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Coin Toss Probability Experiment Results

The document outlines an experiment to determine the empirical probability of outcomes when tossing two coins 20 times, comparing these results with theoretical probabilities. The outcomes were recorded, and the empirical probabilities were found to be close to the theoretical value of 0.25 for each outcome. The experiment demonstrates that with more trials, empirical results tend to align more closely with theoretical expectations, supporting the Law of Large Numbers.

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15 views3 pages

Coin Toss Probability Experiment Results

The document outlines an experiment to determine the empirical probability of outcomes when tossing two coins 20 times, comparing these results with theoretical probabilities. The outcomes were recorded, and the empirical probabilities were found to be close to the theoretical value of 0.25 for each outcome. The experiment demonstrates that with more trials, empirical results tend to align more closely with theoretical expectations, supporting the Law of Large Numbers.

Uploaded by

harshitsinghpatel025
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Quantitative Techniques — Activity 3

**Topic:** Tossing Two Coins 20 Times and Recording Outcomes


**Group Size:** 1
**Name:** (Your Name / Roll No.)
**Course:** MBA I Semester – Quantitative Techniques
**Instructor:** Vedanshi Prajapat, Assistant Professor, JITM, Borawan

1. Objective
To determine the empirical (experimental) probability of each possible outcome when two
coins are tossed 20 times and compare it with the theoretical probability.

2. Theoretical Background
When two coins are tossed together, there are four possible outcomes: HH, HT, TH, and TT.
Each outcome has an equal chance of occurring, assuming fair coins.

Outcome Description

HH Head on both coins

HT Head on first, Tail on second

TH Tail on first, Head on second

TT Tail on both coins

Theoretical probability for each outcome = 1/4 = 0.25

3. Experimental Data (20 Tosses)


Toss No. Outcome

1 HH

2 HT

3 TH

4 TT

5 HH

6 HT

7 HH

8 TT

9 HT
10 TH

11 HT

12 TT

13 TH

14 HH

15 HT

16 TT

17 TH

18 HH

19 TT

20 HT

4. Frequency of Each Outcome


Outcome Frequency (f) Empirical Theoretical
Probability (f/20) Probability

HH 5 0.25 0.25

HT 6 0.30 0.25

TH 4 0.20 0.25

TT 5 0.25 0.25

5. Comparison & Interpretation


The empirical probabilities are close to the theoretical probability (0.25 each). Small
deviations are due to random chance and the limited number of trials. If the number of
tosses increases, the empirical probabilities would likely get even closer to the theoretical
0.25 — demonstrating the Law of Large Numbers.

6. Conclusion
The experiment shows that the outcomes of tossing two fair coins follow theoretical
expectations closely. Empirical results approximate the theoretical probabilities when
repeated sufficiently many times. Thus, probability theory provides a reliable model for
random experiments.
7. Optional Excel Instructions
1. Enter 20 outcomes in column A (HH, HT, TH, TT).
2. Use COUNTIF to count frequencies: =COUNTIF(A2:A21,"HH"), etc.
3. Compute empirical probability as frequency ÷ 20.
4. Plot a bar chart comparing empirical vs theoretical probabilities.

8. Suggested 3–5 Minute Presentation Script


1. Introduction: “We performed a probability experiment by tossing two coins 20 times.”
2. Method: “Each toss was recorded and categorized as HH, HT, TH, or TT.”
3. Results: “Empirical probabilities were HH=0.25, HT=0.30, TH=0.20, TT=0.25.”
4. Interpretation: “Results are close to theoretical 0.25; differences due to random
variation.”
5. Conclusion: “The experiment validates probability concepts and the Law of Large
Numbers.”

9. References
• Business Statistics and Quantitative Techniques — Class Notes
• S.C. Gupta & V.K. Kapoor, Fundamentals of Applied Statistics

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