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Chemistry and Physics Study Guide

The document covers fundamental concepts in chemistry and physics, including chemical reactions, types of reactions, properties of acids, bases, and salts, and the characteristics of metals and non-metals. It also discusses optical principles such as reflection and refraction, the structure of the human eye, electrical principles, and magnetic effects of electric current. Key formulas and exam tips are provided for effective study.

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5 views2 pages

Chemistry and Physics Study Guide

The document covers fundamental concepts in chemistry and physics, including chemical reactions, types of reactions, properties of acids, bases, and salts, and the characteristics of metals and non-metals. It also discusses optical principles such as reflection and refraction, the structure of the human eye, electrical principles, and magnetic effects of electric current. Key formulas and exam tips are provided for effective study.

Uploaded by

reshmaaltaf3
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

ᾞ CHAPTER 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

INTRODUCTION A chemical reaction occurs when one or more substances


(reactants) change into new substances (products) with new properties.
Indications of a reaction: Change in colour, evolution of gas, change in
temperature, formation of precipitate.

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS Represent chemical changes using symbols and


formulas. Example: H₂ + O₂ → H₂O Balanced Equation: Same number of atoms
of each element on both sides. Example: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O Balancing follows the
Law of Conservation of Mass.

TYPES OF REACTIONS Combination, Decomposition, Displacement, Double


Displacement, Redox (Oxidation-Reduction).

EFFECTS OF OXIDATION Corrosion: Rusting of iron. Rancidity: Oxidation of


oils/fats.

KEY POINTS Reactants → left side; Products → right side. Always balance
equations. Oxidation and reduction occur together.

⚗️ CHAPTER 2: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS Acids turn blue litmus red, taste sour;
Bases turn red litmus blue, feel slippery. Indicators: Litmus, Methyl Orange,
Phenolphthalein. pH Scale: 0–14. pH<7 → Acidic; pH>7 → Basic. Salts:
Neutralization product of acid + base. Examples: NaCl, NaHCO₃, CaSO₄·½H₂O
(POP).

⚙️ CHAPTER 3: METALS AND NON-METALS Metals: Lustrous, malleable, ductile,


good conductors. Non-metals: Dull, brittle, poor conductors. Reactivity Series: K
> Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > H > Cu > Hg > Ag > Au. Corrosion
(rusting) prevention: painting, galvanizing, alloying.

Ὂ CHAPTER 9: LIGHT – REFLECTION AND REFRACTION Reflection: Angle of


incidence = Angle of reflection. Mirror Formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u. Refraction:
Bending of light; Snell’s Law: sin i / sin r = constant. Lens Formula: 1/f = 1/v -
1/u; m = hᵢ/hₒ = v/u.
ὄ️ CHAPTER 10: THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD Eye structure:
Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Lens, Retina. Defects: Myopia (Concave lens), Hypermetropia
(Convex lens), Presbyopia (Bifocal). Dispersion: White light → VIBGYOR by
prism. Scattering: Sky blue, red sunrise/sunset.

⚡ CHAPTER 11: ELECTRICITY I = Q/t, V = W/Q, V = IR. Resistance: R = ρl/A.


Power: P = VI = I²R = V²/R.

ᾟ CHAPTER 12: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT Magnetic field lines:


North → South. Right-hand thumb rule. Electromagnetic induction: Change in
magnetic field → induced current. Fleming’s Left-hand (motors) and Right-hand
(generators) rules. Domestic circuit: Fuse, meter, earthing.

Ὄ EXAM TIPS & FORMULA SHEET Chemistry: Law of Conservation of Mass, Acid +
Base → Salt + Water. Physics: I=Q/t, V=W/Q, R=ρl/A, P=VI. Always balance
equations, use SI units, and practice ray diagrams.

✅ END OF NOTES

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