Progress of
History and Technology
CH 5: Technology Development and Preparation for Renaissance in Middle Ages (AD12~16C)
중세 중기의
State 시대상황
at Middle Period of Medieval Times
Reorganization ￭ Passing the early Middle Ages, from AD11C to AD16C , the western world was
of the Western reorganized and the bases of Renaissance and Religion Reformation were prepared
￭ Governance of Europe and the Orient had been framed
European order - The Holy Roman Empire (including United Kingdom, France, Germany and Austria)
and City states of Italian peninsula shared the power, in Europe
- Balkans and Turkey shared the roles with Byzantine East Roman Church, in East-
northern Europe
- Islam dominated Arabian peninsula and Iberian peninsula, Northern Africa
￭ The Feudal Lord system was established
State at Middle Period of Medieval Times
Opening the Era ￭ Danish people: Denmark, United Kingdom, France
￭ Norwegian people: Norway, Iceland
Of North Sea & ￭ Swedish people: Sweden, Russia (Opened the dynasty)
Atlantic Ocean ￭ Migration to Mediterranean Sea: Southern Italy, Palestine
State at Middle Period of Medieval Times
￭ In AD638, Jerusalem was occupied by Islam
The Crusades ￭ In 1099, the First Crusade got back from Islam
￭ In 1187, again Islam took Jerusalem
중세 중기의
State 시대상황
at Middle Period of Medieval Times
￭ Since 1347, about 100 times occurred
Black Death ￭ About 30% of Europe and Chinese population sacrificed
￭ Pessimism spread all over the world
￭ Labor population decrease caused collapse of plantation
중세 중기의
State 시대상황
at Middle Period of Medieval Times
Mongolian’s ￭ During the period, China was divided by Song Dynasty and Yo and Geum countries in
Europe and China northern region
Invasion ￭ Geum collapsed Song Dynasty and took over China
￭ Mongolia again erected at the northern region conquered China and Central Asia,
Northern Europe and Eastern Europe, in series
- For the first time in humankind history, Mongolia governed the largest territory
including the East and the West
- The route connecting the East and the West became secured
- Most of Islam territory was occupied and the foundation of Mogul Empire’s erection
was arranged
State at Middle Period of Medieval Times
Mongolia’s
World
Domination
CONTENTS
Preparation for the Renaissance
Mongolia’s European Invasion and East-West Exchanges
Technologies for Opening Renaissance
1 Preparation for the Renaissance
Social Fundamentals
Academic Basis
Social Fundamentals
Establishing ￭ The world population decreased continuously due to repeated infectious disease since
World Order the fall of Rome (about 4~50M population) started to recover from AD1000 and to
increase steadily until AD1340 up to 400~450M (70M in Rome)
In Middle Ages ￭ Population increase and advance of agricultural technology resulted in surplus
produce, thus long distance trade became popular to exchange with other goods
- Needed new Trade Routes through see and land
- Needed currency and developed putting-out system
- Appeared handicraft manufacturing industry
￭ Commerce was well developed centering the City Stated around Northern Italian
peninsula and wealth was accumulated
- Lords started to invest for science and art
￭ Since the Mediterranean business region was occupied by Islamic world from AD8C,
the western world had to naturally expand toward northern part of Europe
사회적Fundamentals
Social 기반 조성
Establishing
World Order
In Middle Ages
Academic Basis
Restoration ￭ Major cities of Spain were retook from Islam’s domination
of Ancient - Toledo in AD1085, Cordoba in AD1235, Seville in AD1248
Civilization - Abundant antiquity literature and Islamic science literature were acquired
￭ Jerard translated 92 books including ‘Almagest’ of Tolemaios, ‘Medicine Principles’ of
Abikena, ‘Nature’ of Aristotle, ‘Principle’ of Eucleides, etc.
