INDEX OF MINIMUM LEVEL LEARNING STUDY MATERIAL

CLASS X : MATHEMATICS (BASIC)

S. NO. CHAPTER/CONTENT PAGE NO.

Triangles Theorem – Proof and Exercise 6.2, Important

1 Questions from Exercise 6.3 1–5

2 Circles – Concepts with Important Questions 6–9

3 Statistics – Concepts with Important Questions 10 – 16

4 Probability – Concepts with Important Questions 17 – 21

5 Real Numbers – Concepts with Important Questions 22 – 24

6 Coordinate Geometry– Concepts with Important Questions 25 – 28

7 Polynomials – Concepts with Important Questions 29 – 31

8 Quadratic Equations – Important Questions 32 – 34

9 Linear Equation in two variables – Important Questions 35 – 38

10 Arithmetic Progression – Concepts with Important Questions 39 – 42

11 Triangles – 1 mark Important Questions 43 – 46

12 Trigonometry Chapter 08 & 09 – Important Questions 47 – 53

13 Areas related to Circles – Important Questions 54 – 58

14 Surface Areas and Volumes – Important Questions 59 – 62

 CHAPTER – 6
TRIANGLES
IMPORTANT THEOREMS
BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM OR THALES THEOREM
If a straight line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle intersecting the other two sides, then it
divides the two sides in the same ratio.

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CONVERSE OF BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM
( CONVERSE OF THALES THEOREM)
If a straight line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line must be parallel to
the third side.

Exercise 6.2 Important Questions

1. If a line intersects sides AB and AC of a Δ ABC at D and E respectively and is parallel to BC,
prove that AD/AB = AE/AC
2. ABCD is a trapezium with AB || DC. E and F are points on non-parallel sides AD and BC
respectively such that EF is parallel to AB. Show that AE/ED = BF/FC

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3. In the below figure, PS/SQ = PT/TR and ∠ PST = ∠ PRQ. Prove that PQR is an isosceles
triangle.

4. In the below figure, if LM || CB and LN || CD, prove that AM/AB = AN/AD

5. In the below figure, DE || AC and DF || AE. Prove that BF/FE = BE/EC

6. In the below figure, DE || OQ and DF || OR. Show that EF || QR.

7. In the below figure, A, B and C are points on OP, OQ and OR respectively such that AB || PQ
and AC || PR. Show that BC || QR.

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8. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC and its diagonals intersect each other at the point O.
Show that AO/BO = CO/DO
9. The diagonals of a quadrilateral ABCD intersect each other at the point O such that AO/BO =
CO/DO⋅ Show that ABCD is a trapezium.

Exercise 6.3 Important Questions

1. A girl of height 90 cm is walking away from the base of a lamp-post at a speed of 1.2 m/s. If the
lamp is 3.6 m above the ground, find the length of her shadow after 4 seconds.
2. In the below figure, QR/QS = QT/PR and ∠ 1 = ∠ 2. Show that Δ PQS ~ Δ TQR.

3. S and T are points on sides PR and QR of Δ PQR such that ∠ P = ∠ RTS. Show that Δ RPQ ~ Δ
RTS.
4. In the below figure, if Δ ABE ≅ Δ ACD, show that Δ ADE ~ Δ ABC.

5. In the below figure, altitudes AD and CE of Δ ABC intersect each other at the point P. Show
that: (i) Δ AEP ~ Δ CDP (ii) Δ ABD ~ Δ CBE (iii) Δ AEP ~ Δ ADB (iv) Δ PDC ~ Δ BEC

6. E is a point on the side AD produced of a parallelogram ABCD and BE intersects CD at F. Show

that Δ ABE ~ Δ CFB.
7. In the below figure, ABC and AMP are two right triangles, right angled at B and M respectively.
Prove that: (i) Δ ABC ~ Δ AMP (ii) CA/PA = BC/MP

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8. Sides AB and BC and median AD of a triangle ABC are respectively proportional to sides PQ
and QR and median PM of Δ PQR. Show that Δ ABC ~ Δ PQR.
9. D is a point on the side BC of a triangle ABC such that ∠ ADC = ∠ BAC. Show that CA2 =
[Link].
10. Sides AB and AC and median AD of a triangle ABC are respectively proportional to sides PQ
and PR and median PM of another triangle PQR. Show that Δ ABC ~ Δ PQR.
11. A vertical pole of length 6 m casts a shadow 4 m long on the ground and at the same time a
tower casts a shadow 28 m long. Find the height of the tower.
12. If AD and PM are medians of triangles ABC and PQR, respectively where Δ ABC ~ Δ PQR,
prove that AB/PQ = AD/PM⋅

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 CHAPTER – 10
CIRCLES
THEOREMS
1) The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
2) The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. From a point Q, the length of the tangent to a circle is 24 cm and the distance of Q from the
centre is 25 cm. Find the radius of the circle
2. In the below figure, if TP and TQ are the two tangents to a circle with centre O so that  POQ =
110°, then find  PTQ.

3. If tangents PA and PB from a point P to a circle with centre O are inclined to each other at angle
of 80°, then find  POA
4. Prove that the tangents drawn at the ends of a diameter of a circle are parallel.
5. Prove that the perpendicular at the point of contact to the tangent to a circle passes through the
centre.
6. The length of a tangent from a point A at distance 5 cm from the centre of the circle is 4 cm.
Find the radius of the circle.
7. Two concentric circles are of radii 5 cm and 3 cm. Find the length of the chord of the larger
circle which touches the smaller circle.
8. A quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a circle. Prove that AB + CD = AD + BC
9. Prove that the angle between the two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle is
supplementary to the angle subtended by the line-segment joining the points of contact at the
centre.

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10. Prove that the parallelogram circumscribing a circle is a rhombus.
11. Prove that opposite sides of a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle subtend supplementary angles
at the centre of the circle.
12. Prove that in two concentric circles, the chord of the larger circle, which touches the smaller
circle, is bisected at the point of contact.
13. XY and X′Y′ are two parallel tangents to a circle with centre O and another tangent AB with
point of contact C intersecting XY at A and X′Y′ at B. Prove that  AOB = 90°.

14. A triangle ABC is drawn to circumscribe a circle of radius 4 cm such that the segments BD and
DC into which BC is divided by the point of contact D are of lengths 8 cm and 6 cm
respectively. Find the sides AB and AC.

15. Two tangents TP and TQ are drawn to a circle with centre O from an external point T. Prove that
 PTQ = 2  OPQ.
16. PQ is a chord of length 8 cm of a circle of radius 5 cm. The tangents at P and Q intersect at a
point T. Find the length TP.
17. Two tangents PQ and PR are drawn from an external point to a circle with centre O. Prove that
QORP is a cyclic quadrilateral.
18. If from an external point B of a circle with centre O, two tangents BC and BD are drawn such
that  DBC = 120°, prove that BC + BD = BO, i.e., BO = 2BC.
19. Prove that the tangents drawn at the ends of a chord of a circle make equal angles with the chord.
20. Prove that a diameter AB of a circle bisects all those chords which are parallel to the tangent at
the point A.
21. From an external point P, two tangents, PA and PB are drawn to a circle with centre O. At one
point E on the circle tangent is drawn which intersects PA and PB at C and D, respectively. If PA
= 10 cm, find the the perimeter of the triangle PCD.
22. In a right triangle ABC in which  B = 90°, a circle is drawn with AB as diameter intersecting
the hypotenuse AC and P. Prove that the tangent to the circle at P bisects BC.

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MCQ (1 MARK)

1. Find the length of tangent drawn to a circle with radius 7 cm from a point 25 cm away from the
centre.
(a) 24 cm (b) 27 cm (c) 26 cm (d) 25 cm

2. A point P is 26 cm away from the centre of a circle and the length of the tangent drawn from P to
the circle is 24 cm. Find the radius of the circle.
(a) 11 cm (b) 10 cm (c) 16 cm (d) 15 cm

3. From an external point P, tangents PA and PB are drawn to a circle with centre O. If CD is the
tangent to the circle at a point E and PA = 14 cm, find the perimeter of the PCD.
(a) 28 cm (b) 27 cm (c) 26 cm (d) 25 cm
A A
C
P P
E 600
O.

D
B B
4. In the above sided figure, PA and PB are tangents such that PA = 9cm and APB = 600. Find the
length of the chord AB.
(a) 4 cm (b) 7 cm (c) 6 cm (d) 9 cm

5. In the below figure the circle touches all the sides of a quadrilateral ABCD whose three sides are
AB = 6 cm, BC = 7 cm, CD = 4 cm. Find AD.
(a) 4 cm (b) 3 cm (c) 6 cm (d) 9 cm

6. In the above sided Fig., if TP and TQ are the two tangents to a circle with centre O so that
POQ = 110°, then PTQ is equal to
(a) 600 (b) 700 (c) 800 (d) 900

7. If tangents PA and PB from a point P to a circle with centre O are inclined to each other at angle
of 80°, then POA is equal to
(a) 600 (b) 700 (c) 800 (d) 500

8. The length of a tangent from a point A at distance 5 cm from the centre of the circle is 4 cm.
Find the radius of the circle.
(a) 4 cm (b) 3 cm (c) 6 cm (d) 5 cm

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9. From a point P, 10 cm away from the centre of a circle, a tangent PT of length 8 cm is drawn.
Find the radius of the circle.
(a) 4 cm (b) 7 cm (c) 6 cm (d) 5 cm

10. PT is tangent to a circle with centre O, OT = 56 cm, TP = 90 cm, find OP

(a) 104 cm (b) 107 cm (c) 106 cm (d) 105 cm

11. TP and TQ are the two tangents to a circle with center O so that angle POQ = 1300. Find
PTQ.
(a) 500 (b) 700 (c) 800 (d) none of these

12. From a point Q, the length of the tangent to a circle is 40 cm and the distance of Q from the
centre is 41 cm. Find the radius of the circle.
(a) 4 cm (b) 3 cm (c) 6 cm (d) 9 cm

13. The common point of a tangent to a circle with the circle is called _________
(a) centre (b) point of contact (c) end point (d) none of these.

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 CHAPTER – 14
STATISTICS
MEAN OF GROUPED DATA
Direct method

Mean, x 
 fi x i
 fi
Assume mean method or Short-cut method

Mean, x  A 
 fi d i where d  x  A
i i
 fi
Step Deviation method (This method deleted but student can use this method also)

Mean, x  A 
 fiu i  h where u  xi  A
 fi h

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
The following table gives the literacy rate (in percentage) of 35 cities. Find the mean literacy
rate.
Literacy rate (in %) 45 – 55 55 – 65 65 – 75 75 – 85 85 – 95
Number of cities 3 10 11 8 3
Solution:
Literacy rate Number of Class mark x A fu
(in %) Cities ‘f’ ‘x’ u 
h
45 – 55 3 50 –2 –6
55 – 65 10 60 –1 –10
65 – 75 11 70 0 0
75 – 85 8 80 1 8
85 – 95 3 90 2 6
Total 35 –2

Here, fu  2,  f  35 , A = 70, h = 10

Mean, x  A 
 fu  h =  x  70  2 10  70  20  70  4  70  0.57  x  69.43
f 35 35 7

Questions for Practice

1. Find the mean of the following data:
Class Interval 10 – 25 25 – 40 40 – 55 55 – 70 70 – 85 85 – 100
Frequency 2 3 7 6 6 6
2. Find the mean percentage of female teachers of the following data:
Percentage of female 15 – 25 25 – 35 35 – 45 45 – 55 55 – 65 65 – 75 75 – 85
teachers
Number of States/U.T 6 11 7 4 4 2 1
3. A survey was conducted by a group of students as a part of their environment awareness
programme, in which they collected the following data regarding the number of plants in 20
houses in a locality. Find the mean number of plants per house.
Number of plants 0 – 2 2 – 4 4 – 6 6 – 8 8 – 10 10 – 12 12 – 14
Number of houses 1 2 1 5 6 2 3

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4. Find the mean daily wages of the workers of the factory by using an appropriate method for the
following data:
Daily wages (in Rs) 100 – 120 120 – 140 140 – 160 160 – 180 180 – 200
Number of workers 12 14 8 6 10
5. Find the mean number of mangoes kept in a packing box for the following data:
Number of mangoes 50 – 52 53 – 55 56 – 58 59 – 61 62 – 64
Number of boxes 15 110 135 115 25
6. Find the mean daily expenditure on food for the following data:
Daily expenditure (in Rs.) 100 – 150 150 – 200 200 – 250 250 – 300 300 – 350
Number of households 4 5 12 2 2

MODE OF GROUPED DATA

 f1  f 0 
Mode  l    h
 2 f1  f 0  f 2 
where l = lower limit of the modal class,
h = size of the class interval (assuming all class sizes to be equal),
f1 = frequency of the modal class,
f0 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class,
f2 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Find the mean, mode and median for the following frequency distribution.
Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 Total
Frequency 8 16 36 34 6 100
Solution:
Here, highest frequency is 36 which belongs to class 20 – 30. So, modal class is 20 – 30,
l = 20, f0 = 16, f1 = 36, f2 = 34, h = 10
 f1  f 0 
We know that Mode  l    h
 2 f1  f 0  f 2 
36  16
 Mode  20   10
2(36)  16  34
20 200
 Mode  20   10  20   20  9.09  29.09
72  50 22

Questions for Practice

1. The frequency distribution table of agriculture holdings in a village is given below:
Area of land(in ha) 1-3 3-5 5-7 79 9-11 11-13
No. of families 20 45 80 55 40 12
Find the modal agriculture holdings of the village.
2. Find the mode age of the patients from the following distribution :
Age(in years) 6-15 16-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56-65
No. of patients 6 11 21 23 14 5
3. Find the mode of the following frequency distribution:
Class 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55
Frequency 25 34 50 42 38 14

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4. Find the modal height of maximum number of students from the following distribution:
Height(in cm) 160-162 163-165 166-168 169-171 172-174
No. of students 15 118 142 127 18
5. A survey regarding the heights (in cms) of 50 girls of a class was conducted and the following
data was obtained.
Height(in cm) 120-130 130-140 140-150 150-160 160-170 Total
No. of girls 2 8 12 20 8 50
Find the mode of the above data.

