SOLUTIONS

[Topic wise notes]

CBSE Syllabus (2024-25)

• Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility

of gases in liquids, solid solutions, Raoult's law, colligative properties - relative lowering
of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic
pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal
molecular mass, Van't Hoff factor.

Important topics from class XI

• Formula of moles
• Molarity
• Molality
• Mole fraction
• Ionisation of acids, bases and salts
• Calculating equilibrium concentrations
(a) Initial concentration
(b) The change in concentration on going to equilibrium

Question pattern followed by CBSE for BOARD exam

• Numerical question
• Give reason/Explain the following/Answer the following questions
• Positive and negative deviation with examples
• Minimum and maximum boiling azeotropes with examples
• Hypertonic and hypotonic solutions
• Statement of Henry’s law and its application

Some important formulae -:

Name of the Name of the formula Formula

S.N. chapter
Solutions -:
𝐧𝟐
1. Concentration (a) Mole fraction -: (i) 𝐱𝟐 =
𝐧𝟏 + 𝐧𝟐
terms -: 𝐰 𝐰𝟐
[𝐧𝟏 = 𝐌𝟏 & 𝐧𝟐 = 𝐌𝟐
]
𝟏
𝐧
(ii) 𝐱𝟏 = 𝐧 +𝟏𝐧
𝟏 𝟐

(b) Molarity -: M=
𝐧𝟐
Or M =
𝐰𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
.
𝐕(𝐋) 𝐌𝟐 𝐕(𝐦𝐋)
(c) Molality -: m=
𝐧𝟐
Or
𝐰𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
.
𝐰𝟏(𝐊𝐠) 𝐌𝟐 𝐰𝟏(𝐠)

2. Henry’s law -: (a) Partial pressure -: 𝐩 = 𝐊𝐇. 𝛘

𝐩
(b) Henry’s law constant -: 𝐊𝐇 = 𝛘
𝐩
(c) Mole fraction -: 𝛘= 𝐊𝐇

3. Raoult’s law -: (a) Total pressure of the 𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝐩𝐨𝟏 + (𝐩𝐨𝟐 − 𝐩𝐨𝟏 )𝛘𝟐
solution -:
 𝐩𝟏 𝐩𝟐
(b) Mole fraction (gas phase) -: 𝐲𝟏 = & 𝐲𝟐 =
𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥

4. Colligative (a) Relative lowering of vapour 𝐩𝐨𝟏 − 𝐩𝟏

= 𝐱𝟐
𝐩𝐨𝟏
properties -: pressure -:
(b) Elevation of boiling point -: (i) ∆𝐓𝐛 = 𝐊 𝐛 𝐦 Or
𝐊 𝐛 𝐗 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐗 𝐰𝟐
(ii) ∆𝐓𝐛 = 𝐌𝟐 𝐗 𝐰𝟏
(c) Depression of freezing (i) ∆𝐓𝐟 = 𝐊 𝐟 𝐦 Or
point -: (ii) ∆𝐓𝐟 =
𝐊 𝐟 𝐗 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐗 𝐰𝟐
𝐌𝟐 𝐗 𝐰𝟏
(d) Osmotic pressure -: (i) 𝛑 = 𝐂𝐑𝐓 Or
𝐰𝟐 𝐑𝐓
(ii) 𝛑𝐕 = 𝐌𝟐
5. Van’t Hoff i -: (i)
𝐨𝐛𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐲
𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐲
factor (i) -:
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
(ii) 𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

(iii) 𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

𝟏−𝐢
(iv) For dissociation -: 𝛂 = 𝐧− 𝟏

𝟏−𝐢
(v) For association -: 𝛂 = 𝟏
𝟏−
𝐧

6. Osmosis -: Isotonic solutions -: 𝐂𝟏 𝐑𝐓 = 𝐂𝟐 𝐑𝐓

Note -: In case of solute is electrolyte, Multiply value of i in the R.H.S. of the Formula of all 4
colligative properties.

Introduction -:

Fill in the blank questions -:

1. The Brass is made up of ___________, _____________

2. German silver is made up of ________, ___________ and _______________
3. Bronze is made up of _________, ______________
4. __________________ concentration of fluoride ion in water prevents tooth decay.
5. __________________ is used in rat poison.
6. The value of i for Ethanoic acid dissolved in water is ______________
7. The value of i for Benzoic acid dissolved in benzene is _____________
8. The value of i for NaCl, KCl, MgCl2 , MgSO4 , CaCl2, AlCl3 , Al2 (SO4 )3 dissolved in water is
respectively ________, __________, __________, _________, __________

Answers -:
1. Copper and zinc.
2. Copper, zinc and nickel
3. Copper and tin
4. 1 ppm
5. Sodium fluoride
6. 2
7. ½
8. 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4, 5
Types of solutions -:

1. Define solutions.
Ans -: Solutions -: Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more than two
components.
2. Give an example of a solid solution in which the solute is a gas.
Ans -: Solution of hydrogen in palladium.
Expressing concentration of the solutions -:

1. Write the formula of mass-by-mass percentage.

Ans -: Mass by mass percentage -:
W1
(a) For solvent -: W1 + W 2
x 100%
W2
(b) For solute -: W1 + W2
x 100%
2. Concentration described by ____________ is commonly used in industrial chemical
applications.
Ans -: Mass percentage
3. Define commercial bleaching powder.
Ans -: Commercial bleaching solution contains 3.62 mass percentage of sodium
hypochlorite (NaClO) in water.

Numerical question from the topic mass percentage -:

Formula to be used -:

w2
(i) Mass percentage for solute = x 100 %
w1 +w2
w1
(ii)Mass percentage for solvent = x 100 %
w1 +w2

1. Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (C6 H6 ) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) if 22 g
of benzene is dissolved in 122 g of carbon tetrachloride.
2. A solution is obtained by mixing 300 g of 25% solution and 400 g of 40% solution by
mass. Calculate the mass percentage of the resulting solution.
3. Calculate the mass percentage of aspirin (C9 H8 O4) in acetonitrile (CH3 CN) when 6.5 g of
C9 H8 O4 is dissolved in 450 g of CH3 CN.

