Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 158 (2022) 112125

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Faults and Fault Ride Through strategies for grid-connected photovoltaic

system: A comprehensive review
Kamran Zeb a, Saif Ul Islam b, Imran Khan c, Waqar Uddin d, M. Ishfaq e,
Tiago Davi Curi Busarello f, S.M. Muyeen g, *, Iftikhar Ahmad a, H.J. Kim h
a
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology, NUST, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
b
Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
c
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
d
Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Technology, NUTECH, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
e
Electrical and computer Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York
f
Department of Control, Automation and Computing Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina Blumenau, Rua João Pessoa, 2750-89036-256, Brazil
g
Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
h
School of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan-city, 46241, South Korea

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: With the exponential penetration of Photovoltaic (PV) plants into the power grid, protection has gained
Grid-connected photovoltaic system exceptional importance in recent years for ensuring stability, reliability, security, and power quality of the power
Grid codes systems. Thus, to address these issues many countries have established new requirements in the form of grid
Fault ride through (FRT)
codes for grid connection of PV plants. One of the main requirements of grid codes is Fault Ride Through (FRT)
High voltage ride through (HVRT)
Low voltage ride through (LVRT)
capability. FRT describes the power generator performance during and in post-fault circumstances. In this paper,
an in-depth review is carried out on various scientific aspects of faults and FRT strategies available in the
literature. First, various faults occurring in the grid-connected PV system are classified and compared along with
a critical and analytical assessment of grid codes especially FRT requirements i.e., Low Voltage Ride Through
(LVRT) and High Voltage Ride Through (HVRT) for various countries. Then, FRT approaches and strategies are
classified and compared based on improved controller-based methods and external devices methods in detail.
The existing FRT strategies are compared based on various aspects i.e., complexity, economically, and techni­
cally. After that, a case study that explains the complete design and implementation of conventional Crowbar,
Bridge Type Fault Current Limiter (BFCL), and Switch Type Fault Current Limiter (STFCL) as an FRT strategies
for 100 kW three-phase grid-connected PV system in MATLAB/Simulink is presented. A comparative assessment
is also carried out among these strategies that validate the robust performance of BFCL and STFCL. Lastly, the
conclusion is presented along with a brief proposal for future work.

1. Introduction economic support and its potential [5]. Fig. 1 presents Global Cumula­
tive Installations 2000–2021 [6,7]. It is predicted that the solar PV may
The diminishing nature of fossil fuel resources (natural gas, petro­ exceed the wind energy installation capacity by 37 GW in 2020 [6].
leum, and carbon), and their global environmental concerns, have led The majority of the PV systems is connected to the grid and are
the energy market to Renewable Energy Resources (RER) i.e., hydro known as grid-connected Photovoltaic (PV) system [8]. Since the
power, solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, thermoelectric, installation of the grid-connected PV system is increasing at a rapid rate,
tidal energy, biomass energy, and ocean energy [1,2]. Among all RER, therefore, it’s important to maintain power grid quality, reliability,
the installation of Solar PV energy is booming at a rapid rate and is operability, stability, and security. For this reason, new rules and reg­
expected to enlarge in the next few years [3,4], because of government ulations are imposed by different countries in the form of grid code to

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: kami_zeb@[Link] (K. Zeb), engr.saifulislam19@[Link] (S.U. Islam), [Link]@[Link] (I. Khan), waqaruddin@[Link].
pk (W. Uddin), ishfaqm@[Link] (M. Ishfaq), [Link]@[Link] (T.D. Curi Busarello), [Link]@[Link] (S.M. Muyeen), [Link]@[Link]
(I. Ahmad), heeje@[Link] (H.J. Kim).

[Link]
Received 26 July 2019; Received in revised form 31 December 2021; Accepted 10 January 2022
Available online 16 January 2022
1364-0321/© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
K. Zeb et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 158 (2022) 112125

Fig. 1. Global cumulative installations 2000–2023 [6].

avoid interruption and even blackout when fault happens at any part of requirements and keep the PV system connected to the grid, when a fault
grid-connected PV system and/or at the distribution level for medi­ occurs two key problems should be addressed by the PV system. First,
um/large scale plants [9]. To avoid disconnection during faults, the PV the AC-side inverter overcurrent in addition to DC-side (DC-link) over­
system should possess Fault Ride Through (FRT) i.e., LVRT and HVRT voltage. The unbalance in the flow of energy from the PV side and
capability [10]. The LVRT means that how to avoid overvoltage and electric grid creates this issue [19]. Second, the injection of reactive
overcurrent of grid-connected inverter and how to accelerate system current, which is vital for voltage recovery and supporting the power
dynamics recovery and to avoid grid voltage sag [11,12]. On the other system to tackle the fault incidents [20].
hand, the HVRT is when the overvoltage perturbations occur in the In literature, the FRT capability has been enhanced for Distributed
system the PV power plant should be stay connected to the grid in order Generated System using additional hardware [21–26] and suitable
to avoid critical situations caused by overvoltage and to maintain the control strategies for PV system (software) [27–31]. The hardware
global stability of the grid voltage. The frequency of voltage swell methods consist of Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM),
problems is less than the frequency of voltage sag. super-conducting Fault Current Limiter (FCL), and chopper circuit.
The LVRT is the capability of the grid-connected PV system to During a fault, the last two absorb and exhaust extra power produced by
withstand voltage drop during grid faults within a specified time [13]. the distributed generated system. They fulfill the LVRT requirement by
There are many reasons of grid faults i.e., short circuits, in some cases maintaining the power balance between both sides. In addition [32–35],
connection of large loads, lightning strikes [14–18], etc. It is to be noted active control schemes are proposed and in Refs. [36,37] passive control
that the LVRT capability is different from anti-islanding protection. scheme i.e. chopper resistor and crowbar are proposed as an FRT stra­
Three factors mainly involve in the disconnection of PV inverter when a tegies. The passive component has the disadvantage of dissipating sig­
fault occurs: 1) loss of grid voltage synchronization, 2) enormous AC nificant power during the fault and requires additional components.
current, and 3) excessive DC-link voltage. To fulfill the FRT standard Since FRT strategies are a matter of ongoing research for the

Fig. 2. Classification of faults in the PV system [43].

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K. Zeb et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 158 (2022) 112125

Fig. 3. Generic schematic of PV with faults [43].

grid-connected PV system, therefore, some researchers proposed stra­ The remaining of the paper is structured as: Section 2 classifies the
tegies for determining appropriate power reference [38,39], minimiza­ various types of faults occurring in the PV system, the FRT requirements
tion of DC-link double-frequency ripple [40], achieved adjustable i.e., LVRT and HVRT requirements along with frequency requirements
parameter for a tradeoff between oscillating active and reactive power for various countries in modern grid codes are presented in Section 3.
component [41], or between current harmonic distortion and power Section 4 describes the FRT methods for the grid-connected PV system, a
ripple [42]. detailed overview on various FRT strategies i.e., external devices based
In recent literature, various FRT strategies have been designed, and improved controller-based is carried out. Section 5 illustrates the
implemented, and tested in order to enhance the FRT capability of a comparison of FRT strategies based on technical, complexity, and eco­
grid-connected PV system. The objective of this review is to compre­ nomic aspects. In Section 6 a case study that explains the design and
hensively review all the existing strategies. In addition, the strategies are implementation of conventional crowbar strategy, BFCL strategy, and
properly discussed, described and critically and analytical compared STFCL strategy for 100 kW three-phase grid-connected PV system in
with each other. Besides, a case study that explains the design and MATLAB/Simulink is presented, a comparative assessment of these
implementation of the crowbar, BFCL, and STFCL for 100 kW three- strategies is also carried out in this section. Section 7, provides the po­
phase grid-connected PV system in MATLAB/Simulink is also pre­ tential research based on the research gap found from the review in
sented. Using it’s dual-path control, the BFCL optimizes the fault current improving the FRT techniques. The conclusion is summarized in Section
to nominal values without compromising the ripples. During the fault 8 with a brief proposition for future work.
initiation and clearing time the response of STFCL is robust, spikes free,
with low voltage dips for both PV side and grid side.

Fig. 4. Additional Faults in standalone or DC side of PV system [43].

