DYSMEBel222/221
Basic Electronics Engineering/Lab
ENGR. RENY BOY S. NAMALATA, ECE
Instructor, School of Mechanical Engineering
Declaration:
This learning module is an exclusive property of Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc., as an essential part of the
REIMAGINED Learning Program for the Academic Year 2020-2021, and shall only be used by and for
DYCIans. No part of this learning module shall be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, and/or sold, without the
consent of DYCI.
<<Module No. 1>>
<< Introduction to Electronics >>
This module reviews the historical development of electronics, highlighting major
discoveries and advances. It also describes some key electronic functions and the manner
in which various devices carry out these functions. Furthermore, it highlights some
application of electronics
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. Know and relate to the history and applications of electronics
2. mention some common electronic components
Electronics, branch of physics and electrical engineering that deals with the emission,
behaviour, and effects of electrons and with electronic devices.
Electronics encompasses an exceptionally broad range of technology. The term
originally was applied to the study of electron behaviour and movement, particularly as
observed in the first electron tubes. It came to be used in its broader sense with advances
in knowledge about the fundamental nature of electrons and about the way in which the
motion of these particles could be utilized. Today many scientific and technical
disciplines deal with different aspects of electronics. Research in these fields has led to
the development of such key devices as transistors, integrated circuits, lasers, and optical
fibres. These in turn have made it possible to manufacture a wide array of electronic
consumer, industrial, and military products. Indeed, it can be said that the world is in the
midst of an electronic revolution at least as significant as the industrial revolution of the
19th century.
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The History Of Electronics
The vacuum tube era
Theoretical and experimental studies of electricity during the 18th and 19th centuries led
to the development of the first electrical machines and the beginning of the widespread use
of electricity. The history of electronics began to evolve separately from that of electricity
late in the 19th century with the identification of the electron by the English physicist Sir
Joseph John Thomson and the measurement of its electric charge by the American
physicist Robert A. Millikan in 1909.
At the time of Thomson’s work, the American inventor Thomas A. Edison had observed a
bluish glow in some of his early lightbulbs under certain conditions and found that a
current would flow from one electrode in the lamp to another if the second one (anode)
were made positively charged with respect to the first (cathode). Work by Thomson and
his students and by the English engineer John Ambrose Fleming revealed that this so-
called Edison effect was the result of the emission of electrons from the cathode, the hot
filament in the lamp. The motion of the electrons to the anode, a metal plate, constituted
an electric current that would not exist if the anode were negatively charged.
This discovery provided impetus for the development of electron tubes, including an
improved X-ray tube by the American engineer William D. Coolidge and Fleming’s
thermionic valve (a two-electrode vacuum tube) for use in radio receivers. The detection
of a radio signal, which is a very high-frequency alternating current (AC), requires that the
signal be rectified; i.e., the alternating current must be converted into a direct current (DC)
by a device that conducts only when the signal has one polarity but not when it has the
other—precisely what Fleming’s valve (patented in 1904) did. Previously, radio signals
were detected by various empirically developed devices such as the “cat whisker”
detector, which was composed of a fine wire (the whisker) in delicate contact with the
surface of a natural crystal of lead sulfide (galena) or some other semiconductor material.
These devices were undependable, lacked sufficient sensitivity, and required constant
adjustment of the whisker-to-crystal contact to produce the desired result. Yet these were
the forerunners of today’s solid-state devices. The fact that crystal rectifiers worked at all
encouraged scientists to continue studying them and gradually to obtain the fundamental
understanding of the electrical properties of semiconducting materials necessary to permit
the invention of the transistor.
