ONLINE OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

The Online Office Automation System (OOAS) is a web-based application

developed using PHP, designed to streamline and automate various administrative
tasks within a company. The system facilitates efficient management of products,
workers, attendance, salaries, invoices, and customer interactions. Company
administrators can add, manage, and update products, as well as oversee worker
details and attendance records. They can also generate invoices and handle salary
disbursement. Customers can browse products, make purchases, and track their
transaction history. Workers can log attendance and access salary information. The
OOAS aims to enhance productivity, accuracy, and transparency in daily
operations, ultimately optimizing resource utilization and improving overall
organizational efficiency.
Existing System:

In traditional office setups, administrative tasks like product management, worker

supervision, and salary processing are often manual and prone to errors.
Companies typically rely on spreadsheets or standalone software for these
operations, leading to inefficiencies, data inconsistencies, and increased workload.
Communication between different departments may also be fragmented, hindering
collaboration and decision-making processes. These challenges highlight the need
for a comprehensive, integrated solution like the OOAS.

Proposed System:

The proposed OOAS offers a centralized platform for managing all administrative
tasks, providing real-time access to critical data and functionalities. By leveraging
web technologies and PHP programming, the system ensures scalability,
accessibility, and ease of use. Its modular architecture allows for seamless
integration of additional features and customization according to specific
organizational requirements. With features such as product management, worker
attendance tracking, and automated salary processing, the OOAS aims to
streamline operations, improve data accuracy, and enhance collaboration across
departments.
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:-

HARDWARE CONFIGURATION:

• Processor - Pentium –IV

• Speed - 1.1 GHz

• RAM - 256 MB(min)

• Hard Disk - 20 GB

• Key Board - Standard Windows Keyboard

• Mouse - Two or Three Button Mouse

SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION:

• Operating System : Windows95/98/2000/XP/7.

• Application Server : XAMPP

• Front End : HTML, CSS, JAVASCRIPT.

• Server side Script : PHP.

• Database : MySQL .
Introduction:

In today's rapidly evolving business landscape, the effective management of

administrative tasks is paramount for organizational success and sustainability. As
companies strive to optimize operations, enhance productivity, and streamline
workflows, the adoption of innovative technologies becomes increasingly
indispensable. One such technology-driven solution poised to revolutionize office
management is the Online Office Automation System (OOAS), developed using
PHP – a powerful server-side scripting language widely utilized for web
development. The OOAS presents a comprehensive platform designed to centralize
and automate various administrative functions within a company, ranging from
product management to customer interactions, attendance tracking, and financial
transactions.

The traditional approach to office management often involves manual processes,

paper-based documentation, and fragmented systems, leading to inefficiencies,
errors, and operational bottlenecks. Spreadsheets, standalone software applications,
and manual data entry are commonly employed for tasks such as product inventory
management, worker supervision, and salary processing. However, these methods
are prone to human error, data inconsistencies, and limited scalability, posing
significant challenges for businesses striving to adapt to dynamic market
conditions and increasing customer demands.

In response to these challenges, the Online Office Automation System (OOAS)

emerges as a transformative solution, leveraging the capabilities of PHP
programming and web technologies to streamline administrative workflows,
enhance collaboration, and improve decision-making processes. By centralizing
critical functions into a unified online platform, the OOAS empowers companies to
achieve greater operational efficiency, accuracy, and transparency across various
departments and business functions.

The core functionalities of the OOAS encompass key aspects of office

management, including product management, worker supervision, customer
interactions, invoicing, attendance tracking, and reporting. Through intuitive user
interfaces and robust backend functionalities, the system facilitates seamless
communication and data exchange, enabling administrators, workers, and
customers to access relevant information and perform tasks with ease.

At the heart of the OOAS lies the Product Management module, which enables
administrators to add, manage, and update product information, including details
such as pricing, descriptions, and inventory levels. This module streamlines
inventory management processes, ensures accurate product tracking, and facilitates
timely updates to product catalogs, thereby enhancing the company's ability to
respond to changing market demands and customer preferences.

Furthermore, the Worker Management module empowers administrators to oversee

employee details, track attendance, and manage salary disbursement efficiently.
Workers can conveniently log their attendance, view salary information, and
communicate with administrators, fostering transparency and accountability within
the organization. By automating routine administrative tasks, the OOAS allows
companies to allocate resources more effectively, minimize errors, and focus on
strategic initiatives aimed at driving business growth and innovation.
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM:-

LEVEL 0:

Worker

Customer Online office Admin

automation
system

LEVEL 1:

Registration

Customer Login Required

input output

Buy Product

View history
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE:-
 ER-DIAGRAM

Products Add,Mana admin

Customer view ge

View
Salary

Add
Attendance
Workers
 USECASE DIAGRAM:

Registration

Login
Workers

Add attendance

View attendance

Buy products

Customer Company
Invoice, bill generate

View history

Add, manage workers

Add, manage products

View Salary
 MODULES:

 Customer
 Company
 Worker

Customer Module:

1. Product Browsing:
 Description: Allows customers to browse through the list of available
products.
2. Product Purchase:
 Description: Enables customers to select and purchase products online, with
options for payment processing.
3. Transaction History:
 Description: Provides customers with a history of their past transactions,
including purchase details and order status updates.

Worker Module:

1. Attendance Logging:
 Description: Enables workers to log their daily attendance, specifying details
such as date, time, and reason (if applicable).
2. Salary Information Access:
 Description: Allows workers to access their salary information, including
earnings, deductions, and payment history.
 Admin Module:

1. Product Management:
 Description: Allows administrators to add, manage, and update product
information, including details such as pricing, descriptions, and inventory
levels.
2. Worker Management:
 Description: Enables administrators to oversee employee details, track
attendance, manage salary disbursement, and handle other workforce-related
tasks.
3. Invoicing and Billing:
 Description: Provides functionalities for generating invoices, managing
billing processes, and tracking payment status for customer transactions.
Literature Survey:-

title : Office Automation System

author : Howard Lee Morgan

year : 2020

Abstract :

This paper attempts to place some perspective on the research and

developments going on in office automation. It describes the functions which can
be assisted by computers, and indicates where more research may be needed. A
brief description of the Office Automation Project at the Wharton School is
provided. The systems being developed include word processing, electronic mail,
decision aiding technology, and integration with various databases. This effort is
compared with some of the other, complementary research projects in office
automation under way around the country.
title : Internet of things based Office Automation System

author : Isah Ndakara Abubakar, E G Ufot, Usman Alhaji Dodo, Mihlali Dodo

year : 2021

Abstract :

An IoT based office automation system is presented in this research paper.