 Cumulative Frequency: The cumulative frequency of a class is the frequency obtained by

adding the frequencies of all the classes preceeding the given class.

MEDIAN OF GROUPED DATA

n 
 2  cf 
Median  l    h
 f 
 
where l = lower limit of median class,
n = number of observations,
cf = cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class,
f = frequency of median class,
h = class size (assuming class size to be equal).

EMPIRICAL FORMULA
3Median = Mode + 2 Mean

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Find the median of the following frequency distribution:
Class 75-84 85-94 95-104 105-114 115-124 125-134 135-144
Frequency 8 11 26 31 18 4 2
Solution:
Class True Class limits Frequency cf
75-84 74.5 – 84.5 8 8
85-94 84.5 – 94.5 11 19
95-104 94.5 – 104.5 26 45
105-114 104.5 – 114.5 31 76
115-124 114.5 – 124.5 18 94
125-134 124.5 – 134.5 4 98
135-144 134.5 – 144.5 2 100
Total 100
n
Here, n = 100   50 which belongs to 104.5 – 114.5
2
So, l = 104.5, cf = 45, f = 31, h = 10
n 
 2  cf 
We know that Median  l    h
 f 
 
50  45 50
 Median  104.5  10  Median  104.5   104.5  1.61  106.11
31 31
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Questions for Practice
1. The percentage of marks obtained by 100 students in an examination are given below:
Marks 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65
No. of Students 14 16 18 23 18 8 3
Determine the median percentage of marks.
2. Weekly income of 600 families is as under:
Income(in Rs.) 0-1000 1000-2000 2000-3000 3000-4000 4000-5000 5000-6000
No. of Families 250 190 100 40 15 5
Compute the median income.

3. Find the median of the following frequency distribution:

Marks 0–5 5 – 10 10 – 15 15 – 20 20 – 25 25 – 30 30 – 35 35 – 40
Number of students 8 12 20 12 18 13 10 7
4. The following table gives the distribution of the life time of 500 neon lamps:
1500 – 2000 – 2500 – 3000 – 3500 – 4000 – 4500 –
Life time (in hrs)
2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Number of Lamps 24 86 90 115 95 72 18
Find the median life time of a lamp.
5. Find the median marks for the following distribution:
Marks Below 10 Below 20 Below 30 Below 40 Below 50 Below 60
No. of Students 6 15 29 41 60 70
6. Find the median wages for the following frequency distribution:
Wages per day 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 101-110 111-120
No. of workers 5 15 20 30 10 8
7. Find the median marks for the following distribution:
Marks 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50
No. of Students 2 3 6 7 14 12 4 2

MCQ (1 MARK)

1. For a frequency distribution, mean, median and mode are connected by the relation
(a) mode = 3mean – 2median (b) mode = 2median – 3mean
(c) mode = 3median – 2mean (d) mode = 3median + 2mean

2. The class mark of a class interval is

(a) upper limit +lower limit (b) upper limit – lower limit
1 1
(c) (upper limit + lower limit) (d) (upper limit – lower limit)
2 2
3. Construction of cumulative frequency table is useful in determining the
(a) mode (b) median (c) mean (d) all the above three measures

4. Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency of a statistical data?

(a) mode (b) median (c) mean (d) range
5. In a continuous frequency distribution, the median of the data is 24. If each item is increased by
2, then the new median will be
(a) 24 (b) 26 (c) 12 (d) 48

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6. For the following distribution
Marks Number of students
Below 10 3
Below 20 12
Below 30 27
Below 40 57
Below 50 75
Below 60 80
the modal class is
(a) 10 – 20 (b) 20 – 30 (c) 30 – 40 (d) 40 – 50

7. For the following distribution

Marks Number of students
Below 10 3
Below 20 12
Below 30 27
Below 40 57
Below 50 75
Below 60 80
the median class is
(a) 10 – 20 (b) 20 – 30 (c) 30 – 40 (d) 40 – 50

8. In a grouped frequency distribution, the mid values of the classes are used to measure which of
the following central tendency?
(a) mode (b) median (c) mean (d) all the above three measures

9. Weights of 40 eggs were recorded as given below:

Weights(in 85 – 89 90 – 94 95 – 99 100 – 104 105- 109
gms)
No. of eggs 10 12 12 4 2
The lower limit of the median class is
(a) 90 (b) 95 (c) 94.5 (d) 89.5

10. The median class of the following distribution is

C.I 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60
F 8 10 12 22 30 18
(a) 10 – 20 (b) 20 – 30 (c) 30 – 40 (d) 40 – 50

11. Weights of 40 eggs were recorded as given below:

Weights(in gms) 85 – 89 90 – 94 95 – 99 100 – 104 105- 109
No. of eggs 10 12 15 4 2
The lower limit of the modal class is
(a) 90 (b) 95 (c) 94.5 (d) 89.5

12. In the formula x  a  

fi d i
, finding the mean of the grouped data, di’s are deviations from
f i

assumed mean ‘a’ of

(a) lower limits of classes (b) upper limits of classes
(c) class marks (d) frequencies of the classes.

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13. In the following distribution :
Monthly income range (in Rs) Number of families
Income more than Rs 10000 100
Income more than Rs 13000 85
Income more than Rs 16000 69
Income more than Rs 19000 50
Income more than Rs 22000 33
Income more than Rs 25000 15
the number of families having income range (in Rs) 16000 – 19000 is
(a) 15 (b) 16 (c) 17 (d) 19

14. If xi’s are the midpoints of the class intervals of grouped data, fi’s are the corresponding
frequencies and x is the mean, then  fi ( xi  x) is equal to
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 2
  f i ui 
15. In the formula x  a    h  , finding the mean of the grouped data, ui =
  fi 
 
xi  a xi  a a  xi
(a) (b) (c) (d) h( xi  a)
h h h
16. Construction of cumulative frequency table is useful in determining the
(a) mean (b) median (c) mode (d) all three

17. For the following distribution:

Class 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25
Frequency 10 15 12 20 9
The sum of lower limits of the median class and the modal class is
(a) 15 (b) 25 (c) 30 (d) 35

18. Consider the following frequency distribution:

Class 0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49
Frequency 13 10 15 8 11
The upper limit of the median class is
(a) 29 (b) 29.5 (c) 30 (d) 19.5

19. The abscissa of the point of intersection of the less than type and of the more than type ogives
gives its
(a) mean (b) median (c) mode (d) all three

20. For the following distribution: the modal class is

Marks Below 10 Below 20 Below 30 Below 40 Below 50
No. of Students 8 17 32 62 80
(a) 10 – 20 (b) 20 – 30 (c) 30 – 40 (d) 40 – 50
21. From the following data of the marks obtained by students of class X
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
No. of Students 8 12 20 30 10 10
How many students, secured less than 40 marks?
(a) 70 (b) 40 (c) 80 (d) 30

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22. The times in seconds taken by 150 athletics to run a 100m hurdle race are given as under:
Class 12.7-13 13-13.3 13.3-13.6 13.6-13.9 13.9-13.12
Frequency 5 6 10 55 41
The number of athletes who completed the race in less than 13.9 sec is
(a) 21 (b) 55 (c) 41 (d) 76

23. Consider the data:

Class 25-45 45-65 65-85 85-105 105-125 125-145
Frequency 4 5 12 20 14 11
The difference of the upper limit of the median class and the lower limit of the modal class
is
(a) 0 (b) 19 (c) 20 (d) 38

24. Consider the following distribution:

Marks Above 0 Above 10 Above 20 Above 30 Above 40 Above 50
No. of Students 63 58 55 51 48 42
The frequency of the class 30 – 40 is
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 48 (d) 41

25. Consider the following frequency distribution of the heights of 60 students of a class :
Number of
Height (in cm)
students
150-155 15
155-160 13
160-165 10
165-170 8
170-175 9
175-180 5
The sum of the lower limit of the modal class and upper limit of the median class is
(a) 310 (b) 315 (c) 320 (d) 330

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 CHAPTER – 15
PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY

The theoretical probability (also called classical probability) of an event A, written as P(A), is
defined as
Number of outcomes favourable to A
P(A) =
Number of all possible outcomes of the experiment

COMPLIMENTARY EVENTS AND PROBABILITY

We denote the event 'not E' by E . This is called the complement event of event E.
So, P(E) + P(not E) = 1
i.e., P(E) + P( E ) = 1, which gives us P( E ) = 1 – P(E).

 The probability of an event which is impossible to occur is 0. Such an event is called an

impossible event.
 The probability of an event which is sure (or certain) to occur is 1. Such an event is called a sure
event or a certain event.
 The probability of an event E is a number P(E) such that 0 ≤ P (E) ≤ 1
 An event having only one outcome is called an elementary event. The sum of the probabilities of
all the elementary events of an experiment is 1.

DECK OF CARDS AND PROBABILITY

A deck of playing cards consists of 52 cards which are divided into 4 suits of 13 cards each. They
are black spades (♠) red hearts (♥), red diamonds (♦) and black clubs (♣).

The cards in each suit are Ace, King, Queen, Jack, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 and 2. Kings, Queens and
Jacks are called face cards.

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 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Two dice are thrown together. Find the probability that the sum of the numbers on the top of
the dice is (i) 9 (ii) 10
Solution:
Here, total number of outcomes, n(s) = 36
(i) Let A be the event of getting the sum of the numbers on the top of the dice is 9 then we have
n(A) = 4 i.e. (3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 3)
n( A)
Therefore, Probability of getting the sum of the numbers on the top of the dice is 9, P( A) 
n( S )
4 1
 P( A)  
36 9
(ii) Let B be the event of getting the sum of the numbers on the top of the dice is 10 then we have
n(B) = 3 i.e. (4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4)
n( B )
Therefore, Probability of getting the sum of the numbers on the top of the dice is 10, P( B) 
n( S )
3 1
 P( B)  
36 12

One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting (i) red
colour ace card (ii) a face card or a spade card (iii) a black face card
Solution:
Here, total number of outcomes, n(s) = 52
(i) Let A be the event of getting red colour ace card and we know that the number of red ace card is
2 then we have, n(A) = 2
n( A)
Therefore, Probability of getting red colour ace card, P( A) 
n( S )
2 1
 P( A)  
52 26
(ii) Let B be the event of getting a face card or a spade card and we know that there are 12 face
cards, 13 spade cards and 3 face cards are spade then we have, n(B) = 12 + 13 – 3 = 22
n( B )
Therefore, Probability of getting a face card or a spade card, P( B) 
n( S )
22 11
 P( B)  
52 26
(ii) Let B be the event of getting a black face card and we know that there are 6 face cards are black
then we have, n(C) = 6
n(C )
Therefore, Probability of getting a black face card, P(C ) 
n( S )
6 3
 P(C )  
52 26

Questions for Practice

1. Two dice are thrown together. Find the probability that the product of the numbers on the top of
the dice is (i) 6 (ii) 12 (iii) 7
2. A die is thrown twice. What is the probability that (i) 5 will not come up either time? (ii) 5 will
come up at least once?
3. A lot consists of 144 ball pens of which 20 are defective and the others are good. Nuri will buy a
pen if it is good, but will not buy if it is defective. The shopkeeper draws one pen at random and
gives it to her. What is the probability that (i) She will buy it ? (ii) She will not buy it ?

Page - 18 -
4. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting (i) a
king of red colour (ii) a face card (iii) a red face card (iv) the jack of hearts (v) a spade (vi) the
queen of diamonds
5. Five cards—the ten, jack, queen, king and ace of diamonds, are well-shuffled with their face
downwards. One card is then picked up at random. (i) What is the probability that the card is the
queen? (ii) If the queen is drawn and put aside, what is the probability that the second card
picked up is (a) an ace? (b) a queen?
6. 12 defective pens are accidentally mixed with 132 good ones. It is not possible to just look at a
pen and tell whether or not it is defective. One pen is taken out at random from this lot.
Determine the probability that the pen taken out is a good one.
7. A piggy bank contains hundred 50p coins, fifty Re 1 coins, twenty Rs 2 coins and ten Rs 5 coins.
If it is equally likely that one of the coins will fall out when the bank is turned upside down, what
is the probability that the coin (i) will be a 50 p coin ? (ii) will not be a Rs 5 coin?
8. A box contains 5 red marbles, 8 white marbles and 4 green marbles. One marble is taken out of
the box at random. What is the probability that the marble taken out will be (i) red ? (ii) white ?
(iii) not green?
9. (i) A lot of 20 bulbs contain 4 defective ones. One bulb is drawn at random from the lot. What is
the probability that this bulb is defective?
(ii) Suppose the bulb drawn in (i) is not defective and is not replaced. Now one bulb is drawn at
random from the rest. What is the probability that this bulb is not defective ?
10. A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at random from
the box, find the probability that it bears (i) a two-digit number (ii) a perfect square number (iii)
a number divisible by 5.
11. A carton consists of 100 shirts of which 88 are good, 8 have minor defects and 4 have major
defects. Jimmy, a trader, will only accept the shirts which are good, but Sujatha, another trader,
will only reject the shirts which have major defects. One shirt is drawn at random from the
carton. What is the probability that (i) it is acceptable to Jimmy? (ii) it is acceptable to Sujatha?
12. Two customers are visiting a particular shop in the same week (Monday to Saturday). Each is
equally likely to visit the shop on any day as on another day. What is the probability that both
will visit the shop on (i) the same day? (ii) consecutive days? (iii) different days?
13. A bag contains 5 red balls and some blue balls. If the probability of drawing a blue ball is double
that of a red ball, determine the number of blue balls in the bag.
14. A box contains 12 balls out of which x are black. If one ball is drawn at random from the box,
what is the probability that it will be a black ball? If 6 more black balls are put in the box, the
probability of drawing a black ball is now double of what it was before. Find x.
15. A jar contains 24 marbles, some are green and others are blue. If a marble is drawn at random
2
from the jar, the probability that it is green is . Find the number of blue marbles in the jar.
3

MCQ (1 MARK)

1. There are 6 marbles in a box with number 1 to6 marked on each of them . What is the
probability of drawing a marble with number 2 ?
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
6 5 3

2. A coin is flipped to decide which team starts the game . What is the probability of your team will
start ?
1 1
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) 0
4 2

3. A die is thrown once . What will be the probability of getting a prime number ?
Page - 19 -
 1 1
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) 0
6 2

Cards are marked with numbers 1 to 25 are placed in the box and mixed thoroughly. One card is
drawn at random from the box. Answer the following questions (Q4-Q13)

4. What is the probability of getting a number 5?

1 1
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) (d)
25 5

5. What is the probability of getting a number less than 11?

1 2
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) (d)
5 5

6. What is the probability of getting a number greater than 25?

1 2
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) (d)
5 5

7. What is the probability of getting a multiple of 5?

1 1
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) (d)
25 5

8. What is the probability of getting an even number?

12 13
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) (d)
25 25

9. What is the probability of getting an odd number?

12 13
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) (d)
25 25
10. What is the probability of getting a prime number?
8 9 12 13
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25 25 25 25

11. What is the probability of getting a number divisible by 3?

8 9 12 13
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25 25 25 25

12. What is the probability of getting a number divisible by 4?

8 9 6 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25 25 25 25

13. What is the probability of getting a number divisible by 7?

8 9 6 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25 25 25 25

14. A bag has 4 red balls and 2 yellow balls. A ball is drawn from the bag without looking into the
bag. What is probability of getting a red ball?

