VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF HANOI

BASIC PROGRAMMING
Lecture 5: Array and String

Dr. NGUYEN Hoang Ha

Dr. NGUYEN Minh Huong

ĐO TẠO NGHIÊN ỨU SÁNG TO

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Lecture 5:

▪ Array:
▪ Why and What?
▪ Declaring arrays
▪ Accessing Array Elements
▪ Arrays and Addresses
▪ Passing and returning arrays to/from functions
▪ String:
▪ String-array
▪ String library functions

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Array

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Why Array?

How to store a list of 10 students’ marks and compute the

average?
▪ Using Individual variables:
▪ Declaring 10 individual variables
▪ Computing from 10 individual variables
 cumbersome, repetitive writing

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Compute Average with
Individual Variables
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void){
int count = 10; /* Number of values to be read */
long sum = 0L; /* Sum of the numbers */
int mark1, mark2, mark3, mark4, mark5, mark6, mark7, mark8, mark9, mark10;
float average = 0.0f; /* Average of the numbers */

printf("\nEnter the 10 numbers:\n"); /* Prompt for the input */

scanf("%d", &mark1);
scanf("%d", &mark2);
...
scanf("%d", &mark10);

sum = mark1 + mark2 + mark3 + mark4 + mark5 + mark6 + mark7 + mark8 + mark9 + mark10;
average = (float)sum/count; /* Calculate the average
*/
printf("\nAverage of the ten numbers entered is: %f\n", average);
return 0;
}

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What is an Array?

▪ Idea:
▪ A data structure to store consecutive individual variables
▪ manage as a collection

Number 1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4 Number 5

▪ Definition of Array: a data structure storing a fixed-size

sequential collection of elements of the same type.

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Declaring Arrays

▪ Array declaration:
▪ Data type of items
▪ Variable name
▪ Array size: number of items
▪ 1-D Arrays: 0 1 2 3 4

int A[5];
▪ 2-D Arrays: 0 1 2 3 4
int A[3][5]; 0

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Initializing Arrays

▪ Initializing with array size

int A[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

Number of elements matches array size

▪ If array size is omitted, an array just big enough to hold

the initialization is created
int A[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

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Accessing Array Elements

▪ To access an element, you should point out:

▪ Array name
▪ The location of the element in the array

▪ One-dimensional arrays
// array declaration 0 1 2 3 4
int A[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
1 2 3 4 5

for (int i =0; i<5; i++)

{
printf("Element %d in the array is %d \n", i, A[i]);
}

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Accessing Array Elements

▪ 2-dimensional arrays
// array declaration
int A[2][5] = {{1,2,3,4,5}, {6,7,8,9,10}};
for (int i =0; i<2; i++)
{
for (int j =0; j<5; j++)
{
0 1 2 3 4
printf("%d \t", A[i][j]);
} 0 1 2 3 4 5
printf("\n");
} 1 6 7 8 9 10

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Accessing Array Elements

▪ 3-D arrays: for (int i =0; i<2; i++)

{
// array declaration printf("block %d \n",i);
int A[2][2][3] = { for (int j =0; j<2; j++)
{ {
{1,2,3}, for (int k = 0; k<3; k++)
{4,5,6} {
}, printf("%d \t", A[i][j][k]);
{ }
printf("\n");
{7,8,9},
}
{10,11,12}
} }
};

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Arrays and Address

▪ Array name is a pointer to the first element of the array

(detailed in the next session)
▪ 1-D array:
int A[5];

A[0] A[1] A[2] A[3] A[4]

1 2 3 4 5

Memory area
A

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Arrays and Address

▪ 2-D array:
int A[2][3];

A[0][0] A[0][1] A[0][2] A[1][0] A[1][1] A[1][3]

1 2 3 4 5 6

A, A[0] A[1] Memory area

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Arrays and Address
▪ Print out address of array elements
int A[2][3] = {
{1,2,3},
{4,5,6}
};

for (int j =0; j<2; j++)