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K. Zeb et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 158 (2022) 112125

Table 1
Summary of various faults in PV array based on cause, effects, affected com­
ponents [62].
Fault types Causes Affected Effects
components

PV array Internal causes PV module • Reduced output

fault and • Burnt cells and Power
PV scratches, yellowing, • Reduce
module bubbles, delaminated reliability and
fault • Manufacturing defects efficiency
• Corrosions of solar cells • Damage PV
External causes module
• Improper wiring at • A PV module
connection with Leakage
• Encapsulation currents
• Isolated from ground • Short circuit b/
• Connector failure w PV modules
(disconnection) • Short circuit
• Class breakage of within PV
frameless PV module module
caused by clamps • Shunted module
Junction • Oxidation and loosen Junction box • Reduce
box fault • Fretting corrosion reliability and
efficiency Fig. 5. Typical grid-voltage power quality issues (Events/disturbances in the
• Risk of fire and grid) [67].
damage
Diode faults • Overheating Blocking • Shunted diode • The following points are important: Arcing faults and double ground faults
• Partially shaded cells diode or or open have a severe impact on the PV system among all faults and require stable
bypass diode circuited, short- protection rules.
circuited diode • The amplitude of fault current depends on the locality in the PV array and
• Damage diodes independent of the fault type.
Hot Spot Internal causes Cell/Modules • Reduce
• For proper maintenance and isolation of the PV system distinguishing the
• Aging and degradation reliability and
various type of faults is also important apart from fault detection.
of cells efficiency
• High resistance or • Breakage of • Utilization of new fault detection tools is mandatory, as the traditional
“cold” solder point solar cells protection devices are less sensitive or not sufficient sensitive to protect PV
• Current mismatch • Open circuits array from all fault occurrence.
between cells
• Fragmentation of cells
2. Classification of faults in PV system
External causes
• PV modules of various
classes or technology The occurrence of faults in PV power generating systems is equally
• Snow and shadow, sensitive to other power systems. Fig. 2 in the form of a tree diagram
dust, soiling
presents the taxonomy of various faults in PV power system.
Line-line • Insulation failure of PV array • Risk of fire
fault cables • Damage PV
The overall block representation of the grid-connected PV system is
• Line-line fault with the modules and presented in Fig. 3. The faults are classified based on physical, envi­
DC junction box conductors ronmental, and electrical categories. The electrical faults are further
• Incidental short circuit divided into array faults, DC side, and AC side faults. In addition, the
b/w current carrying
typical PV structure consists of two stages i.e., boost and inverter or DC
conductors
• Unintentional low and AC stage. In the DC stage, the promising features of the PV system
impedance current are (a) the current and voltage is limited from the PV module and is
path b/w two points extremely reliant on temperature and insolation level, and (b) the
Ground • Insulation catastrophe PV string/PV • Risk of fire
operating point of all the PV panels is very near to 80% of its VOC and ISC,
Fault of cables array
• Accidental short circuit
with the presence of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPTs). Any fault
inside the PV combiner occurring on the DC side has a unique characteristic: the low fault cur­
box rent is difficult to detect and diagnose.
• Cable insulation Using the protection standards stated in Refs. [44–46] for detecting
damage during
and isolating distribution side faults are easy for a standalone and
installation
• Degraded sealant and grid-connected PV system, besides, these faults only affect the AC side.
water ingress Fig. 3 clearly presents the details of various recurrent faults occurring at
• Accidental short circuit different power conversion stages. There are many reasons of faults
b/w ground and occurring in PV system [47–52] and a profound understanding is
normal conductor
Arc fault • Loosening of screws, PV string • Risk of fire
necessary to i) analyze the protection challenges, ii) differentiate the
aging, damage due to • Damage of PV occurring of each fault, and iii) understanding the necessity of fault
mechanical, wildlife string detection. Readers are encouraged to study the various types of faults in
junction box, Ref. [43].
degradation in solder
joints etc.
• Placing two conductors 2.1. DC side faults
of potential difference
near by
• A short breakdown is The DC faults can be classified into converter switch failure, MPPT
created in a conductor faults, and battery bank faults. In addition, sometimes the PV system
(especially the DC side) faces some other electrical faults as presented in

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Table 2 consequences of short current due to enormous reverse current drift

Classification and description of faults in PV system on the bases of structures during faults, 5) Inverter and MPPT faults; due to converter’s switches
and locations [68]. malfunction, and 6) open circuit faults; mainly occurs as a consequences
Location Fault Type Description of the line to line faults. All these faults are clearly shown in Fig. 4. All
DC Side Line to line faults [69,70] An unintentional short circuit
these faults are rare and most of them occur as an effect of other faults
between two points in a string due and they have a minimum effect on the maneuver of PV arrays. Besides,
to the potential difference Table 1 presents the summary of various faults in PV array based on
Bypass diode faults [71] Short circuit in case of incorrect cause, effects, affected components.
connection
Open circuit fault [72] Plugging and unplugging connector
at the junction box, loose 2.2. Grid side power quality issues
termination of the cables, objects
falling on PV panels, and In the grid-connected PV system, high-quality current can be injected
breakdown of panel-panel joints or
cables
into the grid by properly controlling the interfacing power converters.
MPPT faults [73,74] Problem in MPPT charge However, it is noteworthy that the grid is not usually a perfect sinusoidal
controllers voltage or it is problematic to sustain its quality with a constant
Bridging faults [69,70] Connection with low-resistance amplitude and frequency [63–65]. The various disturbances/events
between two points of potential
occurring in the grid is presented in Fig. 5 [66] i.e. sag, swell, tran­
difference in string of modules or
cabling sients/spikes, harmonics, unbalance, flicker, frequency variations and
Degradation faults [75] Imperfections in anti-reflective outage, this may challenge the overall system stability i.e. during
coating and delamination over cells voltage transient faults or affect the nearby equipment i.e. increase
and interconnections lead, Cracks power loss. Therefore, it is mandatory to design advance control for the
in cells, bubbles in the solar
module, delamination, and
PV system under abnormal conditions [67]. This review mainly focuses
yellowing and browning on transient voltage sag (LVRT) and swell (HVRT) strategies for the
Mismatch Hot spot and The bad temperatures depending grid-connected PV system. The other part of the review is the in-depth
faults snow covering on diverse weather conditions and review of various faults occurring in the grid-connected PV system.
[76,77] geological locations
Besides, Table 2 tabulates the classification and description of various
Soiling [78] Dirt and the bird droppings on the
top of a PV module faults in the PV system for both the AC side and DC side on the bases of
Variation of Variation of irradiance intensity structures and locations.
irradiance [79] during the day
Partial shading Presence of nearby buildings,
3. FRT requirement
[28,29,80,81] overhead power lines, or trees
Arc faults Series arc faults Discontinuity in any of the current-
[82,83] carrying conductor due to rodent This section focuses on the FRT i.e., LVRT and LVRT and other re­
damage, corrosion of connectors, quirements in various grid codes as:
abrasion from various sources, cell
damage, and solder disjoint
Parallel arc faults Breakdown of insulation in current- 3.1. LVRT requirement
[82,83] carrying conductors
Ground ground faults Ground fault refers to a condition Recently due to the booming integration of the PV system in the
faults [84,85] where current flows on grounding
power system, the grid codes are adopted to avoid discontinuation of the
conductors unintentionally
AC Side Inverter faults [85–87] Failures of each component of PV system from the grid. The LVRT requirement specified in the Modern
inverters i.e., drive circuitry, Grid Codes (MGCs) is to endure grid voltage dips for a certain duration
capacitors, IGBTs, MOSFETs to a specific percentage of rated voltage (down to zero in some MGCs) by
PV power plant [88,89]. Generally, the voltage versus time plot char­
acterizes the LVRT requirement as presented in Fig. 6a, that demon­
Fig. 4 [53–61]. Theses faults are i.e. 1) battery bank failures; which is
strates the general requirement. From Fig. 6 (a), in the normal operation
usually of abnormal charging conditions, 2) connection faults; as result
area, the PV system works continuously without any interruption, this
of reverse or wrong connection of the panels, 3) faults in blocking diode;
represents the normal voltage at Point of Common Coupling (PCC). The
because of reverse current flow, 4) faults in bypass diode; in
second region from t0 to t1 is the LVRT region in which the PV system

Fig. 6. (a). Different areas of LVRT curve and Fig. 6 (b). LVRT requirements imposed by different grid codes.

