-
x - distance along a coordinate axis rection or to the warp direction in a fabric (m/m/°C,in/in/°F)
Y - nondimensional factor relating component geometry and flaw size νf - Poisson's ratio of filament material
y - (1) deflection (due to bending) of elastic curve of a beam (mm,in) νm - Poisson's ratio of matrix material
- (2) distance from neutral axis to given point
- (3) distance along a coordinate axis
ν gxy - glass scrim cloth Poisson's ratio relating to contraction in the transverse (or fill) direction as a
3 3
Z - section modulus, I/y (mm ,in ) result of extension in the longitudinal (or warp) direction
α - coefficient of thermal expansion (m/m/°C,in/in/°F) ν gyx - glass scrim cloth Poisson's ratio relating to contraction in the longitudinal (or warp) direction
γ - shear strain (m/m,in/in) as a result of extension in the transverse (or fill) direction
∆ - difference (used as prefix to quantitative symbols) σ - applied axial stress at a point, as used in micromechanics analysis (MPa,ksi)
δ - elongation or deflection (mm,in) τ - applied shear stress at a point, as used in micromechanics analysis (MPa,ksi)
ε - strain (m/m,in/in)
εe - elastic strain (m/m,in/in) [Link] Laminae and laminates
εp - plastic strain (m/m,in/in)
µ - permeability The following symbols, abbreviations, and notations apply to composite laminae and laminates. At
η - plasticity reduction factor the present time the focus in MIL-HDBK-17 is on laminae properties. However, commonly used nomen-
[η] - intrinsic viscosity clature for both laminae and laminates are included here to avoid potential confusion.
η* - dynamic complex viscosity
ν - Poisson's ratio Aij (i,j = 1,2,6) - extensional rigidities (N/m,lbf/in)
ρ - (1) density (kg/m3,lb/in3) Bij (i,j = 1,2,6) - coupling matrix (N,lbf)
- (2) radius of gyration (mm,in) Cij (i,j = 1,2,6) - elements of stiffness matrix (Pa,psi)
Dx, Dy - flexural rigidities (N-m,lbf-in)
ρ’c 3
- H/C sandwich core density (kg/m ,lb/in )
3
Dxy - twisting rigidity (N-m,lbf-in)
Σ - total, summation Dij (i,j = 1,2,6) - flexural rigidities (N-m,lbf-in)
σ - standard deviation E1 - Young's modulus of lamina parallel to filament or warp direction (GPa,Msi)
σij, τ ij - stress in j direction on surface whose outer normal is in i direction (i, j = 1, 2, 3 or x, y, z) E2 - Young's modulus of lamina transverse to filament or warp direction (GPa,Msi)
(MPa,ksi) Ex - Young's modulus of laminate along x reference axis (GPa,Msi)

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Ey - Young's modulus of laminate along y reference axis (GPa,Msi) byp - bypass

