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Coding and Decoding Techniques Explained

The document explains the concepts of coding and decoding, detailing how information can be transmitted using codes that are deciphered by receivers. It outlines various types of coding-decoding questions, including letter and numeric codes, substitution codes, and provides examples and practice questions to illustrate these concepts. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of understanding the numeric positions of letters in the English alphabet for solving these types of problems.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
15 views6 pages

Coding and Decoding Techniques Explained

The document explains the concepts of coding and decoding, detailing how information can be transmitted using codes that are deciphered by receivers. It outlines various types of coding-decoding questions, including letter and numeric codes, substitution codes, and provides examples and practice questions to illustrate these concepts. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of understanding the numeric positions of letters in the English alphabet for solving these types of problems.

Uploaded by

avishekpoudel222
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Coding and Decoding

Coding is a system of signals. This is a method of transmitting information in the form of codes or
signals without it being known by a third person. The person who transmits the code or signal, is
called the sender and the person who receives it, is called the receiver.

Transmitted codes or signals are decoded on the other side by the receiver—this is known as
decoding. In questions on coding-decoding, a word (basic word) is coded in a particular way and the
candidates are asked to code other word in the same way. The coding and decoding tests are set up
to judge the candidate’s ability to decipher the rule that has been followed to code a particular
word/message and break the code to decipher the message.

Order of the English Alphabet

Remember the English alphabets with the numbers:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
Z Y X W V U T S R Q P O N
26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14

Pre-requisites
It is very important to know the numeric position of each alphabet, in normal order
starting from 1 as well as in reverse order i.e. starting from A=26, B=25…..
Coding and Decoding questions can be divided into following types:

• Letters
• Numeric
• Substitution
1. Letters and Numeric

In letters and Numeric type, there can be many combinations but some expected
and common types are explained with example.
1. In a certain language, if SUNSHINE is coded as TVOTIJOF then how will MOON be
coded:
a) NPPQ b) NPPO c) PPON d) NQQP
Answer: NPPO

+1 in all the letters.


This is one type of question. In similar way for the same type there can be +2, +3 or there
can be -2, -4, etc.
2. In a certain language, if WRONG is coded as GNORW then how will RIGHT be
coded:
a) HIRGT b) SJHIU c) GHIRT d) None of the above

Answer: GHIRT

If you observe carefully then the coded word GNORW has same letters as in the original
word. So, if we go by elimination method then option b is eliminated here itself. Now if we
look at the pattern of coding, it can be observed that all the letters of WRONG are arranged
in Ascending Order. So, in the same way, RIGHT will be coded as GHIRT.
There can be same type of question asked but instead of ascending, the words can be in
descending order.
4. If MOUSE is coded as ONUFT, then CLOCK will be coded as
a) MDOLD b) MDPLD c) NDOLD d) MDOLE

Answer: MDOLD

Grouping. So here grouping of letters is done. First 2 letters- M and O are grouped and last
2 letters S and E are grouped. After grouping, +1 is added and the position of the letters is
interchanged. Like in MO group, +1 is added so the result will be NP and then the letters are
interchanged and so the result for 1st group will be PN. Same for the second group and the
middle odd letter is as it is.
5. In a certain language, CAP is coded as 61, how will PEN be coded
a) 40 b) 66 c) 80 d) 46

Answer: 46

This is an interesting question and you will often get confuse. Because even if you try to add
the numeric value you won’t get the answer. But here reverse numeric value concept is
used. So, in this question the reverse numeric values are considered and added. C=24,
A=26, P=11. 24+26+11=61 and the same logic for PEN. P=11, E=22 and N=13. Answer=46
Substitution
In this type of questions, some particular words are assigned certain substituted
names. Then a question is asked that is to be answered in the substituted code
language.
6. If ‘cook’ is called ‘butler’, ‘butler’ is called ‘manager’, ‘manager’ is called ‘teacher’,
‘teacher’ is called ‘clerk’ and ‘clerk’ is called ‘principal’, who will teach in a class?
a) Cook b) Teacher c) Manager d) Clerk
Answer: Clearly, a teacher teaches in a class and given teacher is called clerk. So a
clerk will teach in the class. Hence the answer is (d)
7. What is the number place of G from right side?

(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 25 (d) 30

Solution (b) 27 − G = 27 -7 (from left)

= 20 .

