Introduction: Paraphase
Overview (mô tả chung)
The table below shows the figures for imprisonment in
thousands in five countries between 1930 and 1980
Câu mô tả chung: While the figures for imprisonment
fluctuated over the period shown, it is clear that the United
States had the highest number of prisoners overall. Great
Britain, on the other hand, had the lowest number of prisoners
for the majority of the period.
Một số từ vựng để viết W1, đoạn nhận xét chung.
1. In general, ...
2. In common, ...
3. Generally speaking, ...
4. Overall, ...
5. It is obvious, ...
6. As it is observed, ...
7. As a general trend ...
8. As can be seen, ...
9. As an overall trend/ As overall trend, ...
10. As it is presented, ...
11. It can be clearly seen that, ...
12. At the first glance, ...
13. It is clear,
14. At the onset, ...
15. It is clear that, ...
16. A glance at the graph(s) reveals that, ...
EXAMPLE:
1. In general, the employment opportunities increased till 1970 and then declined
throughout the next decade.
2. As it is observed, the figures for imprisonment in the five mentioned countries
show no overall pattern, rather shows the considerable fluctuations from country to
country.
Thân bài (Detail 1 và Detail 2)
Các từ vựng để mở đầu đoạn thân bài
VOCABULARY TO START THE REPORT BODY:
1. As it is presented in the diagram(s)/ graph(s)/ pie chart(s)/ table... 2. As (it is) shown in the
illustration...
3. As can be seen in the...
4. As the diagrams suggest...
5. According to the...
6. Categorically speaking...
7. Getting back to the details...
8. Now, turning to the details...
9. The table data clearly shows that...
10. The diagram reveals that...
11. The data suggest that...
12. The graph gives the figure...
13. It is interesting to note that...
14. It is apparently seen that...
15. It is conspicuous that...
16. It is explicitly observed that...
17. It is obvious...
18. It is clear from the data...
19. It is worth noticing that...
20. It is crystal clear/ lucid that...
21. It can be clearly observed that...
22. It could be plainly viewed that...
23. It could be noticed that...
24. We can see that...
EXAMPLE
1. It is clear from the data that the number of women participating in swimming
increased during the period.
2. As the diagram suggests, the number of women participating in swimming
increased during the period.
Các từ vựng và ví dụ để tả về trend - xu hướng
TẢ SỰ TĂNG LÊN - INCREASE
VERB: rise / increase / go up / uplift / rocket(ed) / climb / upsurge / soar/ shot up/
improve/ jump/ leap/ move upward/ skyrocket/ soar/ surge.
NOUN: a rise / an increase / an upward trend / a growth / a leap / a jump / an
improvement/ a climb.
TẢ SỰ GIẢM XUỐNG - DECREASE
VERB: fall / decrease / decline / plummet / plunge / drop / reduce / collapse /
deterioriate/ dip / dive / go down / take a nosedive / slum / slide / go into free-fall.
NOUN: a fall / a decrease / a reduction / a downward trends /a downward tendency /
a decline/ a drop / a slide / a collapse / a downfall.
TẢ SỰ BÌNH ỔN - STEADINESS
VERB: Stay unchanged / level out / remain constant / remain steady / plateau /
remain the same / remain stable / remain static
NOUN: a steadiness/ a plateau / a stability/ a static
Các từ vựng tả mức độ thay đổi
Thay đổi lớn, nhanh, rõ rệt - Rapid change
ADVERB: dramatically / rapidly / sharply / quickly / hurriedly / speedily / swiftly /
significantly/ considerably / substantioally / noticably.
ADJECTIVE: dramatic / rapid / sharp / quick / hurried / speedy / swift / significant /
considerable / substantial / noticable.
Thay đổi ở mức trung bình - Moderate change
ADVERB: moderately / gradually / progressively / sequentially.
ADJECTIVE: moderate / gradual / progressive / sequential.
Thay đổi đều, thay đổi ổn định - Steady change
ADVERB: steadily/ ceaselessly.
ADJECTIVE: steady/ ceaseless.
Thay đổi nhỏ - Slight change
ADVERB: slightly / slowly / mildly / tediously.
ADJECTIVE: slight / slow / mild / tedious.
VÍ DỤ - EXAMPLES
1. The economic inflation of the country increased sharply by 20% in 2008.
2. There was a sharp drop in industrial production in the year 2009.
3. The demand for new houses dramatically increased in 2002.
Các từ vựng để tả trend - xu hướng
Các ví dụ.
