LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS
NOMINAL name of the category
ORDINAL ranking
INTERVAL ranking of events; zero is not absolute
RATIO zero is absolute
Descriptive Statistics (just
describes data)
• Mean → average (add all values, divide by
number of cases).
• Example: The mean age of nursing students is
21.3 years.
• Use: To show the central value of continuous
data.
•Median → the middle value when data is
arranged in order.
•Example: Median monthly income of
families = ₱15,000.
•Use: Best for skewed data (like income).
•Mode → the most frequently occurring
value.
•Example: Mode of blood type in a group
= “O.”
•Use: Good for categorical data (like
gender, blood type).
•Range → highest minus lowest value.
•Example: Age range = 45 – 18 = 27 years.
•Use: Shows spread of data.
•Variance / Standard Deviation (SD) → show
how spread out data is from the mean.
•Example: Mean BMI = 24, SD = 2 → most
people’s BMI falls between 22–26.
•Use: Important in research to see variation
in scores.
•Frequencies / Percentages
•Example: 70% female, 30% male in
sample.
•Use: To describe categorical variables.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
1. ANOVA – analysis of variances, 3 or more set of population that is
being compared to 1 variable
2. Chi-square – 1 set of population with 2 or more variables focus in
frequency
3. T-tests
[Link] T-test – 2 sets of population compared to 1 variable
[Link] T-test -1 set of population with dependent group or
results (pre and post)
4. Pearson r - 1 set of population with 2 or more variables focus in
interval/ratio
Inferential Statistics
(generalizes, tests, predicts)
A. Hypothesis Testing
•t-test
•Compares means between two groups.
•Example: Do male and female nurses
differ in stress levels?
•Use: Interval/ratio data, normal
distribution.
•ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
•Compares means among 3 or more groups.
•Example: Compare average exam scores of
1st, 2nd, and 3rd-year nursing students.
•Use: When more than 2 groups, continuous
data.
•Chi-square test
•Tests association between two categorical
variables.
•Example: Is smoking status (yes/no) related
to gender (male/female)?
•Use: Nominal/ordinal data, categorical
comparisons.
B. Correlation & Regression
•Pearson’s r (Correlation)
•Measures strength and direction of linear
relationship.
•Example: Hours of sleep vs. exam scores (r =
+0.65, strong positive correlation).
•Use: Interval/ratio data, normally
distributed.
•Spearman’s rho
•Like Pearson, but for ordinal or non-normal
data.
•Example: Rank of class attendance vs. rank
of grades.
•Use: Non-parametric correlation.
• Regression Analysis
• Predicts outcome based on one or more variables.
• Example: Can study hours and sleep predict exam
performance?
• Use: To forecast or explain relationships.
• Simple regression: one independent variable.
• Multiple regression: more than one independent
variable.
• Logistic regression: predicts categorical outcomes
(e.g., pass/fail, yes/no).
The Effect of Guided Meditation
on Stress Levels Among Nursing
Students During Clinical
Rotations
Effect of Shift Length (8hr,
10hr, 12hr) on Job Satisfaction
Among Registered Nurses
Association Between Use of
Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) and
Incidence of COVID-19 Among
Nurses
Relationship Between Years of
Experience and Confidence in
Administering Emergency Care
Among ICU Nurses
•Predictors of Burnout Among
Nurses: Analysis of Workload, Sleep
Quality, and Support Systems
The Effect of Mindfulness
Training on Anxiety Levels in
Nursing Students Before
Clinical Exams