Page - 20 -
 1 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
6 3 3

15. A bag has 4 red balls and 2 yellow balls. A ball is drawn from the bag without looking into the
bag. What is probability of getting a yellow ball?
1 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
6 3 3

One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Answer the question from 1 to 12.

16. Find the probability of getting a king of red colour

1 2 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
26 13 13 26
17. Find the probability of getting a face card.
1 2 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
26 13 13 13

18. Find the probability of getting a black face card

1 2 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
26 13 13 26

19. Find the probability of getting an ace.

1 2 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
26 13 13 26

20. Find the probability of getting a black card.

1 2 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 13 13 26

21. Find the probability of getting a face card or an ace.

4 2 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 13 13 13

22. Find the probability of getting face card or black card.

4 8 7 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 13 13 13

23. Find the probability of getting a king or red card.

4 8 7 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 13 13 13

24. Find the probability of getting a king and red card.

1 2 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
26 13 13 26

25. Find the probability of getting a king or queen card.

1 2 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
26 13 13 26

Page - 21 -
 CHAPTER – 1
REAL NUMBERS
The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
Every composite number can be expressed ( factorised) as a product of primes, and this factorisation
is unique, apart from the order in which the prime factors occur.

The prime factorisation of a natural number is unique, except for the order of its factors.

 Property of HCF and LCM of two positive integers ‘a’ and ‘b’:
 HCF (a, b)  LCM (a, b)  a  b
ab
 LCM (a, b) 
HCF (a, b)
a b
 HCF (a, b) 
LCM (a, b)

PRIME FACTORISATION METHOD TO FIND HCF AND LCM

HCF(a, b) = Product of the smallest power of each common prime factor in the numbers.
LCM(a, b) = Product of the greatest power of each prime factor, involved in the numbers.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Find the LCM and HCF of 510 and 92 and verify that LCM × HCF = product of the two
numbers
Solution: 510 = 2 x 3 x 5 x 17
92 = 2 x 2 x 23 = 22 x 23
HCF = 2
LCM = 22 x 3 x 5 x 17 x 23 = 23460
Product of two numbers = 510 x 92 = 46920
HCF x LCM = 2 x 23460 = 46920
Hence, product of two numbers = HCF × LCM

Questions for practice

1. Find the HCF and LCM of 6, 72 and 120, using the prime factorisation method.
2. Find the HCF of 96 and 404 by the prime factorisation method. Hence, find their LCM.
3. Find the LCM and HCF of the following pairs of integers and verify that LCM × HCF = product
of the two numbers: (i) 26 and 91 (ii) 336 and 54
4. Find the LCM and HCF of the following integers by applying the prime factorisation method: (i)
12, 15 and 21 (ii) 17, 23 and 29 (iii) 8, 9 and 25
5. Explain why 3 × 5 × 7 + 7 is a composite number.
6. Can the number 6n, n being a natural number, end with the digit 5? Give reasons.
7. Can the number 4n, n being a natural number, end with the digit 0? Give reasons.
8. Given that HCF (306, 657) = 9, find LCM (306, 657).
9. If two positive integers a and b are written as a = x3y2 and b = xy3; x, y are prime numbers, then
find the HCF (a, b).
10. If two positive integers p and q can be expressed as p = ab2 and q = a3b; a, b being prime
numbers, then find the LCM (p, q).
11. Using prime factorization, find the HCF and LCM of (i) 36, 84 (ii) 23, 31 (iii)96, 404 (iv)144,
198 (v) 396, 1080 (vi)1152, 1664
12. The HCF of two numbers is 23 and their LCM is 1449. If one of the numbers is 161, find the
other.

Page - 22 -
13. The HCF of two numbers is 145 and their LCM is 2175. If one of the numbers is 725, find the
other.
14. The HCF of two numbers is 18 and their product is 12960. Find their LCM.
15. Three measuring rods are 64 cm, 80 cm and 96 cm in length. Find the least length of cloth that
can be measured an exact number of times, using any of the rods.

IRRATIONALITY OF NUMBERS
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Prove that 5 is an irrational number.
Solution: Let 5 is a rational number then we have
p
5  , where p and q are co-primes.
q
 p  5q
Squaring both sides, we get
p 2  5q 2
 p2 is divisible by 5
 p is also divisible by 5
So, assume p = 5m where m is any integer.
Squaring both sides, we get p2 = 25m2
But p 2  5q 2
Therefore, 5q2 = 25m2
 q2 = 5m2
 q2 is divisible by 5
 q is also divisible by 5
From above we conclude that p and q has one common factor i.e. 5 which contradicts that p and q
are co-primes.
Therefore our assumption is wrong.
Hence, 5 is an irrational number.

Questions for practice

1. Prove that 2 is an irrational number.
2. Prove that 3 is an irrational number.
3. Prove that 7 is an irrational number.
4. Prove that 2  5 3 is an irrational number.
5. Prove that 3  2 5 is an irrational number.
6. Prove that 2  5 3 is an irrational number.

MCQ (1 mark)

1. If HCF and LCM of two numbers are 4 and 9696, then the product of the two numbers is:
(a) 9696 (b) 24242 (c) 38784 (d) 4848

2. If a and b are positive integers, then HCF (a, b) x LCM (a, b) =

(a) a x b (b) a + b (c) a – b (d) a/b

3. The HCF of 52 and 130 is

(a) 52 (b) 130 (c) 26 (d) 13

Page - 23 -
4. If the HCF of two numbers is 1, then the two numbers are called
(a) composite (b) relatively prime or co-prime
(c) perfect (d) irrational numbers

5. Given that HCF(1152, 1664) = 128 the LCM(1152, 1664) is

(a) 14976 (b) 1664 (c) 1152 (d) none of these

6. The HCF of two numbers is 23 and their LCM is 1449. If one of the numbers is 161, then the
other number is
(a) 23 (b) 207 (c) 1449 (d) none of these

7. Which one of the following rational number is a non-terminating decimal expansion:

33 66 6 41
(a) (b) (c) (d)
50 180 15 1000

8. The product of L.C.M and H.C.F. of two numbers is equal to

(a) Sum of numbers (b) Difference of numbers
(c) Product of numbers (d) Quotients of numbers

9. L.C.M. of two co-prime numbers is always

(a) product of numbers (b) sum of numbers
(c) difference of numbers (d)none

10. What is the H.C.F. of two consecutive even numbers

(a) 1 (b)2 (c) 4 (d) 8

11. What is the H.C.F. of two consecutive odd numbers

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8

12. The missing number in the following factor tree is

(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 9

Page - 24 -
 CHAPTER – 7
COORDINATE GEOMETRY
DISTANCE FORMULA

The distance between any two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is given by
AB  ( x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2
or AB  (difference of abscissae)2  (difference of ordinates)2

Distance of a point from origin

The distance of a point P(x, y) from origin O is given by OP = x2  y 2

Problems based on geometrical figure

To show that a given figure is a
 Parallelogram – prove that the opposite sides are equal
 Rectangle – prove that the opposite sides are equal and the diagonals are equal.
 Parallelogram but not rectangle – prove that the opposite sides are equal and the diagonals are
not equal.
 Rhombus – prove that the four sides are equal
 Square – prove that the four sides are equal and the diagonals are equal.
 Rhombus but not square – prove that the four sides are equal and the diagonals are not equal.
 Isosceles triangle – prove any two sides are equal.
 Equilateral triangle – prove that all three sides are equal.
 Right triangle – prove that sides of triangle satisfies Pythagoras theorem.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Show that the points (1, 7), (4, 2), (–1, –1) and (– 4, 4) are the vertices of a square.
Solution : Let A(1, 7), B(4, 2), C(–1, –1) and D(– 4, 4) be the given points.
AB  (1  4) 2  (7  2)2  9  25  34
BC  (4  1)2  (2  1) 2  25  9  34
CD  (1  4)2  (1  4) 2  9  25  34
DA  (1  4)2  (7  4)2  25  9  34
AC  (1  1) 2  (7  1)2  4  64  68
BD  (4  4)2  (2  4)2  64  4  68
Since, AB = BC = CD = DA and AC = BD, all the four sides of the quadrilateral ABCD are equal
and its diagonals AC and BD are also equal. Therefore, ABCD is a square.

Find a point on the y-axis which is equidistant from the points A(6, 5) and B(– 4, 3).
Solution : We know that a point on the y-axis is of the form (0, y). So, let the point P(0, y) be
equidistant from A and B. Then AP2 = BP2
 (6 – 0)2 + (5 – y)2 = (– 4 – 0)2 + (3 – y)2
 36 + 25 + y2 – 10y = 16 + 9 + y2 – 6y  4y = 36  y = 9
So, the required point is (0, 9).

Page - 25 -
Questions for practice
1. Show that the points A(1, 2), B(5, 4), C(3, 8) and D(–1, 6) are vertices of a square.
2. Show that the points A(5, 6), B(1, 5), C(2, 1) and D(6, 2) are vertices of a square.
3. Show that the points A(1, –3), B(13, 9), C(10, 12) and D(–2, 0) are vertices of a rectangle.
4. Show that the points A(1, 0), B(5, 3), C(2, 7) and D(–2, 4) are vertices of a rhombus.
5. Prove that the points A(–2, –1), B(1, 0), C(4, 3) and D(1, 2) are vertices of a parallelogram.
6. Find the point on x-axis which is equidistant from (7, 6) and (–3, 4).
7. Find the point on the x-axis which is equidistant from (2, –5) and (–2, 9).
8. Find a point on the y-axis which is equidistant from the points A(5, 2) and B(– 4, 3).
9. Find a point on the y-axis which is equidistant from the points A(5, – 2) and B(– 3, 2).
10. Find the values of y for which the distance between the points P(2, – 3) and Q(10, y) is 10 units.
11. Find the value of a , if the distance between the points A (–3, –14) and B (a, –5) is 9 units.
12. If the point A (2, – 4) is equidistant from P (3, 8) and Q (–10, y), find the values of y. Also find
distance PQ.

Section formula
The coordinates of the point P(x, y) which divides the line segment joining the points A(x1, y1) and
B(x2, y2), internally, in the ratio m1 : m2 are
 m1 x2  m2 x1 m1 y2  m2 y1 
 , 
 m1  m2 m1  m2 
Mid-point formula
The coordinates of the point P(x, y) which is the midpoint of the line segment joining the points
 x  x y  y2 
A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), are  1 2 , 1 
 2 2 

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining the points (4, – 3) and
(8, 5) in the ratio 3 : 1 internally.
Solution : Let P(x, y) be the required point.
m x  m1 x2 m y  m1 y2
Using the section formula, x  2 1 ,y 2 1 we get
m1  m2 m1  m2
3(8)  1(4) 3(5)  1(3)
x  7, y  3
3 1 3 1
Therefore, (7, 3) is the required point.

In what ratio does the point (– 4, 6) divide the line segment joining the points A(– 6, 10) and
B(3, – 8)?
Solution : Let (– 4, 6) divide AB internally in the ratio k : 1.
m x  m1 x2 m y  m1 y2
Using the section formula, x  2 1 ,y 2 1 we get
m1  m2 m1  m2
k (8)  1(10)
y 6
k 1
 8k  10  6k  6  8k  6k  6  10
4 2
 14k  4  k  
14 7
Therefore, the point (– 4, 6) divides the line segment joining the points A(– 6, 10) and B(3, – 8) in
the ratio 2 : 7.