4. Write the formula of volume-by-volume percentage.

V2
Ans -: Volume by volume percentage = V1 + V2
x 100%
4. Define Antifreeze.
Ans -: Antifreeze -: A 35% (v/v) solution of ethylene glycol, an antifreeze, is used in
cars for cooling the engine. At this concentration the antifreeze lowers the freezing point
of water to 255.4K (–17.6°C).
5. Write the formula of mass by volume percentage.
W2
Ans -: Mass by volume percentage = V(Solution)
x 100%
6. The unit which is commonly used in medicine and pharmacy is _____________________
Ans -: Mass by volume percentage
7. The concentration of pollutants in water or atmosphere is often expressed in terms of
_____________________
Ans -: μg mL−1 or ppm
8. Write the formula for mole fraction.
Ans -: Mole fraction -:
n
(a) For solute -: χ2 = n +2n x 100%
1 2
n1
(b) For solvent -: χ1 = n1 + n2
x 100%
 S.N. Name of the compound Formula of the compound Molar mass
1. Ethylene glycol C2 H6 O2 62 g mol−1
2. Water H2 O 18 g mol−1
3. Sodium Hydroxide NaOH 40 g mol−1
4. Potassium chloride KCl 74.5 g mol−1
5. Ethanoic acid CH3 COOH 60 g mol−1
6. Benzene C6 H6 78 g mol−1
7. Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 154 g mol−1
8. Cobalt nitrate hexahydrate Co(NO3 )2 . 6H2 O 290.93 g mol−1
9. Sulphuric acid H2 SO4 98 g mol−1
10. Urea NH2 CONH2 60 g mol−1
11. Potassium iodide KI 166 g mol−1
12. Nitrogen N2 28 g mol−1
13. Hydrogen sulphide H2 S 34 g mol−1
14. Carbon dioxide CO2 44 g mol−1
15. Chloroform CHCl3 119.5 g mol−1
16. Dichloromethane CH2 Cl2 85 g mol−1
17. Glucose C6 H12 O6 180 g mol−1
18. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) C6 H8 O6 176 g mol−1
19. Benzoic acid C6 H5 COOH 122 g mol−1
20. Acetic acid CH3 COOH 60 g mol−1
21. Nitric acid HNO3 63 g mol−1
22. Hydrochloric acid HCl 35.5 g mol−1
23. Sodium carbonate Na2 CO3 106 g mol−1
24. Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 84 g mol−1
25. Octane C8 H18 114 g mol−1
26. Cane sugar (Sucrose) C12 H22 O11 342 g mol−1
27. Sodium Na 23 g mol−1
28. Fluoroacetic acid CH2 FCOOH 78 g mol−1
29. Calcium chloride CaCl2 111 g mol−1
30. Potassium sulphate K 2 SO4 174 g mol−1

Numerical questions from the topic mole fraction -:

Formula to be used -:

n2 n1
(i) Mole fraction for solute (χ2 ) = (ii) Mole fraction for solvent (χ1 ) =
n 1 +n2 n1 +n2

1. Calculate the mole fraction of ethylene glycol (C2 H6 O2 ) in a solution containing 20% of
C2 H6 O2 by mass.
2. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by mass in carbon
tetrachloride.
3. Define Molarity.
Ans -: Molarity -: Molarity (M) is defined as number of moles of solute dissolved in one
litre (or one cubic decimetre) of solution.

4. Write the formula of Molarity.

n2 w2 1000
Ans -: M = V(Litre)
Or .
M2 V(mL)

5. The unit used to represent molarity is ______________

Ans -: M Or mol L−1
 6. What does 0.25 M NaOH means?
Ans -: 0.25 M NaOH means 0.25 mol of NaOH has been dissolved in 1 Litre
(1000 mL) of solution.
7. Give reason: Molarity is a function of temperature.
OR
Why does molarity decrease on increasing the temperature?
Ans -: Molarity is a function of temperature. This is because volume depends on
temperature.
Numerical questions from the topic Molarity (M) -:
Formula to be used -:

Number of moles of the solute

(i) Molarity =
Volume of the solution (in L)
n2 Mass
(ii) M = [∵ Number of moles (n) = ]
V Molar mass
w 1000
(iii) M = M2 . V
2 (L)
Mass of the solution
(iv) Density of the solution =
Volume of the solution
(v) M1 V1 = M2 V2

Note -: For question containing 68% nitric acid, 69% nitric acid, 20% KI, 10% glucose solution.
Consider mass of the solution = 100 g

1. Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 5 g of NaOH in 450 mL solution.

[Given: Molar mass of NaOH = 40 g mol−1]
2. Calculate the molarity of NaOH in the solution prepared by dissolving its 4 g in enough
water to form 250 mL of the solution.
[Given: Molar mass of NaOH = 40 g mol−1]
3. Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions:
(a) 30 g of Co(NO3 )2 . 6H2 O in 4.3 L of solution
[Given: Molar mass of Co(NO3 )2 . 6H2 O = 290.93 g mol−1]
(b) 30 mL of 0.5 M H2 SO4 diluted to 500 mL.
4. Concentrated nitric acid used in laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass in aqueous
solution. What should be the molarity of such a sample of the acid if the density of the
solution is 1.504 g mL−1?
[Given: Molar mass of Nitric acid (HNO3 ) = 63 g mol−1]
5. Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per litre in a sample which has a
density, 1.41 g mL−1 and the mass per cent of nitric acid in it being 69%.
[Given: Molar mass of Nitric acid (HNO3 ) = 63 g mol−1]
6. An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6 g of ethylene glycol (C2 H6 O2 ) and 200 g of
water. Calculate the molality of the solution. If the density of the solution is 1.072
g mL−1, then what shall be the molarity of the solution?
7. If the density of some lake water is 1.25 g mL−1 and contains 92 g of Na+ ions per kg of
water, calculate the molarity and molality of Na+ ions in the lake.
8. Calculate the amount (mass) of benzoic acid (C6 H5 COOH) required for preparing 250 mL
of 0.15 M solution in methanol.