It's important for us to know that office automation system makes use of portable
devices as an interface. They can communicate with the internet, by means of a
less power consuming communication protocol like the wireless fidelity, ZigBee,
cloud to mention but a few. The sole aim of this research paper is to widget office
appliances via website using wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) to be the interaction
procedure whereas ESP8266 is the server system. Hence, office appliances like
bulb, fan and socket were controlled through website easily in addition a push
button can also be used to manually control the appliance. The results show that
the server communicated with the Arduino hardware circuit to control the electrical
appliances connected to it. This paper demonstrated how energy can be fully
conserved in offices.
title : Office Automation System

author : [Link] Pathak, [Link] Wankhede, Prof.K.S Chandwani

year : 2018

Abstract :

The office automation system is an application that is designed to automate

the processes that take place in the college office .there are many matters regarding
the college that need to be maintained through the online method with the help of
some application. the activities, student details and many matters like this can be
better managed by the applications which are capable in doing this task. the
admission details, students and faculty’s information, feedback system
performance of the students, reviews of the particular colleges, suggestions that
can be given in some matters needed for improvement can all be deal easily using
the office automation system application.
title : Design and implementation of smart Office Automation System

author : Renuka Bhuyar, Saniya mukram Ansari

year : 2020

Abstract :

Automation plays very important role in our lives. It makes the work easier and
simpler so for simplified and easy living, Smart office automation system is
designed in this system. This system is based on subsystems like lighting, heating.
Security and alarming systems are also present. The sensors are used to
extract the real time data from environment. Sensors are connected to the
ARM 11 Controller. It processes the data and gives the output. Fan, bulb, buzzer
are output devices connected to the controller which will work when the system
crosses the threshold value. The sensor’s data is continuously recorded.
Fingerprint Identification module is used for security purpose. Fire alarm and
emergency call is given to the service room. This data is stored in PC. This data
can be viewed on other PC’s through Network switch. The data can be seen on
the webpage and on GUI.
title : Design and Implementation of Office Automation System Based on Internet
of Things Technology

author : Ying Xiao, Ya Chen, Yujian Tang and Hoekyung Jung

year : 2020

Abstract :

In order to solve the problem of office automation, this paper proposes the
design and implementation of office automation system based on Internet of things
technology. This method is to carry out mobile office function through smart
phones to realize business message exchange and real-time processing of process
approval business. The system adopts b/s structure and adopts the form of front-
end machine to realize information sharing between the mobile system and the
original system. When users choose to send mail or reply to mail, the client can
read the current user name as the sender by itself. The number of uploaded
attachments is limited to three at most, and the total size of attachments is not
greater than 100 m. Conclusion. This method effectively improves the work
efficiency of employees.
[Link] Description of Technology Used

1. PHP:-

6.2.1 Introduction

PHP is now officially known as “PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor”. It is a server-

side scripting language usually written in an HTML context. Unlike an ordinary
HTML page, a PHP script is not sent directly to a client by the server; instead, it is
parsed by the PHP binary or module, which is server-side installed. HTML
elements in the script are left alone, but PHP code is interpreted and executed. PHP
code in a script can query databases, create images, read and write files, talk to
remote servers – the possibilities is endless. The output from PHP code is
combined with the HTML in the script and the result sent to the user’s web-
browser, therefore it can never tell the user whether the web-server uses PHP or
not, because the entire browser sees is HTML.

PHP’s support for Apache and MySQL further increases its popularity.
Apache is now the most-used web-server in the world, and PHP can be compiled
as an Apache module. MySQL is a powerful free SQL database, and PHP provides
a comprehensive set of functions for working with it. The combination of Apache,
MySQL and PHP is all but unbeatable.

That doesn’t mean that PHP cannot work in other environments or with
other tools. In fact, PHP supports an extensive list of databases and web-servers.
While in the mid-1990s it was ok to build sites, even relatively large sites, with
hundreds of individual hard-coded HTML pages, today’s webmasters are making
the most of the power of databases to manage their content more effectively and to
personalize their sites according to individual user preferences.
 Reasons for using PHP

There are some indisputable great reasons to work with PHP. As an open source
product, PHP is well supported by a talented production team and a committed
user community. Furthermore, PHP can be run on all the major operating systems
with most servers.

a) Learning PHP is easy

Basic is easy any interpreted language should be easy to learn. Since you are
isolated from the system (no pointers to use, no memory to allocate). The other
advantage that all modern interpreted languages share is good associative array
constructs.

b) Its Performance

While we can build an application that serves millions of pages a day on a server,
when we really look at the performance of the language it sucks. We are still
orders of magnitude from real performance. Not only that, but since PHP is
designed around a single process model our ability to share data structures or
connection pool resources is left to native code libraries.

c) The low cost

There are many languages which are available at very less cost. There are some
languages which are available at very less cost like below:

a. PHP
b. C
c. C++ etc
d) It’s Open Source, We can modify it

We can modify it if you need a hole in your head! Technically the point is that it’s
an open source project and they release patches often.

e) Its Portability
C is portable; it’s just the OS bits that aren’t. A lot PHP isn’t portable to Windows
since people don’t use the OS abstractions to avoid some problems.

f)It has interfaces to a large variety of database systems

PHP supports a large variety of the database.

Support available
Online Support is available for using PHP.

d) PHP Syntax
You cannot view the PHP source code by selecting “View source” in the
browser – you will only see the output from the PHP file, which is plain
HTML. This is because the scripts are executed on the server before the
result is sent back to the browser.

Basic PHP Syntax

A PHP scripting block always starts with <?php and ends with ?>. A PHP
scripting block can be placed anywhere in the document.
 On servers with shorthand support enabled you can start a scripting block with <?
And end with ?>. However, for maximum compatibility, we recommend that you
use the standard form (<?php) rather than the shorthand form.

A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, just like an HTML file, and some PHP
scripting code.

6.2.2 HTML

HTML or Hyper Text Markup Language is the standard markup language used
to create web pages.
HTML was created in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in Switzerland. It was
designed to allow scientists to display and share their research.

HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in

angle brackets(like <html>). HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1>
and </h1>, although some tags represent empty elements and so are unpaired, for
example <img>. The first tag in a pair is the start tag, and the second tag is the end
tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags).
The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into
visible or audible web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but
uses the tags to interpret the content of the page. HTML describes the structure of a
website semantically along with cues for presentation, making it a markup
language rather than a programming language.
HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites.

HTML allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create
interactive forms. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting
structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and
other items. It can embed scripts written in languages such as Java Script which
affect the behavior of HTML web pages.
HTML is descriptive markup language. Library of various markup languages is
defined in various browsers.

a) HTML Images - The <img> Tag and the Src Attribute

In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag.

The <img> tag is empty, which means that it contains attributes only, and has no
closing tag.
To display an image on a page, you need to use the src attribute. Src stands for
"source". The value of the src attribute is the URL of the image you want to
display.
Syntax for defining an image:
<imgsrc="url" alt="some_text">

b) HTML FORMS

HTML forms are used to pass data to a server.

The <form> tag is used to

create an HTML form:
<form>
.
input elements
.
</form>
An HTML form can contain input elements like text fields, checkboxes, radio-
buttons, submit buttons and more. A form can also contain select lists, textarea,
fieldset, legend, and label elements.

c) Image tag (<img>) :

To add an image to an HTML document, we just need to include an <IMG> tag
with a
reference to the desired image. The <IMG> tag is an empty element i.e. it doesn’t
require a
closing tag and we can use it to include from small icons to large images.

Syntax: <imgsrc=”URL” alt=”alternative text”>

d) HTML Lists :

An ordered list:
An unordered list:
• The first list item
• List item
• The second list item
• List item
• The third list item
• List item

6.2.3 HTML 5

HTML5 will be the new standard for HTML. The previous version of HTML,
HTML 4.01,
came in 1999. The web has changed a lot since then. HTML5 is still a work in
progress.
However, the major browsers support many of the new HTML5 elements and
APIs.
HTML5 is cooperation between the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the
Web
Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG).
WHATWG was working with web forms and applications, and W3C was working
with
XHTML 2.0. In 2006, they decided to cooperate and create a new version of
HTML.
Some rules for HTML5 were established:
a) New features should be based on HTML, CSS, DOM, and JavaScript
b) Reduce the need for external plug-ins (like Flash)
c) Better error handling
d) More markup to replace scripting
e) HTML5 should be device independent
f) The development process should be visible to the public

6.2.4 CSS

CSS tutorial or CSS 3 tutorial provides basic and advanced concepts of CSS
technology. Our CSS tutorial is developed for beginners and professionals. The
major points of CSS are given below:

a) CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheet.

b) CSS is used to design HTML tags.
c) CSS is a widely used language on the web.
d) HTML, CSS and JavaScript are used for web designing. It helps the web
designers to apply style on HTML tags.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing
the look and formatting of a document written in a markup language. While most
often used to style web pages and user interfaces written in HTML and XHTML,
the language can be applied to any kind of XML document, including plain
XML, SVG and XUL. CSS is a cornerstone specification of the web and almost all
web pages use CSS style sheets to describe their presentation.

CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content from

document presentation, including elements such as the layout, colors, and fonts.
This separation can improve content accessibility, provide more flexibility and
control in the specification of presentation characteristics.
CSS can also allow the same markup page to be presented in different styles for
different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (when read out
by a speech-based browser or screen reader) and on Braille-based, tactile devices.

It can also be used to allow the web page to display differently depending on the
screen size or device on which it is being viewed. While the author of a document
typically links that document to a CSS file, readers can use a different style sheet,
perhaps one on their own computer, to override the one the author has specified.
With plain HTML you define the colors and sizes of text and tables throughout
your pages. If
you want to change a certain element you will therefore have to work your way
through the
document and change it. With CSS you define the colors and sizes in "styles".
Then as you
write your documents you refer to the styles. Therefore: if you change a certain
style it will
change the look of your entire site. Another big advantage is that CSS offers much
more
detailed attributes than plain HTML for defining the look and feel of your site.
6.2.5 JAVASCRIPT
JavaScript (JS) is a dynamic computer programming language. It is most
commonly used as part of web browsers, whose implementations allow client-side
scripts to interact with the user, control the browser, communicate asynchronously,
and alter the document content that is displayed. It is also being used in server-side
network programming (with [Link]), game development and the creation of
desktop and mobile applications.
JavaScript is a prototype-based scripting language with dynamic typing and has
first-class functions. Its syntax was influenced by C. JavaScript copies many names
and naming conventions from Java, but the two languages are otherwise unrelated
and have very different semantics. The key design principles within JavaScript are
taken from the Self and Scheme programming languages. It is a multi-paradigm
language, supporting object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming
styles.
The application of JavaScript in use outside of web pages—for example, in PDF
documents, site-specific browsers, and desktop widgets—is also significant. Newer
and faster JavaScript
VMs and platforms built upon them (notably [Link]) have also increased the
popularity of JavaScript for server-side web applications. On the client side,
JavaScript was traditionally implemented as an interpreted language but just-in-
time compilation is now performed by recent (post-2012) browsers.
JavaScript was formalized in the ECMA Script language standard and is primarily
used as part of a web browser (client-side JavaScript). This enables programmatic
access to objects within a host environment.

JavaScript is the most popular programming language in the world.

It is the language for HTML, for the Web, for computers, servers, laptops, tablets,
smart phones, and more.
You can use JavaScript to:
a) Change HTML elements
b) Delete HTML elements
c) Create new HTML elements
d) Copy and clone HTML elements

7. About Front End:

The front end is an interface between the user and the back end. The front and back
ends may be distributed amongst one or more systems.

In network computing, front end can refer to any hardware that optimizes or
protects network traffic. It is called application front-end hardware because it is
placed on the network's outward-facing front end or boundary. Network traffic
passes through the front-end hardware before entering the network.

In compilers, the front end translates a computer programming source code into an
intermediate representation, and the back end works with the intermediate
representation to produce code in a computer output language. The back end
usually optimizes to produce code that runs faster. The front-end/back-end
distinction can separate the parser section that deals with source code and the back
end that generates code and optimizes.

These days, front-end development refers to the part of the web users interact with.
In the past, web development consisted of people who worked with Photoshop and
those who could code HTML and CSS. Now, developers need a handle of
programs like Photoshop and be able to code not only in HTML and CSS, but also
JavaScript or jQuery, which is a compiled library of JavaScript.

7.1 Architecture of Front End user:

7.1.1 Architecture and Concepts

The query cache plugin is implemented as a PHP extension. It is written in C and

operates under the hood of PHP. During the startup of the PHP interpreter, it gets
registered as a mysqlnd plugin to replace selected mysqlnd C methods. Hereby, it
can change the behaviour of any PHP MySQL extension (mysqli, PDO_MYSQL,
mysql) compiled to use the mysqlnd library without changing the extensions API.
This makes the plugin compatible with each and every PHP MySQL application.
Because existing APIs are not changed, it is almost transparent to use. Please, see
the mysqlnd plugin API description for a discussion of the advantages of the plugin
architecture and a comparison with proxy based solutions.

7.1.2 Transparent to use

At PHP run time PECL/mysqlnd_qc can proxy queries send from PHP (mysqlnd)
to the MySQL server. It then inspects the statement string to find whether it shall
cache its results. If so, result set is cached using a storage handler and further
executions of the statement are served from the cache for a user-defined period.
The Time to Live (TTL) of the cache entry can either be set globally or on a per
statement basis.

A statement is either cached if the plugin is instructed to cache all statements

globally using a or, if the query string starts with the SQL hint (/*qc=on*/). The
plugin is capable of caching any query issued by calling appropriate API calls of
any of the existing PHP MySQL extensions.

7.1.3 Flexible storage: various storage handler

Various storage handler are supported to offer different scopes for cache entries.
Different scopes allow for different degrees in sharing cache entries among clients.

a) default (built-in): process memory, scope: process, one or more web requests
depending on PHP deployment model used
b) APC: shared memory, scope: single server, multiple web requests
c) SQLite: memory or file, scope: single server, multiple web requests
d) MEMCACHE: main memory, scope: single or multiple server, multiple web
requests
e) user (built-in): user-defined - any, scope: user-defined - any

Support for the APC, SQLite and MEMCACHE storage handler has to be enabled
at compile time. The default and user handler are built-in. It is possible to switch
between compiled-in storage handlers on a per query basis at run time.

7.1.4 Built-in slam defense to avoid overloading

To avoid overload situations the cache plugin has a built-in slam defense
mechanism. If a popular cache entries expires many clients using the cache entries
will try to refresh the cache entry. For the duration of the refresh many clients may
access the database server concurrently. In the worst case, the database server
becomes overloaded and it takes more and more time to refresh the cache entry,
which in turn lets more and more clients try to refresh the cache entry. To prevent
this from happening the plugin has a slam defense mechanism. If slam defense is
enabled and the plugin detects an expired cache entry it extends the life time of the
cache entry before it refreshes the cache entry. This way other concurrent accesses
to the expired cache entry are still served from the cache for a certain [Link]
other concurrent accesses to not trigger a concurrent refresh. Ideally, the cache
entry gets refreshed by the client which extended the cache entries lifespan before
other clients try to refresh the cache and potentially cause an overload situation.