Page - 26 -
Questions for practice
1. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the join of (–1, 7) and (4, –3) in the ratio 2 : 3.
2. Find the coordinates of the points of trisection of the line segment joining (4, –1) and (–2, –3).
3. Find the coordinates of the points of trisection (i.e., points dividing in three equal parts) of the
line segment joining the points A(2, – 2) and B(– 7, 4).
4. Find the ratio in which the y-axis divides the line segment joining the points (5, – 6) and (–1, –
4). Also find the point of intersection.
5. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining the points (– 3, 10) and (6, – 8) is divided by (–
1, 6).
6. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining A(1, – 5) and B(– 4, 5) is divided by the x-axis.
Also find the coordinates of the point of division.
7. Find the coordinates of the points which divide the line segment joining A(– 2, 2) and B(2, 8)
into four equal parts.
8. If the points A(6, 1), B(8, 2), C(9, 4) and D(p, 3) are the vertices of a parallelogram, taken in
order, find the value of p.
9. If (1, 2), (4, y), (x, 6) and (3, 5) are the vertices of a parallelogram taken in order, find x and y.
10. In what ratio does the x–axis divide the line segment joining the points (– 4, – 6) and (–1, 7)?
Find the coordinates of the point of division.
11. If P (9a – 2, –b) divides line segment joining A (3a + 1, –3) and B (8a, 5) in the ratio 3 : 1, find
the values of a and b.
12. If (a, b) is the mid-point of the line segment joining the points A (10, –6) and B (k, 4) and a – 2b
= 18, find the value of k and the distance AB.
13. The centre of a circle is (2a, a – 7). Find the values of a if the circle passes through the point (11,
–9) and has diameter 10 2 units.
14. The line segment joining the points A (3, 2) and B (5,1) is divided at the point P in the ratio 1:2
and it lies on the line 3x – 18y + k = 0. Find the value of k.
15. Find the coordinates of the point R on the line segment joining the points P (–1, 3) and Q (2, 5)
3
such that PR = PQ.
5
16. Find the values of k if the points A (k + 1, 2k), B (3k, 2k + 3) and C (5k – 1, 5k) are collinear.
17. Find the ratio in which the line 2x + 3y – 5 = 0 divides the line segment joining the points (8, –9)
and (2, 1). Also find the coordinates of the point of division.
18. The mid-points D, E, F of the sides of a triangle ABC are (3, 4), (8, 9) and (6, 7). Find the
coordinates of the vertices of the triangle.

MCQ (1 MARK)

1. The distance of the point P(4, –3) from the origin is

(a) 1 unit (b) 7 units (c) 5 units (d) 3 units
2. The distance between the points A(2, –3) and B(2, 2) is
(a) 2 units (b) 4 units (c) 5 units (d) 3 units

3. What is the midpoint of a line with endpoints (–3, 4) and (10, –5)?
(a) (–13, –9) (b) (–6.5, –4.5) (c) (3.5, –0.5) (d) none of these

4. If the distance between the points (8, p) and (4, 3) is 5 then value of p is
(a) 6 (b) 0 (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these

5. If the origin is the mid-point of the line segment joined by the points (2,3) and (x,y), then the
value of (x,y) is
(a) (2, –3) (b) (2, 3) (c) (–2, 3) (d) (–2, –3)

Page - 27 -
6. The distance of the point P(2, 3) from the x-axis is:
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 5

7. The distance between the points A(0, 6) and B(0, -2) is:
(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 8

8. The distance of the point P(-6, 8) from the origin is:

(a) 8 (b) 27 (c) 10 (d) 6

9. The distance between the points (0, 5) and (-5, 0) is:

(a) 5 (b) 52 (c) 25 (d) 10

10. AOBC is a rectangle whose three vertices are A(0, 3), O(0, 0) and B(5, 0). The length of its
diagonal is:
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 34 (d) 4

11. The perimeter of a triangle with vertices (0, 4), (0, 0) and (3, 0) is:
(a) 5 (b) 12 (c) 11 (d) 7 + 5

12. The points (–4, 0), (4, 0), (0, 3) are the vertices of a :
(a) Right triangle (b) Isosceles triangle (c) Equilateral triangle (d) Scalene triangle

13. Point on x – axis has coordinates:

(a) (a, 0) (b) (0, a) (c) (–a, a) (d) (a, –a)

14. Point on y – axis has coordinates:

(a) (–a, b) (b) (a, 0) (c) (0, b) (d) (–a, –b)

Page - 28 -
 CHAPTER – 2
POLYNOMIALS
QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL
Relationship between zeroes and coefficients
General form of Quadratic polynomial: ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0
Coefficient of x b
Sum of zeroes (   )   2
= 
Coefficient of x a
Constant term c
Product of zeroes ( )  2
=
Coefficient of x a

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are – 3 and 2, respectively.
Solution: Here, α + β = – 3 and αβ = 2
We know that quadratic polynomial is given by p(x) = x2 – (α + β)x + αβ
= x2 – (–3)x + 2 = x2 + 3x + 2
Hence, required quadratic polynomial is x2 + 3x + 2

Find a quadratic polynomial, whose zeroes are – 3 and 2.

Solution: Here, α = – 3 and β = 2.
Now, α + β = – 3 + 2 = – 1 and αβ = (– 3)(2) = – 6
We know that quadratic polynomial is given by p(x) = x2 – (α + β)x + αβ
= x2 – (–1)x + (– 6) = x2 + x – 6
Hence, required quadratic polynomial is x2 + x – 6

Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 – 2x – 8 and verify the relationship between the
zeroes and the coefficients.
Solution: Here, p(x) = x2 – 2x – 8 = 0
x2 – 4x + 2x – 8 = 0  x(x – 4) + 2(x – 4) = 0  (x – 4)(x + 2) = 0
 x = 4, –2
Now, a = 1, b = –2, c = –8,  = 4,  = –2
b (2) b
Sum of zeroes,     4  (2)  2 and  2    
a 1 a
c 8 c
Product of zeroes,   4(2)  8 and   8   .
a 1 a
Hence verified.

Questions for practice

1. Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are – 5 and 3, respectively.
2. Find a quadratic polynomial, whose zeroes are – 4 and 1, respectively.
3. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 7x + 10, and verify the relationship between the
zeroes and the coefficients.
4. Find the zeroes of the polynomial x2 – 3 and verify the relationship between the zeroes and the
coefficients.
5. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 6x2 – 3 – 7x and verify the relationship between the
zeroes and the coefficients.
6. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 3x2 – x – 4 and verify the relationship between the
zeroes and the coefficients.
7. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 4x2 – 4x + 1 and verify the relationship between the
zeroes and the coefficients.

Page - 29 -
MCQ ( 1 MARK)

1. The value of k for which (–4) is a zero of the polynomial x2 – x – (2k +2) is
(a) 3 (b) 9 (c) 6 (d) –1

2. If the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c, c  0 are equal,

then
(a) c and a have opposite sign (b) c and b have opposite sign
(c) c and a have the same sign (d) c and b have the same sign

3. The number of zeroes of the polynomial from the graph is

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

4. If one of the zero of the quadratic polynomial x2 +3x + k is 2,

then the value of k is
(a) 10 (b) –10 (c) 5 (d) –5

5. A quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are –3 and 4 is

(a) x2 – x +12 (b) x2 +x + 12 (c) 2x2 + 2x – 24. (d) none of the above.

6. The relationship between the zeroes and coefficients of the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c
c b c b
is (a)  +  = (b)  +  = (c)  +  = (d)  +  =
a a a a

7. The zeroes of the polynomial x2 + 7x + 10 are

(a) 2 and 5 (b) –2 and 5 (c) –2 and –5 (d) 2 and –5

8. The relationship between the zeroes and coefficients of the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c
c b c b
is (a) . = (b)  . = (c)  . = (d)  . =
a a a a

9. The zeroes of the polynomial x2 – 3 are

(a) 2 and 5 (b) –2 and 5 (c) –2 and –5 (d) none of the above

10. The number of zeroes of the polynomial from the graph is

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

11. A quadratic polynomial whose sum and product of zeroes

are –3 and 2 is
(a) x2 – 3x +2 (b) x2 + 3x + 2 (c) x2 + 2x – 3. (d) x2 + 2x + 3.

12. Which of the following is a polynomial?

( a) x 2  5 x  3
1
(b) x 
x
(c) x3/ 2  x  x1/ 2
(d ) x1/ 2  x  10

Page - 30 -
13. Which of the following is not a polynomial?
( a) 3 x 2  2 3 x  3
3 1
(b) x 3  5 x 2  x 1
2 2
1
(c ) x 
x
2
(d )5 x  3 x  2

14. If  ,  are the zeroes of the polynomials f(x) = x2 + 5x + 8, then   

(a) 5 (b) –5 (c) 8 (d) none of these

15. If  ,  are the zeroes of the polynomials f(x) = x2 + 5x + 8, then  .

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) none of these
16. Which of the following is a polynomial:
1
(a) x 2  (b) 2 x 2  3 x  1 (c) x 2  x 2  7 (d) 3 x 2  3x  1
x

17. The product and sum of zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c respectively are:
b c c b c c b
(a) , (b) , (c) ,1 (d) ,
a a a a b a a

18. The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + kx + k, k  0 ,

(a) cannot both be positive (b) cannot both be negative
(c) are always unequal (d) are always equal

19. A quadratic polynomial can have at most …….. zeroes

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
20. A cubic polynomial can have at most …….. zeroes.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
21. Which are the zeroes of p(x) = x2 – 1:
(a) 1, –1 (b) – 1, 2 (c) –2, 2 (d) –3, 3
22. Which are the zeroes of p(x) = (x – 1)(x – 2):
(a) 1, –2 (b) – 1, 2 (c) 1, 2 (d) –1, –2

Page - 31 -
 CHAPTER – 4
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
FACTORISATION METHODS TO FIND THE SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Steps to find the solution of given quadratic equation by factorisation
 Firstly, write the given quadratic equation in standard form ax2 + bx + c = 0.
 Find two numbers  and  such that sum of  and  is equal to b and product of  and  is
equal to ac.
 Write the middle term bx as  x   x and factorise it by splitting the middle term and let factors
are (x + p) and (x + q) i.e. ax2 + bx + c = 0  (x + p)(x + q) = 0
 Now equate reach factor to zero and find the values of x.
 These values of x are the required roots/solutions of the given quadratic equation.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Solve the quadratic equation by using factorization method: x2 + 2x – 8 = 0
Solution: x2 + 2x – 8 = 0
 x2 + 4x – 2x – 8 = 0  x(x + 4) – 2(x + 4) = 0
 (x + 4)(x – 2) = 0  x + 4 = 0, x – 2 = 0  x = – 4, 2

Questions for practice

1. Solve the quadratic equation using factorization method: x2 + 7x – 18 = 0
2. Solve the quadratic equation using factorization method: x2 + 5x – 6 = 0
3. Solve the quadratic equation using factorization method: y2 – 4y + 3 = 0
4. Solve the quadratic equation using factorization method: x2 – 21x + 108 = 0
5. Solve the quadratic equation using factorization method: x2 – 11x – 80 = 0
6. Solve the quadratic equation using factorization method: x2 – x – 156 = 0
1 1 1 1
7. Solve the following for x :    .
ab x a b x
1 1 1 1
8. Solve the following for x :   
2a  b  2 x 2a b 2 x

NATURE OF ROOTS
The roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 by quadratic formula are given by
b  b 2  4ac b  D
x 
2a 2a
2
where D = b  4ac is called discriminant. The nature of roots depends upon the value of
discriminant D. There are three cases –
Case – I
When D > 0 i.e. b 2  4ac > 0, then the quadratic equation has two distinct roots.
b  D b  D
i.e. x  and
2a 2a
Case – II
When D = 0, then the quadratic equation has two equal real roots.
b b
i.e. x  and
2a 2a
Case – III
When D < 0 then there is no real roots exist.

Page - 32 -
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Find the discriminant of the quadratic equation 2x2 – 4x + 3 = 0, and hence find the nature of
its roots.
Solution : The given equation is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a = 2, b = – 4 and c = 3.
Therefore, the discriminant, D = b2 – 4ac = (– 4)2 – (4 × 2 × 3) = 16 – 24 = – 8 < 0
So, the given equation has no real roots.

Questions for Practice

1. Find the discriminant and the nature of the roots of quadratic equation: 3 3 x2 + 10x + 3 = 0.
2. Find discriminant and the nature of the roots of quadratic equation: 4x2 – 2x2 + 3 = 0.
3. Find discriminant and the nature of the roots of quadratic equation: 4x2 – 12x + 9 = 0.
4. Find discriminant and the nature of the roots of quadratic equation: 5x2 + 5x + 6 = 0.
5. Write the nature of roots of quadratic equation 4x2 + 4 3 x + 3 = 0.
6. Write the nature of roots of the quadratic equation 9x2 – 6x – 2 = 0.
7. Write the nature of roots of quadratic equation : 4x2 + 6x + 3 = 0
8. The roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0 are real and unequal. What is value of D?
9. If ax2 + bx + c = 0 has equal roots, what is the value of c?

QUADRATIC FORMULA METHOD

Steps to find the solution of given quadratic equation by quadratic formula method:
 Firstly, write the given quadratic equation in standard form ax2 + bx + c = 0.
 Write the values of a, b and c by comparing the given equation with standard form.
 Find discriminant D = b2 – 4ac. If value of D is negative, then is no real solution i.e. solution
does not exist. If value of D  0, then solution exists follow the next step.
b  D
 Put the value of a, b and D in quadratic formula x  and get the required
2a
roots/solutions.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Solve the quadratic equation by using quadratic formula: x2 + x – 6 = 0
Solution: Here, a = 1, b = 1, c = –6
 D = b2 – 4ac = 1 – 4(1)( –6) = 1 + 24 = 25 > 0
b  D 1  25 1  5 1  5 1  5 6 4
Now, x    x or x or  x  3 or 2
2a 2(1) 2 2 2 2 2
Questions for practice
1. Solve the quadratic equation by using quadratic formula: x2 – 7x + 18 = 0
2. Solve the quadratic equation by using quadratic formula: x2 – 5x + 6 = 0
3. Solve the quadratic equation by using quadratic formula: y2 + 4y + 3 = 0
4. Solve the quadratic equation by using quadratic formula: x2 + 11x – 80 = 0
5. Solve the quadratic equation by using quadratic formula: x2 + x – 156 = 0
6. Solve for x by using quadratic formula : 9x2 – 9(a + b)x + (2a2 + 5ab + 2b2) = 0.