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K. Zeb et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 158 (2022) 112125

Table 3 requirements. In some of the countries i.e., South Africa, Italy, Australia,
LVRT and HVRT requirements of Modern Grid Codes for various countries. and Germany the PV power plant must be connected during voltage dip
Country Grid During Fault After Fault Country Grid During down to 0%. It should be kept in mind that these requirements are
Codes LVRT Codes HVRT Voltage applicable at PCC.
Swell

V t(s) V t(s) V t(s) 3.2. HVRT requirement

(%) (%) (%)

Germany 0 0.15 90 1.5 Germany 120 0.1 According to some Modern Grid Codes (MGCs) when overvoltage
Spain 20 0.5 80 1.0 Spain 130 0.25 perturbations occur in the system the PV power plant should stay con­
China 20 0.625 90 2.0 China ND ND nected to the system in order to avoid critical situation caused by
United States 15 0.6 85 3.0 United States 140 1.0
(PREPA) (PREPA)
overvoltage and to sustain the overall stability of the grid voltage. This
United States 15 0.625 90 3.0 United States 120 1.0 phenomenon is known as HVRT capability [93]. The voltage sag prob­
(NAERC) (NAERC) lem is deal by the LVRT requirements, similarly, the overvoltage prob­
Japan 20 1.0 80 1.2 Japan NS NS lem is created by voltage swell which is tackled by the HVRT
Australia 0 0.45 80 0.45 Australia 130 0.06
requirement, the frequency of voltage swell problem is lower than the
Italy 0 0.2 85 1.5 Italy 125 0.1
South Africa 0 0.15 85 2.0 South Africa 120 0.15 frequency of voltage sag problems [94,95]. Table 3 compares the
Malaysia 0 0.15 90 1.5 Malaysia 120 C various HVRT requirement imposed by MGCs. Fig. 7 presents the com­
Romania 15 0.625 90 3.0 Romania ND ND parison of the HVRT requirement of MGCs for South Africa, Malaysia,
South Korea 0 0.15 90 1.35 South Korea ND ND Australia, the United States, Italy, Spain, and Germany. The HVRT
Note: NAERC: North America Electric Reliability Corporation, PREPA: Puerto requirement of Australian and Spanish are the most stringent and must
Rico Electric Power Authority, NS: Not Significant, ND: Not Defined in the grid withstand a voltage swell of 130% of rated voltage at PCC. Although the
code, C: Continuous. HVRT requirements of the most MGCs are limited at 130% rated voltage
[96], the USA-PREPA can withstand 140% for 1 s [97]. It can be
concluded that HVRT requirements varies from system to system
because of the operational methodology of the power system and
different power generation levels in various countries.

3.3. Other modern grid code requirements

The other MGCs requirements are reactive current injection and

frequency requirements. Each of which is briefly explained in this sec­
tion. The German E. ON grid code LVRT waveform is presented in Fig. 6,
whereas the reactive current requirement is presented in Fig. 8 (a) [98].
Beside Fig. 8 (b) shows the reactive current requirements for Spain and
Denmark grid codes. According to the E. ON profile, the grid-connected
PV system must inject reactive current under abnormal situations,
conditional on the inverter current rating capacity and the voltage sage
Fig. 7. HVRT requirements imposed by different grid codes [53,88].
range, to provide dynamic grid voltage support. During voltage sag the
reactive current injected into the grid is specified as:
must be connected to the power system by bearing voltage dips. Else, the
⎧
PV plant should be disconnected. It is compulsory for the PV system to ⎪ dead band, 0.9 p.u ≤ V ≤ 1.1 p. u
⎪
stay connected, in case (t1 to t2) after fault occurrence the voltage at PCC ⎪
⎨ V− V
(1)
o
is restored to V1 within t2. Table 3 summarizes the various LVRT and Iq k
⎪ VN
IN + Iqo , 0.5 p.u ≤ V ≤ 0.9 p. u
⎪
HVRT requirement in different grid codes. Any MGCs that include LVRT ⎪
⎩
IN + Iqo V ≤ 0.5 p. u
are like Fig. 6 (a), however, the values of V0, V1, t0, t1, and t2 are
different as presented in Table 3 [91,92]. Fig. 6 (b) presents the
whereas, V is the instantaneous voltage, VN normal grid voltage, and Vo
comparative assessment of international grid codes for LVRT
the initial voltage before fault, IN nominal current and Iqo q-axis current

Fig. 8. Reactive current injection requirements for (a) E. ON (German) (b) Spain and Denmark grid codes [98].

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Table 4
Power Factor at PCC and frequency limits in Modern Grid Codes for Several Countries [91,99].
Country Grid Codes LVRT Power Factor (PF) Range at PCC Nominal Frequency (Hz) Frequency limits (Hz) Maximum Duration

PF (leading) PF (lagging)

Germany 0.95 0.95 50 f > 51.5 Instant disconnection

47.5 < f < 51.5 No trip (continuous)
f < 51.5 Immediate disconnection
Spain 0.85 0.85 50 f > 51.5 Immediate disconnection
47.5 < f < 51.5 Continuous operation
48 < f < 47.5 2s
f < 48 Immediate disconnection
China 0.95 0.95 50 f > 52 Immediate disconnection
50.2 < f < 52 2 min
49.5 < f < 50.2 Continuous operation
48 < f < 49.5 10 min
f < 48 Depend on the inverter
United States (PREPA) 0.85 0.85 (AO) 60 f > 62.5 0.16 s
61.5 < f < 62.5 300 s
57.5 < f < 61.5 Continuous operation
56.5 < f < 57.5 300 s
f < 56.5 0.16 s
United States (NAERC) 0.95 0.9 (NO) 60 f > 61.5 Immediate disconnection
61 < f ≤ 61.5 30 s
58.5 < f ≤ 61 Continuous operation
57 < f ≤ 58.5 10 s
f ≤ 57 Immediate disconnection
Japan ND ND 50 East f > 51.5 Immediate disconnection
60 West 47.5 < f < 51.5 Continuous operation
f < 47.5 Immediate disconnection
f > 61.8 Immediate disconnection
58 < f < 61.8 Continuous operation
f < 58 Immediate disconnection
Australia 0.9 0.95 50 f > 52 2s
47.5 < f < 52 Continuous operation
f < 47.5 2s
Italy 0.95 0.95 50 49.9–50.1 Hz Continuous operation
Malaysia 0.9 0.85 50 f > 52 Immediate disconnection
47 < f < 52 Continuous operation
f < 47 Immediate disconnection
South Africa 0.95 0.95 50 f > 52 4s
51 < f < 52 60 s
49 < f < 51 Continuous operation
48 < f < 49 60 s
47 < f < 48 10 s
f < 47 0.2 s
Romania ND ND 50 f > 52 Instant disconnection
47.5 < f < 52 No trip (continuous)
f < 47.5 Immediate disconnection
South Korea 0.9 0.9 60 f > 61.5 Separation time 0.16 s
f < 57.5 Separation time 300 s
f < 57.0 Separation time 0.16 s

Note: NAERC: North America Electric Reliability Corporation, ND: Not Defined in the grid code, NS: Not Significant, PREPA: Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, C:
Continuous.

before grid fault. In addition to this, IN = (ΔIq /IN )/ΔV/VN and d-axis large scale penetration of Photovoltaic Power Plants (PVPPs) into the
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
power grid as cited above, during the abnormal condition of grid e.g.
current is. Id = IN 2 − Iq 2 .
voltage sag/swell, the control structure must have the capability to take
The aim of modern codes is to constantly operate the PV system the subsequent steps: i) detection of the fault to update the system to
within permissible voltage and frequency limits during various oper­ shift from normal operating condition to the abnormal operating mode,
ating conditions. The frequency limits in various modern grid codes i.e., ii) protection of semiconductor devices and the PV inverter from over­
Germany, Spain, China, United States (PREPA), United States (NAERC), current that arises at inverter ACside, iii) injecting the required quality
Japan, Australia, Italy, Malaysia, South Africa, and Romania are pre­ of reactive current to support the grid and recover voltage on the basis of
sented in Table 4 in details [91,99]. Besides, Power Factor (PF) Range at standard requirement in accordance with the depth of voltage sag, iv)
PCC i.e., leading PF and lagging PF are also presented for these protection of DC-link capacitor and inverter from the overvoltage due to
countries. DC-link at inverter’s DC side, v) ensure the connection of PVPP with the
power grid to provide stable power system operation. To improve the
4. FRT methods for grid-connected PV system FRT capability of GCPPPs, these steps can be classified on the bases of
their strategies e.g., by practicing:
4.1. FRT control capability: an overview
a. Detection of sag.
To accomplish the FRT requirements imposed by MGCs regarding b. Protections of devices/circuits only during grid fault conditions.

