Additional Exercises
√
3
1. Consider f (x) = x2 + 3 on [2, 5].
(a) Find all c values that satisfy the conclusion of Mean Value Theorem
(b) Find all c values that satisfy the conclusion of Rolle’s Theorem
2. Find the derivative of
y = (3x − 7)4 ln(2x)
Hint: Logarithm Differentiation
1
3. A culture of bacteria follows an exponential function with respect to days. Initially,
the culture has 20 bacteria. On day 3, the culture has 160 bacteria. Find the growth
rate of the culture when there are 10240 bacteria.
4. A lamp is mounted at the top of a 20 ft pole. A person 5 ft tall walks straight away
from the pole along ground level at a speed of 4 ft/s. What is the rate of decrease of
the angle between the ground and the line from the lamp to the top of the person’s
head when the person is 30 ft away.
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Important Formulas
d n d
1. Power Rule: x = nxn−1 for n constant only.
dx dx
d
2. Product Rule: f (x)g(x) = f ′ (x)g(x) + f (x)g ′ (x).
dx
d f (x) f ′ (x)g(x) − f (x)g ′ (x)
3. Quotient Rule: = .
dx g(x) g 2 (x)
d
4. General Chain Rule: f (g(x)) = f ′ (g(x)) · g ′ (x). We find the derivative for f (x) first
dx
and then replace every x in that derivative with g(x). For example: if f (x) = x2 and
g(x) = 3x + 5, then f ′ (g(x)) = 2(3x + 5) = 6x + 10.
dy dy dx
5. Chain Rule for Related Rates (Optional): = · . Here, dy dt
represents the rate
dt dx dt
dy
we need to find in the problem, dx dt
is given by the problem, while we just to find dx
or the relationship between the 2 parameters. For example, we are given the velocity
of the walking person ( dx
dt
) while the question asks us to find the velocity of the tip of
dy
the shadow ( dt ). Then, we need to find the relationship between the distance covered
dy
by the person and the distance covered by the shadow ( dx ). Remember to plug in the
value of x as well!
6. Trigonometry Rules:
d d 1
• sin(x) = cos(x) & arcsin(x) = √
dx dx 1 − x2
d d 1
• cos(x) = − sin(x) & arccos(x) = − √
dx dx 1 − x2
d d 1
• tan(x) = sec2 (x) & arctan(x) = 2
dx dx x +1
d
• sec(x) = tan(x) sec(x)
dx
7. Other special differentiations:
d x
• e = ex only if the power is x. If not, use Chain Rule.
dx
d 1
• ln(x) = .
dx x
d x
• a = ln(a) · ax for a constant.
dx
d dy
• Implicit Differentiation: 4xy = 4(x)′ y + 4x(y ′ ) = 4y + 4x .
dx dx
3
• Logarithm Differentiation: For y = f (x)g(x) , we have
ln(y) = ln(f (x)g(x) ) = g(x) ln(f (x))
Taking the derivative of both sides, we have
1 dy g(x)f ′ (x)
= g ′ (x) ln(f (x)) +
y dx f (x)
meaning that
g(x)f ′ (x)
dy ′
= y · g (x) ln(f (x)) +
dx f (x)
8. Linearization of a function f at point a: L(x) = f (a) + f ′ (a)(x − a).
9. Rolle’s Theorem: Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b). If f (a) =
f (b), then there exists c ∈ (a, b) such that f ′ (c) = 0.
10. Mean Value Theorem: Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b). Then,
f (b) − f (a)
there exists c ∈ (a, b) such that f ′ (c) =
b−a
11. Derivative test:
• Step 1: Set the 1st derivative to 0 (f ′ (x) = 0) to find critical points.
• Step 2: Check if critical points are in the interval (if there is any).
• Step 3 (If there is an interval): Check values of f (x) at boundaries and at the
critical points to find maximum/minimum.
• Step 3 (if there is no interval): Use 2nd derivative test for the critical points. If
f ′′ (x) < 0 then x is a local maximum. If f ′′ (x) > 0 then x is a local minimum. If
f ′′ (x) = 0 then x is neither.