‘BRAKING SYSTEM HYDRAULIC BRAKING SYSTEM This is based on Pascal's principle, where pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions. ‘A magnetic flux is passed in a direction perpendicular to the rotating direction of the ‘ite to the rotation of the particular wheel, a rapid current flowing in a direction opposi rheel creating an opposing force to the wheel rotation thus, gradually slowing down the wheel speed. It transmits the brake system to the wheels of the brake through the pressure of fluids, converting the pressure into useful work of wheel brakes. The Brake pedal relays the driver foot effort to the master cylinder piston, which compresses the brake fluid. The fluid pressure is the same as it's transmitted to the front disc-caliper pistons and the rear disc caliper pistons. As per the process, a different mechanical parking brake must be included with at least two wheels. This also allows the driver to be in control of the vehicle in the cause of a failure with the Hydraulic Brake system. A hydraulic braking system uses hydraulic fluid to transmit force from the brake pedal to the brake components allowing for efficient and effective braking in vehicles. 2 ‘[Link] HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEM LINE DIAGRAMAdvantages of Hydraulic Brake System "It provides equal braking effort on all wheels. * Relative brake effort is less to deliver the same output. * It is fully compensated thus each brake receives a full share of pedal effort = Itis more efficient than mechanical. = Suitable for all types of vehicles having independent suspension Properties Of Brake Fluid Brake fluid is a vital component of any modern automotive braking system. Its role in ensuring the safe operation of vehicles cannot be overstated, as it directly affects the performance and reliability of the braking system. Several crucial properties make brake fluid suitable for its demanding role in the braking system. These properties ensure safety, reliability, and consistent performance. Understanding the purpose and key properties of brake fluid is essential for maintaining the safety and functionality of your vehicle's braking system. The properties include; 3 igh Boiling Point: One of the most critical properties of brake flui boiling point. As the braking system generates heat during operation, the brake fluid must have a high boiling point to prevent vaporization, which can lead to a loss of brake performance or even complete brake failure. There are two specifications for the boiling point: Dry boiling point (when the fluid is new) and wet boiling point (after absorbing some moisture from the air over time). Low breeding Point: Ensures that the fluid remains effective under extremely cold conditions allowing reliable brake operation. It should not freeze when temperatures are very low as the will prevent braking or will cause brake failure. Viscosity: Brake fluid must have a stable viscosity across a wide temperature range. This property ensures that the fluid can flow smoothly through the brake lines and components, even in extreme cold or hot conditions. A consistent viscosity ensures proper brake function and prevents brake drag. 4. Compatibility: Brake fluid needs to be compatible with various materials commonly found in brake systems, including rubber seals, hoses, and metal components. Incompatibility can lead to swelling, deterioration, or corrosion, jeopardizing the integrity of the braking system. 5, Hygroscopicity: Brake fluid has a unique ability to absorb water vapor from the air. While this property helps prevent water from pooling within the brakesystem, excessive moisture absorption can reduce the boiling point of the fluid over time. This is why it's important to regularly replace brake fluid to maintain its effectiveness. 6. Corrosion Resistance: Brake fluid must inhibit corrosion within the braking system to ensure the longevity and reliability of the components. Corrosion can compromise the structural integrity of brake lines, master cylinders, and other vital parts. 