System Development Methods
CT046-3-2
Information Systems
Development Methods
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01 Revisiting Information Systems (IS)
Topic &
Structure of the
lesson
Here are the items that will
02 System Development Lifecycle (SDLC)
be discussed in this lesson
03 SDLC Phases
Information Systems (IS) Development
04 Methodologies
Learning
Outcomes
By the end of this lecture, you should be able to :
1. Define Information Systems (IS) and describe its components.
2. Describe System Development Lifecycle (SDLC) and the SDLC
phases.
3. Define IS methodologies.
4. Identify people involved in the development of IS.
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Information System (IS)
Key Terms
you must be System Development Lifecycle (SDLC)
able to use
If you have mastered this
topic, you should be able to SDLC Phases
use the following terms
correctly in your assignments
and exams:
IS Methodologies
People involved in the development of IS
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01 Information Systems (IS)
Information Systems (IS)
Definitions
System Interrelated components functioning together to achieve an outcome.
Information
System • Collection of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and provide
as output information needed to complete tasks (Satzinger, et al., 2015).
• An information system is a set of related components that produces specific
results (Shelly and Rosenblatt, 2012).
• An information system is an arrangement of people, data, processes,
communications, and information technology that interact to support and
improve day-to-day operations in a business, as well as support the problem-
solving and decision-making needs of management and users (Whitten, et al.,
2005)
HARDWARE
Information
Systems (IS) SOFTWARE
Components
An information system has
five key components: PEOPLE
DATA
PROCESSES
Information HARDWARE consists of everything in the physical
layer of the information system.
Systems (IS)
Components
For example, hardware can include servers, workstations,
An information system has networks, telecommunications, equipment, fibre-optic
five key components:
cables, mobile devices, scanners, digital capture devices,
and other technology-based infrastructure.
HARDWARE
SOFTWARE
PEOPLE
DATA
PROCESSES
SOFTWARE refers to the programs that control the hardware
and produce the desired information or results. Software
Information consists of system software and application software:
Systems (IS)
Components
An information system has • System software manages the hardware components.
five key components:
Examples: the operating system, security software that
protects the computer from intrusion, device drivers that communicate
HARDWARE
with hardware such as printers, and utility programs that handle specific
tasks such as data backup and disk management.
SOFTWARE
PEOPLE • Application software consists of programs that support day-to-day
business functions and provide users with the information they
DATA require.
PROCESSES Examples of company-wide applications, include order
processing systems, and payroll systems.
Information PEOPLE who will interact and use the system.
Systems (IS)
Components • People who have an interest in an information system
An information system has are called stakeholders. Stakeholders include the
five key components: management group responsible for the system.
HARDWARE • The users (sometimes called end users) inside and
outside the company who will interact with the system.
SOFTWARE
• IT staff members, such as systems analysts,
PEOPLE
programmers, and network administrators who develop
DATA and support the system.
PROCESSES
DATA is the raw material that an information system
Information transforms into useful information.
Systems (IS)
Components An information system can store data in various locations,
An information system has called tables.
five key components: By linking the tables, the system can extract specific
information.
HARDWARE
SOFTWARE
PEOPLE
DATA
PROCESSES
PROCESSES/PROCEDURES describe the tasks and
business functions that users, managers, and IT staff
Information members perform to achieve specific results.
Systems (IS)
Components
An information system has Processes are the building blocks of an information system
five key components: because they represent actual day-to-day business operations.
HARDWARE
SOFTWARE
PEOPLE
DATA
PROCESSES
Information SOFTWARE HARDWARE PEOPLE PROCESSES DATA
Systems (IS)
Components
A summary
Programs that All physical People who will Describes the Describes the
control the components of interact and use tasks and tasks and
hardware and the the system business business
produce the information includes technical functions that functions that
desired system. and non-technical users, managers, users, managers,
information or people. and IT staff and IT staff
results. members perform members perform
to achieve to achieve
specific results. specific results.
Reasons why information systems are important for businesses:
The Importance
To make the information accurate, that can be quickly accessed on demand.
of Information
Systems An effective information system can entitle an organization with better planning,
decision-making and hence desired results.