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Table 5 Table 5 (continued )

Overview of traditional and evolutionary MPPT methods in solar and Wind S. Method Key formula used Key Annotations
[100]. No
S. Method Key formula used Key Annotations 6 Particle Solar 1. Zero steady state
Xt+1
i = Xti + Vit
No Swarm Wind oscillations
Vit+1 = w*Vit +
1 Perturb & d(k) = d(k − 1) + Δd Solar 1. Only Optimization rand*(Pbest − Vit ) + 2. Vastly ideal for
Observe/Hill V(k) = V(k − 1) + φ*slope Wind appropriate to rand*C2 *(Gbest − Xti ) Partial Shaded
Climbing track under fixed Situations.
environmental 1. Reliable and
situations cost effective
2. Less transient, 2. Dependency to
easy to construct the initial aligning
and simple method of parameters and
1. Unsusceptible to complex in
dynamic operating parameter tuning
⎧
conditions 7 Fuzzy Logic ⎨ CE(k) = E(k) + E(k − 1)
⎪ Solar 1. When blended
2. Effective Control P(k) − P(k − 1) Wind with other soft
substitute for ⎩ E(K) =
⎪ computing and
V(k) − V(k − 1)
Indirect Power conventional
Control methods methods
2 Adaptive ΔPk− 1 Solar 1. Not effective efficiently tracks
Dk = Dk− 1 + C1 Global MPP
Perturb & ΔVk− 1 Wind under partial
Observe/Hill shading 2. Reliable and
Vref (k) = Vref (k − 1) ±
Climbing circumstances Robust
ΔP 2. Oscillations 1. Works well for
M
ΔV around MPP both inverters and
reduces by change converters
in variable step topologies
size 2. For rapid
1. Reliable and less change in wind
complex velocities its more
2. Highly appropriate
appropriate for
abruptly varying
environmental c. Injecting reactive current devices/controller during grid faults.
circumstances d. Appropriate control structure during steady-state and grid fault
3 Incremental dP d(VI) dI Solar 1. Least suitable conditions.
= = I+ V =0
Conductance dV dV dV Wind for Partial shaded
circumstances
2. In MPP regions, 4.2. FRT and MPPT strategies
Power frequency
oscillations are With the advancement in the PV system, the MPPT algorithms are
present
1. Easy
utilized to enhance the system efficiency by extracting maximum power
implementation from PV modules. Therefore, for economic benefits the MPPT is
and less complex important. There are various MPPT strategies which are investigated in
2. Operative for Ref. [100]. Table 5 gives overview of traditional and evolutionary MPPT
steady change in
methods in solar and Wind. Which list in details the MPPT methods with
climatic situations
4 Modified
⃒ ⃒
⃒ ΔP ⃒ Solar 1. At MPP regions, final mathematical equation and key observation for solar and wind
D(k) = D(k − 1) ± N*⃒⃒ ⃒⃒
Incremental ΔV Wind less power system. Table 6 presents the comparison of diverse MPPT methods
Conductance frequency [101]. The promising features i.e., convergence speed, complexity,
oscillations are sensed parameter, array dependency, analog or digital implementation,
present
2. Desirable to
acquisition of true MPPT, and periodic tuning aspects are compared.
steady variation in Throughout grid disturbance (FRT mode), typically external devices
environmental based on FRT control need the MPPT to operate routinely whereas a
circumstances modified controller based on FRT needs the PV array to alter its oper­
1. Global MPP
ation from MPPT mode to without MPPT mode. Nevertheless, as the
convergence is not
guaranteed overvoltage issue is resolved, the MPPT must remain in operating con­
2. Around MPP, dition and produce the required active power with respect to the fault
less steady state deepness to sustain the power balance of the system, as discussed in
oscillations Refs. [101,102].
5 Artificial Solar 1. Desirable for
W(k + 1) = W(k) −
Neural Wind hybrid approaches
Networks aδ(k − 1) 2. High training is 4.3. Methods for sag detection
δW(k) required
1. The optimal The PV system should operate in two modes to be able to fulfill FRT
performance of the
system is decided
conditions. These two modes comprise normal mode operation when the
by training of grid is in steady-state condition and transient-state operating mode with
neurons FRT control ability when voltage sag occurs due to grid faults [102,103].
2. Since it requires Therefore, under grid fault conditions, the overall performance of the
less sensor
grid-connected PV system is significantly affected by the sag detection
arrangement so
less cost effective mechanism. As a result, the quick and accurate detection is a significant
feature in effective FRT control [104]. Literature review shows that most
fault detecting algorithms are added within the inverter in order to

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K. Zeb et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 158 (2022) 112125

Table 6
Comparison of diverse MPPT methods [101].
MPPT Technique Analog or True PV array Sensed Parameter complexity Convergence Periodic
Digital MPPT Dependent speed Tuning

Hill-climbing/P & O Both Yes No Voltage, Current Low Varies No

Incremental Conductance Digital Yes No Voltage, Current Medium Varies No
Fractional Voc Both No Yes Voltage Low Medium Yes
Fractional Ioc Both No Yes Current Medium Medium Yes
Fuzzy Logic Control Digital Yes Yes Varies High Fast Yes
Neural Network Digital Yes Yes Varies High Fast Yes
Ripple Correlation Control Analog Yes No Voltage, Current Low Fast No
Current Sweep Digital Yes Yes Voltage, Current High Slow Yes
DC link capacitor Droop Control Both No No Voltage Low Medium No
Load I or V Maximization Analog No No Voltage, Current Low Fast No
dP/dV or dP/dI Feedback Control Digital Yes No Voltage, Current Medium Fast No
Array Reconfiguration Digital No Yes Voltage, Current High Slow Yes
Linear Current Control Digital No Yes Irradiance Medium Fast Yes
Impp and Vmpp Computation Digital Yes Yes Irradiance, Medium N/A Yes
Temperature
State-based MPPT Both Yes Yes Voltage, Current High Fast Yes
one-cycle control MPPT Both No Yes Current Medium Fast Yes
Best fixed voltage Both No Yes None Low N/A Yes
Linear reoriented coordinates Digital No Yes Voltage, Current High N/A No
method
Slide Control Digital Yes No Voltage, Current Medium Fast No
Voltage Oriented Control Digital Yes Yes Voltage, Current High Medium No
Extremum Seeking Control Digital Yes Yes Voltage, Current Medium Fast Yes

Fig. 9. Classification of FRT strategies based on existing literature [110].

prevent islanding due to faults or cut off the PVPPs from the power grid and peak value technique [109]. All these mentioned techniques have
throughout fault condition or to avoid PV array from damage by acti­ both advantages and disadvantages with respect to its detection speed,
vating the protection [105,106]. However, with an updated grid code, efficiency, and complexity. However, among all, the root means square
the FRT requirement demands that the inverter must be coupled with detection strategy is mostly used strategy due to its simplicity.
the power grid during the grid disturbances. Thus, there are various
techniques in literature for sag detection, for example, the wavelet 5. Overview on various FRT strategies
transforms technique [107], root means square technique [101], the
missing voltage method [102], positive sequence voltage method [108], In the literature, the main proposed strategies which addressed the

Fig. 10. Grid-connected PV system with Braking chopper as an FRT strategy [107,110].

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K. Zeb et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 158 (2022) 112125

Fig. 11. Energy storage systems based on FRT capability of PV system [110].