MCQ (1 MARK)

1. The roots of the equation x2 + 7x + 10 =0 are

(a) 2 and 5 (b) –2 and 5 (c) –2 and –5 (d) 2 and –5

1 1
2. If  ,  are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 + x + 1 = 0, then 
 
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) none of these

Page - 33 -
3. If the equation x2 + 4x + k = 0 has real and distinct roots then
(a) k < 4 (b) k > 4 (c) k  4 (d) k  4

4. If the equation 9x2 + 6kx + 4 = 0 has equal roots then the roots are both equal to
2 3
(a)  (b)  (c) 0 (d)  3
3 2

5. If the equation x2 – bx + 1 = 0 has two distinct roots then

(a) –3 < b < 3 (b) –2 < b < 2 (c) b > 2 (d) b < –2

6. If x = 1 is a common root of the equations ax2 + ax + 3 = 0 and x2 + x + b = 0 then ab =

7
(a) 6 (b) 3 (c) –3 (d)
2
7. If p and q are the roots of the equation x2 – px + q = 0, then
(a) p = 1, q = –2 (b) p = –2, q = 0 (c) b = 0, q = 1 (d) p = –2, q = 1

8. If the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has equal roots then c =

b b b 2 b2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2a 2a 4a 4a

9. If the equation ax2 + 2x + a = 0 has two distinct roots if

(a) a =  1 (b) a = 0 (c) a = 0, 1 (d) a = –1, 0

10. Find the values of k for which the quadratic equation 2x2 + kx + 3 = 0 has real equal roots.
(a) 2 6 (b) 2 6 (c) 0 (d) 2

11. Find the values of k for which the quadratic equation kx(x – 3) + 9 = 0 has real equal roots.
(a) k = 0 or k = 4 (b) k = 1 or k = 4 (c) k = –3 or k = 3 (d) k = –4 or k = 4

12. Find the values of k for which the quadratic equation 4x2 – 3kx + 1 = 0 has real and equal roots.
4 2
(a)  (b)  (c) 2 (d) none of these
3 3

13. The value of k for which equation 9x2 + 8xk + 8 = 0 has equal roots is:
(a) only 3 (b) only –3 (c) 3 (d) 9

14. Which of the following is not a quadratic equation?

3 5 1
(a) x   4 (b) 3x   x 2 (c) x   3 (d) x 2  3  4 x 2  4 x
x x x

Page - 34 -
 CHAPTER – 3
PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
ALGEBRAIC INTERPRETATION OF PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO
VARIABLES
The pair of linear equations represented by these lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
a b
1. If 1  1 then the pair of linear equations has exactly one solution.
a2 b2
a b c
2. If 1  1  1 then the pair of linear equations has infinitely many solutions.
a2 b2 c2
a b c
3. If 1  1  1 then the pair of linear equations has no solution.
a2 b2 c2

S. No. Pair of lines Compare Graphical Algebraic

the ratios representation interpretation
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 a1 b1 Intersecting Unique solution (Exactly
1 a2x + b2y + c2 = 0  lines one solution)
a2 b2
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 a1 b1 c1 Coincident Infinitely many solutions
2 a2x + b2y + c2 = 0   lines
a2 b2 c2
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 a1 b1 c1 Parallel lines No solution
3 a2x + b2y + c2 = 0  
a2 b2 c2

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

a1 b1 c1
1. On comparing the ratios   , find out whether the lines representing the following pairs
a2 b2 c2
of linear equations intersect at a point, are parallel or coincident:
(i) 5x – 4y + 8 = 0 and 7x + 6y – 9 = 0 (ii) 9x + 3y + 12 = 0 and 18x + 6y + 24 = 0
(iii) 6x – 3y + 10 = 0 and 2x – y + 9 = 0.
a b c
2. On comparing the ratios 1  1  1 , find out whether the following pair of linear equations are
a2 b2 c2
consistent, or inconsistent.
(i) 3x + 2y = 5 ; 2x – 3y = 7 (ii) 2x – 3y = 8 ; 4x – 6y = 9
(iii) 5x – 3y = 11 ; – 10x + 6y = –22
3. Find the number of solutions of the following pair of linear equations:
x + 2y – 8 = 0
2x + 4y = 16
4. Write whether the following pair of linear equations is consistent or not.
x + y = 14, x – y = 4
5. Given the linear equation 3x + 4y – 8 = 0, write another linear equation in two variables such
that the geometrical representation of the pair so formed is parallel lines.
6. Find the value of k so that the following system of equations has no solution:
3x – y – 5 = 0, 6x – 2y + k = 0
7. Find the value of k so that the following system of equation has infinite solutions:
3x – y – 5 = 0, 6x – 2y + k = 0
8. For which values of p, does the pair of equations given below has unique solution?
4x + py + 8 = 0 and 2x + 2y + 2 = 0

Page - 35 -
9. Determine k for which the system of equations has infinite solutions:
4x + y = 3 and 8x + 2y = 5k
10. Find whether the lines representing the following pair of linear equations intersect at a point, are
parallel or coincident:
2x – 3y + 6 = 0; 4x – 5y + 2 = 0
11. Find the value of k for which the system 3x + ky = 7, 2x – 5y = 1 will have infinitely many
solutions.
12. For what value of k, the system of equations 2x – ky + 3 = 0, 4x + 6y – 5 = 0 is consistent?
13. For what value of k, the system of equations kx – 3y + 6 = 0, 4x – 6y + 15 = 0 represents parallel
lines?
14. For what value of p, the pair of linear equations 5x + 7y = 10, 2x + 3y = p has a unique solution.
15. Find the value of m for which the pair of linear equations has infinitely many solutions.
2x + 3y – 7 = 0 and (m – 1)x + (m + 1)y = (3m – 1)
16. For what value of p will the following pair of linear equations have infinitely many solutions?
(p – 3)x + 3y = p; px + py = 12
17. For what value of k will the system of linear equations has infinite number of solutions?
kx + 4y = k – 4, 16x + ky = k
18. Find the values of a and b for which the following system of linear equations has infinite number
of solutions:
2x – 3y = 7, (a + b) x – (a + b – 3) y = 4a + b
19. For what value of k will the equations x + 2y + 7 = 0, 2x + ky + 14 = 0 represent coincident
lines?
20. For what value of k, the following system of equations 2x + ky = 1, 3x – 5y = 7 has (i) a unique
solution (ii) no solution

GRAPHICAL METHOD OF SOLUTION OF A PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

The graph of a pair of linear equations in two variables is represented by two lines.
1. If the lines intersect at a point, then that point gives the unique solution of the two equations. In
this case, the pair of equations is consistent.

2. If the lines coincide, then there are infinitely many solutions — each point on the line being a
solution. In this case, the pair of equations is dependent (consistent).

Page - 36 -
3. If the lines are parallel, then the pair of equations has no solution. In this case, the pair of
equations is inconsistent.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Solve the equation graphically: x + 3y = 6 and

2x – 3y = 12.
Solution: Given that
6 x
x  3y  6  3y  6  x  y 
3
x 0 3 6
y 2 1 0
2 x  12
and 2 x  3 y  12  3 y  2 x  12  y 
3
x 0 3 6
y -4 -2 0
Now plot the points and join the points to form
the lines AB and PQ as shown in graph
Since point B(6, 0) common to both the lines AB
and PQ. Therefore, the solution of the pair of
linear equations is x = 6 and y = 0
Questions for Practice
1. Determine by drawing graphs, whether the following pair of linear equations has a unique
solution or not: 3x + 4y = 12; y = 2
2. Determine by drawing graphs, whether the following pair of linear equations has a unique
solution or not: 2x – 5 = 0, y + 4 = 0.
3. Draw the graphs of the equations 4x – y – 8 = 0 and 2x – 3y + 6 = 0.
Also, determine the vertices of the triangle formed by the lines and x-axis.
4. Solve the following system of linear equations graphically:3x – 2y – 1 = 0; 2x – 3y + 6 = 0.
Shade the region bounded by the lines and x-axis.
5. Solve graphically: x + 4y = 10, y – 2 = 0
6. Solve graphically: 2x – 3y = 6, x – 6 = 0
7. Solve the following system of equations graphically: 3x – 5y + 1 = 0, 2x – y + 3 = 0.
Also find the points where the lines represented by the given equations intersect the x-axis.
8. Solve the following system of equations graphically: x – 5y = 6, 2x – 10y = 10
Also find the points where the lines represented by the given equations intersect the x-axis.
9. Solve the following pair of linear equations graphically: x + 3y = 6; 2x – 3y = 12
Also find the area of the triangle formed by the lines representing the given equations with y-
axis.

Page - 37 -
MCQ QUESTIONS (1 mark)

1. The pair of equations y = 0 and y = –7 has

(a) one solution (b) two solution (c) infinitely many solutions (d) no solution
2. The pair of equations x = a and y = b graphically represents the lines which are
(a) parallel (b) intersecting at (a, b)
(c) coincident (d) intersecting at (b, a)
3. The value of c for which the pair of equations cx – y = 2 and 6x – 2y = 3 will have no solution
is
(a) 3 (b) – 3 (c) – 12 (d) no value
4. The pair of equations 5x – 15y = 8 and 3x – 9y = 24/5 has
(a) infinite number of solutions (b) unique solution
(c) no solution (d) one solution
5. The pair of equations x + 2y + 5 = 0 and –3x – 6y + 1 = 0 have
(a) infinite number of solutions (b) unique solution
(c) no solution (d) one solution
6. The sum of the digits of a two digit number is 9. If 27 is added to it, the digits of the numbers
get reversed. The number is
(a) 36 (b) 72 (c) 63 (d) 25
16
7. The pair of equations 3x + 4y = 18 and 4x + y = 24 has
3
(a) infinite number of solutions (b) unique solution
(c) no solution (d) cannot say anything
9
8. If the pair of equations 2x + 3y = 7 and kx + y = 12 have no solution, then the value of k is:
2
2 3
(a) (b) – 3 (c) 3 (d)
3 2

9. If 2x + 3y = 0 and 4x – 3y = 0, then x + y equals:

(a) 0 (b) – 1 (c) 1 (d) 2

10. If 31x + 43y = 117 and 43 + 31y = 105, then value of x – y is:
1 1
(a) (b) – 3 (c) 3 (d) 
3 3
11. If 19x – 17y = 55 and 17x – 19y = 53, then the value of x – y is:
1
(a) (b) – 3 (c) 3 (d) 5
3
12. If (6, k) is a solution of the equation 3x + y – 22 = 0, then the value of k is:
(a) 4 (b) –4 (c) 3 (d) –3

13. If 3x + 2y = 13 and 3x – 2y = 5, then the value of x + y is:

(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 7 (d) none of these
15
14. If the pair of equations 2x + 3y = 5 and 5x + y = k represent two coincident lines, then the
2
value of k is:
25 25 5
(a) –5 (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2

Page - 38 -
 CHAPTER – 5
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

nth Term of an ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION ( AP )

nth term an of the AP with first term a and common difference d is given by

an = a + (n – 1) d.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Find the 15th term of the 21, 24, 27, . . .
Solution: Here, a = 21, d = 24 – 21 = 3
We know that an = a + (n – 1)d
So, a15 = a + 14d = 21 + 14(3) = 21 + 42 = 63

Which term of the AP : 3, 9, 15, 21, . . . , is 99?

Solution: Here, a = 3, d = 9 – 3 = 6
We know that an = a + (n – 1)d
Let an = 99  a + (n – 1)d = 99
 3 + (n – 1)6 = 99  (n – 1)6 = 99 – 3 = 96
96
 n 1   16  n = 16 + 1 = 17
6
Hence, 17th term of the given AP is 99

Determine the AP whose 3rd term is 5 and the 7th term is 9.

Solution: We have a3 = a + (3 – 1) d = a + 2d = 5 ............... (1)
and a7 = a + (7 – 1) d = a + 6d = 9 ........................ (2)
Solving the pair of linear equations (1) and (2), we get a = 3, d = 1
Hence, the required AP is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, . . .

Questions for practice

1. Find the 10th term of the AP : 2, 7, 12, . . .
2. Which term of the AP : 21, 18, 15, . . . is – 81?
3. Which term of the AP : 3, 8, 13, 18, . . . ,is 78?
4. How many two-digit numbers are divisible by 3?
5. How many three-digit numbers are divisible by 7?
6. How many multiples of 4 lie between 10 and 250?
7. Find the 31st term of an AP whose 11th term is 38 and the 16th term is 73.
8. An AP consists of 50 terms of which 3rd term is 12 and the last term is 106. Find the 29th term.
9. If the 3rd and the 9th terms of an AP are 4 and – 8 respectively, which term of this AP is zero?
10. Which term of the AP : 3, 15, 27, 39, . . . will be 132 more than its 54th term?
11. Determine the AP whose third term is 16 and the 7th term exceeds the 5th term by 12.
12. The sum of 4th term and 8th term of an AP is 24 and the sum of 6th and 10th terms is 44. Find
the AP.
13. The sum of 5th term and 9th term of an AP is 72 and the sum of 7th and 12th terms is 97. Find
the AP.
14. If the numbers n – 2, 4n – 1 and 5n + 2 are in AP, find the value of n.
15. Find the value of the middle most term (s) of the AP : –11, –7, –3,..., 49.
16. The sum of the first three terms of an AP is 33. If the product of the first and the third term
exceeds the second term by 29, find the AP.
17. The sum of the 5th and the 7th terms of an AP is 52 and the 10th term is 46. Find the AP.

Page - 39 -
18. Find the 20th term of the AP whose 7th term is 24 less than the 11th term, first term being 12.
19. If the 9th term of an AP is zero, prove that its 29th term is twice its 19th term.
20. Which term of the AP: 53, 48, 43,... is the first negative term?
21. A sum of Rs 1000 is invested at 8% simple interest per year. Calculate the interest at the end of
each year. Do these interests form an AP? If so, find the interest at the end of 30 years making
use of this fact.
22. In a flower bed, there are 23 rose plants in the first row, 21 in the second, 19 in the third, and so
on. There are 5 rose plants in the last row. How many rows are there in the flower bed?

nth Term from the end of an ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION ( AP )

Let the last term of an AP be ‘l’ and the common difference of an AP is ‘d’ then the nth term from
the end of an AP is given by
ln = l – (n – 1) d.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Find the 11th term from the last term (towards the first term) of the AP : 10, 7, 4, . . ., – 62.
Solution : Here, a = 10, d = 7 – 10 = – 3, l = – 62,
We know that nth term from the last is given by ln = l – (n – 1) d.
 l11 = l – 10d = – 62 – 10(– 3) = – 62 + 30 = – 32

Questions for practice

1. Find the 20th term from the last term of the AP : 3, 8, 13, . . ., 253.
2. Find the 10th term from the last term of the AP : 4, 9 , 14, . . ., 254.
3. Find the 6th term from the end of the AP 17, 14, 11, …… (–40).
4. Find the 8th term from the end of the AP 7, 10, 13, …… 184.
5. Find the 10th term from the last term of the AP : 8, 10, 12, . . ., 126.