G12 - shear modulus of lamina in 12 plane (GPa,Msi) c - composite system, specific filament/matrix composition. Composite as a whole, contrasted
Gxy - shear modulus of laminate in xy reference plane (GPa,Msi) to individual constituents. Also, sandwich core when used in conjunction with prime (')
hi - thickness of ith ply or lamina (mm,in) - (4) critical
Mx, My, Mxy - bending and twisting moment components (N-m/m, in-lbf/in in plate and shell analy- cf - centrifugal force
sis) e - fatigue or endurance
nf - number of filaments per unit length per lamina eff - effective
Qx, Qy - shear force parallel to z axis of sections of a plate perpendicular to x and y axes, re- eq - equivalent
spectively (N/m,lbf/in) f - filament
Qij (i,j = 1,2,6) - reduced stiffness matrix (Pa,psi) g - glass scrim cloth
ux, uy, uz - components of the displacement vector (mm,in) H - hoop
uox , uoy , uoz - components of the displacement vector at the laminate's midsurface (mm,in) i - ith position in a sequence
L - lateral
Vv - void content (% by volume)
m - (1) matrix
Vf - filament content or fiber volume (% by volume)
- (2) mean
Vg - glass scrim cloth content (% by volume)
max - maximum
Vm - matrix content (% by volume)
min - minimum
Vx, Vy - edge or support shear force (N/m,lbf/in)
n - (1) nth (last) position in a sequence
Wf - filament content (% by weight)
- (2) normal
Wg - glass scrim cloth content (% by weight)
p - polar
Wm - matrix content (% by weight)
2 2 s - symmetric
Ws - weight of laminate per unit surface area (N/m ,lbf/in )
st - stiffener
α1 - lamina coefficient of thermal expansion along 1 axis (m/m/°C,in/in/°F) T - transverse
α2 - lamina coefficient of thermal expansion along 2 axis (m/m/°C,in/in/°F) t - value of parameter at time t
αx - laminate coefficient of thermal expansion along general reference x axis (m/m/°C, x, y, z - general coordinate system
in/in/°F) ∑ - total, or summation
α y - laminate coefficient of thermal expansion along general reference y axis (m/m/°C, o - initial or reference datum
in/in/°F) () - format for indicating specific, temperature associated with term in parentheses. RT - room
α xy - laminate shear distortion coefficient of thermal expansion (m/m/°C,in/in/°F) temperature (21°C,70°F); all other temperatures in °F unless specified.
θ - angular orientation of a lamina in a laminate, i.e., angle between 1 and x axes (°)
λ xy - product of ν xy and ν yx [Link] Superscripts
ν 12 - Poisson's ratio relating contraction in the 2 direction as a result of extension in the 1
1
direction The following superscript notations are considered standard in MIL-HDBK-17.
ν 21 - Poisson's ratio relating contraction in the 1 direction as a result of extension in the 2
1
direction b - bending
ν xy - Poisson's ratio relating contraction in the y direction as a result of extension in the x br - bearing
1
direction c - (1) compression
ν yx - Poisson's ratio relating contraction in the x direction as a result of extension in the y - (2) creep
1 cc - compression crippling
direction
ρc 3 3
- density of a single lamina (kg/m ,lb/in ) cr - compression buckling
3 3 e - elastic
ρc - density of a laminate (kg/m ,lb/in ) f - filament
φ - (1) general angular coordinate, (°) g - glass scrim cloth
- (2) angle between x and load axes in off-axis loading (°) is - interlaminar shear
th
(i) - i ply or lamina
[Link] Subscripts lim - limit, used to indicate limit loading
m - matrix
The following subscript notations are considered standard in MIL-HDBK-17. ohc - open hole compression
oht - open hole tension
1, 2, 3 - laminae natural orthogonal coordinates (1 is filament or warp direction) p - plastic
A - axial pl - proportional limit
a - (1) adhesive rup - rupture
- (2) alternating s - shear
app - apparent scr - shear buckling
sec - secant (modulus)
1
The convention for Poisson’s ratio should be checked before comparing different sources as different conventions are used. so - offset shear

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T - temperature or thermal IITRI - Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute

t - tension IR - infrared spectroscopy
tan - tangent (modulus) ISS - ion scattering spectroscopy
u - ultimate JANNAF - Joint Army, Navy, NASA, and Air Force
y - yield LC - liquid chromatography
' - secondary (modulus), or denotes properties of H/C core when used with subscript c LPT - laminate plate theory
CAI - compression after impact LSS - laminate stacking sequence
MMB - mixed mode bending
[Link] Acronyms MOL - material operational limit
MS - mass spectroscopy
The following acronyms are used in MIL-HDBK-17. MSDS - material safety data sheet
MTBF - Mean Time Between Failure
AA - atomic absorption NAS - National Aerospace Standard
AES - Auger electron spectroscopy NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration
AIA - Aerospace Industries Association NDI - nondestructive inspection
ANOVA - analysis of variance NMR - nuclear magnetic resonance
ARL - US Army Research Laboratory PEEK - polyether ether ketone
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials RDS - rheological dynamic spectroscopy
BMI - bismaleimide RH - relative humidity
BVID - barely visible impact damage RT - room temperature
CAI - compression after impact RTA - room temperature ambient
CCA - composite cylinder assemblage RTD - room temperature dry
CFRP - carbon fiber reinforced plastic RTM - resin transfer molding
CLS - crack lap shear SACMA - Suppliers of Advanced Composite Materials Association
CMCS - Composite Motorcase Subcommittee (JANNAF) SAE - Society of Automotive Engineers
CPT - cured ply thickness SANS - small-angle neutron scattering spectroscopy
CTA - cold temperature ambient SEC - size-exclusion chromatography
CTD - cold temperature dry SEM - scanning electron microscopy
CTE - coefficient of thermal expansion SFC - supercritical fluid chromatography
CV - coefficient of variation SI - International System of Units (Le Système International d'Unités)
CVD - chemical vapor deposition SIMS - secondary ion mass spectroscopy
DCB - double cantilever beam TBA - torsional braid analysis
DDA - dynamic dielectric analysis TEM - transmission electron microscopy
DLL - design limit load TGA - thermogravimetric analysis
DMA - dynamic mechanical analysis TLC - thin-layer chromatography
DOD - Department of Defense TMA - thermal mechanical analysis
DSC - differential scanning calorimetry TOS - thermal oxidative stability
DTA - differential thermal analysis TVM - transverse microcrack
DTRC - David Taylor Research Center UDC - unidirectional fiber composite
ENF - end notched flexure VNB - V-notched beam
EOL - end-of-life XPS - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
ESCA - electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
ESR - electron spin resonance 1.6.2 System of units
ETW - elevated temperature wet
FAA - Federal Aviation Administration To comply with Department of Defense Instructive 5000.2, Part 6, Section M, "Use of the Metric Sys-
FFF - field flow fractionation tem," dated February 23, 1991, the data in MIL-HDBK-17 are generally presented in both the International
FGRP - fiberglass reinforced plastic System of Units (SI units) and the U. S. Customary (English) system of units. ASTM E-380, Standard for
FMECA - Failure Modes Effects Criticality Analysis Metric Practice, provides guidance for the application for SI units which are intended as a basis for world-
FOD - foreign object damage wide standardization of measurement units (Reference 1.6.2(a)). Further guidelines on the use of the SI
FTIR - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy system of units and conversion factors are contained in the following publications (References 1.6.2(b) -
FWC - finite width correction factor (e)):
GC - gas chromatography
GSCS - Generalized Self Consistent Scheme (1) DARCOM P 706-470, Engineering Design Handbook: Metric Conversion Guide, July 1976.
HDT - heat distortion temperature
HPLC - high performance liquid chromatography (2) NBS Special Publication 330, "The International System of Units (SI)," National Bureau of Stan-
ICAP - inductively coupled plasma emission dards, 1986 edition.

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1.7 DEFINITIONS
(3) NBS Letter Circular LC 1035, "Units and Systems of Weights and Measures, Their Origin, Devel-
opment, and Present Status," National Bureau of Standards, November 1985. The following definitions are used within MIL-HDBK-17. This glossary of terms is not totally compre-
hensive but it does represent nearly all commonly used terms. Where exceptions are made, they are
(4) NASA Special Publication 7012, "The International System of Units Physical Constants and Con- noted in the text and tables. For ease of identification the definitions have been organized alphabetically.
version Factors", 1964.
A-Basis (or A-Value) -- A statistically-based material property; a 95% lower confidence bound on the
English to SI conversion factors pertinent to MIL-HDBK-17 data are contained in Table 1.6.2. first percentile of a specified population of measurements. Also a 95% lower tolerance bound for the up-
per 99% of a specified population.