FRT capability of a grid-connected PV system are presented in Fig. 9

[110]. The FRT capability control is categorized into two main ap­
proaches i.e. modified control and external device approach. The
inverter modified control [101,111,112,114,115] and computational
methods [114–118] constitute control strategies without using any
additional devices. While Flexible Alternating Current Transmission
System (FACTS) devices [119,120] and Breaking Chopper Circuit (BCC)
[101,121,122],
Energy Storage System (ESS) consists of Supercapacitor Energy
Storage System (SCESS) [122] and Battery Energy Storage System
(BESS) [123–125], and finally, Series Dynamic Braking Resistor (SDBR)
[126] and Fault Current Limiters (FCLs) [127] are all those FRT capa­
bility control strategies that use external devices.

5.1. External devices based FRT control methods

Fig. 12. The general schematic of the STATCOM to improve the FRT capability
This section is further classified into braking chopper, energy stor­ of grid-connected PV system [83].
age, FACTS devices, and other methods as:
the voltage of the DC side, the output power of the PV battery is reduced
5.1.1. Protection based on braking chopper by adjusting the duty cycle of the DC-DC converter. The stored energy is
As previously mentioned, there is an imbalance between the grid and fed to the grid, once the grid fault is cleared. Currently, the ESSs utilized
the PV array during abnormal grid conditions, which results in voltage in enhancing FRT competence is restricted to SCESS [122] and BESS
rising on the DC-link side and can affect power electronics devices. As [123,124]. Consequently, the FRT capability is improved by ESSs by
suggested in some papers [101,121] installation of brake chopper par­ protecting the inverter and DC-link from voltage surges during grid
allel with DC-link capacitor can overcome this problem which comprises faults. However high maintenance and the initial cost of these devices
of a high-rated resistor in series with a switch e.g., Insulated-Gate Bi­ are the main disadvantages of this strategy, while before and after the
polar Transistor (IGBT) as illustrated in Fig. 10. fault, it can cause fluctuations in DC parameters. Even though ESS de­
The braking chopper is the effective method during grid faults by vices are used in these strategies to restrain enormous energy and hence
protecting the inverter from overvoltage which is due to a rise in DC-link by ride-through of faults protect the inverter, still, they lack the injection
voltage and this strategy is triggered once the fault is detected [101]. As of reactive current capability.
a result, it switched on a gate pulse of IGBT, and then a high-power
resistor absorbs surplus energy produced by a PV generator. The 5.1.3. Flexible Alternating Current transmission system devices
resistor in this strategy is calculated as shown in Fig. 10, where the PV FACTS devices are also used to keep the connection between the grid
system generated power is denoted by Pdc. The research finding [101, and PV system as well as to inject the essential reactive power during
121] illustrates that the efficacy of the braking chopper is to resolve the grid faults. This strategy has also been used in research to enhance the
overvoltage problem at the DC side of the inverter. However, this FRT capability of wind turbines coupled with the grid by injecting
strategy is combined with other strategies to optimize the overall per­ demanding reactive current and by enhancing voltage stability. For
formance of FRT [101,104]. example, Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) and Dynamic
Voltage Restorer (DVR) have been applied to grid-connected wind tur­
5.1.2. FRT based on energy storage systems bines to enhance its FRT capability [128,129]. Moreover, a Static VAR
Fig. 11 illustrates the FRT capability using ESSs for the grid- Compensator (SVC) has been developed to improve the FRT capability
connected PV system. Usually, through a buck-boost converter, ESSs control [130]. In Ref. [131] Static Synchronous Series Compensator
and DC-link are connected together [125]. During a grid fault condition, (SSSC) is designed for voltage stability and enhancing FRT capability.
the surplus energy at the inverter DC side will be observed by ESSs from The Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) which belongs to the
the DC-link to deal with an overvoltage accident. Moreover, to suppress FACT family applied on fixed-speed wind turbines with grid faults to

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K. Zeb et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 158 (2022) 112125

Resistor (SDBR) and Fault Current Limiter (FCL). To enhancing the FRT
capability of inverter-based islanded microgrid, a dynamic current
limiting technique is applied in Ref. [101], the unique feature of this
strategy is limiting inverter voltage and current by using a single current
limiter. The current limiter was discussed in Ref. [127] to limit over­
current in inverter and therefore enhancing FRT during faulty condi­
tions. The FLC controls the active and reactive current components
during faults by using the FCL circuit as illustrated in Fig. 14.
Moreover, SDBR is another technique as illustrated in Fig. 15 to
enhance FRT capability during a grid disturbance period by connecting a
resistor in series between PCC and PVPP. In Ref. [126] system FRT
capability was enhanced when SDBR was employed in GCPPPs during
grid faults. During the fault period, the voltage on DC-side enhances.
Subsequently, SDBR dissipates energy and thus preventing the sharp rise
Fig. 13. The overall schematic of SVC as an FRT strategy for grid-connected PV
of DC-link voltage. In a conclusion, to optimize the FRT capability of the
system [94].
system, the SDBR and FLC resolve over-voltage and over-current issues
during faults respectively.
improve its FRT performance [132]. However, to enhance the perfor­
mance of the FRT-based grid-connected PV system only the SVC and
STATCOM have been used [119,120] which are connected between the 5.2. Improved controller-based approaches
grid and PV system to its connecting point as shown in Figs. 12 and 13.
SVC and STATCOM have the distinguishing feature to supply reac­ The external devices-based strategies discuses and described above
tive power and support the voltage of the hybrid power systems which require extra devices and are expensive comparative to Improved
enhances its reactive power control capability [133,134]. So, in order to Controller-Based Approaches (ICBA). The ICBA enhance the FRT capa­
fulfill FRT requirements, these devices inject reactive current to the grid. bility by modifying the inverter control itself. These devices can be
In Ref. [119], it is introduced the dealing with the grid faults by estab­ detailed as:
lishing coordination between STATCOM and the PV system. Despite of
having limited energy storage capability of conventional STATCOM, 5.2.1. Modified Inverter Controllers
having one storage capacitor, it still provides the demanded reactive In [111], a Modified Inverter Controller (MIC) based method is
currents to aid recovery of voltage throughout grid fault. The SVC has proposed. This method calculates the desired power references for
the capability of injecting reactive power which results in voltage injecting reactive currents during abnormal conditions in compliance
compensation as discussed in Ref. [120]. Generally, these devices can with modern grid code in order to enhance the FRT capability of a
enhance FRT capability and inject reactive current. However, high cost grid-connected PV system. Furthermore, the overcurrent and over­
and increasing complexity are the drawbacks as external hardware is voltage are addressed by the peak current limiting and active power
added to the system. reduction strategies, correspondingly. A study in Ref. [112], controlled
the positive and negative sequence currents during abnormal conditions
5.1.4. Additional methodologies by using a dual current controller. The inverter is also protected during
Some other strategies can similarly enhance grid-connected PV sys­ abnormal situations in which the fault current does not surpass the rated
tem FRT capability using external devices. Such as Series Dynamic Brake current of the inverter. Furthermore, during symmetrical and

Fig. 14. FRT operation of Fault current Limiter for the grid-connected PV system [65].

Fig. 15. FRT strategy based on dynamic braking resistor [110].

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K. Zeb et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 158 (2022) 112125