{
for (int k = 0; k<3; k++)
{
printf("%p \t", &A[j][k]);
}
printf("\n");
}

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Compute the Average using Array

#include <stdio.h>
int main(void){
int numbers[10]; /* Array storing 10 values */
int count = 10; /* Number of values to be read */
long sum = 0L; /* Sum of the numbers */
float average = 0.0f; /* Average of the numbers */
printf("\nEnter the 10 numbers:\n"); /* Prompt for the input */

/* Read the ten numbers to be averaged */

for(int i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
printf("%2d> ",i+1);
scanf("%d", &numbers[i]); /* Read a number */
sum += numbers[i]; /* Add it to sum */
}

average = (float)sum/count; /* Calculate the average*/

printf("\nAverage of the ten numbers entered is: %f\n", average);
return 0; 15
}
Passing Arrays to Functions

▪ As an unknown-size array
▪ 1-D array: void myfunction(int a[], int size)
▪ 2-D array: void myfunction(int a[][3], int row)
▪ As a fixed size array
▪ 1-D array: void myfunction(int a[5])
▪ 2-D array: void myfunction(int a[5][3])
▪ As a pointer
▪ 1-D array: void myfunction(int *a)
▪ 2-D array: void myfunction(int **a)

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Passing Arrays to Functions
Compute_average.h Main.c
#include <stdio.h>
float compute_average (int numbers[], int size)
#include "compute_average.h"
{
int main(void){
float sum = 0L; /* Sum of the numbers */ int numbers[10]; /* Array storing 10 values */

float avg = 0.0f; /* Average of the numbers */ int count = 10; /* Number of values to be read */

for(int i = 0; i < size; i ++) long sum = 0L; /* Sum of the numbers */

sum += numbers[i]; float average = 0.0f; /* Average of the numbers */

printf("\nEnter the 10 numbers:\n"); /* Prompt for the input */

if(size >0)

avg = (float)sum/size; /* Read the ten numbers to be averaged */

else for(int i = 0; i < count; i ++)

avg = -1;//can't compute the average {

printf("%2d> ",i+1);
return avg;
scanf("%d", &numbers[i]); /* Read a number */
}
}

average = compute_average (numbers, count);

printf("\nAverage of these numbers entered is: %f\n", average);

return 0;

} 17
Returning Arrays from Functions

int* increase_elements(int arr[], int size)

{
for (int i =0;i<size;i++)
{
arr[i] = arr[i] + 1;
}
return arr;
}

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String

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String Concept

▪ A string:
▪ Sequence of characters
▪ Is stored in an array of type char

H E L L O

W H A T ’ S A B E A U T I F U L D A Y !

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Eg: String as an Array char

#include <stdio.h>
int main(void){
char gretting[] = "Hello";//compiler will automatically
create sufficient space fo hold all characters declared*/

int size = 5;
for (int i =0;i<size;i++)
{
printf("The charactor #%d is %c\n", i+1, gretting[i]);
}
return 0;
}

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Array of strings

#include <stdio.h>
int main(void){
char subject_names[5][30] = {"Linear Algebra", "Calculus", "Physics", "Co
mputer Architecture", "Basic Programming"};

int size = 5;
for (int i =0;i<size;i++)
{
printf("The subject #%d is %s\n", i+1, subject_names[i]);
}
return 0;
}

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Standard Functions for Strings

▪ Declared in “string.h”
▪ Common functions
Function Uses
strlen() computes string's length
strcpy() copies a string to another
strcat() Concatenates (joins) two strings
strcmp() compares two strings
strlwr() converts string to lowercase
strupr() converts string to uppercase
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Practical time

▪ Create an 2d array to store the score of Calculus and

Informatics scores of 10 students. Then calculate the
average scores of each subject.
▪ Create and print out an 2D identity matrix of size n, n is
inputted by the user.

1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1

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