9. Define molality.
Ans -: Molality -: Molality (m) is defined as the number of moles of the solute per
kilogram (kg) of the solvent.
10. The unit used to represent molality is ______________
Ans -: m Or mol kg −1
11. What does 1.00 m KCl mean?
Ans -: 1.00 m KCl means 1 mol of KCl is dissolved in 1 Kg (1000 g) of solvent.
 12. Write the formula of molality.
n2 w2 1000
Ans -: m = w1(kg)
Or .
M2 w1(kg)
13. Give reason: Molality is not a function of temperature.
OR
Why does temperature have no effect on molality?
Ans -: Molality is not a function of temperature. Because, mass does not depend on
temperature.
14. Among the following classify the concentration terms as temperature dependent or
independent.
Mass %, ppm, mole fraction, molality and molarity.
Ans -:
Temperature independent Temperature dependent
Mass %, ppm, mole fraction, molality Molarity

Numerical questions from the topic Molality (m) -:

Formula to be used -:

number of moles of the solute n2 w2 1000

(i) Molality = (ii) m = (iii) m = .
Mass of the solvent (in kg) w1(kg) M2 w1(kg)

1. Calculate molality of 2.5 g of ethanoic acid (CH3 COOH) in 75 g of benzene.

2. Calculate the mass of urea (NH2 CONH2 ) required in making 2.5 kg of 0.25 molal aqueous
solution.
3. Calculate (a) molality (b) molarity and (c) mole fraction of KI if the density of 20%
(mass/mass) aqueous KI is 1.202 g mL−1.
4. A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10% w/w, what would be the molality and
mole fraction of each component in the solution? If the density of solution is 1.2 g mL−1,
then what shall be the molarity of the solution?
Solubility -:

1. Define solubility.
Ans -: Solubility -: Solubility of a substance is its maximum amount that can be
dissolved in a specified amount of solvent at a specified temperature.
Solubility of a solid in liquid -:
“Like dissolves like”
Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvent,
non-polar solute dissolve in non-polar solvent
1. Classify the following compounds as soluble in (a) water (b) benzene.
Sodium chloride, Sugar, naphthalene, anthracene.
Ans -:
Soluble (in water) Soluble (in benzene)
Sodium chloride, sugar Naphthalene, anthracene
2. Based on solute-solvent interactions, arrange the following in order of increasing solubility
in n-octane and explain.
Cyclohexane, KCl, CH3 OH, CH3 CN
3. Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated solution.
Ans -:
Saturated solution Unsaturated solution
Solutions in which no more solute can Solutions in which more solute can be
be dissolved at a specified dissolved at a specified temperature and
temperature and pressure is called pressure is called unsaturated solution.
saturated solution.
Effect of temperature (For solubility of solid in liquid) -:
(a) If dissolution process is endothermic (∆sol H > 0) -: Solubility increases (↑) with increase (↑)
in temperature.
(b) If dissolution process is exothermic (∆sol H < 0) -: Solubility decreases (↓) with increase (↑)
in temperature.

Effect of pressure (For solubility of solid in liquid) -: No significant effect.

1. Pressure does not have any significant effect on solubility of solids in liquids.
Ans -: It is so because solids and liquids are highly incompressible and practically remain
unaffected by changes in pressure.

Solubility of a gas in liquid -:

1. Define Henry’s law. Write its application.

Ans -: Henry’s law -: The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to
the mole fraction of the gas (χ) in the solution.
The Henry’s law is expressed as:
p∝χ
⇒ 𝐩 = 𝐊 𝐇 . 𝛘 ………… (i)
Comparing equation (i) to straight line equation.
i.e. y = mx + c, we get
p = K H. χ
Y = mx + c
Y = p, m = K H , x = χ, c = 0
𝐩
⇒ 𝛘= 𝐊
𝐇
(𝐢) 𝐊 𝐇 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 ∝ 𝐓𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞
𝟏
(𝐢𝐢) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐥𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐝 ∝
𝐓𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞
𝟏
(𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐥𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐝 ∝
𝐓𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 & 𝐊 𝐇 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞
Fig. -: Graph for Henry’s law

Note -: (i) Higher the KH value of the gas lower will be the solubility.
(ii) On increasing the temperature, the solubility of gases in liquid decreases.
Questions from the topic (Henry’s law) -:
Formula to be used -:

p p
(i) p = K H . χ (ii) χ = (iii) K H =
KH χ
n2
(iv) χ2 = (v) Mass = Molar mass x moles
n1 +n2

1. Why aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold water than in warm water?
2. If N2 gas is bubbled through water at 293 K, how many millimoles of N2 gas would
dissolve in 1 litre of water? Assume that N2 exerts a partial pressure of 0.987 bar. Given
that Henry’s law constant for N2 at 293 K is 76.48 k bar.
[Given: Density of water = 1 g mL−1 ]
Note -: (i) milimoles ← moles ← mole fraction
p
(ii) Apply two formulae for mole fraction. First from Henry’s law i.e. χ = K and second in
H
n2
terms of mole i.e. χ2 = n
1 +n2

3. H2 S, a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell, is used for qualitative analysis. If the solubility
of H2 S in water at STP is 0.195 m. Calculate Henry’s law constant.
[Given: Pressure of H2 S at STP = 0.987 bar]
 4. Henry’s law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67 x 108 Pa at 298 K. Calculate the quantity
(mass) of 𝐂𝐎𝟐 in 500 mL of soda water when packed under 2.5 atm CO2 pressure at 298 K.
[Given: 1 atm = 101325 Pascal]
5. What role does the molecular interaction play in a solution of alcohol and water?
6. Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised?
7. State Henry’s law and mention some important application.
8. The partial pressure of the ethane over a solution containing 6.56 x 10−3 g of ethane is
1 bar. If the solution contains 5.00 x 10−2 g of ethane, then what shall be the partial
pressure of the gas?