Table 7 and redundant AC-current is addressed and proper reactive current is

A technical comparative evaluation of various studied FRT strategies. injected, as specified by the grid code. The results are verified for both
Strategy Cons Pros Notes unsymmetrical and symmetrical faults. Additionally, the FRT capability
for single-stage and two-stage inverters-based grid-connected PV system
BESS [123, • Short life span • Reduce the • Costly method
124] • Fluctuation in DC peak of AC was designed in Ref. [114]. The anti-wind-up method and current lim­
parameters Current iters for controlling reactive current injection and DC-link voltage were
• Regular • Store excessive introduced as inverter modification for FRT strategies to ride-through all
maintenance and energy in the kinds of faults. In last, the authors in Ref. [115], utilized five special
inspection are BESS
required.
kinds of reactive current controls to inject reactive current, specifically
SCESS [122] • The specific energy • Long cycle life • Voltage stability focusing on modern FRT requirements different fault current charac­
is relatively low • Injection of is short term teristics are set up. It can be concluded that these methods fulfill the FRT
reactive comparative to requirement without requiring extra devices (hardware) and at a low
current batteries
cost.
capability
• Suppress the
overvoltage 5.2.2. Computational Approaches
BCC [101, • To enhance overall • Protect the • Simplest Computational Approaches (CA) using Particle Swarm Optimization
121] FRT capability it inverter against protection device (PSO) [116] and Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) [117,118] are some of the
can be combined overvoltage
with other • Long cycle life
ICBA methods that enhance the FRT capability of the grid-connected PV
techniques system. In Ref. [116], the FRT capability is enhanced by designing a
STATCOM • Include many • Reduce the • Offer quicker chopper circuit for addressing the transient behavior and a PSO tech­
[119] switches and negative response and less nique based non-linear controller for full-bridge converter. But, over­
occupied with voltage disturbances in
shooting and oscillation appear in the results as the reactive current is
coupling sequence comparison to
transformer • Response is SVC not injected during mitigation of the sag. An FLC based non-linear and
• Not capable to faster during adaptive controller is proposed in Ref. [117] that improve the FRT
supply active disturbances capability of a grid-connected PV system. FLC adds human deductive
power • Control the thinking to the system. The fault is safely ride through by utilizing a
reactive
vector plot for the DC-link voltage control. Though, this study didn’t
current
effectively discuss the injection of reactive current. An FLC method that fulfills the
DVR [128] • Unstable voltage • Injection of • Reactive power FRT requirement conferring to the grid code and injects reactive current
oscillation because reactive injection is is presented in Ref. [118]. The complexity of the overall system in­
of fast response current efficient
creases, although these methods meet all or some of the FRT
• Reactive control • Constant
depends on the voltage control requirements.
voltage • Stability of
voltage 5.2.3. Other methods
especially in There are ICBA methods other than MIC and CA. Dynamic Current
weak system
Limiter Strategy (DCLS), Feedback Linearization Strategy (FLS), and
FCL [103, • To enhance overall • Increase the • Restricted to the
127] FRT capability it grid transient suppression of Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control Strategy (ADVCS) are some of these
can be combined stability unwarranted approaches. They enhance FRT capability without requiring external
with other • Excessive AC- current devices. DCLS [30] protects inverter and other devices from damage and
techniques current can be
limit current in a small-scale PV system. A new FRT method known as
highly
restricted
FLS is proposed in Ref. [135], which ensures the inverter ability to keeps
SDBR [126] • Can’t withstand • High reliability • Comparative less the fault currents within limits. However, the above two methods have
voltage fluctuation and low switches to FACTS not addressed the issue of DC-link voltage and reactive current injection.
• Weak in reactive maintenance In Ref. [136], ADVCS based novel method is designed that reduces
power control
excessive voltage during the abnormal condition. During unsymmetrical
MIC [111, • During the grid • Less cost • Among all other
115] fault period, losses • No extra schemes, most faults, there is a voltage fluctuation in the DC-link voltage, although to
some power hardware efficient change the DC-link voltage reference by MPPT control this method uses
• Effectively
fulfil the FRT
requirement Table 8
PSO [116] & • Bring some • No overlapping • Complex dynamic Complexity and Economic base comparison of FRT strategies.
FLC [117, overshooting and or mutation systems
Strategy Grid Code compliance The Complexity The Cost
118] oscillation calculation • Operate in more
• Flexibility and instinctive way RCI OID ACO
simplicity
BESS [123,124] Low Yes No Medium High
• High efficiency
SCESS [122] Low Yes No Medium High
in MPPT
BCC [101,121] No Yes No Medium Medium
• Fast response
STATCOM [119] Good Yes No High High
during faults
DVR [128] Good No Yes High High
FCL [103,127] No No Yes Medium Low
SDBR [90,126] No Yes No Medium Medium
asymmetrical faults circumstances this method injects the reactive cur­ MIC [111–115] Good Yes Yes Low Low
rent to the grid according to the new requirement of grid codes. Also, the PSO [116] No Yes No Medium Low
authors in the method [113], acquire the FRT capability by running the FLC [117,118] Low Yes No Medium Low
system in two distinct modes with compliance to Malaysian grid codes. DCL [30] No No Yes Low Low
FLS [135] No No Yes Low Low
The FRT mode and the steady-state mode are the two modes. The mode ADL [136] No Yes No Low Medium
is switched from steady-state to FRT once a fault is detected by a suitable
detection unit. In FRT mode, the problem of enormous DC-link voltage Note: RCI: Reactive Current Injection, OID: Overvoltage in DC-link, ACO:
Alternating Current overcurrent.

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K. Zeb et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 158 (2022) 112125

With fault switch

Resistance

Yes

Fault 2
Detection 1 Output
Input
No

Without fault switch

Fig. 16. Crowbar Fault Current Limiting strategy [137].

a bidirectional DC-DC converter. Moreover, the injection of reactive

current and overcurrent issues on the AC side is not addressed by the
authors.

5.3. Comparison of FRT strategies based on technical, complexity, and

economic aspects Fig. 17. BFCL circuitry for grid-connected PV system.

The advantages and disadvantages of various FRT strategies dis­

Udc0 Udc0
cussed and described above are summarized in Table 7. The purpose of Rc ≤ √̅̅̅ − Rr = √̅̅̅ − Rr (2)
this comparison isn’t to prioritize the FRT schemes but gives a quick and 6Irmax 6kIrrate
comprehensive overview for researchers and industrialists working in
where Udc0 is DC-link voltage and Irmax maximum rotor current.
this field. Table 8 tabulates the comparisons of various FRT schemes
based on the compliance with grid code specification (reactive current
6.1.2. Design of bridge-type Fault Current Limiters
injection, AC overcurrent, and overvoltage in DC-link), the complexity,
The Bridge-Type Fault Current Limiters (BFCL) as an FRT strategy for
and the cost. SVC or STATCOM (FACTS devices) need a coupling
Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) based on Doubly Fed Induction
transformer with several switches that’s why they are most expensive
Generator (DFIG) has been designed and tested in Ref. [140]. In
and complex than other devices. Batteries and supercapacitor-based FRT
Ref. [141], this strategy is designed as an FRT scheme for a three-phase
devices i.e., BESS and SCESS (ESS) are also expensive as they require
grid-connected PV system under symmetrical and asymmetrical faults.
continuous maintenance and regular inspection. Among external
Using its dual path control the BFCL optimizes the fault current to
devices-based FRT control, SDBR and BCC are less expensive compara­
nominal values with no compromise on ripples.
tive to FACTS as they require fewer switches and high-power resistor.
The schematic of the BFCL strategy consists of two paths i.e., the
Since additional devices are not required in the structure of modified
Shunt path and bridge path [142]. The shunt path is connected in par­
controller based FRT methods, they are the most economical. They are
allel with the bridge path and comprises of a series combination of a
also most efficient among others in regarding the grid code compliance.
resistor (Rsh ) and the inductor (Lsh ) as presented in Fig. 17. In the bridge
The LVRT methods discussed and designed are also applicable to HVRT.
path, there are four diodes that pass both the negative and positive cycle
of the AC current. As presented in Fig. 17, a parallel combination of the
6. External devices based methods: a case study freewheeling diode (Df ) and a small DC-reactor (Ldc ) is coupled in series
with the power electronic switch. An inductor inheritance resistance
6.1. Design of FRT strategies (Rdc ) with small value is also included.
The operation of the BFCL consists of two modes normal mode and
An enormous sum of capital cost for installing and protecting elec­ fault mode. The power electronics switch is ON during the normal
trical power systems is being spent worldwide. Therefore, to optimize operation of the system. For one half cycle D1 -Ldc -Rdc -D4 is conducting
sag in voltage and to prevent an avalanche of fault current for ensuring while for another half cycle D2 -Ldc -Rdc -D3 is conducting. In mode two
system stability and reliability various FRT strategies have been pro­ when a fault is detected the switch is opened by deactivating the bridge
posed by various researchers [110–127]. Some of them has been clas­ path and the fault current is directed to the high impedance shunt path
sified in Section 5. The section discusses the design of three FRT where it is limited to the permissible limit. The high di/dt changes due to
strategies in detail i.e. Crowbar, BFCL, and STFCL for a three-phase
the sudden upsurge in current throughout fault initiation is restricted by
grid-connected PV system.
the reactor Ldc for the safe operation of the switch.
Keeping in view the design consideration, to save the system from
6.1.1. Design of conventional crowbar strategy
high disturbances power consumes by the BFCL should be equal to the
Crowbar is a conventional fault current limiting strategy. It basically
line during the pre-fault. The power absorbed by BFCL during post-fault
inserts a resistance in the circuit whenever a fault occurs. The structure
is presented by Eqn. (3) and Eqn. (4) as:
of Crowbar is presented in Fig. 16 [137]. It basically, consists of two
conditional switches. The fault detection algorithm generates a signal Pgen
PBFCL ≤ (3)
for each switch. During fault upper switch is closed to insert resistance in 2
the circuit to limit the fault current similarly, during normal operation
lower switch is closed and the switch will conduct normal current [138, V2PCC Rsh
PBFCL = (4)
139]. The bi-directional power electronics-based switches are employed R2sh + X2sh
to pass both half cycle of AC waveform. The final equation for crowbar
strategy is given as: n this case, Pgen , VPCC , and Xsh are the power-generated voltage at PCC

