Linear Algebra Homework 1 - Q2
Solutions
(i) Matrix 1
Find the inverse of the matrix:
0 0 1
⎛ ⎞
A = 2 −1 3
⎝ ⎠
1 1 4
(a) Elementary Row Operations
1. Set up the augmented matrix [A|I ]:
0 0 1 1 0 0
⎡ ⎤
2 −1 3 0 1 0
⎣ ⎦
1 1 4 0 0 1
2. Perform row operations. Swap R1 and R3 to get a leading 1:
1 1 4 0 0 1
⎡ ⎤
2 −1 3 0 1 0
R2 → R2 − 2R1
⎣ ⎦
0 0 1 1 0 0
→
The inverse is:
(b) Adjoint Method
⎢⎥
⎣
⎣
→
0
⎡
1. Calculate the determinant of A:
det(A) = 0
2. Find the matrix of cofactors:
−1
1
1
A
−3
5/3
4
1
0
1
−1
0
=
1
−4
−5/3
− 0
−5
⎝
4
1
5/3
4
3. Now create zeros above the pivots (Gauss-Jordan elimination):
⎡
1 1 4 0 0
−1/3
−7/3
−5/3
1
0
−1/3
−7/3
−5/3
4
0
+ 1
0
−1/3
1
−2
−1/3
2/3
1/3
1
1
⎤R
2/3
0
−1/3
1
0
⎤
1/3
0
R2 → −
1/3
2/3
−1
1
1
2/3
→ R1 − 4R3
R2 → R2 −
⎤
R1 → R1 − R2
0
1/3
2/3
⎠
0
⎤
⎦
1
3
R2
= 1(2 − (−1)) = 3
R3
C =
(ii) Matrix 2
⎜⎟
⎛
⎝
+(−4 − 3)
A
−(0 − 1)
+(0 − (−1))
4. The inverse is A−1
−1
=
=
1
Find the inverse of the matrix:
(a) Elementary Row Operations
adj(A) = C
det(A)
⎝
−7
−5
1. Set up the augmented matrix [A|I ]:
3
−(8 − 3)
+(0 − 1)
−(0 − 2)
adj(A)
A =
1
−1
⎝
T
−2
1
5
=
⎠
+(2 − (−1))
=
−(0 − 0)
+(0 − 0)
3. Find the adjugate matrix, which is the transpose of the cofactor matrix (C T ):
−1
3
−7
−5
⎝
3
−7/3
−5/3
4
1
⎠
1
−1
0
⎞
1/3
−1/3
=
0
⎛
⎝
−7
1/3
2/3
0
−5
−1
⎠
2
3
0
⎞
⎠
The inverse is:
(b) Adjoint Method
⎢⎥
⎡
⎣
1
0
0
1. Calculate the determinant of A:
C =
⎛
⎝
−(−4 − 6)
+(0 − 2)
⎡
−1
0
−(20 − 0)
+(12 − (−4))
−(0 − 10)
3. Find the adjugate matrix (C T ):
adj(A) = C
3
−2
=
−1
66
T
1
4/66
−20/66
17/66
1
⎛
=
2
−20
17
⎝
1
10/66
16/66
−7/66
0
10
16
−7
+(15 − (−2))
−(9 − 2)
+(3 − (−5))
−20
17
−2
10
16
−7
0
10
det(A) = 3(1 ⋅ 4 − 0 ⋅ 3) − (−1)(5 ⋅ 4 − 0 ⋅ (−2)) + 2(5 ⋅ 3 − 1 ⋅ (−2))
= 3(4) + 1(20) + 2(17) = 12 + 20 + 34 = 66
2. Find the matrix of cofactors:
+(4 − 0)
⎤
2. Performing a series of row operations to transform the left side into the identity matrix
yields:
−2/66
10/66
8/66
−2
10
8
=
⎠
⎤
⎝
4
10
−2
−20
16
10
17
−7
8
⎞
⎠
4. The inverse is A−1
(iii) Matrix 3
2. Swap R1 and R2:
=
Find the inverse of the matrix:
(a) Elementary Row Operations
⎣
1
3
1
det(A)
1. Set up the augmented matrix [A|I ]:
−1
2
−1
⎣
adj(A)
A =
1
1
66
−1
⎛
0
⎜⎟
:
3
−20
17
0
4
−1
1
1
1
⎦
10
16
−7
0
⎞
⎠
−2
10
1
8
R2 → R2 − 2R1
R3 → R3 − 3R1
⎞
⎠
R1 → R1 + R2
→
The inverse is:
⎢⎥
⎡
⎣
1
), we get:
(b) Adjoint Method
→
→
⎡
−1
⎣
−1
1. Calculate the determinant of A:
1
⎣
1
0
−1
−2/3
−2
−2/3
4/3
−1
A
1
3. Now perform back-substitution (Gauss-Jordan):
After further row operations (R2
−1
1
−2
−2
−2/3
→ R2 +
=
1
1/3
1
0
−5/3
−3/4
−5/4
4
0
1/3
2/4
⎝
2
−3
−5
det(A) = 2(−1 ⋅ 1 − 1 ⋅ 2) − 1(1 ⋅ 1 − 1 ⋅ 3) + 0 = 2(−3) − 1(−2) = −4
0
1
−2
−3
−2/3
−3
1/3
−5/4
,
1
−2/3
1/3
−2/4
1/4
−1
−2
1
0
1
⎤
−2/3
R3 R1 → R1 − R3
−1/4
1/4
3
R2 →
R3 → R3 − 5R2
1/4
2/4
3/4
⎠
0
1
⎤
⎦
R3 →
⎦
3/4
1
0
R2
⎦
3
4
R3
, and finally
C =
⎜⎟
2. Find the matrix of cofactors:
⎝
+(−1 − 2)
−(1 − 0)
+(1 − 0)
3. Find the adjugate matrix (C T ):
4. The inverse is A−1
A
−1
=
=
−4
1
1
det(A)
⎝
−(1 − 3)
+(2 − 0)
−(2 − 0)
adj(A) = C
adj(A)
−3
5
−1
−1
T
:
+(2 − (−3))
−1
−3
−(4 − 3)
+(−2 − 1)
1
−3
⎠
=
−1
−1
4
⎛
⎝
⎞
3
−1
−3
−2
−5
=
was a small typo in the previous result from row operations which has been corrected here. Both
methods now yield the same correct answer.
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⎛
−2
1
−3
−1
1 −2
−1
3
2
⎠
5
−1
−3
⎞