Vapour pressure of liquid solutions -:

(a) Liquids in liquid -:

1. (a) Define Raoult’s law.

(b) Derive an expression for Raoult’s law containing volatile liquids.
Ans -: (a) Raoult’s law -: It states that for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour
pressure of each component of the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction
present in solution.
(b) Expression for Raoult’s law containing volatile liquids -:
For component 1 -:
p1 ∝ χ1
⇒ p1 = p1o . χ1 ………. (1)
Similarly, for component 2 -:
p2 ∝ χ2
⇒ p2 = po2 . χ2 ………. (2)
Applying, Dalton’s law of partial pressure -:
ptotal = p1 + p2 ……. (3)
Substituting the values from eq. (1) and (2) in eq. (3),
we get -:
ptotal = p1o . χ1 + po2 . χ2 [∵ 𝛘𝟏 + 𝛘𝟐 = 𝟏]
⇒ ptotal = p1o (1 − χ2 ) + po2 . χ2
⇒ ptotal = p1o − p1o χ2 + po2 . χ2
⇒ ptotal = p1o + (po2 − p1o )χ2
Fig. -: Graph for Raoult’s law
Mole fraction (in gas phase) -:
(a) For component 1 -:
p
y1 = p 1
total
(b) For component 2 -:
p
y2 = p 2
total

Questions from the topic (Raoult’s law) -:

Formula to be used -:

(i) pTotal = p1 + p2 (ii) pTotal = p1o χ1 + po2 χ2 (iii) ptotal = p1o + (po2 − p1o )χ2
p1 p2
(iv) y1 = (v) y2 =
ptotal ptotal

1. Vapour pressure of chloroform (CHCl3) and dichloromethane (CH2 Cl2) at 298 K are 200 mm
Hg and 415 mm Hg respectively.
(a) Calculate the vapour pressure of the solution prepared by mixing 25.5 g of CHCl3 and
40 g of CH2 Cl2 at 298 K.
(b) Mole fraction of each component in vapour phase.
[Given: Molar mass of CHCl3 = 119.5 g mol−1 , CH2 Cl2 = 85 g mol−1]
 2. The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450 mm Hg and 700 mm Hg respectively
at 350 K. Find out the composition of the liquid mixture if total vapour pressure is 600
mm Hg. Also find the composition of the vapour phase.
3. Heptane and octane form an ideal solution. At 373 K, the vapour pressures of the two
liquid components are 105.2 kPa and 46.8 kPa respectively. What will be the vapour
pressure of a mixture of 26.0 g of heptane and 35 g of octane?
4. 100 g of liquid A (molar mass 140 g mol–1 ) was dissolved in 1000 g of liquid B (molar mass
180 g mol–1 ). The vapour pressure of pure liquid B was found to be 500 torr. Calculate the
vapour pressure of pure liquid A and its vapour pressure in the solution if the total
vapour pressure of the solution is 475 Torr.
5. Benzene and toluene form ideal solution over the entire range of composition. The vapour
pressure of pure benzene and toluene at 300 K are 50.71 mm Hg and 32.06 mm Hg
respectively. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase if 80 g of benzene
is mixed with 100 g of toluene.

Raoult’s law as a special case of Henry’s law -:

From Raoult’s law -: p1 = p10 χ1

From Henry’s law -: p = K H χ
Raoult’s law becomes a special case of Henry’s law when KH becomes equal to p1o .

Raoult’s law (In general case)

“For any solution the partial vapour pressure of each volatile component
in the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction”

Ideal and non-ideal solution -:

1. Differentiate between ideal and non-ideal solution.

Ans -:
Ideal solution Non-ideal solution
The solutions which obey Raoult’s The solutions which do not obey Raoult’s law
law over the entire range of over the entire range of concentration is called
concentration is called ideal solution. non-ideal solution.
Characteristics -: Characteristics -:
(a) ∆mix H = 0 (a) ∆mix H ≠ 0
(b) ∆mix V = 0 (b) ∆mix V ≠ 0
e.g. -: +ve deviation -ve deviation
(a) n-Hexane & n-Heptane e.g. -: e.g. -:
(b) Bromoethane & Chloroethane (a) Ethanol & Acetone (a) Phenol & Aniline
(c) Benzene & Toluene (b) Carbon disulphide & (b) Chloroform &
Acetone Acetone

In +ve deviation
Vapour pressure of solution > Vapour pressure in Raoult’s law (ideal solution)
In -ve deviation
Vapour pressure of solution < Vapour pressure in Raoult’s law (ideal solution)

2. What is meant by positive and negative deviations from Raoult's law and how is the sign
of ∆mix H related to positive and negative deviations from Raoult's law?
3. Suggest the most important type of intermolecular attractive interaction in the following
pairs.
(a) n-hexane and n-octane (b) I2 and CCl4 (c) NaClO4 and water
(d) methanol and acetone (e) acetonitrile (CH3 CN) and acetone (C3 H6 O).
 4. Amongst the following compounds, identify which are insoluble, partially soluble and
highly soluble in water?
(a) phenol (b) toluene (c) formic acid
(d) ethylene glycol (e) chloroform (f) pentanol.

5. Define azeotropes. Differentiate between minimum boiling azeotropes and maximum

boiling azeotropes.
Ans -: Azeotropes -: Azeotropes are binary mixtures having the same composition in
liquid and vapour phase and boil at a constant temperature.
Note -: Azeotropes cannot be separated by fractional distillation.
Minimum boiling azeotropes Maximum boiling azeotropes
The solutions which show a large positive The solutions that show large negative
deviation from Raoult’s law form deviation from Raoult’s law form
minimum boiling azeotrope at a specific maximum boiling azeotrope at a specific
composition. composition.
e.g. -: Ethanol (95%)-water (5%) mixture e.g. -: Nitric acid (68%) and water (32%)

Colligative properties -:

1. Define colligative properties.

Ans -: Colligative properties -: The properties which depend on the number of solute
particles irrespective of their nature relative to the total number of particles present in the
solution. Such properties are called colligative properties.