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K. Zeb et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 158 (2022) 112125

Fig. 18. FRT strategy based on STFCL for grid-connected PV system [145].

and shunt inductance, respectively. By replacing Equation (4) into

Table 9
Equation (3) we have:
System nominal parameters.
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
V2PCC + V4PCC − P2gen X2sh Parameters Values
Rsh ≥ (5)
Pgen Nominal PV Power 100.7 kW
Inductor-capacitor-Indictor (LCL) filter 250 × 10− 6 H, 150 × 10− 6
H,22.4 ×
The condition for Rsh to be a real number is presented by Eqn. (6). (Lg, Li, Cf) 10− 6 F
Inverter Frequency 2 kHz
V2PCC Full load Grid current 2.94 A
Xsh < (6) MPPT algorithm Incremental conductance
Pgen
Input temperature 25 ◦ C
Keep in view the condition of Xsh a ripple free and a smooth wave­ Input sun irradiance 1000(W/m2)
form of fault current can be achieved. Grid voltage 20 KV
VDC 500 V
System Frequency 50 Hz
6.1.3. Design of switch-type Fault Current Limiters (STFCL) Full Load PV current 365 A
In [143,144] the STFCL has been tested and verified as an FRT Phases 3
strategy for grid-connected WECS based on DFIG. The STFCL strategy to PV Line Voltage 275 V (L-L, rms)
Boost converter Frequency 5 kHz
improve the LVRT capability and to ensure proper grid codes compli­
ance for a three-phase grid-connected PV system is recently designed
and investigated in Ref. [145]. The STFCL as an FRT strategy effectively
limits the fault current and gives ripples free response. During the fault Table 10
initiation and clearing time the response of STFCL is robust, spikes free, Nominal values of various constant in FRT strategy.
with low voltage dips for both PV side and grid side. FRT Schemes Constants Type/Value
The basic structure of the STFCL consists of fault current limiting Crowbar Trig block Stair ​ generator
resistance (Rf ) and the inductor (Lf ) for every phase as presented in Resistance(R) 1500 Ω
Fig. 18. Besides, it has a full bridge rectifier, power electronics switch, Switch ​ type DIAC
linear transformer. Further, it has a parallel combination of snubber BFCL Lsh 4.5 × 10− 3
H
capacitor (Cf ) in series with resistance (Ra ) and capacitor Ca , the voltage Rsh 1800 Ω
transients during switches is minimized by (Cf ) while Ra and Ca pro­ Ldc 1 × 10− 3
H
vides a path for the consumption of fault energy [146]. The optimally Rdc 40 Ω
design criteria of Cf is given [144] as: STFCL Ll 0.3H

4La Rl 1800 Ω
Cf ≥ 2 (7) Ca 5000 × 10− 6
F
Ra
Ra 400 Ω
The optimally design criteria of Ra is given as Cf 36 × 10− 3
F
′
Udcmax
Ra ≥ (8)
is0max

where is0max is maximum possible stator current at to and Udcmax = Ra ×

is0max . Whereas the requirement of Ca is

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K. Zeb et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 158 (2022) 112125

PI

PI

Fig. 19. Proposed model for the three-phase grid-connected PV system [141].

series connected panels, these strings are then connected in parallel

[147]. The inputs for the PV module are sun irradiance in W/m2 and cell
temperature in ◦ C (see Table 10) [141,145].
The output voltage of the PV module is boosted up to 500 V from 273
V with DC-DC boost converter having 5 KHz frequency [147]. To attain
MPPT in DC-DC boost converter the methodology of incremental
conductance is used [148]. To achieve maximum power from the
photovoltaic module such type algorithm updates the duty-cycle of the
boost converter.
The voltage source inverter (VSI) with 2 KHz of frequency is
employed to change the DC-link voltage (500 V) to the alternating
Fig. 20. The grid-connected inverter control structure. output of 260Vac. Through double loops control of three-phase VSI, the
DC-link voltage is controlled for connection with the utility grid. The
internal loop controls the real (Id) and reactive (Iq) components of the
Ls i2s0max
Ca ≥ ′2 (9) utility grid current as depicted in Fig. 20. Nevertheless, the external loop
Udcmax is utilized to maintain the DC-link voltage to ± 250 V through two split
The switch (SW) is turned ON when there is no fault and the inductor capacitors as total reference dc line voltage is maintained to 500 V.
that limits the fault current along with resistance is bypassed. The SW is Moreover, the reactive current component i.e., Iq is kept equal to zero to
turned off when a fault in grid is detected. achieve unity power factor. The external or current controller outputs in
the d-q frame i.e., Vd and Vq are changed to three-modulated waveforms.
These three-modulated signals are then used by the pulse-width -mod­
6.2. Proposed model ulation (PWM) generator. Unbalance faults are applied at PCC for 150
ms, having fault resistance = 0.001-Ω, ground resistance = 0.001-Ω,
A detailed model of a three-phase grid-connected photovoltaic sys­ snubber resistance = 1e^4-Ω, snubber capacitance is infinity. External
tem of 100 kW power capacity is used from the examples of MATLAB/ switching time (s):0.1 to 0.25, the external switching mode is selected by
Simulink. The model is designed by “Pierre Giroux.” The nominal using Simulink logical signal “stair generator”.
parameter of the system is given in Table 9 and various constants used in
FRT strategies are listed in Table 8 in the Hydro-Quebec Research 6.2.1. Performance evaluations
Institute (IREQ). However, the model variables are taken from the Na­ The impact of fault variables for the PV system is carried out under
tional Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) system advisor model analysis for various FRT strategies like Crowbar circuitry, BFCL, and
(SAM) ([Link] The model variables are kept un­ STFCL in combination with PI as an inverter controller. The analysis is
changed, only the presented FRT strategies in combination with PI carried out for single-phase to ground (P-G) fault due to its high prob­
controller are inserted during asymmetrical faults for their performance ability of occurrence. Unbalance fault i.e. P-G is inserted at 0.1sec and
analysis. This model includes some fundamental blocks like DC-DC boost cleared at 0.25sec at the PCC. The simulation responses of various var­
converter and three-phase three-level voltage source inverter (VSI) and iables like DC-link voltage, current, voltage, and power of the grid, etc.
filter to deliver PV power to the utility grid through a 20 kV distribution are presented and discussed below in detail.
unit as depicted by Fig. 19. A “330 SunPower SPR-305-WHT” module is The extensively high grid current during fault is minimized to an
used as a PV array. This module contains 66-strings each string have 5- acceptable range with the help of FRT strategies, and the dropped

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K. Zeb et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 158 (2022) 112125

Fig. 21. a. Grid Current response during the P-G fault. b. Grid voltage response during the P-G fault. c. Frequency variations during the P-G fault, d. Active power
response of grid during the P-G fault. e. DC-link voltage response for P-G at PCC, f. Inverter’s Reactive Current Component during the P-G fault, g. DC-link voltage
response for P-G at 5 km from PCC, h. DC-link voltage response for P–P at PCC.

