Number System

Natural Numbers: N = {1, 2, 3, 4…}

Whole Numbers: W = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}

Integers: Z = { …,-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}

+ ¿¿
Positive Integers: Z = {0, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4, …} = N (Natural numbers)

Non-Negative: Z* = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … } = W (Whole numbers)

Even Numbers: E = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …}

Odd Numbers: O = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, …}

Prime Numbers: P = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, …}

Rational Numbers: Q = {-3, -2/5, 0, 1/2, 3/4, 5, 7.25, … }

Q = {√ 3, √ 5, √ 2, π, e, … }
'
Irrational Numbers:

Real Numbers: R = {-5, -2/3, 0, 1.5, 2, √ 2, π, 4.8, … }= Q ∪ Q '

Complex Numbers: C = {2 + 3i, 2 √−1, 5+ √ −2 , i, √ −25 , 5 - 2i, 3i, -7 + i, … } ;

i=√ −1

Countable: whole numbers used for counting real objects

Q. Define Rational Numbers

Rational numbers are numbers that can be written in the form of a fraction ‘p/q’ , where ‘p’ and
‘q’ are integers and ‘q’ is not zero.

Q = {x | x¿p/q where p,q ∈ Z and q≠ 0}

Rational Numbers

Integers

Whole Numbers

Natural Numbers
Q. Define Irrational Numbers

Irrational numbers are numbers that cannot be written in the form of a fraction p/q. Their decimal
forms are non-terminating and non-repeating.

Examples: √2, √3, π (pi), e

Q6. What are Real Numbers?

Real numbers include all rational and irrational numbers. Every number that can be shown on the
number line is a real number.

R=Q ∪ Q' i.e; p/q where p<q

Q7. What is Proper Fraction?

A fraction is called a proper fraction if the numerator is smaller than the denominator

Example: 1/2, 3/5, 4/7, 9/10

Note: The value of a proper fraction is always less than 1.

Q8. What is Improper Fraction?

A fraction is called an improper fraction if the numerator is greater than or equal to the
denominator.

Example: 5/4, 7/3, 9/9, 11/5

Note: The value of an improper fraction is equal to or greater than 1.

Q9. What is Mixed Fraction?

A mixed fraction (or mixed number) is a combination of a whole number and a proper fraction.

Example: 2½, 4⅓, 7¾

Note: Mixed fractions can be converted into improper fractions and vice versa.

For example:

2½ = (2 × 2 + 1)/2 = 5/2

Basic Arithmetic Operations

The operations that are used to perform calculations with numbers are called basic arithmetic
operations. These operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

BODMAS: The order of operations in arithmetic

B (Brackets): _ ( ) { } [ ]

O (Orders): powers and roots

D (Division): ÷ (splitting the number into equal parts)

M (Multiplication) × (adding a number to itself serially)

A (Addition) + (total of two or more operands)

S (Subtraction) - (how far two values are)

Example:

6+[2+8-9{4×2-3+(2×4÷ 2+2)}]

= 6+[2+8-9{4×2-3+(2×1)}]

= 6+[2+8-9{4×2-3+2}]

= 6+[2+8-9{8-3+2}]

= 6+[2+8-9{8-5}]

= 6+[10-27]

= 6-17

= -11

Units and their conversion

A unit is standard of measurement for a certain quantity.

Base Units

Physical quantity Base unit Notation

1. Length or distance meter m
2. Mass kilogram kg
3. Time seconds s
4. Electric current ampere A
5. Temperature kelvin K
6. Amount of particles mole mol
 7. Glow (luminous candela cd
intensity)

Derived Units

Derived Units are formed by mingling the base units.

Physical Quantity Derived Units Notation

1. Force Newton N
2. Energy Joule J
3. Power Watt W
4. Pressure Pascal Pa

The Metric System

The metric system of measurement was evolved from a decimal system. For measuring length
(distance), weight (mass) and capacity (volume) the fundamental units in this system are meter,
gram, and liter respectively. It's an easy system to convert between smaller and larger units. The
SI is modern form of this system.

For example: To measure weight this system uses the mass units: grams (g), kilogram (kg), ton
(t).

The MKS System

The MKS system is a measurement system based on the meter (length), kilogram (mass), and
second (time) as its base units.

M- Mass

K- Kilogram

S- Second

The Imperial System

The imperial system is a system of measurement that originated in Britain and includes units like
the inch, foot, pound, and gallon.

The British Gravitational System of Units (BG) and English Units

The British Gravitational (BG) system and English Engineering system are alike , however, the choice of
primary mass unit and the use of the degree symbol are different.

Dimensions
A dimension is a measurement of size of an object, such as its length, width, or height. It refers
to the essential characteristics of physical quantities.

Types of Dimensions:

1. Zero Dimensional (0D): no length, width, level or size.

For example: point (∙)

2. One-Dimensional (1D): It has only length, no width.

For Example: Line ( )

3. Two-Dimensional (2D): The figure that have length and width with no thickness.

For Example: square, rectangle, circle, triangle and polygon

4. Three-Dimensional (3D): The figures that have length, width and thickness.

For Example: cube, cuboid, cone, sphere and rectangular prism.

Unit Conversions
Conversion is the process of changing one unit of measurement to another.