Colligative properties

Relative lowering Elevation of Depression of Osmotic

Of vapour pressure Boiling point Freezing point Pressure

Relative lowering of vapour pressure -:

Formula to be used -:

po
1 −p1 n2 po
1 −p1 n po
1 −p1 w M
(i)
po
=n (ii)
po
= n2 (iii)
po
= M2 . w1
1 1 +n2 1 1 1 2 1

1. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain temperature is 0.850 bar. A non-
volatile, non-electrolyte solid weighing 0.5 g when added to 39.0 g of benzene (molar mass
78 g mol–1). Vapour pressure of the solution then, is 0.845 bar. What is the molar mass of
the solid substance?
2. Vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23.8 mm Hg. 50 g of urea (NH2 CONH2) is
dissolved in 850 g of water. Calculate the vapour pressure of water for this solution and
its relative lowering.
[Given: Molar mass of NH2 CONH2 = 60 g mol−1]
3. An aqueous solution of 2% non-volatile solute exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at the
normal boiling point of the solvent. What is the molar mass of the solute?
[Note -: Vapour pressure at normal boiling point i.e. 100o C = 1.013 bar]
4. The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300 K. Calculate vapour pressure of 1 molal
solution of a non-volatile solute in it.
5. Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (molar mass 40 g mol–1 ) which should be
dissolved in 114 g octane to reduce its vapour pressure to 80%.
 [Note -: For questions containing vapour pressure reduced to 80%, reduced to 90%.
Consider the value of p1 = 80% p1o , p1 = 90% p1o etc.]
6. Vapour pressure of water at 293 K is 17.535 mm Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure of
water at 293 K when 25 g of glucose is dissolved in 450 g of water.
[Given: Molar mass of glucose (C6 H12 O6 ) = 180 g mol−1]
7. A solution is prepared by dissolving 5 g of a non-volatile solute in 200 g of water. It has a
vapour pressure of 31.84 mm Hg at 300 K. Calculate the molar mass of the solute.
[Given: Vapour pressure of pure water at 300 K = 32 mm Hg] [CBSE 2024 (56/3/1)]

S.N. Solvent 𝐊 𝐛 Value

1. Water 0.52 K kg mol−1
2. Benzene 2.53 K kg mol−1

Elevation of boiling point -:

Formula to be used -:
(i) ΔTb ∝ m [Where ∆Tb = Tb − Tbo and m = molality]
w 1000
(ii) ∆Tb = K b . m (iii) ∆Tb = K b . 2 .
M2 w1

1. Write the formula of Boiling point elevation constant or Molal elevation constant or
Ebullioscopic constant.
𝐑 𝐱 𝐌𝟏 𝐱 𝐓𝐛𝟐
Ans -: Ebullioscopic constant (𝐊 𝐛 ) =
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐱 ∆𝐯𝐚𝐩 𝐇
2. Draw a suitable diagram to represent elevation of boiling point.
Ans -:

Fig. -: Elevation of boiling point

3. 18 g of glucose, C6 H12 O6, is dissolved in 1 kg of water in a saucepan. At what temperature
will water boil at 1.013 bar?
[Given: K b for water is 0.52 K kg mol−1 , molar mass of glucose (C6 H12 O6 ) = 180 g mol−1]
Hint -: Boiling point of water at 1.013 bar = 100o C = 373.15 K
4. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23 K. When 1.80 g of a non-volatile solute was dissolved
in 90 g of benzene, the boiling point is raised to 354.11 K. Calculate the molar mass of the
solute.
[Given: K b for benzene is 2.53 K kg mol−1]
5. Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg is 99. 63o C. How much sucrose is to be added to 500
g of water such that it boils at 100o C.
[Given: Molar mass of sucrose = 342 g mol−1 ]

S.N. Solvent 𝐊 𝐟 Value

1. Water 1.86 K kg mol−1
2. Benzene 5.12 K kg mol–1
Depression in freezing point -:
Formula to be used -:

(i) ΔTf ∝ m [Where ∆Tf = Tfo − Tf and m = molality]

w 1000
(ii) ∆Tf = K f . m (iii) ∆Tf = K f . 2 .
M 2 w1

1. Write the formula of Freezing point elevation constant or Molal depression constant or
Cryoscopic constant.
R x M1 x T2f
Ans -: Cryoscopic constant (𝐊 𝐟 ) = [CBSE 2024 (31/3/1)]
1000 x ∆fus H
2. Draw a suitable diagram to represent depression of freezing point.
Ans -:

Fig. -: Depression of freezing point

3. 45 g of ethylene glycol (C2 H6 O2 ) is mixed with 600 g of water. Calculate (a) the freezing
point depression and (b) the freezing point of the solution.
[Given: Molar mass of ethylene glycol (C2 H6 O2 ) = 62 g mol−1]
4. 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50 g of benzene lowered the freezing point of
benzene by 0.40 K. The freezing point depression constant of benzene is 5.12 K kg mol–1 .
Find the molar mass of the solute.
[Given: Molar mass of benzene (C6 H6 ) = 78 g mol−1]
5. Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C, C6 H8 O6 ) to be dissolved in 75 g of acetic
acid to lower its melting point by 1.5o C.
[Given: K f = 3.9 K kg mol−1]
[Given: Molar mass of ascorbic acid (C6 H8 O6 ) = 176 g mol−1]
6. A 5 % solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point of 271 K. Calculate the
freezing point of 𝟓 % glucose in water if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
[Given: Molar mass of cane sugar = 342 g mol−1, Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol−1]
Hint -: First find K f value from cane sugar solution. Then put the value of K f in glucose
solution.
True or False -:
(a) The vapour pressure of pure solvent is less than that of vapour pressure of
the solution. (False)
(b) The vapour pressure of pure solvent is more than that of vapour pressure of
the solution. (True)
(c) On adding non-volatile solute, vapour pressure of the solution increases. (False)
(d) On adding non-volatile solute, vapour pressure of the solution decreases. (True)
(e) On adding non-volatile solute boiling point of the solution increases. (True)
(f) On adding non-volatile solute boiling point of the solution decreases. (False)
(g) On adding non-volatile solute freezing point of the solution decreases. (True)
(h) On adding non-volatile solute freezing point of the solution increases. (False)
Osmotic Pressure -:

1. Define Semipermeable membrane (SPM) with examples.

Ans : Semipermeable membrane (SPM) -: Small solvent molecules, like water, can pass
through these holes but the passage of bigger molecules like solute is hindered.
Membranes having this kind of properties are known as semipermeable membranes
(SPM).
e.g. -: Pig’s bladder, Parchment, Cellophane
2. Define osmosis.
Ans -: Osmosis -: If the membrane is placed between the solvent and solution the solvent
molecules will flow through the membrane from pure solvent to the solution. This process
of flow of the solvent is called osmosis.
3. Define Osmotic Pressure. With a suitable diagram.
Ans -: Osmotic Pressure -: The pressure that just stops the flow of solvent is called
osmotic pressure of the solution.

Fig. -: Osmotic Pressure

The direction of osmosis

In terms of solvent -: Higher concentration to lower concentration of solvent (Preferred)
In terms of solute -: Lower concentration to higher concentration

NCERT BOOK -: The important point to be kept in mind is that solvent molecules always flow
from lower concentration to higher concentration of solution.

Note -: Solution = Solute + Solvent. It means the term used in NCERT BOOK i.e. Higher
concentration and lower concentration is with respect to solute not solvent.

4. ____________ Colligative property is used to determine the molar mass of macromolecules

like polymers, proteins etc.
Ans -: Osmotic Pressure.
5. What is the advantage of osmotic pressure over other colligative properties to determine
molar mass?
Ans -: The osmotic pressure method has the advantage over other methods as pressure
measurement is around the room temperature and the molarity of the solution is used
instead of molality. As compared to other colligative properties, its magnitude is large even
for very dilute solutions.
6. The technique of osmotic pressure for determination of molar mass of solutes is
particularly useful for biomolecules. Why?
Ans -: The technique of osmotic pressure for determination of molar mass of solutes is
particularly useful for biomolecules as they are generally not stable at higher
temperatures and polymers have poor solubility.
Isotonic solution -: Overall no osmosis
Hypertonic solution -: Shrink
Hypotonic solution -: Swell
7. Define isotonic solutions, hypertonic solutions and hypotonic solutions with examples.
Ans -:
Isotonic solutions Hypertonic solutions Hypotonic solutions
Two solutions having same A type of solution that has A type of solution that has
osmotic pressure at a given a higher concentration of a lower concentration of
temperature are called solutes on the outside of a solutes on the outside of a
isotonic solutions. cell than on the inside of cell than on the inside of
the cell the cell
e.g. -: Blood cell placed in e.g. -: Blood cells in a e.g. -: Blood cells in a
0.9 % (mass/volume) solution containing more solution containing less
sodium chloride solution. than 0.9 % (mass/volume) than 0.9 % (mass/volume)
sodium chloride solution. sodium chloride solution.

Note -: When isotonic solutions are separated by semipermeable membrane no osmosis

occurs between them.

8. Classify the following as hypertonic, hypotonic solution.

(2) Raw mangoes shrivel when pickled in brine (salt water).

(2) Wilted flowers revive when placed in fresh water.

(2) IBlood cells collapse when suspended in saline water.

Ans -: (a) Hypertonic solution (b) Hypotonic solution (c) Hypertonic solution
9. Define edema.
Ans -: Edema -: People taking a lot of salt or salty food experience water retention in
tissue cells and intercellular spaces because of osmosis. The resulting puffiness or
swelling is called edema.

The preservation of meat by salting and of fruits by adding

sugar protects against bacterial action. Through the process of osmosis,
a bacterium on salted meat or candid fruit loses water, shrivels and dies.
 10. The preservation of meat by salting and of fruits by adding sugar protects them from
bacterial action because:
(a) bacteria die of eating sugar or salt
(b) due to osmosis bacteria lose water on salted meat or candid fruit and die
I due to osmosis bacteria gain water on salted meat or candid fruit and die
(d) bacteria get stuck to the salt and sugar layers and die
Ans -: Option (b)
While solving the numerical questions of osmotic pressure,
take the value of temperature in kelvin.

Numerical questions :
Formula to be used -:

n2 w2 w2 RT
(I) π = CRT (ii) π = RT (iii) πV = RT (iv) M2 =
V M2 πV

Value of R
S.N. Value of R Unit of R
1. 8.314 J K −1 mol−1
2. 0.0831 L bar K −1 mol−1
3. 0.0821 L atm K −1 mol−1

1. 200 cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 1.26 g of the protein. The osmotic
pressure of such a solution at 300 K is found to be 2.57 × 10−3 bar. Calculate the molar
mass of the protein.
[Given: Value of R = 0.083 L bar mol−1 K −1]
Note -: 1 cm3 = 1 mL
2. Calculate the osmotic pressure in pascals exerted by a solution prepared by dissolving
1.0 g of polymer of molar mass 185,000 in 450 mL of water at 37o C.
[Given: Value of R = 8.314 x 103 Pa L K −1 mol−1 ]
3. At 300 K, 36 g of glucose present in a litre of its solution has an osmotic pressure of
4.98 bar. If the osmotic pressure of the solution is 1.52 bars at the same temperature, what
would be its concentration?
Hint -: Use the formula of osmotic pressure two times.
Reverse osmosis and water purification -:

1. Define reverse osmosis with a suitable diagram.

Ans -: Reverse osmosis -: The direction of osmosis can be reversed if a pressure larger
than the osmotic pressure is applied to the solution side. That is, now the pure solvent
flows out of the solution through the semi permeable membrane. This phenomenon is
called reverse osmosis.