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In 1906 Lee De Forest, an American engineer, developed a type of vacuum tube that was
capable of amplifying radio signals. De Forest added a grid of fine wire between the
cathode and anode of the two-electrode thermionic valve constructed by Fleming. The
new device, which De Forest dubbed the Audion (patented in 1907), was thus a three-
electrode vacuum tube. In operation, the anode in such a vacuum tube is given a positive
potential (positively biased) with respect to the cathode, while the grid is negatively
biased. A large negative bias on the grid prevents any electrons emitted from the cathode
from reaching the anode; however, because the grid is largely open space, a less negative
bias permits some electrons to pass through it and reach the anode. Small variations in
the grid potential can thus control large amounts of anode current.
The vacuum tube permitted the development of radio broadcasting, long-distance
telephony, television, and the first electronic digital computers. These early electronic
computers were, in fact, the largest vacuum-tube systems ever built. Perhaps the best-
known representative is the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer),
completed in 1946.
The special requirements of the many different applications of vacuum tubes led to
numerous improvements, enabling them to handle large amounts of power, operate at
very high frequencies, have greater than average reliability, or be made very compact
(the size of a thimble). The cathode-ray tube, originally developed for displaying
electrical waveforms on a screen for engineering measurements, evolved into the
television picture tube. Such tubes operate by forming the electrons emitted from the
cathode into a thin beam that impinges on a fluorescent screen at the end of the tube. The
screen emits light that can be viewed from outside the tube. Deflecting the electron beam
causes patterns of light to be produced on the screen, creating the desired optical images.
Notwithstanding the remarkable success of solid-state devices in most electronic
applications, there are certain specialized functions that only vacuum tubes can perform.
These usually involve operation at extremes of power or frequency.
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Vacuum tubes are fragile and ultimately wear out in service. Failure occurs in normal
usage either from the effects of repeated heating and cooling as equipment is switched on
and off (thermal fatigue), which ultimately causes a physical fracture in some part of the
interior structure of the tube, or from degradation of the properties of the cathode by
residual gases in the tube. Vacuum tubes also take time (from a few seconds to several
minutes) to “warm up” to operating temperature—an inconvenience at best and in some
cases a serious limitation to their use. These shortcomings motivated scientists at Bell
Laboratories to seek an alternative to the vacuum tube and led to the development of the
transistor.
The semiconductor revolution: Invention of the transistor
The invention of the transistor in 1947 by John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William
B. Shockley of the Bell research staff provided the first of a series of new devices with
remarkable potential for expanding the utility of electronic equipment (see photograph).
Transistors, along with such subsequent developments as integrated circuits, are made of
crystalline solid materials called semiconductors, which have electrical properties that can
be varied over an extremely wide range by the addition of minuscule quantities of other
elements. The electric current in semiconductors is carried by electrons, which have a
negative charge, and also by “holes,” analogous entities that carry a positive charge. The
availability of two kinds of charge carriers in semiconductors is a valuable property
exploited in many electronic devices made of such materials.
The first transistor, invented by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain,
and William B. Shockley. (Scace, n.d.)
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Early transistors were produced using germanium as the semiconductor material, because
methods of purifying it to the required degree had been developed during and shortly after
World War II. Because the electrical properties of semiconductors are extremely sensitive
to the slightest trace of certain other elements, only about one part per billion of such
elements can be tolerated in material to be used for making semiconductor devices.
During the late 1950s, research on the purification of silicon succeeded in producing
material suitable for semiconductor devices, and new devices made of silicon were
manufactured from about 1960. Silicon quickly became the preferred raw material,
because it is much more abundant than germanium and thus less expensive. In addition,
silicon retains its semiconducting properties at higher temperatures than does germanium.
Silicon diodes can be operated at temperatures up to 200 °C (400 °F), whereas germanium
diodes cannot be operated above 85 °C (185 °F). There was one other important property
of silicon, not appreciated at the time but crucial to the development of low-cost transistors
and integrated circuits: silicon, unlike germanium, forms a tenaciously adhering oxide film
with excellent electrical insulating properties when it is heated to high temperatures in the
presence of oxygen. This film is utilized as a mask to permit the desired impurities that
modify the electrical properties of silicon to be introduced into it during manufacture of
semiconductor devices. The mask pattern, formed by a photolithographic process, permits
the creation of tiny transistors and other electronic components in the silicon.