Some prefixes of SI units are:

Factor Prefix and symbol

−1
10 Deci (d)
−2
10 Centi (c)
−3
10 Milli (m)
10
−6
Micro ( μ)
1
10 Deca (da)
2
10 Hecto (h)
3
10 Kilo (k)
6
10 Mega (M)
9
10 Giga (G)
12
10 Tera (T)
Types:
 1. Conversions within the system
2. Conversion in other systems

Conversion within the system

 1000m=1km
 10mg=1cg
 1000g=1kg
 1 minute=60 seconds
 1 hour= 3600 seconds

For Example: 500g to kg

1000g =1kg

500 1
500g = = kg
1000 2

1
So, 500g = kg .
2

Conversion in other systems

 1 inch = 2.54cm
 1 mile = 1.60934km
 1kg = 2.20462pound
 1 ft = 0.3048 meter

For example: 5 feet to meters

1ft = 0.304 inches,

5 ft = 5 x 0.304 = 1.52 meters.

Difference between Area and Perimeter
Area Perimeter
Area is a region occupied by shape. Perimeter is entire distance covered by the
boundary of a shape
Measured in square units (e.g m2 , c m2 , ¿2 etc) Perimeter is measured in units (e.g m, cm, in,
etc)
A rectangle is figure with opposite sides are Perimeter of rectangle = 2(length ×breadth) =
equal. 2(a × b)
Area of rectangle = length× breadth= a×b
A Square is a figure with all four sides are Perimeter of a Square = 4a
equal.
Area of a Square = a 2
Where a is the length of the side of the square.
Area of a circle is the region occupied by it in a The distance of the outer line of the circle is
plane. called the circumference.
2
Area of Circle = π Circumference of circle = 2πг

The triangle has three sides. The area of The perimeter of a triangle, will be equal to the
a triangle is the space occupied by it in a plane. sum of the length of all three sides. S = a+b+c
1 where a, b and c are the sides of the triangle.
A= (bxh)
2
where b is base and h is height of triangle.
Volume
Volume refers to the measurement that quantifies the amount of a three-dimensional shape of an
object. The volume is measured in cubic units.

𝑉 = a3 𝑎= length of one side.

Shapes Formula Variables
Cube

𝑉=𝑙×𝑤×ℎ 𝑙 = length,
𝑤= width,
Cuboid

𝑉= 2𝜋r 2ℎ 𝑟 = radius of the base,

ℎ = height
Cylinder

𝑟 = radius
ℎ = height
𝑉= π r
Sphere 4 3
3

Rates, Ratios, Proportions and Percentages

Rates A rate describes a relationship between two quantities having different units of
measurement.
Quantity 1
Formula: Rate =
Quantity 2
For Example: The 2kg bag of sugar costs Rs 300, the rate is Rs 300 for 2kgs.
Unit Rate It is the rate where the measurement (the denominator) is the quantity of one.
Quantity 1
Formula:
Oneunit of Quantity 2
For Example: If the banana costs Rs 120 per dozen, then the price of bananas is Rs 10 per piece.

Example
A train is travelling at the speed of 300 miles in six hours, find the average speed of the train.
Solution:
Unit rate = 300 miles / 6 hours = 50 miles/hour
The average speed at which the train travels is 50 miles per hour.
Ratio
A ratio is a comparison of two quantities having same units. If a and b are two quantities then
a : b means a/b
The colon (:) is used to separate the two quantities being compared.
Example:
If there are 10 apples and 5 bananas in a bowl of fruits, then the ratio of apples to bananas is
10:5. This can be simplified to 2:1.
Golden Ratio:
Two quantities are said to be in golden ratio if their ratio is same as the ratio of their sum to the
larger of the two quantities. The Golden Ratio, represented by the Greek letter phi (φ), is a
special irrational number approximately equal to (1.618).
Formula: a/b = φ (phi)
1+ √ 5
Exact value: φ =
2
Approximate value: φ≈ 1.618
For example: A golden rectangle is a rectangle that can be divided into a square and a smaller
rectangle, where the smaller rectangle is a golden rectangle itself.
Example
A rectangle has a width of 5 units. Using a golden ratio formula calculate the length of the
rectangle.
Solution:
L= W * φ = 5 * 1.618 ≈ 8.0901
Proportion
A statement expressing the equality of the two ratios a : b and c:d is called proportion. It can be
written as “a : b = c : d” or “ a : b :: c : d ”.
In the proportion a:b = c:d, a and d are called extremes, and b and c are called means.
Example: Find the values of X to make the ratio proportional.
i. X : 42 :: 2 : 7
Solution:
X×7 = 42 × 2
X = (42×2)/ 7
X = 12
Percentages
The word percent is derived from the Latin word “per centum” which means “by a hundred” or
“per 100”. A percentage, symbolized as %, is a ratio expressed as a fraction of hundred.
Formula: Percentage = (Component part / Whole) × 100
For example: 20 % means 20 out of hundred. 20 % is equivalent to the fraction 20/100, which is
equal to 1/5 or 0.2 in decimal form.
Example: Convert 0.35 to percentage.
Sol: Multiplying 0.35 by 100, to get 0.35 × 100 = 35%
Q: What percentage of ‘a’ is ‘b’?
x
× a=b
100
100 b
x=
a
Q: 25% of what is ‘c’?
25
× x=c
100
100 ×c
x=
25
Q: 75% of ‘a’ is _________?

75
× a=x
100
Q: 40 is 20% of what?

20
40= ×y
100
40=0.2 × y
y=200