Constantly being developed to make business more competitive, impact
productivity and profits
Keys to successful information systems development:
Thorough systems analysis and design
Understanding what business requires
NETFLIX
Information
System Please watch this video to understand Neflix’s Informations
System:
Information Systems in Context Example: Netflix - YouTube
02 System Development Lifecycle (SDLC)
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Definitions
System Development System development lifecycle (SDLC) is the entire process consisting
Lifecycle (SDLC) of all activities required to build, launch, and maintain an information
system (Satzinger, et al., 2015).
SDLC SDLC is a series of phases to plan, analyze, design, implement, and
support an information system (Shelly and Rosenblatt, 2012).
A simplified definition – SDLC is a GENERAL RECEPIE to ‘cook-up’ an
Information System.
Facts about SDLC
SDLC acts as the basis for System Development Methodologies (SDM)
• SDLC is not IS Development Methodology
SDLC can be generally used to manage any IT-based projects.
SDLC has techniques to guide a developer and provides the overall framework
for managing systems development process.
• Identify the problem or need and obtain approval
• Plan and monitor the project
• Discover and understand the details of the problem or need
• Design the system components that solve the problem or satisfy the need
• Build, test, and integrate the system components
• Complete system tests and then deploy the solution
SDLC and Problem Solving
01 02 03 04 05
PROJECT
ANALYSIS DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION SUPPORT
PLANNING
Organization Project team Solution is System that System used,
recognizes investigates, specified in detail solves problem is maintained, and
problem understands built and installed enhanced to
problem and continue to
solution provide intended
requirements benefits
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03 SDLC Phases
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
PLANNING ANALYSIS DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION MAINTENANCE
(if any major
problems,
then back to
planning)
Information PHASE 1 - PLANNING
Systems (IS) • System Planning sub- phases :
Components
Systems Development Life Define business problem and scope
Cycle has 5 steps:
Produce detailed project schedule
PLANNING
ANALYSIS
Project initial and feasibility studies
DESIGN • Economic, organizational, technical, resource, and schedule
IMPLEMENTATION Staff the project (resource management)
MAINTENANCE
Launch project official announcement
• Input : Problem Statements
• Output : Feasibility Study Report, Initial Study Report ,Project Proposal.
Information PHASE 2 - ANALYSIS
Systems (IS) • System analysis sub-phases :
Components Gather information to learn problem domain
Systems Development Life Define system requirements
Cycle has 5 steps:
Prioritize requirements
PLANNING
Generate and evaluate alternatives
ANALYSIS Review recommendations with management
DESIGN
• Popular techniques used:
IMPLEMENTATION
Data Mining
MAINTENANCE
Data visualization
Statistical Analysis
• Input: Feasibility Study Report, Initial Study Report, Project Proposal.
• Output: System Requirement Specification (SRS)
PHASE 3 - DESIGN
Information
Systems (IS) • System Design sub-phases:
Components Design and integrate the network
Systems Development Life
Cycle has 5 steps:
Design the application architecture
Design the user interfaces
PLANNING
Design the system interfaces
ANALYSIS
Design and integrate the database
DESIGN
Prototype for design details
IMPLEMENTATION
Design and integrate system controls
MAINTENANCE
• Popular techniques used: Conceptual Design, Logical design, Data
Design / Modeling, Physical Design.
• Input: System Requirement Specification (SRS)
• Output: Design Specification
Information PHASE 4 - IMPLEMENTATION
Systems (IS) • System Implementation sub-phases:
Components Construct software components
Systems Development Life
Verify and test Convert data
Cycle has 5 steps:
Train users and document the system
PLANNING
Install the system
ANALYSIS
DESIGN • Popular techniques used: Unit testing, integration testing, user acceptance
testing, etc.
IMPLEMENTATION
• Input: Design Specification
MAINTENANCE
• Output: Fully functional system
Information PHASE 5 - Review and Maintenance
Systems (IS) • System Maintenance sub-phases:
Components Maintain system: Small patches, repairs, and updates
Systems Development Life
Enhance system: Small upgrades or enhancements to expand system
Cycle has 5 steps:
capabilities
PLANNING Support users: Help desk and/or support team
ANALYSIS • Types of Maintenance :
DESIGN
Corrective - deals with the repair of faults or errors found in day-today
IMPLEMENTATION system functions.