Sum of First n Terms of an ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION ( AP )

The sum of the first n terms of an AP is given by

n
S n  [2a  (n  1)d ]
2
where a = first term, d = common difference and n = number of terms.
or
n
S n  [a  l ]
2
where l = last term

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Find the sum of the first 22 terms of the AP : 8, 3, –2, . . .
Solution : Here, a = 8, d = 3 – 8 = –5, n = 22.
n
We know that S  [2a  (n  1)d ]
2
22
 S  [16  (22  1)  (5)] = 11(16 – 105) = 11(–89) = – 979
2
So, the sum of the first 22 terms of the AP is – 979.

Questions for practice

1. If the sum of the first 14 terms of an AP is 1050 and its first term is 10, find the 20th term.
2. How many terms of the AP : 24, 21, 18, . . . must be taken so that their sum is 78?

Page - 40 -
3. How many terms of the AP : 9, 17, 25, . . . must be taken to give a sum of 636?
4. Find the sum of first 24 terms of the list of numbers whose nth term is given by an = 3 + 2n
5. Find the sum of the first 40 positive integers divisible by 6.
6. Find the sum of the first 15 multiples of 8.
7. Find the sum of the odd numbers between 0 and 50.
8. The first term of an AP is 5, the last term is 45 and the sum is 400. Find the number of terms and
the common difference.
9. The first and the last terms of an AP are 17 and 350 respectively. If the common difference is 9,
how many terms are there and what is their sum?
10. Find the sum of first 22 terms of an AP in which d = 7 and 22nd term is 149.
11. Find the sum of first 51 terms of an AP whose second and third terms are 14 and 18 respectively.
12. If the sum of first 7 terms of an AP is 49 and that of 17 terms is 289, find the sum of first n
terms.
13. If an = 3 – 4n, show that a1,a2 ,a3 ,... form an AP. Also find S20 .
14. In an AP, if Sn = n (4n + 1), find the AP.
15. In an AP, if Sn = 3n2 + 5n and ak = 164, find the value of k.
16. Show that a1, a2, . . ., an, . . . form an AP where an is defined as : (i) an = 3 + 4n (ii) an = 9 – 5n
Also find the sum of the first 15 terms in each case.
17. If the sum of the first n terms of an AP is 4n – n2, what is the first term (that is S1)? What is the
sum of first two terms? What is the second term? Similarly, find the 3rd, the 10th and the nth
terms.
18. Find the sum of first 17 terms of an AP whose 4th and 9th terms are –15 and –30 respectively.
19. If sum of first 6 terms of an AP is 36 and that of the first 16 terms is 256, find the sum of first 10
terms.
20. Find the sum of all the 11 terms of an AP whose middle most term is 30.
21. Find the sum of last ten terms of the AP: 8, 10, 12,---, 126.
22. How many terms of the AP: –15, –13, –11,--- are needed to make the sum –55? Explain the
reason for double answer.

MCQ QUESTIONS (1 mark)

1. The 10th term of the AP: 5, 8, 11, 14, ... is

(a) 32 (b) 35 (c) 38 (d) 185

2. In an AP if a = –7.2, d = 3.6, an = 7.2, then n is

(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5

3. In an AP, if d = –4, n = 7, an = 4, then a is

(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 20 (d) 28

4. In an AP, if a = 3.5, d = 0, n = 101, then an will be

(a) 0 (b) 3.5 (c) 103.5 (d) 104.5

5. The list of numbers – 10, – 6, – 2, 2,... is

(a) an AP with d = – 16 (b) an AP with d = 4
(c) an AP with d = – 4 (d) not an AP

6. The 11th term of the AP: –5, –5/2 , 0, 5/2 , ...is

(a) –20 (b) 20 (c) –30 (d) 30

7. The first four terms of an AP, whose first term is –2 and the common difference is –2, are

Page - 41 -
 (a) – 2, 0, 2, 4 (b) – 2, 4, – 8, 16 (c) – 2, – 4, – 6, – 8 (d) – 2, – 4, – 8, –16

8. The 21st term of the AP whose first two terms are –3 and 4 is
(a) 17 (b) 137 (c) 143 (d) –143

9. If the 2nd term of an AP is 13 and the 5th term is 25, what is its 7th term?
(a) 30 (b) 33 (c) 37 (d) 38

10. Which term of the AP: 21, 42, 63, 84,... is 210?
(a) 9th (b) 10th (c) 11th (d) 12th

11. If the common difference of an AP is 5, then what is a18 – a13 ?

(a) 5 (b) 20 (c) 25 (d) 30

12. What is the common difference of an AP in which a18 – a14 = 32?

(a) 8 (b) – 8 (c) – 4 (d) 4

13. Two APs have the same common difference. The first term of one of these is –1 and that of the
other is – 8. Then the difference between their 4th terms is
(a) –1 (b) – 8 (c) 7 (d) –9

14. If 7 times the 7th term of an AP is equal to 11 times its 11th term, then its 18th term will be
(a) 7 (b) 11 (c) 18 (d) 0

15. The 4th term from the end of the AP: –11, –8, –5, ..., 49 is
(a) 37 (b) 40 (c) 43 (d) 58

16. If the first term of an AP is –5 and the common difference is 2, then the sum of the first 6 terms
is (a) 0 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 15

17. The sum of first 16 terms of the AP: 10, 6, 2,... is

(a) –320 (b) 320 (c) –352 (d) –400

18. In an AP if a = 1, an = 20 and Sn = 399, then n is

(a) 19 (b) 21 (c) 38 (d) 42

19. The sum of first 100 multiples of 3 is

(a) 30300 (b) 15150 (c) 300 (d) none of these

20. The sum of first five multiples of 3 is

(a) 45 (b) 55 (c) 65 (d) 75

Page - 42 -
 CHAPTER – 6
TRIANGLES
IMPORTANT 1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. In ΔABC, D and E are points on sides AB and AC respectively such that DE || BC and AD : DB
= 3 : 1. If EA = 6.6 cm then find AC.
2. In the fig., P and Q are points on the sides AB and AC respectively of ΔABC such that AP = 3.5
cm, PB = 7 cm, AQ = 3 cm and QC = 6 cm. I f PQ = 4.5 cm, find BC.

3. The perimeter of two similar triangles ABC and LMN are 60 cm and 48 cm respectively. If LM
= 8 cm, then what is the length of AB ?
4. In fig.  M =  N = 46°, express x in terms of a, b and c, where a, b and c are lengths of LM,
MN and NK respectively.

5. In figure, DE || BC in ΔABC such that BC = 8 cm, AB = 6 cm and DA = 1.5 cm. Find DE.

ar (APQ )
6. In the fig., PQ || BC and AP : PB = 1 : 2. Find
ar (ABC )

Page - 43 -
7. A vertical stick 12 m long casts a shadow 8 m long on the ground. At the same time a tower casts
the shadow 40 m long on the ground. Determine the height of the tower.
8. If ΔABC and ΔDEF are similar triangles such that  A = 57° and  E = 83°. Find C.
9. If the areas of two similar triangles are in ratio 25 : 64, write the ratio of their corresponding
sides.
10. In figure, S and T are points on the sides PQ and PR, respectively of ΔPQR, such that PT = 2 cm,
TR = 4 cm and ST is parallel to QR. Find the ratio of the areas of ΔPST and ΔPQR.

11. In the fig., PQ = 24 cm, QR = 26 cm,  PAR = 90°, PA = 6 cm and AR = 8 cm. Find  QPR.

12. The lengths of the diagonals of a rhombus are 30 cm and 40 cm. Find the side of the rhombus.
13. In the given figure, DE || BC. Find AD.

14. The perimeters of two similar triangles are 25 cm and 15 cm respectively. If one side of first
triangle is 9 cm., what is the corresponding side of the other triangle ?

MCQ QUESTIONS (1 mark)

1. The lengths of the diagonals of a rhombus are 16 cm and 12 cm. Then, the length of the side of
the rhombus is
(a) 9 cm (b) 10 cm (c) 8 cm (d) 20 cm

2. If ABC ~ EDF and ABC is not similar to DEF, then which of the following is not true?
(a) BC . EF = AC. FD (b) AB . EF = AC . DE (c) BC . DE = AB . EF (d) BC . DE = AB . FD

Page - 44 -
3. In the below, BAC = 90° and AD  BC. Then,

(a) BD . CD = BC2 (b) AB . AC = BC2 (c) BD . CD = AD2 (d) AB . AC = AD2

4. If in two triangles DEF and PQR, D = Q and R = E, then which of the following is not
true?
EF DF DE EF DE DF EF DE
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
PR PQ PQ RP QR PQ RP QR
5. In triangles ABC and DEF, B = E, F = C and AB = 3 DE. Then, the two triangles are
(a) congruent but not similar (b) similar but not congruent
(c) neither congruent nor similar (d) congruent as well as similar

6. It is given that ABC ~ DFE, A =30°, C = 50°, AB = 5 cm, AC = 8 cm and DF= 7.5 cm.
Then, the following is true:
(a) DE = 12 cm, F = 50° (b) DE = 12 cm, F = 100°
(c) EF = 12 cm, D = 100° (d) EF = 12 cm, D = 30°

AB BC
7. If in triangles ABC and DEF,  , then they will be similar, when
DE FD
(a) B = E (b) A = D
(c) B = D (d) A = F

ar ( ABC ) 9
8. If ABC ~ QRP,  , AB = 18 cm and BC = 15 cm, then PR is equal to
ar ( PQR) 4
(a) 10 cm (b) 12 cm (c) 20/3 cm (d) 8 cm

9. If S is a point on side PQ of a PQR such that PS = QS = RS, then

(a) PR . QR = RS2 (b) QS2 + RS2 = QR2
(c) PR2 + QR2 = PQ2 (d) PS2 + RS2 = PR2

10. A vertical pole of length 20 m casts a shadow 10 m long on the ground and at the same time a
tower casts a shadow 50 m long, then the height of the tower.
(a) 100 m (b) 120 m (c) 25 m (d) none of these

11. The areas of two similar triangles are in the ratio 4 : 9. The corresponding sides of these triangles
are in the ratio
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 4 : 9 (c) 81 : 16 (d) 16 : 81

12. The areas of two similar triangles are in respectively 9 cm2 and 16 cm2. The ratio of their
corresponding sides is
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 4 (c) 4 : 3 (d) 4 : 5

Page - 45 -
13. Two isosceles triangles have equal angles and their areas are in the ratio 16 : 25. The ratio of
their corresponding heights is
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 5 : 4 (c) 5 : 7 (d) 4 : 5

14. If ABC and DEF are similar such that 2AB = DE and BC = 8 cm, then EF =
(a) 16 cm (b) 112 cm (c) 8 cm (d) 4 cm

15. XY is drawn parallel to the base BC of a ABC cutting AB at X and AC at Y. If AB = 4BX and
YC = 2 cm, then AY =
(a) 2 cm (b) 6 cm (c) 8 cm (d) 4 cm

16. Two poles of height 6 m and 11 m stand vertically upright on a plane ground. If the distance
between their foot is 12 m, the distance between their tops is
(a) 14 cm (b) 12 cm (c) 13 cm (d) 11 cm

17. In triangles ABC and DEF, A = E = 400, AB : ED = AC : EF and F = 650, then B =

(a) 350 (b) 650 (c) 750 (d) 850

18. If ABC and DEF are similar triangles such that A = 470 and E = 830, then C=
(a) 500 (b) 600 (c) 700 (d) 800

Page - 46 -
 CHAPTER – 8 & 9
TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometric Ratios (T - Ratios) of an acute angle of a right triangle
In XOY-plane, let a revolving line OP starting from OX, trace out XOP=From P (x, y)draw PM
 to OX.
In right angled triangle OMP. OM = x (Adjacent side); PM = y (opposite side); OP = r (hypotenuse).

Opposite Side y Adjacent Side x Opposite Side y

sin    , cos    , tan   
Hypotenuse r Hypotenuse r Adjacent Side x
Hypotenuse r Hypotenuse r Adjacent Side x
cos ec   , sec    , cot   
Opposite Side y Adjacent Side x Opposite Side y

Reciprocal Relations
1 1 1
cos ec  , sec   and cot  
sin  cos  tan 

Quotient Relations
sin  cos 
tan   and cot  
cos  sin 

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
4
If tan A  , find the value of all T– ratios of θ .
3
BC 4
Solution: Given that, In right Δ ABC, tan A  
AB 3
Therefore, if BC = 4k, then AB = 3k, where k is a positive number.
Now, by using the Pythagoras Theorem, we have
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = (4k)2 + (3k)2 = 25k2
So, AC = 5k
Now, we can write all the trigonometric ratios using their definitions.
BC 4k 4 AB 3k 3
sin A    , cos A   
AC 5k 5 AC 5k 5
1 3
and cot A   ,
tan A 4
1 5
cos ecA   ,
sin A 4

Page - 47 -
 1 5
sec A  
cos A 3
Questions for Practice
5
1. If sin θ  , find the value of all T– ratios of θ .
13
7
2. If cos θ  , find the value of all T– ratios of θ .
25
15
3. If tanθ  , find the value of all T– ratios of θ .
8
4. If cot θ  2 , find the value of all T– ratios of θ .
5. If cosec θ  10 , find the value of all T– ratios of θ .
6. In Δ OPQ, right-angled at P, OP = 7 cm and OQ – PQ = 1 cm. Determine the values of sin Q and
cos Q.
7. In Δ PQR, right-angled at Q, PR + QR = 25 cm and PQ = 5 cm. Determine the values of sin P,
cos P and tan P.

Trigonometric ratios for angle of measure.

00, 300,450, 600 and 900 in tabular form.