Integrated circuits
By 1960 vacuum tubes were rapidly being supplanted by transistors, because the latter had
become less expensive, did not burn out in service, and were much smaller and more
reliable. Computers employed hundreds of thousands of transistors each. This fact, together
with the need for compact, lightweight electronic missile-guidance systems, led to the
invention of the integrated circuit (IC) independently by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments
Incorporated in 1958 and by Jean Hoerni and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor
Corporation in 1959. Kilby is usually credited with having developed the concept of
integrating device and circuit elements onto a single silicon chip, while Noyce is given
credit for having conceived the method for integrating the separate elements.
Early ICs contained about 10 individual components on a silicon chip 3 mm (0.12 inch)
square. By 1970 the number was up to 1,000 on a chip of the same size at no increase in
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cost. Late in the following year the first microprocessor was introduced. The device
contained all the arithmetic, logic, and control circuitry required to perform the functions of
a computer’s central processing unit (CPU). This type of large-scale IC was developed by a
team at Intel Corporation, the same company that also introduced the memory IC in 1971.
The stage was now set for the computerization of small electronic equipment.
Until the microprocessor appeared on the scene, computers were essentially discrete pieces
of equipment used primarily for data processing and scientific calculations. They ranged in
size from minicomputers, comparable in dimensions to a small filing cabinet, to mainframe
systems that could fill a large room. The microprocessor enabled computer engineers to
develop microcomputers—systems about the size of a lunch box or smaller but with
enough computing power to perform many kinds of business, industrial, and scientific
tasks. Such systems made it possible to control a host of small instruments or devices (e.g.,
numerically controlled lathes and one-armed robotic devices for spot welding) by using
standard components programmed to do a specific job. The very existence of computer
hardware inside such devices is not apparent to the user.
The large demand for microprocessors generated by these initial applications led to high-
volume production and a dramatic reduction in cost. This in turn promoted the use of the
devices in many other applications—for example, in household appliances and
automobiles, for which electronic controls had previously been too expensive to consider.
Continued advances in IC technology gave rise to very large-scale integration (VLSI),
which substantially increased the circuit density of microprocessors. These technological
advances, coupled with further cost reductions stemming from improved manufacturing
methods, made feasible the mass production of personal computers for use in offices,
schools, and homes.
By the mid-1980s inexpensive microprocessors had stimulated computerization of an
enormous variety of consumer products. Common examples included programmable
microwave ovens and thermostats, clothes washers and dryers, self-tuning television sets
and self-focusing cameras, videocassette recorders and video games, telephones and
answering machines, musical instruments, watches, and security systems. Microelectronics
also came to the fore in business, industry, government, and other sectors. Microprocessor-
based equipment proliferated, ranging from automatic teller machines (ATMs) and point-
of-sale terminals in retail stores to automated factory assembly systems and office
workstations.
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By mid-1986 memory ICs with a capacity of 262,144 bits (binary digits) were available. In
fact, Gordon E. Moore, one of the founders of Intel, observed as early as 1965 that the
complexity of ICs was approximately doubling every 18–24 months, which was still the
case in 2000. This empirical “Moore’s law” is widely used in forecasting the technological
requirements for manufacturing future ICs (see figure).
Logarithmic graph of the number of transistors on Intel's processors at the time of their
introduction, his “law” was being obeyed. (Scace, n.d.)
Compound semiconductor materials:
Many semiconductor materials other than silicon and germanium exist, and they have
different useful properties. Silicon carbide is a compound semiconductor, the only one
composed of two elements from column IV of the periodic table. It is particularly suited for
making devices for specialized high-temperature applications. Other compounds formed by
combining elements from column III of the periodic table—such as aluminum, gallium,
and indium—with elements from column V—such as phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony—
are of particular interest. These so-called III-V compounds are used to make
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semiconductor devices that emit light efficiently or that operate at exceptionally high
frequencies.