A-Stage -- An early stage in the reaction of thermosetting resins in which the material is still soluble
in certain liquids and may be liquid or capable of becoming liquid upon heating. (Sometimes referred to
TABLE 1.6.2 English to SI conversion factors. as resol.)

___________________________________________________________________________ Absorption -- A process in which one material (the absorbent) takes in or absorbs another (the ab-
sorbate).
To convert from to Multiply by
___________________________________________________________________________ Accelerator -- A material which, when mixed with a catalyzed resin, will speed up the chemical reac-
2 2 2
tion between the catalyst and the resin.
Btu (thermochemical)/in -s watt/meter (W/m ) 1.634 246 E+06
2
Btu-in/(s-ft -°F) W/(m K) 5.192 204 E+02 Accuracy -- The degree of conformity of a measured or calculated value to some recognized stan-
degree Fahrenheit degree Celsius (°C) T = (T - 32)/1.8 dard or specified value. Accuracy involves the systematic error of an operation.
degree Fahrenheit kelvin (K) T = (T + 459.67)/1.8
foot meter (m) 3.048 000 E-01 Addition Polymerization -- Polymerization by a repeated addition process in which monomers are
2 2
ft m 9.290 304 E-02 linked together to form a polymer without splitting off of water or other simple molecules.
foot/second meter/second (m/s) 3.048 000 E-01
2 2
ft/s m/s 3.048 000 E-01 Adhesion -- The state in which two surfaces are held together at an interface by forces or interlock-
inch meter (m) 2.540 000 E-02 ing action or both.
2 2 2
in. meter (m ) 6.451 600 E-04
3 3
in. m 1.638 706 E-05 Adhesive -- A substance capable of holding two materials together by surface attachment. In the
kilogram-force (kgf) newton (N) 9.806 650 E+00 handbook, the term is used specifically to designate structural adhesives, those which produce attach-
2
kgf/m pascal (Pa) 9.806 650 E+00 ments capable of transmitting significant structural loads.
kip (1000 lbf) newton (N) 4.448 222 E+03
2
ksi (kip/in ) MPa 6.894 757 E+00 ADK -- Notation used for the k-sample Anderson-Darling statistic, which is used to test the hypothe-
lbf-in N-m 1.129 848 E-01 sis that k batches have the same distribution.
lbf-ft N-m 1.355 818 E+00
2
lbf/in (psi) pascal (Pa) 6.894 757 E+03 Aliquot -- A small, representative portion of a larger sample.
2 2
lb/in gm/m 7.030 696 E+05
3 3
lb/in kg/m 2.767 990 E+04 Aging -- The effect, on materials, of exposure to an environment for a period of time; the process of
6
Msi (10 psi) GPa 6.894 757 E+00 exposing materials to an environment for an interval of time.
pound-force (lbf) newton (N) 4.488 222 E+00
pound-mass (lb avoirdupois) kilogram (kg) 4.535 924 E-01 Ambient -- The surrounding environmental conditions such as pressure or temperature.
torr pascal (Pa) 1.333 22 E+02
___________________________________________________________________________ Anelasticity -- A characteristic exhibited by certain materials in which strain is a function of both
stress and time, such that, while no permanent deformations are involved, a finite time is required to es-
∗ The letter "E" following the conversion factor stands for exponent and the two tablish equilibrium between stress and strain in both the loading and unloading directions.
digits after the letter "E" indicate the power of 10 by which the number is to be
multiplied. Angleply -- Any balanced laminate consisting of plus and minus theta plies where theta is an acute
angle with respect to a reference direction.

Anisotropic -- Not isotropic; having mechanical and/or physical properties which vary with direction
relative to natural reference axes inherent in the material.

Aramid -- A manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance consisting of a long-chain syn-
thetic aromatic polyamide in which at least 85% of the amide (-CONH-) linkages are attached directly to
two aromatic rings.

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