7.1.5 Unique approach to caching

PECL/mysqlnd_qc has a unique approach to caching result sets that is superior to

application based cache solutions. Application based solutions first fetch a result
set into PHP variables. Then, the PHP variables are serialized for storage in a
persistent cache, and then unserialized when fetching. The mysqlnd query cache
stores the raw wire protocol data sent from MySQL to PHP in its cache and replays
it, if still valid, on a cache hit. This way, it saves an extra serialization step for a
cache put that all application based solutions have to do. It can store the raw wire
protocol data in the cache without having to serialize into a PHP variable first and
deserializing the PHP variable for storing in the cache a

7.2 Software & Tools Used:

1. PHP:-

7.2.1 Introduction

PHP is now officially known as “PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor”. It is a server-

side scripting language usually written in an HTML context. Unlike an ordinary
HTML page, a PHP script is not sent directly to a client by the server; instead, it is
parsed by the PHP binary or module, which is server-side installed. HTML
elements in the script are left alone, but PHP code is interpreted and executed. PHP
code in a script can query databases, create images, read and write files, talk to
remote servers – the possibilities is endless. The output from PHP code is
combined with the HTML in the script and the result sent to the user’s web-
browser, therefore it can never tell the user whether the web-server uses PHP or
not, because the entire browser sees is HTML.

PHP’s support for Apache and MySQL further increases its popularity.
Apache is now the most-used web-server in the world, and PHP can be compiled
as an Apache module. MySQL is a powerful free SQL database, and PHP provides
a comprehensive set of functions for working with it. The combination of Apache,
MySQL and PHP is all but unbeatable.

That doesn’t mean that PHP cannot work in other environments or with
other tools. In fact, PHP supports an extensive list of databases and web-servers.
While in the mid-1990s it was ok to build sites, even relatively large sites, with
hundreds of individual hard-coded HTML pages, today’s webmasters are making
the most of the power of databases to manage their content more effectively and to
personalize their sites according to individual user preferences.

Reasons for using PHP

There are some indisputable great reasons to work with PHP. As an open source
product, PHP is well supported by a talented production team and a committed
user community. Furthermore, PHP can be run on all the major operating systems
with most servers.

a) Learning PHP is easy

Basic is easy any interpreted language should be easy to learn. Since you are
isolated from the system (no pointers to use, no memory to allocate). The other
advantage that all modern interpreted languages share is good associative array
constructs.

b) Its Performance
 While we can build an application that serves millions of pages a day on a server,
when we really look at the performance of the language it sucks. We are still
orders of magnitude from real performance. Not only that, but since PHP is
designed around a single process model our ability to share data structures or
connection pool resources is left to native code libraries.

c) The low cost

There are many languages which are available at very less cost. There are some
languages which are available at very less cost like below:

d. PHP
e. C
f. C++ etc

d) It’s Open Source, We can modify it

We can modify it if you need a hole in your head! Technically the point is that it’s
an open source project and they release patches often.

e) Its Portability
C is portable; it’s just the OS bits that aren’t. A lot PHP isn’t portable to Windows
since people don’t use the OS abstractions to avoid some problems.

f)It has interfaces to a large variety of database systems

PHP supports a large variety of the database.

Support available
Online Support is available for using PHP.
 e) PHP Syntax
You cannot view the PHP source code by selecting “View source” in the
browser – you will only see the output from the PHP file, which is plain
HTML. This is because the scripts are executed on the server before the
result is sent back to the browser.

Basic PHP Syntax

A PHP scripting block always starts with <?php and ends with ?>. A PHP
scripting block can be placed anywhere in the document.
On servers with shorthand support
enabled you can start a scripting block with <? And end with ?>. However,
for maximum compatibility, we recommend that you use the standard form (<?
php) rather than the shorthand form.

A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, just like an HTML file, and some PHP
scripting code.

7.2.2 HTML

HTML or Hyper Text Markup Language is the standard markup language used
to create web pages.
HTML was created in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in Switzerland. It was
designed to allow scientists to display and share their research.

HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in

angle brackets(like <html>). HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1>
and </h1>, although some tags represent empty elements and so are unpaired, for
example <img>. The first tag in a pair is the start tag, and the second tag is the end
tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags).
The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into
visible or audible web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but
uses the tags to interpret the content of the page. HTML describes the structure of a
website semantically along with cues for presentation, making it a markup
language rather than a programming language.
HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows images
and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It provides
a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text
such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. It can embed
scripts written in languages such as Java Script which affect the behavior of HTML
web pages.
HTML is descriptive markup language. Library of various markup languages is
defined in various browsers.

a) HTML Images - The <img> Tag and the Src Attribute

In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag.

The <img> tag is empty, which means that it contains attributes only, and has no
closing tag.
To display an image on a page, you need to use the src attribute. Src stands for
"source". The value of the src attribute is the URL of the image you want to
display.
Syntax for defining an image:
<imgsrc="url" alt="some_text">

b) HTML FORMS

HTML forms are used to pass data to a server.

The <form> tag is used to

create an HTML form:
 <form>
.
input elements
.
</form>
An HTML form can contain input elements like text fields, checkboxes, radio-
buttons, submit buttons and more. A form can also contain select lists, textarea,
fieldset, legend, and label elements.
c) Image tag (<img>) :
To add an image to an HTML document, we just need to include an <IMG> tag
with a
reference to the desired image. The <IMG> tag is an empty element i.e. it doesn’t
require a
closing tag and we can use it to include from small icons to large images.

Syntax: <imgsrc=”URL” alt=”alternative text”>

d) HTML Lists :

An ordered list:
An unordered list:
• The first list item
• List item
• The second list item
• List item
• The third list item
• List item

7.2.3 HTML 5
HTML5 will be the new standard for HTML. The previous version of HTML,
HTML 4.01,
came in 1999. The web has changed a lot since then. HTML5 is still a work in
progress.
However, the major browsers support many of the new HTML5 elements and
APIs.
HTML5 is cooperation between the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the
Web
Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG).
WHATWG was working with web forms and applications, and W3C was working
with
XHTML 2.0. In 2006, they decided to cooperate and create a new version of
HTML.
Some rules for HTML5 were established:
a) New features should be based on HTML, CSS, DOM, and JavaScript
b) Reduce the need for external plug-ins (like Flash)
c) Better error handling
d) More markup to replace scripting
e) HTML5 should be device independent
f) The development process should be visible to the public

7.2.4 CSS

CSS tutorial or CSS 3 tutorial provides basic and advanced concepts of CSS
technology. Our CSS tutorial is developed for beginners and professionals. The
major points of CSS are given below:

e) CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheet.

f) CSS is used to design HTML tags.
g) CSS is a widely used language on the web.
 h) HTML, CSS and JavaScript are used for web designing. It helps the web
designers to apply style on HTML tags.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing
the look and formatting of a document written in a markup language. While most
often used to style web pages and user interfaces written in HTML and XHTML,
the language can be applied to any kind of XML document, including plain
XML, SVG and XUL. CSS is a cornerstone specification of the web and almost all
web pages use CSS style sheets to describe their presentation.

CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content from

document presentation, including elements such as the layout, colors, and fonts.
CSS can also allow the same markup page to be presented in different styles for
different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (when read out
by a speech-based browser or screen reader) and on Braille-based, tactile devices.
It can also be used to allow the web page to display differently depending on the
screen size or device on which it is being viewed.

While the author of a document typically links that document to a CSS file, readers
can use a different style sheet, perhaps one on their own computer, to override the
one the author has specified.
With plain HTML you define the colors and sizes of text and tables throughout
your pages. If
you want to change a certain element you will therefore have to work your way
through the
document and change it. With CSS you define the colors and sizes in "styles".
Then as you
write your documents you refer to the styles. Therefore: if you change a certain
style it will
change the look of your entire site. Another big advantage is that CSS offers much
more
detailed attributes than plain HTML for defining the look and feel of your site.