A remarkable characteristic of these compounds is that they can, in effect, be mixed
together. One can produce gallium arsenide or substitute aluminum for some of the
gallium or also substitute phosphorus for some of the arsenic. When this is done, the
electrical and optical properties of the material are subtly changed in a continuous
fashion in proportion to the amount of aluminum or phosphorus used.
Except for silicon carbide, these compounds have the same crystal structure. This makes
possible the gradation of composition, and thus the properties, of the semiconductor
material within one continuous crystalline body. Modern material-processing techniques
allow these compositional changes to be controlled accurately on an atomic scale.
These characteristics are exploited in making semiconductor lasers that produce light of
any given wavelength within a considerable range. Such lasers are used, for example, in
compact disc players and as light sources for optical fibre communication.
Digital electronics
Computers understand only two numbers, 0 and 1, and do all their arithmetic operations in
this binary mode. Many electrical and electronic devices have two states: they are either off
or on. A light switch is a familiar example, as are vacuum tubes and transistors. Because
computers have been a major application for integrated circuits from their beginning,
digital integrated circuits have become commonplace. It has thus become easy to design
electronic systems that use digital language to control their functions and to communicate
with other systems.
A major advantage in using digital methods is that the accuracy of a stream of digital
signals can be verified, and, if necessary, errors can be corrected. In contrast, signals that
vary in proportion to, say, the sound of an orchestra can be corrupted by “noise,” which
once present cannot be removed. An example is the sound from a phonograph record,
which always contains some extraneous sound from the surface of the recording groove
even when the record is new. The noise becomes more pronounced with wear. Contrast
this with the sound rom a digital compact disc recording. No sound is heard that was not
present in the recording studio. The disc and the player contain error-correcting features
that remove any incorrect pulses (perhaps arising from dust on the disc) from the
information as it is read from the disc.
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As electronic systems become more complex, it is essential that errors produced by noise
be removed; otherwise, the systems may malfunction. Many electronic systems are
required to operate in electrically noisy environments, such as in an automobile. The only
practical way to assure immunity from noise is to make such a system operate digitally. In
principle it is possible to correct for any arbitrary number of errors, but in practice this
may not be possible. The amount of extra information that must be handled to correct for
large rates of error reduces the capacity of the system to handle the desired information,
and so trade-offs are necessary.
A consequence of the veritable explosion in the number and kinds of electronic systems
has been a sharp growth in the electrical noise level of the environment. Any electrical
system generates some noise, and all electronic systems are to some degree susceptible to
disturbance from noise. The noise may be conducted along wires connected to the system,
or it may be radiated through the air. Care is necessary in the design of systems to limit the
amount of noise that is generated and to shield the system properly to protect it from
external noise sources.
OptoElectronics
A new direction in electronics employs photons (packets of light) instead of electrons. By
common consent these new approaches are included in electronics, because the functions
that are performed are, at least for the present, the same as those performed by electronic
systems and because these functions usually are embedded in a largely electronic
environment. This new direction is called optical electronics or optoelectronics.
In 1966 it was proposed on theoretical grounds that glass fibres could be made with such
high purity that light could travel through them for great distances. Such fibres were
produced during the early 1970s. They contain a central core in which the light travels.
The outer cladding is made of glass of a different chemical formulation and has a lower
optical index of refraction. This difference in refractive index indicates that light travels
faster in the cladding than it does in the core. Thus, if the light beam begins to move from
the core into the cladding, its path is bent so as to move it back into the core. The light is
constrained within the core even if the fibre is bent into a circle.
The core of early optical fibres was of such a diameter (several micrometres [μm], or
about one-tenth the diameter of a human hair) that the various rays of light in the core
could travel in slightly different paths, the shortest directly down the axis and other longer
paths wandering back and forth across the core. This limited the maximum
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distance that a pulse of light could travel without becoming unduly spread by the time it
arrived at the receiving end of the fibre, with the central ray arriving first and others later.