A 00 300 450 600 900

1 1 3
sinA 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cosA 1 0
2 2 2
1
tanA 0 1 3 Not defined
3
2
cosecA Not defined 2 2 1
3
2
secA 1 2 2 Not defined
3
1
cotA Not defined 3 1 0
3

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
3
If cos (A – B) = and sin (A + B) = 1, then find the value of A and B.
2
3
Solution: Given that cos( A  B)   cos 300
2
0
 A  B  30 ………………. (1)
and sin( A  B)  1  sin 900
 A  B  900 …………………… (2)
Solving equations (1) and (2), we get A = 600 and B = 300.

Questions for Practice

Page - 48 -
Evaluate each of the following:
1. sin 600 cos 300  cos 600 sin 300
2. cos 600 cos 300  sin 600 sin 300
3. cos 450 cos 300  sin 450 sin 300
4. sin 600 sin 450  cos 600 cos 450
5. (sin 2 300  4 cot 2 450  sec 2 600 )(cos ec 2 450 sec 2 300 )
1 1
6. If sin (A – B) = and cos(A + B) = , then find the value of A and B.
2 2
1
7. If tan (A – B) = and tan (A + B) = 3 , then find the value of A and B.
3

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
An equation involving trigonometric ratios of an angle is said to be a trigonometric identity if it is
satisfied for all values of for which the given trigonometric ratios are defined.
Identity (1) : sin2+ cos2= 1
 sin2= 1 – cos2and cos2= 1 – sin2.
Identity (2) : sec2= 1 + tan2
 sec2– tan2= 1 and tan2= sec2– 1.
Identity (3) : cosec2= 1 + cot2
 cosec2– cot2= 1 and cot2= cosec2– 1.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
cos A  sin A  1
Prove that:  cos ecA  cot A
cos A  sin A  1
cos A  sin A  1
Solution: LHS =
cos A  sin A  1
(Dividing Numerator and Denominator by sinA, we get)
cos A sin A 1
 
cot A  1  cos ecA  cos A 1 
 sin A sin A sin A   cot A  , cos ecA 
cos A sin A
 
1 cot A  1  cos ecA  sin A sin A 
sin A sin A sin A
cot A  cos ecA  1 cot A  cos ecA  (cos ec 2 A  cot 2 A)
  [ cos ec 2 A  cot 2 A  1]
cot A  1  cos ecA cot A  1  cos ecA
cot A  cos ecA  (cos ecA  cot A)(cos ecA  cot A)

cot A  1  cos ecA
(cos ecA  cot A)(1  cos ecA  cot A)
  cos ecA  cot A  RHS
cot A  1  cos ecA

Questions for Practice

Prove the following identities:
1. sec A (1 – sin A)(sec A + tan A) = 1.
cot A  cos A cos ecA  1
2. 
cot A  cos A cos ecA  1
sin   cos   1 1
3. 
sin   cos   1 sec   tan 
1  cos 
4. (cos ec  cot  ) 2 
1  cos 

Page - 49 -
 cos A 1  sin A
5.   2sec A
1  sin A cos A
tan  cot 
6.   1  sec  cos ec
1  cot  1  tan 
1  sec A sin 2 A
7. 
sec A 1  cos A
1  sin A
8.  sec A  tan A
1  sin A
sin   2sin 3 
9.  tan 
2cos3   cos 
10. (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2 = 7 + tan2 A + cot2 A
1
11. (cos ecA  sin A)(sec A  cos A) 
tan A  cot A
2 2
 1  tan A   1  tan A 
12.  2    tan 2 A
 1  cot A   1  cot A 

ANGLE OF ELEVATION
In the below figure, the line AC drawn from the eye of the student to the top of the minar is called
the line of sight. The student is looking at the top of the minar. The angle BAC, so formed by the line
of sight with the horizontal, is called the angle of elevation of the top of the minar from the eye of
the student. Thus, the line of sight is the line drawn from the eye of an observer to the point in the
object viewed by the observer.

The angle of elevation of the point viewed is the angle formed by the line of sight with the
horizontal when the point being viewed is above the horizontal level, i.e., the case when we raise our
head to look at the object

ANGLE OF DEPRESSION
In the below figure, the girl sitting on the balcony is looking down at a flower pot placed on a stair of
the temple. In this case, the line of sight is below the horizontal level. The angle so formed by the
line of sight with the horizontal is called the angle of depression. Thus, the angle of depression of a
point on the object being viewed is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when the
point is below the horizontal level, i.e., the case when we lower our head to look at the point being
viewed

Page - 50 -
 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
The angles of depression of the top and the bottom of an 8 m tall building from the top of a
multi-storeyed building are 30° and 45°, respectively. Find the height of the multi-storeyed
building and the distance between the two buildings.
Solution : Let PC = h m be the height of multistoryed building and AB denotes the 8 m tall building.
BD = AC = x m, PC = h = PD + DC = PD + AB = PD + 8 m
So, PD = h – 8 m
Now,  QPB =  PBD = 30°
Similarly,  QPA =  PAC = 45°.
PD 1 h8
In right Δ PBD, tan 300     x  (h  8) 3 m ………………. (1)
BD 3 x

PC h
Also, In right Δ PAC, tan 450  1
AC x
 x  h m ………………….. (2)
From equations (1) and (2), we get h  (h  8) 3
 h  h 3 8 3  h 3 h  8 3
8 3
 h( 3  1)  8 3  h 
3 1
8 3 3  1 8 3( 3  1)
h  
3 1 3 1 3 1
8(3  3)
h  4(3  3)m
2
Hence, the height of the multi-storeyed building is 4(3  3)m and the distance between the two
buildings is also 4(3  3)m .

From a point on a bridge across a river, the angles of depression of the banks on opposite sides
of the river are 30° and 45°, respectively. If the bridge is at a height of 3 m from the banks,
find the width of the river.
Solution: Let A and B represent points on the bank on opposite sides of the river, so that AB is the
width of the river. P is a point on the bridge at a height of 3 m, i.e., DP = 3 m.
Now, AB = AD + DB
PD 1 3
In right Δ APD, tan 300   
AD 3 AD

Page - 51 -
 AD  3 3 m
PD 3
Also, in right Δ PBD, tan 450  1
BD BD
 BD  3 m
Now, AB = BD + AD = 3  3 3  3(1  3) m
Therefore, the width of the river is 3(1  3) m

Questions for Practice

1. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point on the ground, which is 30 m away
from the foot of the tower, is 30°. Find the height of the tower.
2. A kite is flying at a height of 60 m above the ground. The string attached to the kite is
temporarily tied to a point on the ground. The inclination of the string with the ground is 60°.
Find the length of the string, assuming that there is no slack in the string.
3. A 1.5 m tall boy is standing at some distance from a 30 m tall building. The angle of elevation
from his eyes to the top of the building increases from 30° to 60° as he walks towards the
building. Find the distance he walked towards the building.
4. From a point on the ground, the angles of elevation of the bottom and the top of a transmission
tower fixed at the top of a 20 m high building are 45° and 60° respectively. Find the height of the
tower.
5. A statue, 1.6 m tall, stands on the top of a pedestal. From a point on the ground, the angle of
elevation of the top of the statue is 60° and from the same point the angle of elevation of the top
of the pedestal is 45°. Find the height of the pedestal.
6. The angle of elevation of the top of a building from the foot of the tower is 30° and the angle of
elevation of the top of the tower from the foot of the building is 60°. If the tower is 50 m high,
find the height of the building.
7. Two poles of equal heights are standing opposite each other on either side of the road, which is
80 m wide. From a point between them on the road, the angles of elevation of the top of the poles
are 60° and 30°, respectively. Find the height of the poles and the distances of the point from the
poles.
8. A TV tower stands vertically on a bank of a canal. From a point on the other bank directly
opposite the tower, the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 60°. From another point 20 m
away from this point on the line joing this point to the foot of the tower, the angle of elevation of
the top of the tower is 30° . Find the height of the tower and the width of the canal.
9. From the top of a 7 m high building, the angle of elevation of the top of a cable tower is 60° and
the angle of depression of its foot is 45°. Determine the height of the tower.
10. As observed from the top of a 75 m high lighthouse from the sea-level, the angles of depression
of two ships are 30° and 45°. If one ship is exactly behind the other on the same side of the
lighthouse, find the distance between the two ships.
11. A 1.2 m tall girl spots a balloon moving with the wind in a horizontal line at a height of 88.2 m
from the ground. The angle of elevation of the balloon from the eyes of the girl at any instant is
60°. After some time, the angle of elevation reduces to 30° . Find the distance travelled by the
balloon during the interval.
12. A straight highway leads to the foot of a tower. A man standing at the top of the tower observes a
car at an angle of depression of 30°, which is approaching the foot of the tower with a uniform
speed. Six seconds later, the angle of depression of the car is found to be 60°. Find the time taken
by the car to reach the foot of the tower from this point.
13. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower from two points at a distance of 4 m and 9 m from
the base of the tower and in the same straight line with it are complementary. Prove that the
height of the tower is 6 m.

Page - 52 -
MCQ QUESTIONS (1 mark)

1. The value of (sin30° + cos30°) – (sin60° + cos60°) is

(a) – 1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2

tan 300
2. The value of is
cot 600
1 1
(a) (b) (c) 3 (d) 1
2 3

3. The value of (sin 45° + cos 45°) is

1 3
(a) (b) 2 (c) (d) 1
2 2
4
4. If cos A = , then the value of tan A is
5
3 3 4 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 4 3 3
1
5. If sin A = , then the value of cot A is
2
1 3
(a) (b) 3 (c) (d) 1
3 2

6. If cos (α + β) = 0, then sin (α – β) can be reduced to

(a) cos β (b) cos 2β (c) sin α (d) sin 2α

7. If ΔABC is right angled at C, then the value of cos (A+B) is

1 3
(a) 0 (b)1 (c) (d)
2 2
8. If sinA + sin2A = 1, then the value of the expression (cos2A + cos4A) is
1
(a) 1 (b) (c) 2 (d) 3
2
1 1
9. Given that sinα = and cosβ = , then the value of (α + β) is
2 2
(a) 0° (b) 30° (c) 60° (d) 90°

10. If sinθ – cosθ = 0, then the value of (sin4θ + cos4θ) is

3 1 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
4 2 4

Page - 53 -
 CHAPTER – 12
AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES
AREA AND PERIMETER OF CIRCLE, QUADRANT, SEMICIRCLE
Area of Circle =  r 2 , Perimeter of Circle = Circumference = 2 r
1
Area of Semicircle =  r 2 , Perimeter of Semicircle =  r  2r
2
1 1
Area of Quadrant =  r 2 , Perimeter of Quadrant =  r  2r
4 2
IMPORTANT QUESTONS
Find the diameter of the circle whose area is equal to the sum of the areas of the two circles of
diameters 20 cm and 48 cm.
Solution: Here, radius r1 of first circle = 20/2 cm = 10 cm
and radius r2 of the second circle = 48/2 cm = 24 cm
Therefore, sum of their areas = π r12 + π r22 = π (10)2 + π (24)2 = π × 676
Let the radius of the new circle be r cm. Its area = π r2
Therefore, π r2 = π × 676  r2 = 676  r = 26
Thus, radius of the new circle = 26 cm
Hence, diameter of the new circle = 2×26 cm = 52 cm

Questions for Practice

1. The radii of two circles are 19 cm and 9 cm respectively. Find the radius of the circle which has
circumference equal to the sum of the circumferences of the two circles.
2. The radii of two circles are 8 cm and 6 cm respectively. Find the radius of the circle having area
equal to the sum of the areas of the two circles.
3. The wheels of a car are of diameter 80 cm each. How many complete revolutions does each
wheel make in 10 minutes when the car is travelling at a speed of 66 km per hour?
4. Find the area of a quadrant of a circle whose circumference is 22 cm.

AREAS OF SECTOR AND SEGMENT OF A CIRCLE


Area of the sector of angle θ  0
  r 2 , where r is the radius of the circle and θ the angle of the
360
sector in degrees


length of an arc of a sector of angle θ   2 r , where r is the radius
3600
of the circle and θ the angle of the sector in degrees

Area of the segment APB = Area of the sector OAPB – Area of Δ OAB

   r 2 – area of Δ OAB
3600
 Area of the major sector OAQB = πr2 – Area of the minor sector
OAPB

 Area of major segment AQB = πr2 – Area of the minor segment APB

 Area of segment of a circle = Area of the corresponding sector – Area of the corresponding
triangle

Page - 54 -
 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Find the area of the sector of a circle with radius 4 cm and of angle 30°. Also, find the area of
the corresponding major sector (Use π = 3.14).
Solution : Here, radius, r = 4 cm,  = 300,
 2 300 1
We know that Area of sector = 0
  r  0
 3.14  4  4   3.14  4  4
360 360 12
12.56
  4.19cm 2 (approx.)
3
Area of the corresponding major sector
= πr2 – area of sector OAPB
= (3.14 × 16 – 4.19) cm2
= 46.05 cm2 = 46.1 cm2(approx.)