voltage is enhanced to approximately nominal value as depicted by Considering, the variations in the frequency of the system during P-G
Fig. 21 (a) & (b). During P-G fault crowbar and BFCL gives spikes and with various adopted strategies are shown in Fig. 21c. According to the
distortions during fault occurrence and clearing time although, in the German grid requirements, the variation limit in frequency during
case of STFCL current provide minimized and smooth response. More­ normal operation is 49.5–50.5 Hz for 50 Hz rated frequency. Although,
over, with the Crowbar strategy the current does not retains its nominal for abnormal conditions, the range of critical frequency is 47.0–48.0 Hz
value even after fault clearance and remains below the nominal value for for 50 Hz rated frequency [149,150]. So, here each of the presented
a long time as presented by Fig. 21a. Considering the authentication of strategies is following the frequency requirements of grid codes.
strategies for voltage enhancement to keep above the E. ON curve i.e., Although crowbar strategy gives in high magnitude oscillations but not
German grid codes, the BFCL strategy increases the voltage to the violating the grid code limits. Moreover, STFCL shows minimum devi­
nominal range without any ripples and spikes. However, crowbar and ation from the rated frequency as compared to the BFCL strategy for
STFCL give spike at fault clearing time which is more for crowbar and unbalance fault.
less for STFCL as elaborated in Fig. 21b. The decreased active power of the grid during fault is enhanced to

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K. Zeb et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 158 (2022) 112125

Table 11 below shows the behavior of our constantly kept DC-link voltage for FRT
Designed control strategies under performance analysis for Id and Iq. strategies in combination with PI controller and without FRT strategy
Control Schemes Single Phase Double Phase under unbalance fault. The results authenticate that the DC-voltage
response without FRT strategy is worse than any of with FRT strategy
ITAE IAE ISE ITAE IAE ISE
during the start of simulation, normal and abnormal conditions.
PI + Crowbar 0.0269 0.1107 0.0633 0.0296 0.1204 0.0755 Considering the FRT strategies, crowbar and STFCL responds approxi­
(FRT) (Id)
PI + BFCL (Id) 0.0041 0.0337 0.0111 0.0277 0.1114 0.0485
mately the same at the start. However, the behavior of STFCL during
PI + STFCL (Id) 0.0042 0.0338 0.0110 0.0278 0.1114 0.0486 fault is smooth having no spikes at fault occurring and clearing instants.
PI + Crowbar 0.0096 0.0655 0.0574 0.0113 0.0746 0.0601 The BFCL strategy gives the most optimal response throughout as it has
(FRT) (Iq) minimum starting surge and low amplitude than others during fault
PI + BFCL (Iq) 0.0022 0.0372 0.0367 0.0090 0.0746 0.0491
although having limited surges during fault transitions. Additionally,
PI + STFCL (Iq) 0.0021 0.0371 0.0368 0.0099 0.0747 0.0490
none of the FRT strategies at the grid side puts stress at DC-link voltage.
Note: ITAE: integral of time-weighted absolute error; ISE: integral square error; Fig. 21 (f), shows reactive (Iq) current in the DC-frame i.e., d-q frame
IAE: integral absolute error. for each FRT strategy. The reactive components response (Iq) for
crowbar and BFCL strategies is approximately the same during fault time
rated value through FRT strategies as well. The BFCL strategy shows its although considering its starting spike BFCL results in a lower spike than
efficiency to reduce the fall of power faster and smoother than other the crowbar scheme. However, STFCL has negligible fault occurrence
strategies. The crowbar and STFCL result in fault transients and having and clearing surges and lowest starting spike comparatively.
significate spikes during starting time as cleared by Fig. 21 (d). The The comparative assessment based on performance measure i.e.,
enhancement of power with the STFCL strategy is not most effective, Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error (ITAE), Integral Absolute
same as in the case of grid voltage. Error (IAE), and Integral Square Error (ISE) for single-phase and two-
As FRT strategies are mainly used to optimize fault current and phase faults are presented in Table 11. It can be concluded that in
voltage at the grid. However, we must make sure that by optimizations comparison to Crowbar as an FRT strategy the performance of BFCL and
of grid side variables the DC-source side must not disturb. Fig. 21 (e), STFCL is superior. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) analysis for

Fig. 22. a. THD for grid current with PI controller during single phase faultb. THD for grid voltage with PI controller, Fig. 22c. THD for grid current with PI controller
and Crowbar strategy, Fig. 22d. THD for grid voltage with PI controller and Crowbar strategy, Fig. 22e. THD for grid current with PI controller and BFCL strategy,
Fig. 22f. THD for grid voltage with PI controller and BFCL strategy.

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K. Zeb et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 158 (2022) 112125

designed strategies with PI controller is presented in Fig. 22. Fig. 22a utilization of new fault detection tools is mandatory, as the traditional
presents THD for grid current with PI controller during single phase protection devices are less sensitive or not sufficiently sensitive to pro­
fault. THD for grid voltage with PI controller is elaborated in Fig. 22b. tect PV array from all fault occurrence.
Fig. 22c depicts THD for grid current with PI controller and Crowbar Secondly, the FRT capability in various grid codes for different
strategy. THD for grid voltage with PI controller and Crowbar strategy is countries were broadly reviewed. To operate the power system in a
shown in Fig. 22d. Fig. 22e illustrates THD for grid current with PI resilient and efficient way most of the countries change the grid code
controller and BFCL strategy. THD for grid voltage with PI controller and time by time to have minimal recovery time. Useful references for a
BFCL strategy is demonstrate Fig. 22f. The BFCL with PI controller inject widespread grid code’s FRT capability to be referred and utilized were
high quality current and voltage to the grid compared with crowbar and comprehensively categorized and provided. The comparisons of various
no strategy. Fig. 21g presents the DC-link voltage response for P-G at 5 FRT strategies based on the compliance with grid code specification
km from PCC. The DC-link voltage response for P–P at PCC is depicted in (reactive current injection, AC overcurrent, and overvoltage in DC-link),
Fig. 21h. Fault type impact is more comparative to fault location. the complexity, and the cost is presented in depth. The stability and
response of three FRT strategies i.e., conventional Crowbar, BFCL, and
7. Discussion STFCL with a well-tuned PI controller for the three-phase grid-connected
system were successfully analyzed and validated under unbalanced fault
The penetration of the PV system into the grid is increasing conditions. In comparison to the conventional Crowbar strategy, the
dramatically. Therefore, in near future, the stability of the power system behavior of BFCL and STFCL is robust, smooth, reliable, ripple-free, and
during faults will be more substantial. In this esteem, the technical re­ reduce stress on semiconductor devices during and after the fault. The
quirements of the FRT will be more critical for the new generation of the improvement of the grid current, DC-link voltage, grid voltage, and
PV system. In this review, a critical and analytical analysis is carried out power during asymmetrical faults is authenticated through performance
on various faults occurrence and its catastrophic effect in a PV system measures i.e., IAE, ITAE, and ISE.
and FRT strategies. Almost all the FRT strategies for the PV system are In the future FRT strategies, the active power and reactive power
comprehensively discussed with the vision to provide some valuable specifications of modern grid codes should be reviewed in depth. High-
data and benchmarks for the researchers and industrialists working in performance controller and hybrid FRT strategies for improving the
the PV arena. Among the various FRT strategies, the SVC or STATCOM overall stability and efficiency is also a hot topic. It is expected that this
(FACTS devices) need a coupling transformer with several switches review will be valuable to the researchers, engineers, designers, crea­
that’s why they are most expensive and complex than other devices. tors, and operators working within the field of FRT strategies for har­
Batteries and supercapacitor-based FRT devices i.e., BESS and SCESS nessing gird connected solar energy. Besides, this survey will assist them
(ESS) are also expensive as they require continuous maintenance and in selecting the suitable strategy.
regular inspection. Among external devices-based FRT control, SDBR
and BCC are less expensive compared to FACTS as they require fewer
Declaration of competing interest
switches and high-power resistor. It can be concluded, since additional
devices are not required in the structure of Modified Controller (MIC)
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
based FRT methods; therefore, they are the most economical. They are
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
also most efficient among others regarding grid code compliance. MIC
the work reported in this paper.
strategy retains its pre-fault values abruptly (almost zero sec) after fault
clearance comparative to other methods i.e., ESS that requires approx­
Acknowledgments
imately 0.2sec, ensures the safety of the system equipment, and properly
injects both active and reactive powers. Moreover, it has a faster and
This research was supported by Basic Research Laboratory through
smooth response without over/undershoot. It has been proved in the
the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of
literature [99,101,110–136], that the best strategy is MIC followed by
Science, ICT and Future Planning (NRF-2015R1A4A1041584).
the FACTS and ESS solutions, as they have efficient compliance with grid
code requirements at the lowest possible cost.
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