￭ Jerardus translated Toledo’s Astronomical table
￭ Giom finished the translation of most of Aristotle’s literatures
￭ Numerous Islamic scientific books were also translated so desire of knowledge
exploded
Regeneration ￭ Restoration of Greek Natural Philosophy: Plato’s philosophy was restored
of Natural - Discussion on Aristotle’s idea about cosmos and decision making became popular
￭ Attempt to study natural phenomenon
Philosophy - Effort to explain physical phenomenon using mathematics
- Issued possibility of the Earth rotation and possibility of vacuum state in space
- Started a quantitative study of exercise
Academic Basis
￭ Fibonacci (~1235): Wrote ‘Liber Abaci’, where he resolved the problems of
Big advance
progression and algebra with the calculation method using Arabic numeral system
of Science ￭ Astrophotometry: Using the disciform Astrophotometer designed in AD7C, the heights
of the sun and stars from the horizon as well as the times of sunset and sunrise were
precisely measured
￭ Optical technology: As the results of study on refractive index of light, glasses(in
AD1260) and mirror for combustion (gathering the light to make a fire) were developed
Academic Basis
Beginning of ￭ Differently from Schola of church taking exclusive charge of religious education, from
AD1100 STUDIA GENERALE teaching general studies emerged where 1 professor
Universities took care of 10 students
￭ University consisted basically of majors (theology, law, and medicine) and
common basics (grammar, rhetoric, logic) and science (arithmetic, geometry,
astronomy, harmonics), for undergraduate studies
￭ Social position of students was guaranteed, and privilege of taking tuition from Guild
was granted, schools obtained the status of ‘universitas’
- University of Bologna: in AD1150, medicine and law oriented
- University of Paris: in AD1200, philosophy and science oriented
- University of Oxford: in AD1220, philosophy and science
￭ Since university was relatively free from interference of church and state, the
foundation of the Renaissance was blossomed in universities
￭ Education period: 4~5 years to become student-teacher, several more years of
training to become professor in the beginning
- From late of AD13C, systematized the curriculum in Paris university as
Baccalaureate, Licence(teacher’s study), Mastership(Professor’s study)
Mongolian European Invasion
2
and the Beginning of Globalization
Mongolian Europe Invasion
Changes of the World After
Mongolian Europe Invasion
Europe Invasions ￭ The Huns: Nomad called ‘Xiongnu’ living in the northern area of China was expelled
In History to west by the Later Han in AD3C
- Some became a part of SunBi tribe and the rest passed Central Asia to the east
area of Europe to become the Huns
- The Huns developed power and invaded Europe using Hungary as the base
- Pushed the Germanic Ostrogoths to move the west even to Rome
- Destroyed Western Roman Empire
￭ Turks: Descendants of the Huns living in northern Eurasia was collapsed by Tang
Dynasty in AD7C and continued as Uyghur of Xinjiang
- Accepted Islam and developed power in Turkey area to establish Seljuk Turks in
AD1037 with integrating neighboring Islamic Countries
- Destroyed by Mongolia and reconstructed as Ottoman Turks and absorbed
Byzantine empire in AD1453
Mongolian Europe Invasion
출처: [Link]
Mongolian Europe Invasion
Europe Invasion ￭ Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan consolidated northern Nomad in AD1206
- Mongolian alphabet and law books (called Yasha) were legislated
- Commerce was emphasized and constructed trade routes
- In process of building routes, got rid of hindrance forces by invasion and occupation
- Through 5 generations from Genghis Khan to Kublai Khan, occupied Jin Dynasty of
China, the Middle East, Persia, Russia, Crimea Peninsula, European area around
Volga River to make the largest country in history
- The population of 1M in mainland ruled 100M people
￭ Cause of this amazing victory
- Mobility: 1 soldier carrying 4~5 horses moved forward 100km a day without any
support of special supply corps while eating and sleeping and fighting on horse back
- Organizational power: Decimal formation of troopers, in the order of 10, 100, and
1000
- Superior Weapons : Crossbow (piercing armor in 2~300m), Ballista, Flame, Catapult
- Outstanding strategy: Psychological warfare using spy, Cruel extermination against
disobedience and Generosity and guarantee of freedom for obedience
- Consciousness-raising (brain wash): Provide religious sense of duty and ethical
sense of superiority that occupation warfare to integrate the world was the mission of
the above
Changes of the World After
￭ Domination of China: Ruled the Han as the conqueror position, thoroughly
Changes disregarding their self-respect
- Discrimination (Mongolian > Truks > Han > South Song)
- Mongolian superintendent took charge of domination
- Abolition of ‘public official selecting test’ to weaken gentry group and Confucianism
￭ Accepting Islam religion
- Mongolian aristocrat and Muslim merchants were very closely cooperated and
Islam was naturally dispersed
Changes of the World After
￭ Rearranging Trade Route: Secured the trading route starting from Korean Peninsula
Connection of and Manchuria to Europe
Eastern and - Posthouse system was conducted
Western World - Ports for ship management were installed to supervise merchant vessels
- Canals were repaired and constructed
- Using this route, Marco Polo traveled from in AD1271 and returned to in AD1295
Venice, via Beijing, Yangzhou, Vietnam, Sumatra, and India
￭ Bill (paper money) was issued and distributed all over the Eurasian regions and