TẢ SỰ TĂNG DẦN - Gradual increase
NOUN: an upward trend / an upward tendency / a ceiling trend
TẢ SỰ GIẢM DẦN - Gradual decrease
NOUN: a downward trend / a downward tendency / a descending trend
VÍ DỤ - EXAMPLES:
1. The overall sale of the company increased by 20% at the end of the year.
2. The expenditure of the office remained constant for the last 6 months but the profit
rose by almost 25%.
3. There was a 15% drop in the ratio of student enrollment at this University.
4. The population of the country remained almost the same as it was 2 years ago.
5. The population of these two cities increase significantly in the last two decades
and it is expected that it will remain stable during the next 5 years.
2. Từ vựng mô tả xu hướng, sự thay đổi
Các câu mô tả cho Figure 1:
➤ GM car sales increased significantly from $5,000 to $105,000 between 1960 and
➤ There was a significant increase of $100,000 in GM car sales, from $5,000 to $105,000,
between 1960 and
➤ GM car sales saw a significant growth in GM car sales, from $5,000 to $105,000, between
1960 and 2010.
➤ GM car sales registered a significant rise between 1960 and
➤ GM car sales reached a peak at $105,000 in
➤ GM car sales had an enormous climb of $100,000 between 1960 and...
3. Dùng giới từ chính xác
Khi mô tả số liệu và các đặc điểm, các giới từ như “to, by, with và at” có vai trò rất
quan trọng trong câu. Dưới đây là một vài ví dụ bạn có thể tham khảo nhé:
- Dùng giới từ “to” khi mô tả sự thay đổi đến mức nào đó
In 2008, the rate of unemployment rose to 10%.
- Dùng giới từ “by” khi mô tả sự thay đổi một khoảng nào đó
In 2009, the rate of unemployment fell by 2% (from 10% to 8%).
- Dùng giời từ “with” để nói về phần trăm, số lượng chiếm được
He won the election with 52% of the vote.
- Dùng giới từ “at” để thêm con số vào cuối câu
Unemployment reached its highest level in 2008, at 10%.
4. Cách mô tả số liệu, phần trăm và phân số
Bạn có thể mô tả bảng sau bằng con số, phân số hoặc phần trăm:
1990 1995
1,200 1,800
- The number went up by 600 from 1,200 to 1,800. (con số)
- The number went up by one third from 1,200 to 1,800. (phân số)
- The number went up by 50% from 1,200 to 1,800. (phần trăm)
Lưu ý:
Cách chúng ta mô tả số liệu
½ = a half (một nửa)
¼ = a quarter (một phần tư)
NHƯNG:
1/3 = one third
2/5 = two fifth
Cách mô tả số lượng
Cùng xem các ví dụ dưới đây và các công thức mẫu một cách kĩ càng. Đây là
những mẫu bạn có thể áp dụng khi mô tả các con số khác nha trong bài task 1.
The number of + Plural Countable Noun + Singular Verb Form
The number of people out of work fell by 99,000 to 2.39 million in the
three months to October.
The amount of + Singular Uncountable Noun + Singular Verb Form
The amount of rainfall doubles between May and June.
The proportion of + Countable or Uncountable Nouns + Singular Verb Form
The proportion of spending on furniture and equipment reached its peak
in 2001, at 23%.
The percentage of + Countable or Uncountable Nouns + Singular Verb Form
The percentage of people using their phones to access the Internet
jumped to 41% in
The figures for Countable or Uncountable Nouns + Plural Verb Form
The figures for imprisonment fluctuated sharply over the period shown.
5. Cách so sánh đơn giản
Bạn có thể dùng "compared to", "compared with", "in comparison to" và "in
comparison with" như nhau. Ví dụ:
Prices in the UK are high compared to / with / in comparison with (prices
in) Canada and
Compared to / with / in comparison with (prices in) Canada and
Australia, prices in the UK are
Khi viết về con số hoặc sự thay đổi, các từ “while” hoặc “whereas” có thể dùng được
trong rất nhiều hoàn cảnh:
There are 5 million smokers in the UK, while / whereas only 2 million
Canadians and 1 million Australians
Between 1990 and 2000, the number of smokers in the UK decreased
dramatically, while / whereas the figures for Canada and Australia
remained the
6. Cách đưa ra giải thích
Khi đưa thêm thông tin giải thích, bạn cần giới hạn số lượng từ để đảm bảo rằng bài
viết có thông tin chất lượng nhưng không vượt quá giới hạn từ. Cùng xem xét ví dụ
sau đây nhé:
- Both cities experienced a rise in the number of tourists coming in through their
airports, which reached a common level of 255,000 in
Rút gọn: Both cities experienced a rise in the number of tourists coming in through
their airports, reaching a common level of 255,000 in July.