Fig. -: Reverse osmosis

 2. Write one use of reverse osmosis.
Ans -: Reverse osmosis is used in desalination of sea water.
3. The membrane used for reverse osmosis is ___________________ (Important)
Ans -: Cellulose acetate.
Abnormal molar mass -:
When there is dissociation of solute into ions,
the experimentally determined molar mass is
always lower than the true value.

When there is association of the solute, the molar mass

calculated on the basis of this ∆𝐓𝐛 or ∆𝐓𝐟 will, therefore,
be twice the expected value.

Dissociation
Abnormal molar mass (Experimental) < Normal molar mass (Theoretical)
Association
Abnormal molar mass (Experimental) > Normal molar mass (Theoretical)

1. Write all the formulae of van’t Hoff factor (i).

Ans -: Van’t Hoff factor (i) -:
S.N. Name of the formula Formula
1. Van’t Hoff factor Normal molar mass
i = Abnormal molar mass

2. Van’t Hoff factor Observed colligative property

i = Calculated colligative property

3. Van’t Hoff factor i=

Total number of moles of particles after dissociation
Total number of moles of particles before dissociation

4. Van’t Hoff factor Total number of moles of particles after association

i = Total number of moles of particles before association

5. Degree of dissociation 1−i

α = n− 1
6. Degree of association α=
1−i
1
1−
n

Note -: In case of association -: The value of I < 1 (Important)

e.g. -: Carboxylic acids in non-polar solvent.
(a) Acetic acid in benzene
(b) Benzoic acid in benzene etc.

In case of association -: The value of I > 1 (Important)

e.g. -: Salts in water, Carboxylic acids in polar solvent (water).

(2) Sodium chloride, Magnesium chloride, Calcium chloride, Magnesium sulphate,

potassium sulphate etc. in water
(b) Ethanoic acid (Acetic acid) in water.
I Benzoic acid in water.
(d) Fluoroacetic acid in water.
2. Find the Van’t Hoff factor (i) for:
(2) Sodium chloride in water.
Total number of moles of particles after dissociation
Ans -: Van’t Hoff factor i = Total number of moles of particles before dissociation
Dissociation of sodium chloride in water -:
NaCl(aq) ⇌ Na+ (aq) + Cl− (aq)
Total number of moles of particles after dissociation
Formula -: Van’t Hoff factor i =
Total number of moles of particles before dissociation
 1+1
⇒i= 1
⇒𝐢=𝟐
(2) Sodium sulphate in water.
Total number of moles of particles after dissociation
Ans -: Van’t Hoff factor i =
Total number of moles of particles before dissociation
Dissociation of sodium chloride in water -:
Na2 SO4 (aq) ⇌ 2Na+ (aq) + SO2−
4 (aq)
Total number of moles of particles after dissociation
Formula -: Van’t Hoff factor i = Total number of moles of particles before dissociation
2+1
⇒i= 1
⇒𝐢=𝟑
(2) IBenzoic acid in benzene.
Total number of moles of particles after association
Ans -: Van’t Hoff factor i =
Total number of moles of particles before association

Association of Benzoic acid in benzene -:

2C6 H5 COOH(aq) ⇌ (C6 H5 COOH)2
Total number of moles of particles after association
Formula -: Van’t Hoff factor i = Total number of moles of particles before association
1
⇒i=
2
⇒ 𝐢 = 𝟎. 𝟓
(2) Benzoic acid in water.
Total number of moles of particles after dissociation
Ans -: Van’t Hoff factor i = Total number of moles of particles before dissociation
Dissociation of Benzoic acid in water -:
C6 H5 COOH(aq) ⇌ C6 H5 COO− (aq) + H + (aq)
Total number of moles of particles after dissociation
Formula -: Van’t Hoff factor i = Total number of moles of particles before dissociation
1+1
⇒i= 1
⇒𝐢=𝟐

3. Find the value of van’t Hoff factor (i) for the following:
(a) Dimerization of Benzoic acid in benzene.
(b) Benzoic acid in water.
I Dimerization of Acetic acid in benzene.
(d) Acetic acid in water.
I Sodium chloride in water
(f) Calcium chloride in water.
(g) Potassium sulphate in water.
(h) Tetramerization of Acetic acid in benzene.
(i) Octamerization of Acetic acid in benzene.
Ans -:
S.N. Solute dissolved in solvent Value of Van’t Hoff factor (i)
(a) Dimerization of Benzoic acid in benzene. 1
or 0.5
2
(b) Benzoic acid in water. 2
(c) Dimerization of Acetic acid in benzene. ½ or 0.5
(d) Acetic acid in water. 2
(e) Sodium chloride in water 2
(f) Calcium chloride in water. 3
(g) Potassium sulphate in water. 3
(h) Tetramerization of Acetic acid in 1
or 0.25
4
benzene.
(i) Octamerization of Acetic acid in 1
or 0.125
8
benzene.
 Association Dissociation Neither association nor dissociation
Carboxylic acids in Salts in water Glucose, Sucrose, Urea, Vitamin C,
benzene Carboxylic acids in Macromolecules, Biomolecules etc.
water

4. Write the formula of all 4 colligative properties:

(a) For solute undergoes association/dissociation
(b) For solute does not undergoes association/dissociation
Ans -:
S.N. Formula Solute undergoes Solute does not undergo
association/dissociation association/dissociation
1. Relative lowering of p1o − p1 n2 p1o − p1 n2
vapour pressure =i =
p1o n1 + n2 p1o n1 + n2
2. Elevation of boiling ∆Tb = iK b . m ∆Tb = K b . m
point
3. Depression of ∆Tf = iK f . m ∆Tf = K f . m
freezing point
4. Osmotic pressure π = iCRT π = CRT

Questions from colligative property by considering Van’t Hoff factor (i) -:

1. Determine the amount of 𝐂𝐚𝐂𝐥𝟐 (i = 2.47) dissolved in 2.5 litre of water such that its
osmotic pressure is 0.75 atm at 27o C.
2. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 25 mg of K 2 SO4 in
2 litre of water at 25o C, assuming that it is completely dissociated.
Percentage association/Percentage dissociation -:
Order to be followed -:
Find Calculated colligative property

Observed colligative property

By using formula -: Van’t Hoff factor (i) = Calculated colligative property
, find the value of i.