unified the characters
￭ Items from West to East
- Religions: Nestorianism, Islam, and Christianity (In Mongol, Lamaism prevailed)
- Astronomy, Calendar, Mathematics, Maps, Gold and Silver
- Black Death
￭ Items from East to West
- Paper, Printing, Compass, Silk, Ceramics, Pottery, Earthenware
- Endemic (Myanmar epidemic)
3 Technologies Opening Renaissance Era
Applications of Natural Power
Navigation Technique
Agricultural Technology
Commerce Techniques
Applications of Natural Power
Applications of ￭ Performance Improvement of waterwheel and windmill
Natural Power - More than 5600 were operated
- Windmill transferred to Europe in AD12C was improved by making the wing’s
direction change depending on the wind’s direction
- Applied for milling and salt manufacture
- Used for automatic hammer operation for metal forging
- Used for pumping waste water in mine and pond
￭ Automatic Loom : Replacing the foot spinning one
Navigation Technology
￭ Accumulated Energy enough to get out the Mediterranean and move toward
Advance of the ocean
￭ Technological Supports
Navigation
- Compass: used for sailing from AD1200
Technology > In the beginning, the direction of a needle floating on water was read after
attaching and removing a magnet
> In 1302, Frabis Joya developed a compass having the modern structure
- Sailboat: applied a staysail made in Islamic world
> Until AD16C, Galley ships were manufactured which used sail and paddle at the
same time
> In early AD15C, Enrike developed a sailing technology using three spinning
masters each of which could hoist 4 square sails, so that may proceed toward the
one direction regardless of wind direction
> Ocean voyage became possible
- Rudder connected to double key was used
> The forwarding direction could be easily changed
- Marine chart: Voyaging distance and direction measurement became accurate so
that coastline, harbor, refuge, shelter etc. may be precisely marked
> Could avoid zigzag course but to follow lineal distance
> The first marine chart was made in AD1275 by Pissa
Navigation Technology
Toward Oceans ￭ Safe Long Distance Voyage to United Kingdom and Holland was guaranteed so
commercial trade became active via sea
￭ In AD1291, Vivaldi Brothers successfully sailed to India through the Pacific Ocean
turning around Zivurolta straight
Agricultural Technology
Technologies ￭ Dramatic Agricultural Advancement Achieved
for Agriculture - Political stabilization made possible developing vast plain and forest of northern
Europe into farmland
Advancement - In Europe, climate became more dry and average temperature raised 1 degree, so
that favorable environment for farming was built
- Due to development of manufacturing technologies making iron sickle and plow,
seed planting farming technology, which was limitedly possible, was generalized
- To improve soil quality, used stock’s feces and urine as well as plant ash
- During noncropping period, cultivated bean, plants, vegetation to supply ground
with nitrogen and organic matters
- Windmill using natural power substituted 40 people
￭ Based on these agricultural technology, noncropping period was shortened and
produce was increased more than 30%
Social Change ￭ Agriculture business was diversified and specialized
- Appearance of stock-farming and special plantation cultivating grapes, raw cotton,
due to
dye, etc.
Agricultural - To deal and trade farm surpluses, marketplace was formed
Advancement ￭ Population increase and appearance of handiwork factories and activated finance
business accelerated urbanization
Commerce and Finance Technology
￭ By trading a large amount of farm surpluses, handicraft, dye, etc., currency
Commercial circulation increased enormously
Revolution ￭ Activated new means of financial dealings including credit exchange such as
commerce document, credit papers, exchange certificate etc.), so that accumulation
of capital became possible
￭ To vitalize commercial transaction, exhibition opened regularly circulating cities from
AD12C
￭ For supporting funds for large scale transactions, banking business became popular
- Since Christianity authority did not allow loan business, Jewish peoples free from
Christian principles joined in this area and made remarkable success using the
Jewish network formed all over Europe
- The first bank, Ls Taula de Canvi, was established in Spain in AD1401
￭ Supply chain was formed that in cities industrial products were produced and in
countries supplied food items
Commerce and Finance Technology
Currencies ￭ Mostly silver was used as currency, but the difficulty of weighing and change of silver
value leaded to make a silver coin weighing 4.22g (called Groschen) to use as
international currency in AD1252
￭ Later to enhance the value of currency, a gold coin was published weighing 3.53g in
Genova, 3.56g in Venice
￭ Since the King had the right of publishing coin (seigniorage), he used that right as a
political means
4 Discussion Topic
Survey the positive contribution and negative harm of Christianity during
Middle Ages in Europe
The center of the world moved from the Aegean Sea, then to the Mediterranean
Sea, then to the North Sea, and then to the Atlantic. Search what technologies
contributed in each step of progress while this movement occurred
Survey the reasons how the city states in northern Italia became the center of
commerce in the beginning of the Renaissance
After Mongolia dominated the world, no eastern country invaded the western world
any more. But using the technologies transferred from the eastern world, western
countries invaded the eastern countries. What technologies did mostly contribute to
make these changes?