7.2.5 JAVASCRIPT

JavaScript (JS) is a dynamic computer programming language. It is most

commonly used as part of web browsers, whose implementations allow client-side
scripts to interact with the user, control the browser, communicate asynchronously,
and alter the document content that is displayed. It is also being used in server-side
network programming (with [Link]), game development and the creation of
desktop and mobile applications.
JavaScript is a prototype-based scripting language with dynamic typing and has
first-class functions. Its syntax was influenced by C. JavaScript copies many names
and naming conventions from Java, but the two languages are otherwise unrelated
and have very different semantics. The key design principles within JavaScript are
taken from the Self and Scheme programming languages. It is a multi-paradigm
language, supporting object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming
styles.

The application of JavaScript in use outside of web pages—for example, in PDF

documents, site-specific browsers, and desktop widgets—is also significant. Newer
and faster JavaScript VMs and platforms built upon them (notably [Link]) have
also increased the popularity of JavaScript for server-side web applications. On the
client side, JavaScript was traditionally implemented as an interpreted language but
just-in-time compilation is now performed by recent (post-2012) browsers.
JavaScript was formalized in the ECMA Script language standard and is primarily
used as part of a web browser (client-side JavaScript). This enables programmatic
access to objects within a host environment.
JavaScript is the most popular programming language in the world.
 It is the language for HTML, for the Web, for computers, servers, laptops, tablets,
smart phones, and more.
You can use JavaScript to:
a) Change HTML elements
e) Delete HTML elements
f) Create new HTML elements
g) Copy and clone HTML elements

8. About Back End:

In a previous blog, we talked about how web programmers are concerned with
launching websites, updates, and maintenance, among other things. All of that
works to support the front-end of the website. The back-end has three parts to it:
server, application, and database.

To better explain how all of this works, let’s use the example of a customer trying
to purchase a plane ticket using a website. Everything that the customer sees on
the webpage is the front-end, as we have explained before, but once that customer
enters all of his or her information, ssssuch as their name, billing address,
destination, etc, the web application stores the information in a database that was
created previously on the server in which the website is calling for information. The
web application creates, deletes, changes, renames, etc items in the database. For
example, when a customer purchases a ticket, that creates an item in the database,
but when they have a change in their order or they wish to cancel, the item in the
database is changed.

.In short, when a customer wants to buy a ticket, the backend operation is the web
application communicating with the server to make a change in a database stored
on said server. Technologies like PHP, Ruby, Python, and others are the ones
backend programmers use to make this communication work smoothly, allowing
the customer to purchase his or her ticket with ease.

8.1 MySQL’s Logical Architecture

The topmost layer contains the services that aren’t unique to MySQL. They’re
services most network-based client/server tools or servers need: connection
handling, authentication, security, and so forth.

The third layer contains the storage engines. They are responsible for storing and
retrieving all data stored “in” MySQL. Like the various filesystems available for
GNU/Linux, each storage engine has its own benefits and drawbacks. The server
communicates with them through the storage engine API. This interface hides
differences between storage engines and makes them largely transparent at the
query layer. The API contains a couple of dozen low-level functions that perform
operations such as “begin a transaction” or “fetch the row that has this primary

key.” The storage engines don’t parse SQL [4] or communicate with each other; they
simply respond to requests from the server.
8.2 Softwares and tools used:

8.2.1 My Sql:
Introduction:

The database has become an integral part of almost every human's life. Without it,
many things we do would become very tedious, perhaps impossible tasks. Banks,
universities, and libraries are three examples of organizations that
depend heavily on some sort of database system. On the Internet, search
engines, online shopping, and even the website naming convention
would be impossible without the use of a database. A database that is
implemented and interfaced on a computer is often termed a
database server. One of the fastest SQL (Structured Query Language)
database servers currently on the market is the MySQL server,
developed by T.c.X. DataKonsultAB. MySQL, available for download at
[Link], offers the database programmer with an array of options and
capabilities rarely seen in other database servers. MySQL is free of charge for
those wishing to use it for private and commercial use. Those wishing to develop
applications specifically using MySQL should consult MySQL's licensing section,
as there is charge for licensing the server.

These capabilities range across a number of topics, including the following:

a) Ability to handle an unlimited number of simultaneous users.
b) Capacity to handle 50,000,000+ records.
c) Very fast command execution, perhaps the fastest to be found on the market.
d) Easy and efficient user privilege system.
However, perhaps the most interesting characteristic of all is the fact that it's free.
That's right, T.c.X offers MySQL as a free product to the general public.

Reasons to Use MySQL

a) Scalability and Flexibility

The MySQL database server provides the ultimate in scalability, sporting the
capacity to handle deeply embedded applications with a footprint of only 1MB to
running massive data warehouses holding terabytes of information. Platform
flexibility is a stalwart feature of MySQL with all flavors of Linux, UNIX, and
Windows being supported.

b) High Performance

A unique storage-engine architecture allows database professionals to configure

the MySQL database server specifically for particular applications, with the end
result being amazing performance results.

C) High Availability

Rock-solid reliability and constant availability are hallmarks of MySQL, with

customers relying on MySQL to guarantee around-the-clock uptime. MySQL
offers a variety of high-availability options from high-speed master/slave
replication configurations, to specialized Cluster servers offering instant failover,
to third party vendors offering unique high-availability solutions for the MySQL
database server.

d) Robust Transactional Support

MySQL offers one of the most powerful transactional database engines on the
market. Features include complete ACID (atomic, consistent, isolated, durable)
transaction support, unlimited row-level locking, distributed transaction capability,
and multi-version transaction support where readers never block writers and vice-
versa.

e) Web and Data Warehouse Strengths

MySQL is the de-facto standard for high-traffic web sites because of its high-
performance query engine, tremendously fast data inserts capability, and strong
support for specialized web functions like fast full text searches.
 f) Strong Data Protection

Because guarding the data assets of corporations is the number one job of database
professionals, MySQL offers exceptional security features that ensure absolute
data protection. In terms of database authentication, MySQL provides powerful
mechanisms for ensuring only authorized users have entry to the database server,
with the ability to block users down to the client machine level being possible.

g) Management Ease

MySQL offers exceptional quick-start capability with the average time from
software download to installation completion being less than fifteen minutes. This
rule holds true whether the platform is Microsoft Windows, Linux, Macintosh, or
UNIX.

PHP Main Features of MySQL

a) The MySQL Server design is multi-layered with independent modules.

b) Fully multi-threaded using kernel threads. It can easily use multiple CPUs if they
are available.

c) Provides transactional and non-transactional storage engines.

d) Uses very fast B-tree disk tables with index compression.

e) Relatively easy to add other storage engines. This is useful if you want to provide
an SQL interface for an in-house database.

f) A very fast thread-based memory allocation system.

g) Very fast joins using an optimized one-sweep multi-join.

h) SQL functions are implemented using a highly optimized class library and should
be as fast as possible. Usually there is no memory allocation at all after query
initialization.

i) The server is available as a separate program for use in a client/server networked

environment.

9. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC), or Software Development Life Cycle,

in systems engineering and software engineering relates to the process of
developing systems, and the models and methodologies, that people use to
develop these systems, generally computer or information systems.

In software engineering this SDLC concept is developed into all kinds of software
development methodologies, the framework that is used to structure, plan, and
control the process of developing an information system, the software
development process.

9.1 Overview

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is any logical process used by a

systems analyst to develop an information system, including requirements,
validation, training, and user ownership. An SDLC should result in a high quality
system that meets or exceeds customer expectations, within time and cost
estimates, works effectively and efficiently in the current and planned Information
Technology infrastructure, and is cheap to maintain and cost-effective to enhance.