Write the chemical equation either for association or dissociation

Find the value of x or α from the value of i.

1. 2 g of benzoic acid (C6 H5 COOH) dissolved in 25 g of benzene shows a depression in freezing

point equal to 1.62 K. Molal depression constant for benzene is 4.9 K kg mol–1 . What is the
percentage association of acid if it forms dimer in solution?
2. 0.3 g of acetic acid (M = 60 g mol−1) dissolved in 30 g of benzene shows a depression in
freezing point equal to 0.45o C. Calculate the percentage association of acid if it forms a
dimer in the solution.
[Given: K f for benzene = 5.12 K kg mol−1]
3. The freezing point of benzene decreases by 2.12 K when 2.5 g of benzoic acid (C6 H5 COOH)
is dissolved in 25 g of benzene. If benzoic acid forms a dimer in benzene, calculate the
van’t Hoff factor and the percentage association of benzoic acid.
[Given: K f for benzene = 5.12 K kg mol−1]
4. If benzoic acid (M =122 g mol−1) is associated into a dimer when dissolved in benzene and
the osmotic pressure of a solution of 6.1 g of benzoic acid in 100 mL benzene is 6.5 atm at
27o C, then what is the percentage association of benzoic acid?
[Given: R = 8.314 L atm K-1 mol-1]
 5. 0.6 mL of acetic acid (CH3 COOH), having density 1.06 g mL–1, is dissolved in 1 litre of water.
The depression in freezing point observed for this strength of acid was 0.0205o C. Calculate
the van’t Hoff factor and the dissociation constant of acid.
[Given: K f for water = 1.86 K kg mol−1, Density of water = 1 g mL−1]
Hint -: To find number of moles, use the formula
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 (𝐦𝐋)𝐱 𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 (𝐠 𝐦𝐋−𝟏 )
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 =
𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 (𝐠 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 )
𝐂𝛂𝟐
Dissociation constant (𝐊 𝐚 ) =
𝟏−𝛂
6. When 19.5 g of F − CH2 − COOH (Molar mass = 78 g mol−1) is dissolved in 500 g of water, the
depression in freezing point is observed to be 1o C. Calculate the degree of dissociation of
F − CH2 − COOH.
[Given: K f for water = 1.86 K kg mol−1]
7. A solution contains 5.85 g NaCl (Molar mass = 58.5 g mol−1 ) per litre of solution. It has an
osmotic pressure of 4.75 atm at 27o C. Calculate the degree of dissociation of NaCl in
this solution.
[Given: R = 0.082 L atm K −1 mol−1]
8. A 0.01 m aqueous solution of AlCl3 freezes at −0.068o C. Calculate the percentage of
dissociation.
[Given: K f for Water = 1.86 K kg mol−1]

[CBSE 2024 Board questions]

Multiple choice question -:

1. A 1% solution of solute ‘X’ is isotonic with 6% solution of sucrose (molar mass = 342
g mol−1). The molar mass of the solute ‘X’ is:
(a) 34.2 g mol−1 (b) 57 g mol−1
(c) 114 g mol−1 (d) 3.42 g mol−1
Assertion-reason question -:

2. Assertion (A): Addition of ethylene glycol to water lowers its freezing point.
Reason (R): Ethylene glycol is insoluble in water due to lack of its ability to form
hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
3. Assertion (A): ∆mix H and ∆mix V are zero for non-ideal solutions.
Reason (R): Solute-solvent interactions are not same as pure solute-solute and pure
solvent-solvent interactions in non-ideal solutions.
4. Assertion (A): ∆mix H and ∆mix V are zero for an ideal solution.
Reason (R): range of concentration is called an ideal solution.
Short answer question -:

5. Define molal depression constant. How is it related to enthalpy of fusion?

6. What type of deviation is shown by ethanol and acetone mixture? Give reason. What type
of azeotropic mixture is formed by that deviation?
7. A solution is prepared by dissolving 5 g of a non-volatile solute in 200 g of water. It has a
vapour pressure of 31·84 mm Hg at 300 K. Calculate the molar mass of the solute.
[Given: Vapour pressure of pure water at 300 K = 32 mm Hg]
 [Answers]

Q. No. Expected Answer Marks

1. Option (b) 57 g mol−1 1
2. Option (c) Assertion is true but reason is false. 1
3. Option (d) Assertion is false but reason is true. 1
4. Option (b) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct
explanation of assertion. 1
5. Molal depression constant -: Molal depression constant is the depression in
freezing point observed in 1 molal solution. / The depression in freezing point
when one mole of non-volatile solute is dissolved in 1 kg or 1000 g of the 1
solvent.
R x M x T2f
(K f ) = 1000 x1∆ 1
fus H
6. Type of deviation -: Positive deviation. ½
Reason -: Because ethanol – acetone interaction is weaker than pure ethanol
and pure acetone molecular interactions. ½
Type of azeotropic mixture -: Minimum boiling azeotropes. 1
7. Given -:
w2 = 5 g, w1 = 200 g, M1 = 18 g mol−1, p1o = 32 mm Hg, p1 = 31.84 mm Hg
Formula -:
Relative lowering of vapour pressure -:
𝐩𝐨𝟏 −𝐩𝟏 𝐰 𝐌 1
𝐩𝐨𝟏
= 𝐌𝟐 . 𝐰𝟏
𝟐 𝟏
32 mm Hg−31.84 mm Hg 5 g 18 g mol−1
⇒ 32 mm Hg
= M2
. 200 g
0.16 mm Hg 5 g 18 g mol−1 1
⇒ 32 mm Hg = M . 200 g
2
5 g 18 g mol−1
⇒ M2 = . . 32
0.16 200 g
−𝟏
⇒ 𝐌𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎 𝐠 𝐦𝐨𝐥 1