MAINTENANCE Preventive - implementing changes to prevent the occurrence of errors
Adoptive - concerned with the change in the system that takes place
to make the system adaptable to new environment such as to run the
IS on a new operating system.
Perfective - concerned with the change in the system that happens
while adding new functionalities in the system.
04 Information Systems (IS) Development
Methodologies.
What is IS Development Methodology?
“A software development methodology or system development
Definition : methodology in software engineering is a framework that is used to
structure, plan, and control the process of developing an information
system”.
Simplified Definition : A Specific Recipe to ‘cook-up’ a specific type of Information System
• (In comparison to SDLC which viewed as GENERAL recipe)
Contains detailed steps to be carried out at specific situations / specific type of
project.
SDLC acts as the basis for IS Development Methodology.
What is Systems Development Methodology ?
Some popular IS Development Methodologies
Waterfall Model: Most basic methodology close to the SDLC
Structured Systems Analysis And
Design Methodology (SSADM) : Used for large database projects
Web Information Systems Development Used for web-based projects
Methodology (WISDM)
Spiral Used for project which has many sections but need to be linked later.
Rapid Application Development Used for small and fast projects
(RAD)
Extreme Programming (XP) For advance / heavy coding projects
What makes up an IS Development Methodology ?
A Methodology includes a collection of techniques and tools that are used to complete
activities and tasks, including modelling, for every aspect of the project.
Techniques Models
Tools
Methodologies
What makes up an IS Development Methodology ?
Methodologies use TOOLS and TECHNIQUES to carry out tasks.
TOOLS – often CASE TOOLS includes any use of computer-based support in the
software development, help to simplify the task.
• Testing Tool to test other software.
• Code Generator to generate programming codes from design.
TECHNIQUES - different ways of doing things.
• Prototyping – A model of the system developed to get feedback
• JAD - Meeting session for a group of users, managers and IT professionals to gather information,
discuss business needs, and define the system requirements.
• Fact - finding using techniques such as interviews, surveys, document review, observation, and
sampling.
Methodology Models
Represent some aspect of
the system
Example :
• Flowchart
Techniques Tools
• Use Case Diagram
• Class Diagram
Guidelines to help an • Gantt Chart Software applications to
analyst complete a task create project components
• Organization Chart
Example : Example :
• Interviewing • Visual Modelling tool
• Techniques • Integrated Development
• OO programming techniques Environment
• Data Modelling Techniques • Word Processor
• Software Testing Techniques • Automated Testing Tool
• Code Generator
People involved in the Development of IS
A stakeholder is any person who has an interest in an existing or new information system.
Stakeholders can be technical or nontechnical workers.
For information systems, the stakeholders can be classified as:
• System owners
• System users
• Systems analysts
• Project Manager
• System developers
• System testers
• System administrators.
People involved in the Development of IS (Cont.)
System Owners Are people who pay and own the system
User Are people who directly/indirectly use the new system
Are people who must understand business processes and document
System Analysts
them carefully.
Is responsible for knowing the “who, what, where, when and why” of the
Project Manager software project. This means knowing the stakeholders of the project and being
able to effectively communicate with each of them.
Are responsible for using the technical requirements for building the deliverables
Developers and communicating the status of the software project to the technical lead or
project manager.
Ensure that the software solution meets the business requirements and that it is
System Testers
free of bugs, errors and defects.
System Administrators Are people who ‘take-care’ of the system after it is done
Importance of using IS Development Methodology
To ensure consistency in the management of projects
To ensure the best techniques applied to carry out a project.
Reduce time & cost
To improve the quality of work & system
Meet user requirement
Information
Systems
Development Please watch this video to understand Importance of IS Development
Methodology
Importance of IS Development Methodology
THE END
Information Systems Development Methods
Next Session: Structured Methodologies
References
Satzinger, J. W., Jackson, R. B., & Burd, S. D. (2015). Systems Analysis and Design in
A Changing World. Cengage learning.
Shelly, G. B., & Rosenblatt, H. J. (2012). Systems Analysis and Design. Boston, MA:
Course Technology.
Whitten, J. L., Bentley, L. D., & Dittman, K. C. (2005). Systems Analysis and Design
Methods (7th Ed.). McGraw-Hill/Irwin