READING AND WRITING SKILLS
(1) NON-CRITICAL VS CRITICAL THINKING (3) READING PROCESS (Stages of Reading)
A. Pre-Reading Process
Non-Critical Thinking
• Get an overview
• Non-critical thinking- happens when you simply • Motivates the readers to read and activate their
ACCEPT the things you are told without examining schema or background knowledge.
them. • Include previewing, skimming, scanning, and
recalling background knowledge.
Critical Thinking
1. Previewing- looking at the readily visible
• Critical thinking involves series of COMPLEX parts of the text, like titles and subtitles, as
processes which allows you to make reasoned also graphs, pictures, and charts
judgements, assess the way you think, and solve 2. Skimming- looking for the main point of the
problems effectively. reading and identifying the ideas that develop
(2) READING AND WRITING it. It also means physically moving your eyes
rapidly along the page and tracing your finger
Reading (Lapp and Flood, 1978) along the lines of the text to speed up your
• A decoding process (breaking down written reading.
codes) 3. Scanning- looking for specific
• A comprehension process information. You need to have an idea
of the details you are looking for so you
Reading (Tiongson, M.A., & Rodriguez, M.C. (2019). DO NOT have to read every word. Just
Reading and Writing Skills (2nd ed.). REX Book Store, Inc.) read until you locate the details you are
searching for.
• An interaction between the text and the reader
4. Recalling- means that as you read, you
• Involves making connections between the text
make sense of the text by seeing how it
and our prior knowledge
fits with what you already know.
Significance of Reading
B. Reading Process- Decoding signs and symbols to
• Exposes readers to correct forms of writing
form their meaning. The skills include getting the
• Develops readers' critical thinking
meaning of the word through context clues.
• Develops readers' imagination and creativity
1. Context Clues- words, phrases, and
• Aids readers to acquire relevant information and
sentences that surround an unfamiliar word
expand their knowledge
Writing that can help you recognize the meaning of
an unknown word because the text gives you
• A system of graphic symbols that can be used to information about it.
convey a meaning a. Definitions
b. Synonyms and Examples
Significance of Writing
c. Antonyms and Contrasts
• Allows writers to voice out their thoughts d. Inference or Sense of the Sentence
• Serves as a vehicle to use their imaginations C. Post- Reading Process- This stage involves the
• Increases career opportunities understanding of ideas and facts that are directly
• Aids people to relieve their stress stated in the materials. This skill includes
paraphrasing and summarizing.
1. Paraphrasing- involves restating ideas from
the original text. This strategy preserves the
tone of the original text. This is done to
simplify the complex text, improve study
skills, and borrow ideas without quoting
directly.
2. Summarizing- involves condensing a lengthy
text into a shorter passage which is usually
15 to 30 percent of the source material while
retaining its essence.
(4) TECHNIQUES IN READING AND
ORGANIZING INFORMATION 4. Persuasion- to map out argument and evidence that
prove a viewpoint, especially useful when processing
A. Brainstorming- a group exercise in which persuasive or argument text
each person expresses their ideas as they
arise.
B. Graphic Organizer- visual representations of
concepts that help us structure information
into organizational patterns.
1. Venn Diagram- used to compare ideas
and events and show similar and
different attributes using two or more
overlapping circles.
5. Timeline Map- show how events occurred
chronologically through a long bar labeled with dates
and specific events
2. Spider Map- to investigate and enumerate various
aspects of a central idea, which could be a concept, topic,
or theme; also known as semantic map.
6. Plot Diagram- used to map events in the story and or/
analyze major parts of a plot.
3. Problem-Solution Map- displays the nature of the
problem and how it can be solved.
7. Network Tree- represent hierarchy, classification, and
branching or showing relationships of science
categories, family trees and even lineages.
Signal Words for DEFINITION
• is defined
• is defined as
• refers to
• means
• to define
• to illustrate
ADVANTAGES OF GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS B. Description- To put the image of an object,
• Increases students’ comprehension person, place scene or event into words. It also
• Increases ability to recall information shows the relationship of the whole and its parts.
• Direct students’ attention This pattern appeals to the reader’s senses and
• Ability to draw or make marks of any allows them to experience what is being described
representation.
by the writer.
• Aids information retention and organization
1. Types of Description
skills
• Highlight essential information a. Objective- informative, scientific,
technical and factual.
DISADVANTAGES OF GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS b. Subjective- suggestive or opinionated
• Can be difficult to compact all the ideas 2. Signal Words
• Time consuming to create for a specific need • Above • Opposite to
• Across • Outside
(5) PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
• Around • Beyond
• To the right
What is PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT? • Away from
• Method used by the writer to organize text • In front of
• Behind
• How academic paper put together • Near
• Below
• Logical arrangement of ideas • Under
• Beside • On top of
• Helps you follow ideas easily and understand
text better • Along
What is your PURPOSE IN WRITNG?
D. Chronology/ Narration- to narrate story, account
• to express
• to provide information or event usually in chronological order that unfolds
• to persuade the relationship of each happening in time and
• to entertain shows how the previous happening is connected to
the succeeding ones.
A. Definition- To explain the meaning of word, term,
Narration- sequences events in chronological order
concept or subject depending on the given con
Process- organizes details based on steps or stages.
B. text.
1. Denotative- meaning it provides is literal and Signal Words
straight from the dictionary. It is based on facts • Tomorrow
• Presently
and science. It is not influenced by the writer’s • Yesterday
• Immediately
personal opinion • Until
• Next week
• Second
2. Connotative-meaning it provides may be • Later
figurative or literary. It is largely influenced by
E. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST- To compare items
the writer’s personal opinions and emotions.
of their similarities and contrasting them in terms of
their differences. The main purpose of this is to H. Problem-Solution- to identify and analyze the
show a deeper analysis of these similarities and problem and proposal of one or more probable
differences. solutions to it. This aims to convince the readers to
believe and accept the proposed solution to the
Signal Words
presented problem.
• As opposed to • In the same way
• Counter to • Despite Signal Words
• • To compare
Both • The problem • One of the reasons for the
• Equally • Likewise
• The solution • First… second..
• In similar to • on the other hand
• One way is
• In comparison • Even though
• Nonetheless
I. Persuasion- to convince the readers to change
F. CLASSIFICATION/DIVISION- To divide the main
their beliefs or opinion regarding a particular topic,
topic into types or categories to distinguish them
issue or situation according to their claims or
from others of the same categories. The main
arguments presented by writers. Ideas in a
purpose of this is to show the relationship of items
persuasive text have to be presented in a reasonable
with others of the same kind.
and logical way in order to influence the readers to
change how they think.
Signal Words
• In my opinion • As evidence
• For the reasons above • From my point of
• To start view
• Aside from this • In addition
• Furthermore
• In short
Signal Words •
• One kind
• Another • The first category
• Classified as • The last group
• Final type • The next part
G. Cause and Effect- To point out the relationship
between certain actions, events or situations by
identifying which among them are the reasons and
which are the consequences. The main purpose of
this is to show the relationship of different
phenomena.
Signal Words
Causes Effects
• Due to the fact that • As a consequence
• For the reasons that • Therefore
• As a result
• One reason
• For this reason
• Thus
• In consequence