Computer systems have become more complex and usually (especially with the
advent of Service-Oriented Architecture) link multiple traditional systems often
supplied by different software vendors. To manage this, a number of system
development life cycle (SDLC) models have been created: waterfall, fountain,
spiral, build and fix, rapid prototyping, incremental, and synchronize and stabilize.
Although in the academic sense, SDLC can be used to refer to various models,
SDLC is typically used to refer to a waterfall methodology.

In project management a project has both a life cycle and a "systems development
life cycle" during which a number of typical activities occur. The project life cycle
(PLC) encompasses all the activities of the project, while the systems
development life cycle (SDLC) is focused on accomplishing the product
requirements.

9.2 Systems Development Phases

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) adheres to important phases that are
essential for developers, such as planning, analysis, design, and implementation,
and are explained in the section below. There are several Systems Development
Life Cycle Models in existence. The oldest model, that was originally regarded as
"the Systems Development Life Cycle" is the waterfall model: a sequence of
stages in which the output of each stage becomes the input for the next. These
stages generally follow the same basic steps but many different waterfall
methodologies give the steps different names and the number of steps seems to
vary between 4 and 7. There is no definitively correct Systems Development Life
Cycle model, but t he steps can be characterized and divided in several steps.

9.2.1 FEASIBILTY CONSIDERATIONS

A feasibility study is a test of a system proposal according to its workability

impact on organization, ability to meet user needs and effective use of resources.
The objective of a feasibility study is not to solve a problem but to acquire a sense
of its scope. During the study, the problem definition is crystallized and the
aspects of the problem to be included in the system are determined. After the
initial investigation of the system that helped to have in-depth study of the
existing system, understanding its strength and weaknesses and the requirements
for the new proposed system.

Feasibility study was done in three phases documented below.

[Link] Economic Feasibility:

Economic analysis is the most frequently used method for evaluating the
effectiveness of a candidate system.

This procedure is used to determine the benefits and savings that are expected
from candidate system and compare them with the cost.

If the benefits outweigh the cost, then the decision is made to design and
implements the system.

[Link] Technical Feasibility:

Technical feasibility centers on the exiting computer system and to what extent it
can support the proposed addition.

We have to keep in mind the capacity of the proposed system and make an effort
not to over load the system.

This may require technical enhancement and these may further require financial
considerations to support the enhancements, if the budget is a serious constraint
then the project is judge as not feasible.
 [Link] Behavioral Feasibility:

Peoples are naturally accepting to change a computers are known to make possible
change.

An estimate should be made of how strong the reactions of the user staff are likely
to have toward the development of a computerized system.

9.2.2 ANALYSIS PHASE

Existing System Details and Problems

1. It was difficult to set the JDK information on the system in the mean time.
Moreover it was a time consuming affair if a person is new to start working with
java.
2. It was difficult to solve the problems those were arising during a particular
installation of the software because of hardware compatibility issues.
3. Moreover there is usage an issue concerned with the software .This issue has been
resolved by the WEB-IDE by providing Integrated Environment facility to its
users.
4. This system provides the feature of uploading a java file already on the local
machine of the user or he can make altogether a new java program using this IDE
and save it on his local machine also.
 [Link] User Requirements

Since end users are the ones who are finally going to use the system, their
requirements need to be identified. This involves questioning the end users what
their expectations were.

The main requirement of the end user is that the system should be easy to use and
take less time. In addition to these another important factor was to eliminate the
need for database conversion and migration that had to be carried out presently.
After conducting interviews with the users a document called the software
requirement specification was created. This is the most important document that
forms the basis for system development. It should be consistent, complete,
unambiguous, traceable and inter-related.

This document has the following components.

1. Functional Requirements:The functional requirements specify relationship

between the inputs and outputs. All the operations to be performed on the input
data to obtain output are to be specified. This includes specifying the validity
checks on the input and output data, parameters affected by the operations and the
other operations, which must be used to transform the inputs into outputs.
Functional requirements specify the behavior of the system for valid input and
outputs.
2. Performance Requirements:This section includes performance of the product
that are set by user interaction and studying the existing system of the
organization. These are stated in complete measurable terms, so that they can be
verified during system evaluation phase. Some of the performance requirements
are stated below.

3. User Friendly: The system produced is user friendly, understandable and easy to
use so that the users of the system can easily learn to use the system. For this the
system is made menu-driven with well-documented programs.

4. Time Element (response and processing time): The response time of the system
is very less and takes less time to execute queries and triggers.

5. Maximum Throughput: the system gives maximum throughput with relevant

output

6. Robustness: the system will be able to handle undesirable situations and errors
encountered at various levels e.g. if the user supplies invalid input for processing,
the system gracefully halts, displaying a message to the user indicating the cause
of the error and prompting him it enter the correct input.

7. Flexibility: the system is flexible in nature so that likely changes and alterations
can easily be made.
8. Information Security: records in the system must be safe, confidential and must
be prevented from unauthorized access.

9. Moral and User Satisfaction: system will be able to satisfy the user
requirements; this is the main and conspicuous measure of the system
performance. Also the system must raise the moral of the user. The higher the
moral, greater the expected work performance level.

[Link] External Interfaces and Data Flow

This heading specifies the externally observable characteristics of the software

product. Several graphical tools are used to express the requirements of a system
rather than writing long lines of text. These are very effective tools for use during
the system analysis phase.

User Displays: These are extremely useful tools for interactive applications where
fast response is needed. The user displays consist of screens that help in designing
a menu driven system. The menus attached to the screens help in making a system
interactive and user friendly by providing an easy to use point and click interface
to the application. These menus consist of a list of options from which the user
can choose an action depending on the task to be performed. So these forms or so
called user displays is the key to the success of the entire system.
 [Link] Development, Operation and Maintenance Environments

1. Development Environment
Having constant interaction with the users as well as management aids in the
system development. The logical user suggestions sure certainly welcomed and
considered. There is a multi-user environment in the organization. For the
development of new system Microsoft SQL Server, rdbms package, tomcat server
for server side programming will be used and Microsoft front page, java server
pages and java script for client side programming and will be used to provide GUI
to system.

2. Operating Environment
The input data required are obtained from the documents, which contains all the
details of the transactions. After validation and relevant processing, the data is to
be stored in the database. The user selects the desired database table on after
which the query is formulated. The query is generated by filtering the database
based on the user defined conditions and constraints. The formulated query is
executed on the database to obtain the required information.

3. Maintenance Environment
 The proper maintenance of the new system is very important for its smooth
working. The maintenance of the software is to be done by the system analyst and
programmers in the organization. But for hardware maintenance engineer may be
called from where hardware was purchased.

[Link] User Characteristics

The users of the new system will be the users of the website of the organization.
The system is developed with the participation of users, which will help them to
understand the system easily.

Sources of Information
Primary sources of the information involve direct interaction with the employees
of the organization working in the development department.
The various techniques used for collecting information are:
1. Interviews: Interviews are the main source of gathering data and to get acquainted
with the existing system. Almost all the information about the present system was
gathered with the help of interviews. The questions are pre-planned and asked
according to the designation of the users.