8. If ‘WORK’ is coded as ‘4-12-9-16’, then how will you code ‘WOMAN’?

(a) 4-12-14-26-13 (b) 4-26-14-13-12


(c) 23-12-26-14-13 (d) 23-15-13-1-14
(e) None of these
Solution (a) We have,
W ⎯→ 4 Hence, W ⎯→ 4
O ⎯→ 12 O ⎯→ 12

R ⎯→ 9 M ⎯→ 14

26
K ⎯→ 16 A ⎯→
13
N ⎯→
Here, each letter is coded by the numerical obtained by subtracting its ‘position value’ in
English alphabetical order, from 27, e.g., W, O, M, A, N are at 23rd, 15th, 13th, 1st and 14th
position in alphabetical order. So, their codes are (27–23), (27–15), (27–13), (27–1), (27–14),
i.e., 4, 12, 14, 26, 13, respectively i.e., their backward order position
Some Practice questions:
1) If SPIDER is coded as PSDIRE, then what is COMMON coded as?
a) OCMMON b) OCMOMN c) OCMMNO d) OCOMMO
2) If LUTE is codes as MUTE in certain language, FATE is coded as GATE, then what is
FLUE coded as?
a) SLUE b) GLUE c) CLUE d) BLUE
3) If MEDIUM is coded as NDEHVL, then what is MIDDLE coded as?
a) NHEEDK b) NHCEDM c) NHECMD d) NEHCDM
4) If CALENDAR is coded as CLANEEDR, then what is CIRCULAR coded as?
a) CRIUCALR b) ICRCLUAR c) CRIUCLRA d) ICCRLURA
5) If RANDOM is coded as NARMOD, then CIVILIZATION is coded as?
a) ILIVICNOITAZ b) ZATIONILIVIC c) LIVICIONTIZA d) AZITNOLIVICI
6) If TABLET is coded as UACMET, then what is CAPSULE coded as?
a) DATUMEO b) DAMUTEO c) DAQTUME d) BAMOTRP
7) If train is called bus, bus is called as tractor, tractor is called as car, car is called as truck,
truck is called as cycle, then what is used to plough a field?
a) truck b) cycle c) car d) tractor
8) If A= 2, M= 26, Z= 52, then how is BET coded as?
a) 44 b) 54 c) 64 d) 72
9) If E=5, PEN= 35, then PAGE=?
a) 27 b) 28 c) 29 d) 36
10) If A=26, SUN= 27, then CAT=?
a) 24 b) 27 c) 57 d) 58
11) If rat is called dog, dog is called mongoose, mongoose is called lion, lion is called snake,
snake is called elephant, then which is reared as pet animal?
a) Rat b) Dog c) Mongoose d) Lion

12) In a certain code 'MISSIONS' is written as 'MSIISNOS'. How is 'ONLINE' written


in that code?
a) OLNNIE b) ONILEN c) NOILEN d) LNOENI
e) ONNLIE
13) In certain code 'FROZEN' is written as 'OFAPSG'. Then how would 'MOLTEN' be
written in that code?
a) OFPOMN b) OFSMPN c) OFUMPN d) OFUNPM
e) OFUMON
14) If in a certain language A is coded as 1, B is coded as 2, and so on, how is B I D D I C coded in
that code?

a) 294493 b) 284563 c) 375582 d) 394492

15. In a certain code, 2 is coded as P, 3 as N, 9 as Q, 5 as R, 4 as A and 6 as B. How is 599423


coded in that code?

a) E I I D B C b) R Q P A N B c) E I M D B C d) R Q Q A P N e) R P
PBQN
16. If D is coded as 4 and C O V E R is coded as 63, then BASIS will be coded as? (Assistant
Grade. 1997)

a) 49 b) 50 c) 54 d) 55

17. In a certain code language, if the value of ‘BLOCK’ = 13 and ‘CURTAIN’ = 27,
then what is the value of the word ‘SCIENCE’?

a) 32 b) 36 c) 38 d) 34

Answers:

1-c 2- b 3- c 4-a 5-a 6-c 7-c 8-b 9-c 10-c 11-c


12-a
13- Option 3
Explanation: Reverse the word and move each letter +1. Reverse of MOLTEN is NETLOM
add 1 to each letter of NETLOM. So code of MOLTEN become OFUMPN.

14. The answer is (a).

Answer: As given the letters are coded as:

A B C D E F G H I
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
So, in B I D D I C, B is coded as 2, I as 9, D as 4, and C as 3. Thus, B I D D I C is coded as
294493.