In a digital communications system, successive pulses can overlap one another and be
indistinguishable at the receiving end. Such fibres are called multimode fibres, in
reference to the various paths (or modes) that the light can follow.
During the late 1970s, fibres were made with smaller core diameters in which the light
was constrained to follow only one path. This occurs if the core has a diameter a little
larger than the wavelength of the light traveling in it—i.e., about 10 to 15 μm (0.01 to
0.015 mm, or 0.0004 to 0.0006 inch). These single-mode fibres avoid the difficulty
described above. By 1993 optical fibres capable of carrying light signals more than 215
km (135 miles) became available. Such distance records have become obsolete with the
use of specialized fibres that incorporate integral amplifying features. Fibres employing
these optical amplifiers carry light signals over transoceanic distances without the
conventional pulse regeneration measures that were needed in the past.
Optical fibres have several advantages over copper wires or coaxial cables. They can
carry information at a much higher rate, they occupy less space (an important feature in
large cities and in buildings), and they are quite insensitive to electrical noise. Moreover,
it is virtually impossible to make unauthorized connections to them. Costs, initially high,
have dropped to the point where most new installations of telephone circuits between
switching centres and over longer distances consist of optical fibres.
Given the fact that communication signals arrive at a central switching office in optical
form, it has been attractive to consider switching them from one route to another by
optical means rather than electrically, as is done today. The distances between central
offices in most cases are substantially shorter than the distance light can travel within a
fibre. Optical switching would make unnecessary the detection and regeneration of the
light signals, steps that are currently required. Such optical central-office switches are
ready for installation today and will further advance the dramatic changes wrought by the
use of light waves rather than electrons.
Another direction in optoelectronics builds in part on the foregoing developments but to a
quite different end. A key problem in developing faster computers and faster integrated
circuits to use in them is related to the time required for electrical signals to travel over
wire interconnections. This is a difficulty both for the integrated circuits themselves and
for the connections between them. Under the best circumstances, electrical signals can
travel in a wire at about 90 percent of the speed of light. A more usual rate is 50 percent.
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Light travels about 30 cm (12 inches) in a billionth of a second. Modern computers
operate at speeds of more than one billion operations per second. Thus, if two signals that
start simultaneously from different sites are to arrive at their destination simultaneously,
the paths they travel must not differ in length by more than a few centimetres.
Two approaches can be envisioned. In one, all the integrated circuits are placed as close
together as possible to minimize the distances that signals must travel. This creates a
cooling problem, because the integrated circuits generate heat. In the other possible
approach, all the paths for signals are made equal to the longest path. This requires the
use of much more wire, because most paths are longer than they would otherwise be. All
this wire takes space, which means that the integrated circuits have to be placed farther
apart than is preferable.
Ultimately, as computers operate even faster, neither approach will work, and a radically
new technique must be used. Optical communication between integrated circuits is one
possible answer. Light beams do not take up space or interfere with cooling air. If the
communication is optical, then the computation might be done optically as well. Optical
computation will require a radically different form of integrated circuit, which can in
principle be made of gallium arsenide and related III-V compounds. These matters are
currently under serious study in research laboratories.
Superconducting electronics
Numerous metals completely lose their resistance to the flow of electric current at
temperatures approaching absolute zero (0 K, −273 °C, or −460 °F) and become
superconducting. Other equally dramatic changes in electrical properties occur as well.
One of these is the Josephson effect, named for the British physicist Brian D. Josephson,
who predicted and then discovered the phenomenon in 1962. The Josephson effect
governs the passage of current from one superconducting metal to another through a very
thin insulating film between them (the Josephson junction) and the effects of small
magnetic fields on this current.