2. Observations: Observations were personally made of what data is desired and

how it is to be graphically represented or in a tabular manner and how it is to be
saved. The observation of crucial information, data flows and functioning of the
entire system was made carefully. This helped to obtain the additional knowledge
about the system and to view the system more deeply. So all the aspects of the
existing system are thoroughly observed which includes how people perform their
tasks, noting the things that they do, how they do it and how much time they take.
The records being manipulated and their frequency of updating and flow of
documentation and important business transactions are also observed.
Observations were personally made of how data can be possibly queried and
represented by the user.
 [Link] System Outline View
After firming the requirements of the system, the summary chart or data flow
diagram (DFD) of the proposed system is prepared. This gives the brief of the
system with respect to the inputs being considered, the outputs reports, the data
being transformed and the main processed involved in the system.

9.2.3 Design Phase

During this phase, the system is designed to satisfy the functional requirements
identified in the previous phase. Since problems in the design phase could be very
expensive to solve in the later stage of the software development, a variety of
elements are considered in the design to mitigate risk. These include:
1. Identifying potential risks and defining mitigating design features.
2. Performing a security risk assessment.
3. Developing a conversion plan to migrate current data to the new system.
4. Determining the operating environment.
5. Defining major subsystems and their inputs and outputs.
6. Allocating processes to resources.
7. Preparing detailed logic specifications for each software module.

9.2.4 Development Phase

Effective completion of the previous stages is a key factor in the success of the
Development phase. The Development phase consists of:
1. Translating the detailed requirements and design into system components.
2. Testing individual elements (units) for usability.
3. Preparing for integration and testing of the IT system.
 9.2.5 Integration and Test Phase
Subsystem integration, system, security, and user acceptance testing is conducted
during the integration and test phase. The user, with those responsible for quality
assurance, validates that the functional requirements, as defined in the functional
requirements document, are satisfied by the developed or modified system. OIT
Security staff assesses the system security and issue a security certification and
accreditation prior to installation/implementation. Multiple levels of testing are
performed, including:
1. Testing at the development facility by the contractor and possibly supported by
end users
2. Testing as a deployed system with end users working together with contract
personnel
3. Operational testing by the end user alone performing all functions.

9.2.6 Implementation Phase

This phase is initiated after the system has been tested and accepted by the user. In
this phase, the system is installed to support the intended business functions.
System performance is compared to performance objectives established during the
planning phase. Implementation includes user notification, user training,
installation of hardware, installation of software onto production computers, and
integration of the system into daily work processes.
This phase continues until the system is operating in production in accordance
with the defined user requirements.

9.2.7 Operations and Maintenance Phase

 The system operation is ongoing. The system is monitored for continued
performance in accordance with user requirements and needed system
modifications are incorporated. Operations continue as long as the system can be
effectively adapted to respond to the organization’s needs. When modifications or
changes are identified, the system may reenter the planning phase. The purpose of
this phase is to:

1. Operate, maintain, and enhance the system.

2. Certify that the system can process sensitive information.
3. Conduct periodic assessments of the system to ensure the functional requirements
continue to be satisfied.
4. Determine when the system needs to be modernized, replaced, or retired.

9.2.8 Disposition Phase

Disposition activities ensure the orderly termination of the system and preserve
the vital information about the system so that some or all of the information may
be reactivated in the future if necessary. Particular emphasis is given to proper
preservation of the data processed by the system, so that the data can be
effectively migrated to another system or archived for potential future access in
accordance with applicable records management regulations and policies. Each
system should have an interface control document defining inputs and outputs and
data exchange. Signatures should be required to verify that all dependent users
and impacted systems are aware of disposition.
 9.3 SDLC OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the SDLC approach are to:

1. Deliver quality systems which meet or exceed customer expectations when
promised and within cost estimates
2. Develop quality systems using an identifiable, measurable, and repeatable process.
3. Establish an organizational and project management structure with appropriate
levels of authority to ensure that each system development project is effectively
managed throughout its life cycle.

4. Identify and assign the roles and responsibilities of all affected parties including
functional and technical managers throughout the system development life cycle.
5. Ensure that system development requirements are well defined and subsequently
satisfied.
6. Provide visibility to the State of Maryland functional and technical managers for
major system development resource requirements and expenditures.
7. Establish appropriate levels of management authority to provide timely direction,
coordination, control, review, and approval of the system development project.
8. Ensure project management accountability.
9. Ensure that projects are developed within the current and planned information
technology infrastructure.
10. Identify project risks early and manage them before they become problems.

9.4 SYSTEM STUDY & PROBLEM FORMULATION

A Software Requirements Specification (SRS) is a complete description of the
behavior of the software of the system to be developed. It includes a set of use
cases that describe all the interactions the users will have with the software. Use
cases are also known as functional requirements. In addition to use cases, the SRS
also contains nonfunctional (or supplementary) requirements. Non-functional
requirements are requirements which impose constraints on the design or
implementation (such as performance engineering requirements, quality standards,
or design constraints).

9.4.1 Purpose
The purpose of this software requirements specification (SRS) is to establish
the ten major requirements necessary to develop the Software Systems
Engineering.

9.5 Test Plans

Project Testing is an investigation conducted to determine the quality of the

project and the services provided by the project. Testing is the process of
analyzing a project to detect the differences between existing and required
conditions (i.e defects/errors/bugs)and to evaluate the features of the project .

After complete development of the project it is mandatory to test the project. The
main motive of the project testing is to identify whether project is able to meet
user requirements or not. To know the better performance of project we have to
develop various test cases. Now, designing good test cases is a complex art..The
complexity comes from three sources:
Test cases help us discover information. Different types of tests are more effective
for different classes of information.

Test cases can be “good” in a variety of ways .No test case will be good in all of
them.

Tend to create test cases according to certain testing styles, such as domain testing
or risk-based testing .Good domain tests are different from good risk-based tests.

Testing Objectives:

The main objective of testing is to uncover a host of errors, systematically and

with minimum effort and time. Stating formally, we can say, Testing is a process
of executing a program with the intent of finding an error.

A successful test is one that uncovers an as yet undiscovered error. The tests are
inadequate to detect possibly present errors. The software more or less confirms to
the quality and reliable standards.

The most important activity at the implementation stage is the system testing with
the objective of validating the system against the designed criteria. During the
development cycle, user was involved in all the phases that are analysis, design
and coding. After each phase the user was asked whether he was satisfied with the
output and the desired rectification was done at the moment. During coding,
generally bottom up technique is used. Firstly the lower level modules are coded
and then they are integrated together. Thus before implementation, it involves the
testing of the system. The testing phase involves testing first of separate parts of
the system and then finally of the system as a whole. Each independent module is
tested first and then the complete system is tested. This is the most important
phase of the system development. The user carries out this testing and test data is
also prepared by the user to check for all possible combinations of correct data as
well as the wrong data that is trapped by the system. So the testing phase consists
of the following steps:

9.5.1 Unit Testing:

The purpose of the coding and unit testing phase of software development is to
translate the software design into source code. Each component of the design is
implemented as a program module. The end-product of this phase is a set of
program modules that have been individually tested. To enable the engineers to
write good quality programs, every software development organization normally
formulates its own coding standards that suit itself. A coding standard addresses
issues such as the standard ways of laying out the program codes, the template for
laying out the function and module headers, commenting guidelines, variable and
function naming conventions, the maximum number of source lines permitted in
each module, and so forth.

During this phase, each module is unit tested to determine the correct working of
all the individual modules. It involves testing each module in isolation as this is
the most efficient way to debug the errors identified at this stage. Another reason
behind testing a module in isolation is that the other modules, with which this
module has to be interfaced, may not be ready.