A chord of a circle of radius 10 cm subtends a right angle at the centre. Find the area of the
corresponding : (i) minor segment (ii) major sector. (Use π = 3.14)
Solutions: Here, radius, r = 10 cm,  = 900,
 900 1
We know that Area of minor sector = 0
  r 2
 0
 3.14  10  10   314  78.5cm 2
360 360 4
1 1
and Area of triangle AOB =  b  h   10  10  50cm 2
2 2

Area of minor segment = Area of minor sector –

Area of triangle AOB = 78.5 – 50 = 28.5 cm2.
Area of circle =  r 2  3.14 10 10  314cm 2
Area of major sector = Area of circle – Area of minor sector
= 314 – 78.5 = 235.5 cm2

Questions for Practice

1. Find the area of the segment AYB shown in below figure, if radius of the circle is 21 cm and
 AOB = 120°.

2. Find the area of a sector of a circle with radius 6 cm if angle of the sector is 60°.
3. The length of the minute hand of a clock is 14 cm. Find the area swept by the minute hand in 5
minutes.
4. A horse is tied to a peg at one corner of a square shaped grass field of side 15 m by means of a 5
m long rope. Find (i) the area of that part of the field in which the horse can graze. (ii) the
increase in the grazing area if the rope were 10 m long instead of 5 m. (Use π = 3.14)
5. A brooch is made with silver wire in the form of a circle with diameter 35 mm. The wire is also
used in making 5 diameters which divide the circle into 10 equal sectors. Find : (i) the total
length of the silver wire required. (ii) the area of each sector of the brooch.
6. In a circle of radius 21 cm, an arc subtends an angle of 60° at the centre. Find: (i) the length of
the arc (ii) area of the sector formed by the arc (iii) area of the segment formed by the
corresponding chord

Page - 55 -
7. A chord of a circle of radius 15 cm subtends an angle of 60° at the centre. Find the areas of the
corresponding minor and major segments of the circle. (Use π = 3.14 and 3 = 1.73)
8. A chord of a circle of radius 12 cm subtends an angle of 120° at the centre. Find the area of the
corresponding segment of the circle. (Use π = 3.14 and 3 = 1.73)
9. A car has two wipers which do not overlap. Each wiper has a blade of length 25 cm sweeping
through an angle of 115°. Find the total area cleaned at each sweep of the blades.
10. To warn ships for underwater rocks, a lighthouse spreads a red coloured light over a sector of
angle 80° to a distance of 16.5 km. Find the area of the sea over which the ships are warned.
(Use π = 3.14)

AREA OF SHADED REGION BASED QUESTIONS

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
In the adjoining figure, two circular flower beds have been shown on two sides of a square
lawn ABCD of side 56 m. If the centre of each circular flower bed is the point of intersection O
of the diagonals of the square lawn, find the sum of the areas of the lawn and the flower beds.
Solution: Here, side of square ABCD, a = 56 m
diagonal of square = a 2 = 56 2
56 2
radius, r = OA = OB = OC = OD =  28 2cm
2
Now, Area of sector OAB = Area of sector ODC
 2 900 22 2 1 22 2
=   r   r   r
3600 3600 7 4 7
1 1
and Area of Δ OAD = Area of Δ OBC =  r  r   r 2
2 2
Total area = Area of sector OAB + Area of sector ODC
+ Area of Δ OAD + Area of Δ OBC
1 22 2 1 22 2 1 2 1 2
=  r   r  r  r
4 7 4 7 2 2
1 22 2 1 2 11 2 2  11  2
 2    r  2   r   r  r    1 r
4 7 2 7 7 
18
  28  28  2  4032cm 2
7

Questions for Practice

1. Find the area of the shaded region in below left figure, where ABCD is a square of side 14 cm.

2. Find the area of the shaded design in above right figure, where ABCD is a square of side 10 cm
and semicircles are drawn with each side of the square as diameter. (Use π = 3.14)

Page - 56 -
3. Find the area of the shaded region in below left figure, if ABCD is a square of side 14 cm and
APD and BPC are semicircles.

4. From each corner of a square of side 4 cm a quadrant of a circle of radius 1 cm is cut and also a
circle of diameter 2 cm is cut as shown in above right sided figure. Find the area of the remaining
portion of the square.
5. In the below left figure, ABCD is a square of side 14 cm. With centres A, B, C and D, four
circles are drawn such that each circle touch externally two of the remaining three circles. Find
the area of the shaded region.

6. In the above right sided figure, AB and CD are two diameters of a circle (with centre O)
perpendicular to each other and OD is the diameter of the smaller circle. If OA = 7 cm, find the
area of the shaded region.
7. In the below left figure, ABC is a quadrant of a circle of radius 14 cm and a semicircle is drawn
with BC as diameter. Find the area of the shaded region.

8. In the above right sided figure, OACB is a quadrant of a circle with centre O and radius 3.5 cm.
If OD = 2 cm, find the area of the (i) quadrant OACB, (ii) shaded region.
9. In the below figure, a square OABC is inscribed in a quadrant OPBQ. If OA = 20 cm, find the
area of the shaded region. (Use π = 3.14)

10. Calculate the area of the designed region in above right sided figure, common between the two
quadrants of circles of radius 8 cm each.

Page - 57 -
MCQ QUESTIONS (1 mark)

1. If the area of a circle is 154 cm2, then its perimeter is

(a) 11 cm (b) 22 cm (c) 44 cm (d) 55 cm

2. If θ is the angle (in degrees) of a sector of a circle of radius r, then area of the sector is
 r 2  r 2 2 r 2 r
(a) 0
(b) 0
(c) 0
(d)
360 180 360 1800

3. If the sum of the areas of two circles with radii R1 and R2 is equal to the area of a circle of radius
R, then
(a) R1 + R2 = R (b) R12  R22  R 2 (c) R1 + R2 < R (d) R12  R22  R 2

4. Area of the largest triangle that can be inscribed in a semi-circle of radius r units is
1 2
(a) r2 sq. units (b) r sq. units (c) 2 r2 sq. units (d) 2 r2 sq. units
2

5. If the perimeter of a circle is equal to that of a square, then the ratio of their areas is
(a) 22 : 7 (b) 14 : 11 (c) 7 : 22 (d) 11: 14

6. The area of the circle that can be inscribed in a square of side 6 cm is

(a) 36 π cm2 (b) 18 π cm2 (c) 12 π cm2 (d) 9 π cm2

7. The area of the square that can be inscribed in a circle of radius 8 cm is

(a) 256 cm2 (b) 128 cm2 (c) 64 2 cm2 (d) 64 cm2

8. The radius of a circle whose circumference is equal to the sum of the circumferences of the two
circles of diameters 36cm and 20 cm is
(a) 56 cm (b) 42 cm (c) 28 cm (d) 16 cm

9. The diameter of a circle whose area is equal to the sum of the areas of the two circles of radii 24
cm and 7 cm is
(a) 31 cm (b) 25 cm (c) 62 cm (d) 50 cm

10. A wire is looped in the form of a circle of radius 28 cm. It is rebent into a square form.
Determine the length of the side of the square.
(a) 42 cm (b) 44 cm (c) 46 cm (d) 48 cm

11. A circular part, 42 m in diameter has a path 3.5 m wide running round it on the outside. Find the
cost of gravelling the path at Rs. 4 per m2.
(a) Rs. 2800 (b) Rs. 2020 (c) Rs. 2002 (d) none of these

12. The diameter of the wheels of a bus is 140 cm. How many revolutions per minute must a wheel
make in order to move a t a speed of 66km/hr?
(a) 240 (b) 250 (c) 260 (d) 270

Page - 58 -
 CHAPTER – 13
SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES
IMPORTANT FORMULAE

COMBINATIONAL FIGURE BASED QUESTIONS

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
The decorative block is shown in below left figure made of two solids — a cube and a
hemisphere. The base of the block is a cube with edge 5 cm, and the hemisphere fixed on the
top has a diameter of 4.2 cm. Find the total surface area of the block.
Solution: The total surface area of the cube = 6 × (edge)2 = 6 × 5 × 5 cm2 = 150 cm2.
So, the surface area of the block = TSA of cube – base area of hemisphere + CSA of hemisphere
= 150 – πr2 + 2πr2 = (150 + πr2) cm2
 22 4.2 4.2  2 2 2
 150      cm  150  13.86cm  163.86cm
 7 2 2 

Mayank made a bird-bath for his garden in the shape of a cylinder with a hemispherical
depression at one end. The height of the cylinder is 1.45 m and its radius is 30 cm. Find the
total surface area of the bird-bath.

Page - 59 -
Solution : Let h be height of the cylinder, and r the common radius of the cylinder and hemisphere.
(See above right sided figure)
Total surface area of the bird-bath = CSA of cylinder + CSA of hemisphere
22 22
= 2πrh + 2πr2 = 2π r (h + r)  2   30(145  30)  2   30 175  33000cm 2  3.3m 2
7 7
A juice seller was serving his customers using glasses as shown in below figure. The inner
diameter of the cylindrical glass was 5 cm, but the bottom of the glass had a hemispherical
raised portion which reduced the capacity of the glass. If the height of a glass was 10 cm, find
the apparent capacity of the glass and its actual capacity. (Use π = 3.14.)
Solution: Here, inner diameter = 5 cm. height, h = 10 cm
5
So, radius, r = cm
2
Apparent capacity of the glass = Volume of cylinder – Volume of hemisphere
2  2  5 5  2 5
=  r 2 h   r 3   r 2  h  r   3.14    10   
3  3  2 2  3 2
25 25 19625
 3.14     163.54cm3
4 3 12
Questions for Practice
1. A wooden article was made by scooping out a hemisphere from each end of a solid cylinder (see
below left figure). If the height of the cylinder is 10 cm, and its base is of radius 3.5 cm, find the
total surface area of the article.

2. A medicine capsule is in the shape of a cylinder with two hemispheres stuck to each of its ends
(see above right sided figure). The length of the entire capsule is 14 mm and the diameter of the
capsule is 5 mm. Find its surface area.
3. A tent is in the shape of a cylinder surmounted by a conical top. If the height and diameter of the
cylindrical part are 2.1 m and 4 m respectively, and the slant height of the top is 2.8 m, find the
area of the canvas used for making the tent. Also, find the cost of the canvas of the tent at the
rate of Rs 500 per m2.
4. From a solid cylinder whose height is 2.4 cm and diameter 1.4 cm, a conical cavity of the same
height and same diameter is hollowed out. Find the total surface area of the remaining solid to
the nearest cm2.
5. A toy is in the form of a cone of radius 3.5 cm mounted on a hemisphere of same radius. The
total height of the toy is 15.5 cm. Find the total surface area of the toy.
6. A solid toy is in the form of a hemisphere surmounted by a right circular cone. The height of the
cone is 2 cm and the diameter of the base is 4 cm. Determine the volume of the toy. If a right
circular cylinder circumscribes the toy, find the difference of the volumes of the cylinder and the
toy. (Take π = 3.14)
7. A gulab jamun, contains sugar syrup up to about 30% of its volume. Find approximately how
much syrup would be found in 45 gulab jamuns, each shaped like a cylinder with two
hemispherical ends with length 5 cm and diameter 2.8 cm
8. A solid iron pole consists of a cylinder of height 220 cm and base diameter 24 cm, which is
surmounted by another cylinder of height 60 cm and radius 8 cm. Find the mass of the pole,
given that 1 cm3 of iron has approximately 8g mass. (Use π = 3.14)
9. A solid consisting of a right circular cone of height 120 cm and radius 60 cm standing on a
hemisphere of radius 60 cm is placed upright in a right circular cylinder full of water such that it
Page - 60 -
 touches the bottom. Find the volume of water left in the cylinder, if the radius of the cylinder is
60 cm and its height is 180 cm.

MCQ QUESTIONS (1 mark)

1. A cylindrical pencil sharpened at one edge is the combination of

(a) a cone and a cylinder (b) frustum of a cone and a cylinder
(c) a hemisphere and a cylinder (d) two cylinders.

2. A surahi is the combination of

(a) a sphere and a cylinder (b) a hemisphere and a cylinder
(c) two hemispheres (d) a cylinder and a cone.

3. The shape of a gilli, in the gilli-danda game (see below figure), is a combination of
(a) two cylinders (b) a cone and a cylinder
(c) two cones and a cylinder (d) two cylinders and a cone

4. A shuttle cock used for playing badminton has the shape of the combination of
(a) a cylinder and a sphere (b) a cylinder and a hemisphere
(c) a sphere and a cone (d) frustum of a cone and a hemisphere

5. A cone is cut through a plane parallel to its base and then the cone that is formed on one side of
that plane is removed. The new part that is left over on the other side of the plane is called
(a) a frustum of a cone (b) cone (c) cylinder (d) sphere

6. If two solid hemispheres of same base radius r are joined together along their bases, then curved
surface area of this new solid is
(a) 4πr2 (b) 6πr2 (c) 3πr2 (d) 8πr2

7. A right circular cylinder of radius r cm and height h cm (h>2r) just encloses a sphere of diameter
(a) r cm (b) 2r cm (c) h cm (d) 2h cm

8. During conversion of a solid from one shape to another, the volume of the new shape will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) remain unaltered (d) be doubled

9. In a right circular cone, the cross-section made by a plane parallel to the base is a
(a) circle (b) frustum of a cone (c) sphere (d) hemisphere

10. The volume of a cube is 2744 cm3. Its surface area is

(a) 196 cm2 (b) 1176 cm2 (c) 784 cm2 (d) 588 cm2

11. The ratio of the total surface area to the lateral surface area of a cylinder with base radius 80 cm
and height 20 cm is
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 3 : 1 (d) 5 : 1

12. The height of a cylinder is 14 cm and its curved surface area is 264 cm2. The volume of the
cylinder is
(a) 296 cm3 (b) 396 cm3 (c) 369 cm3 (d) 503 cm3

Page - 61 -
13. The ratio of the volumes of two spheres is 8 : 27. The ratio between their surface areas is
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 4 : 27 (c) 8 : 9 (d) 4 : 9

14. The radii of the base of a cylinder and a cone are in the ratio 3 : 4 and their heights are in the
ratio 2 : 3, then ratio of their volumes is
(a) 9 : 8 (b) 9 : 4 (c) 3 : 1 (d) 27 : 64

15. If two cubes, each of edge 4 cm are joined end to end, then the surface area of the resulting
cuboid is
(a) 100 cm2 (b) 160 cm2 (c) 200 cm2 (d) 80 cm2

16. The curved surface area of a cylinder is 264 m2 and its volume is 924 m3. The ratio of its
diameter to its height is
(a) 3 : 7 (b) 7 : 3 (c) 6 : 7 (d) 7 : 6

17. The radius of spherical balloon increases from 8 cm to 12 cm. The ratio of the surface areas of
the balloon in two cases is
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 2 (c) 8 : 27 (d) 4 : 9

18. Volumes of two spheres are in the ratio 64:27. The ratio of their surface areas is
(a) 3 : 4 (b) 4 : 3 (c) 9 : 16 (d) 16 : 9

Page - 62 -