Josephson junction devices change from one electrical state to another in extraordinarily
short times, offering the possibility of producing superconducting microcircuits that
operate faster than any other kind known. Serious efforts have been made to construct a
computer on this basis, but most of the projects have been either discontinued or sharply
cut back because of technical difficulties. Interest in the approach has also waned
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Josephson junctions have other uses in science. They make extremely sensitive detectors of
small magnetic fields, for example. The voltage across a Josephson junction is known on
theoretical grounds to be dependent only on the values of certain basic physical constants.
Since these constants are known to great accuracy, Josephson junctions are now used to
provide the absolute standard of voltage.
Other important applications of Josephson junctions have to do with the metrology of very
high-speed signals. Measurements of fast phenomena require the use of even faster
measurement tools, which Josephson devices provide.
Flat Panel Display
Display devices convey information in visible form from electronic devices to human
viewers. Common examples are the faces on digital watches, numerical indicators on
stereo equipment, and the picture tubes in television sets and computer monitors. Until
recently the most versatile of these has been the picture tube, which can present numbers,
letters, graphs, and both still and moving pictures. While picture tubes set a very high
standard of performance and provide bright colour images, they are bulky, heavy, and
expensive. Designers of television receivers have long desired a display device having the
virtues of the picture tube but fewer of the disadvantages, so that a “picture on the wall”
television set can be produced.
New developments in flat-panel displays have made this possible. Such displays are
advanced versions of the liquid crystal display familiar in digital watch faces. They are
essentially two parallel sheets of thin glass having the facing sides coated with a
transparent yet electrically conducting film such as indium tin oxide. The film layer nearer
the viewer is patterned, while the other layer is not. The space between the films is filled
with a fluid with unusual electrical and optical properties, so that, if an electrical field is
established between the two thin films, the molecules of the fluid line up in such a way that
the light-reflecting or light-transmitting properties of the assembly are radically changed.
The electro-optical fluid is an electrical insulator, so very little electric current flows. Thus,
almost no power is consumed, making the display well suited for use in battery-powered
applications. All flat-panel displays have these characteristics in common, but the many
different varieties exploit the electro-optical effects in numerous ways.
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Displays that produce images are patterned with myriads of tiny picture elements that can
be electrically activated independently to produce patterns of light and dark or arbitrary
forms. Superposed colour filters having arrays of elements corresponding to those in the
display permit the formation of colour images of a quality rivaling that of colour cathode-
ray tube displays. Such displays are used as viewing devices for television sets,
computers, and video and digital cameras.
Colour displays capable of serving as television screens or computer displays are
available in sizes of more than 35 cm (15 inches) on the diagonal, at costs nearly
competitive with picture tubes. There is strong demand for them in laptop computers,
where the thinness of a flat-panel display is essential. Such displays have more than three
million separate elements in the picture array, each of which must have separate means
for its control. The control electronics is integrated into the display, for otherwise the
number of individual wires needed to connect with the rest of the circuitry would be
prohibitive.
A great amount of effort is being expended to increase the size and decrease the cost of
flat-panel displays, because the potential market for them is clearly substantial. Much of
the reduction in cost is obtained through experience in manufacturing, where low yields
attributable to defects in the patterns have been a major problem.
Electronic Components:
1. Active Components: Active components requires an external source of power to
operate. Example of Active components are transistors, integrated circuits, TRIACs,
LEDs, and Sensors.
Sample Images of Active Components (StudentsHeart Team, 2019)
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2. Passive Components: Passive components does not require an external source of power
to operate. Example of passive components are capacitors, resistors, inductors, and few
diodes.
Sample Images of Passive Components (StudentsHeart Team, 2019)
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRONICS
Aerospace industry:
Today with advancement in electronics engineering application in the field of aerospace
has open many impossible ways to humans. Most of the parts used in the Space shuttle,
Satellite power supplies, aircraft power management, and other communication
instruments are electronics devices. Even in commercial airlines, there are numerous
electronic devices which are used to measure different physical parameters like humidity,
temperature, pressure, elevation, etc.