15. Answer: The answer is (d).

Clearly, as given 5 is coded as R, 9 as Q, 4 as A, 2 as P and 3 as N. So, 599423 is coded as


RQQAPN.

16. Answer: Clearly, in the given code, A = 1. B = 2, C = 3 …. so that C O V E R is coed as 3 + 15


+ 22 + 5 + 18 = 63. [C + O + V + E + R]
Now, in B A S I S, B = 2, A = 1, S = 19, and I = 9. Thus, B A S I S will be coeded as 2 + 1 + 19 + 9
+ 19 = 50. Hence, the answer is b).

17. Answer- C

In this product of the digits in the place−values of the letters as per the alphabet is obtained
first and then added i.e,

BLOCK⇒ B = 2
L = 12 ⇒ 1×2 = 2
O = 15 ⇒ 1×5 = 5
C=3
K = 11 ⇒ 1×1 = 1
Now (2+2+5+3+1) = [Link], BLOCK = 13.
Similarly, SCIENCE = 38.

Common questions

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In decoding transformations like 'CIVILIZATION', reverse operations involve examining whether letters have been reordered or their numeric values inversed. This requires systematic analysis of the structure, such as looking for known patterns like step-wise letter moving, symmetry, or known operations (addition, shifting) backwards to reconstruct the original sequence, hence a multidisciplinary approach is needed for effective decoding .

Coding-decoding exercises enhance problem-solving skills by reinforcing pattern recognition and adaptation. Participants learn to identify patterns in letter arrangements or numeric substitutions and apply rules flexibly across different scenarios. For instance, recognizing letter shifts (+1, -1) or transformations like reversals aids in anticipatory thinking and adaptive solution strategies in unfamiliar contexts .

Symmetry or mirroring in coding-decoding tasks introduces a reflective pattern which can simplify decoding when identified. These patterns might indicate reversals or mirrored letter arrangements such as coding 'SPIDER' as 'PSIDRE', simplifying pattern recognition while offering predictable transformations that guide decoding approaches .

Understanding numeric positions aids in transformations by providing a base for assigning and deciphering numerical representations of letters. In coding like LETTER to NUMERIC, knowing an alphabet's specific place in the sequence allows the construction and interpretation of codes requiring arithmetic operations, as seen in examples where A=1, B=2, or reverse values are applied in problems, adding decoding depth .

Reverse numeric values invert the typical order of the alphabet, assigning A=26, B=25, etc., instead of the traditional A=1, B=2, etc. This approach complicates decoding as it requires cognitive reassignment of values contrary to the intuitive sequential order, adding a layer of difficulty. For instance, in the coding of the word 'CAP' as 61, the reverse numeric values (C=24, A=26, P=11) are summed, rather than the direct order values, significantly changing the approach to decoding .

Grouping enhances complexity by requiring the identification and manipulation of letter clusters rather than single letters. For example, in the coding of 'MOUSE' as 'ONUFT', letters are grouped, with each group altered by a fixed value (+1) and then interchanged. This multilayered transformation involves recognizing patterns in both grouping and sequential letter manipulation, increasing the complexity and challenge of such questions .

Substitution coding challenges traditional comprehension by assigning roles or functions to entities but then renaming them, which tests a person's ability to think abstractly and adaptively about roles. For instance, in a scenario where 'teacher' is called 'clerk', a problem might ask who teaches a class. The candidate must abstract and decode nominal roles (e.g., a teacher teaches) and not rely on direct terminology, posing a greater cognitive challenge .

Understanding both forward and reverse numeric positioning is crucial as it allows for versatile interpretation of codes that may use either method. This can prevent misinterpretation in decoding as problems might require switching between direct alphabet positions (A=1, B=2) and reverse positions (A=26, B=25) as demonstrated by coding challenges like transforming 'CAP' using reverse numeric values .

Rearranging letters in alphabetical order or reverse order demonstrates an understanding of patterns and order within language. It simplifies or complicates the decoding process by introducing predictability or disguise. For example, coding 'WRONG' as 'GNORW' involves placing letters in alphabetical order, providing a straightforward pattern if detected, which can aid in rapid problem solving by transforming familiar sequences into decoded messages .

Common strategies for decoding scrambled words include checking if the letters are arranged alphabetically or reverse-alphabetically, determining if there is a consistent numerical shift (e.g., +1, +2), or if there are logical groupings and letter position swaps. These strategies require observation of patterns such as ascending orders used in transforming 'WRONG' to 'GNORW' .

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