9.5.2 Integration and System Testing:

Integration of different modules is undertaken once they have been coded and unit
tested. During the integration and system testing phase, the modules are integrated
in a planned manner. The different modules making up a software product are
almost never integrated in one shot. Integration is normally carried out
incrementally over a number of steps. During each integration step, the partially
integrated system is tested and a set of previously planned modules are added to it.
Finally, when all the modules have been successfully integrated and tested, system
testing is carried out. The goal of system testing is to ensure that the developed
system conforms to its requirements laid out in the SRS document.

Our project is

integrated and tested by using an activity by name - testing. - testing is the

system testing performed by the development team.

9.5.3 Acceptance Testing:

Acceptance testing is often done by the customer to ensure that the delivered
product meets the requirements and works as the customer expected. It falls under
the class of black box testing.

9.5.4 Regression Testing:

Regression testing is the testing after modification of a system, component, or a

group of related units to ensure that the modification is working correctly and is
not damaging or imposing other modules to produce unexpected results. It falls
under the class of black box testing.

9.5.5 Beta Testing:

Beta testing is the testing which is done by end users, a team outside development,
or publicly releasing full pre-version of the product which is known as beta
version. The aim of beta testing is to cover unexpected errors. It falls under the
class of black box testing.

SCREENSHOT:-
SOURCE CODE:-

[Link]:-

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

<title>Online office automation system</title>

<link rel="stylesheet"
href="[Link]

<script
src="[Link]

<script
src="[Link]
script>

<script
src="[Link]
</script>

<style>

.home-main

background-image:url("images/[Link]");

background-repeat:no-repeat;

background-size:100% 100%;

height:89vh;
 width:100%;

overflow:hidden;

h1

text-align:center;

.myonet

position:fixed;

right:10px;

bottom:10px;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<?php

include("[Link]");

?>

<div class="home-main">
 <div style="background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.7);height:90vh;">

<br><br>

<br>

<br></br><br>

<center>

<h1 class="py-2 px-5 text-white d-inline-block" style="border-

radius:30px;">

Welcome to Online office automation system

</h1>

<h6 class="text-white text-uppercase">Online office automation system</h6>

</center>

</div>

</div>

</body>

</html>

[Link]:-

<?php

$con=mysqli_connect("localhost","root","","office_automation");

if(!$con)

die("Error :".mysqli_connect_error());
}

?>

[Link]:-

<?php

include("[Link]");

if(isset($_POST["feedback"]))

$name=htmlspecialchars($_POST["name"]);

$email=htmlspecialchars($_POST["email"]);

$phone=htmlspecialchars($_POST["phone"]);

$message=htmlspecialchars($_POST["message"]);

$sql="insert into travel_feedback (name,email,phone,message) values

('$name','$email','$phone','$message')";

if(mysqli_query($con,$sql))

echo "<script>alert('feedback submitted

successfully');[Link]('[Link]');</script>";

else

echo "<script>alert('Error to submit a feedback

form');[Link]('[Link]');</script>";
 }

?>

[Link]:-

<?php

session_start();

?>

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

<title>Online Office Automation System</title>

<link rel="stylesheet"
href="[Link]

<script
src="[Link]

<script
src="[Link]
script>

<script
src="[Link]
</script>

<style>

.home-main
 {

background-image:url("images/[Link]");

background-repeat:no-repeat;

background-size:100% 100%;

height:100vh;

width:100%;

overflow:hidden;

h3

font-family:verdana;

body

background-color:lightgray;

label

color:white;

</style>

</head>

<body class="home-main">
<div style="background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.7);height:120vh;width:100%;">

<?php

include("[Link]");

?>

<div class="container my-3">

<div class="row">

<div class="col-md-6 offset-md-3">

<div class="card my-4" style="background-color:tomato;">

<div class="card-body">

<h4 class="text-white text-center">Workers Login</h4>

<form action="" method="post" autocomplete="off">

<div class="form-group">

<label for="email">Email address:</label>

<input type="email" class="form-control" name="email"

placeholder="Enter email" id="email" required>

</div>

<div class="form-group">

<label for="pwd">Password:</label>

<input type="password" class="form-control" name="password"

placeholder="Enter password" id="pwd" required>

</div>

<button type="submit" name="alogin" class="btn btn-danger btn-

block">Login</button>

</form>
 </div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<?php

if(isset($_POST["alogin"]))

$email=htmlspecialchars($_POST["email"]);

$password=md5(htmlspecialchars($_POST["password"]));

include("[Link]");

$sql="select * from workers where email='$email' and password='$password'";

$result=mysqli_query($con,$sql);

if(mysqli_num_rows($result)>0)

$row=mysqli_fetch_assoc($result);

$_SESSION["wid"]=$row["id"];

echo "<script>[Link]('worker/[Link]');</script>";

else

echo "<script>alert('Email or password incorrect');</script>";

 }

?>

</body>

</html>

Conclusion:-

The Online Office Automation System (OOAS) represents a significant

advancement in administrative management, offering companies a powerful tool to
optimize their operations. By automating tasks such as product management,
worker supervision, and salary processing, the OOAS enhances efficiency,
accuracy, and transparency. Moving forward, continuous refinement and
integration of new features will further solidify the OOAS as an indispensable
asset for modern businesses.

Future Enhancement:-

In future iterations, the Online Office Automation System (OOAS)

could benefit from several enhancements to further elevate its functionality and
effectiveness. One significant enhancement would be the implementation of
advanced cybersecurity measures to fortify data protection and safeguard against
emerging threats. This could involve the integration of robust encryption protocols,
multi-factor authentication mechanisms, and real-time threat detection systems to
enhance the system's resilience against cyberattacks and unauthorized access.
Additionally, incorporating blockchain technology for data integrity and
transparency could provide an extra layer of security, ensuring the immutability
and traceability of critical transactions and records within the system. Furthermore,
enhancing scalability and interoperability by adopting microservices architecture
and API-driven integration could enable seamless collaboration with external
systems and services, facilitating future expansions and integrations. By
prioritizing these enhancements, the OOAS can not only bolster its security posture
but also lay the foundation for continued innovation and adaptability in an ever-
evolving digital landscape.

REFERENCES :-

[1] C. Sisavath and L. Yu, “Design and implementation of security system for
smart home based on iot technology,” Procedia Computer Science, vol. 183, no. 2,
pp. 4–13, 2021.

[2] A. D. Gennaro, D. Sokolov, and A. Mokhov, “Design and implementation of

reconfigurable asynchronous pipelines,” IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale
Integration (VLSI) Systems, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1527–1539, 2020.

[3] A. Belkadi, D. Mezghani, and A. Mami, “Design and implementation of flc

applied to a smart greenhouse,” Engenharia Agricola, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 777–790,
2020.

[4] J. Gunderson, D. W. Mitchell, R. G. Bullis, J. Q. Steward, and W. A.

Gunderson, “Design and implementation of threedimensional printable
optomechanical components,” Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 97, no. 10, pp.
3673–3682, 2020.
[5] D. E. Mohsen, A. M. Hammadi, and A. J. Alaskary, “Design and
implementation of 1.28 tbps dwdm based rof system with external modulation and
dispersion compensation fiber,”Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1963,
no. 1, 2021.

[6] J. O. Olowoleni, C. Awosope, A. U. Adoghe, A. F. Agbetuyi, V. Oguntosin,

and C. A. Halin, “Design and implementation of an automated etching system,” in
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 1107, Paris,
France, 2021no. 1.

[7] S. Down, J. Pereira, and S. Leinster, “P129. Design and implementation of a

virtual postgraduate global osce,” European Journal of Surgical Oncology, vol. 47,
no. 5, p. e330, 2021.