Medical:
With the advancement of the electronics field, and particularly that of computer
technology has made possible many of the application which made possible for nurses
and doctors to examine his patient. Many machines like NMR, ECE, x-ray, etc use
electronics. There is noticeable advancement of electronics in the field of medical
sciences. There are a few mindblowing innovations which prove how important is
electronics – Robotic Arm, Robotic Check-Ups, Bionic Eye, Needle-Free Diabetes Care,
etc.
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Image of Medical Application (StudentsHeart Team, 2019)
Automobile:
Electronics are used in road vehicles, such as Lighting system of the car, telematics, in-
car sound systems, etc. Initially, electronics were used to in cars to control engines.
Nowadays almost every things are controlled using electronics whether it’s a chair in car
or speed limitation in car, or Gas management in the car. Now electronic with its
advancement, it is used in following parts of cars
Transmission
Engine
Chassis
Passenger comfort
Active safety Driver assistance
Entertainment systems
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Image of Automobile Application (StudentsHeart Team, 2019)
Utility Systems:
Electronics has also applications in utility systems such as High voltage DC
Transmission, VAR compensation, Static circuit breakers, Excitation systems, fans and
boiler feed pumps, solar, wind power management system, Smart grid system.
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Image of Utility Systems Application (StudentsHeart Team, 2019)
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Commercial:
Electronic devices and gadgets are widely used for the commercial purpose such as
Telephone, Airconditioning, heating, Digital Advertising, power supplies, Personal
computer, MP3s, office equipment, light dimmer, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS),
etc.
Image of Commercial Application (StudentsHeart Team, 2019)
Agriculture:
Electronics has proved to be the biggest problem solver in the agriculture field. Today
number of electronics devices and sensors are used to monitor a crop or enhance the
production of Agriculture. Like e-Agri Sensors and other electronic gadgets which are
used for measuring the salinity of soil, moisture level, and nutrition level in the soil.
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Image of Agricultural Application (StudentsHeart Team, 2019)
Communication:
In order to communicate for far distance, Electronic devices and systems are used such as
Am Radio, FM Radio, Television, processing, Memory storage, display, analysis,
protection, etc. Electronic sensors and devices are used to allow friendly forces to operate
in the virtual environment. it is very useful we can play games such as Need for speed,
PUBG, GTA, Prince of Persia, Counter-Strike.
Image of Communication Application (StudentsHeart Team, 2019)
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Industrial:
Electronics applications are widely utilized in Arc and Industrial furnaces such as
blowers, fans, pumps and compressors, industrial lasers, transformer tap changers, rolling
mills, textile mills, excavators, cement mills, welding. Nowadays most of the firms use
robotics technology Such as in the manufacturing of cars.
Image of Industrial Application (StudentsHeart Team, 2019)
Residential:
Electronics devices which make our life easy and better such as air conditioner, cooking
appliances, dryer, personal computer, mobile phones, etc.
Image of Residential Application (StudentsHeart Team, 2019)
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Military:
Electronics devices and machinery are also widely used in the military such as UAV and
drones which are used in the military for aerial attack as well as for monitoring. Magnetic
anomaly detector, People sniffer, Night vision device, infrared detector, RADAR, PNS
Hameed, and night vision camera etc. are some gadgets used by the military.
Image of Military Application (StudentsHeart Team, 2019)
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Bibliography:
Das, S. (2020) History of electronics. Retrieved from
[Link]
Scace, R. (n.d.) Electronics. Retrieved from
[Link]
StudentsHeart Team (2019). Applications of Electronics. Retrieved from
[Link]
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Name: _____________________________________________ Rating: ________________
Year and Section:_____________ Professor / Instructor:__________________________
Due of Submission: _____________________________
<< Week No 1 >>
<< INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS>>
1. List down the breakthroughs mentioned from the vacuum tube era until flat panel
display as discussed in the history of electronics.
2. Enumerate examples that you can find around you conforming to the application of
electronics.
3. In your own words what is the difference between electronics and electrical
engineering.
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