7. Compressibility: Brake fluid should have low compressibility to transmit the force from the brake pedal to the brake components instantly. Minimal compressibility ensures a firm pedal feel, allowing the driver to modulate braking effectivel 8, Detergent Properties: Some brake fluids have detergent additives that help keep the brake system clean by preventing the build up of contaminants and deposits. BRAKE MASTER CYLINDER DESIGN In automotive engineering, the master cylinder is a control device that converts non- hydraulic pressure (commonly from a driver's foot) into hydraulic pressure. This device controls slave cylinders located at the other end of the hydraulic system. As piston(s) move along the bore of the master cylinder, this movement is transferred through the hydraulic fluid, to result in a movement of the slave cylinder(s). The hydraulic pressure created by moving a piston (inside the bore of the ‘master cylinder) toward the slave cylinder(s) compresses the fluid evenly, but by varying the comparative surface-area of the master cylinder and/or each slave cylinder, one can vary the amount of force and displacement applied to each slave cylinder, relative to the amount of force and displacement applied to the master cylinder. Function of Master Cylinder Brake Master Cylinder (BMC) is nothing but a highly advanced piston and cylinder assembly. The purpose of BMC is to build hydraulic pressure and it works on the basic principle of Pascal's LawPULEN riva vent wast oa rues nian [Link] ae "spa Bypass: anasTon Push no ston cue PSTRNGRTUMH Diagram of Master Cylinder 1) Reservoir - which holds the brake fluid 2) Primary & Secondary Piston — which acts as piston 3) Seals ~ seals the port and also seals the chambers. “The principle of working is that of Pascal's Law where a high-pressure fluid is obtained at the outlet of smaller area, of a cylinder by application of force on the larger inlet area. Master cylinder can be rightly named as heart of the hydraulic braking system. There are two main chambers. The fluid reservoir & compression chamber in which the piston operates (Fig. The fluid in the reservoir compensates for any change in the fluid volume in the pipelines due to temperature variations & to some extent due to leakage. To prevent leakage there are rubber seals on both ends of the piston in the compression chamber. The reduced diameter region of the piston is always surrounded by the fluid. A rubber boot covers the push rod end of the master cylinder to prevent the dirt from entering inside towards the brake lines side of the compression chamber, there is a fluid check value with a rubber cup inside. It serves to retain the residual pressure in the brake lines even when the brakes are released, OPERATION OF MASTER CYLINDER When the brake pedal is pressed the push rod moves toward left by moving the piston against the spring force as it covers bypass port, a pressure built up in the compression chamber when sufficient pressure built up, the fluid check valve is deflected & the fluid under pressure flows in the pipeline. When the brake pedal issame force of spring keeps the check valve pressed on its seat for sometime, there by delaying the return of fluid into the compression chamber. This delay causes vacuum in compression chamber & there may be chance of air leakage into the system. This vacuum is destroyed by entering the fluid from reservoir through intake port & holes in the piston which deflect rubber cup & enter in compression chamber, oc the spring force in the master cylinder moves the piston towards right. is Brake Wheel Cylinder Design ‘A wheel cylinder is a component of a hydraulic drum brake system, It is located in each wheel and is usually positioned at the top of the wheel, above the shoes. Its function is to exert force onto the shoes so as to bring them into contact with the drum and stop the vehicle with friction. 6 Wheel Cylinder Exploded Diagram Dust boot Spring cup \ | ¢ ae C NU) 7 ; Piston Sets Wheel Cylinder Rebuild Kit Contents Spring cup Spring cup Spring7Wheel Cylinder Location and Operation , ee tne fea Seen Proce \ Ger eed teone Wheel Cylinder Operation ‘The basic principle behind the operation of a brake wheel cylinder involves a piston housed within a cylinder that is connected to the brake shoes. When hydraulic pressure is applied to the cylinder, the piston is forced outward, thus pushing the brake shoes into contact with the drum or rotor. With normal wear, these cylinders can sometimes end up with a leak, which can be dangerous.If the wheel cylinders stop working, the car won't be able to stop correctly (or at all). Therefore, they are extreme important to be in good working order without them the brakes won't work properly. What Happens When a Wheel Cylinder Goes Bad 5 a Because the wheel cylinder is an essential part of the braking system, a lot can go wrong when it starts to go bad. Ifyour brake pedal feels “mushy,” it is likely caused by the wheel cylinder. If they are not pressurizing correctly, these cylinders will not be able to extend the piston properly. Therefore, the brakes will start to feel strange anda bit unresponsive. also slow your brake's activation time. to pressurize will e shoe, in other words. Furthermore, their inability against the brake They'll take longer to press car with a slower brake time is also more likely to end up in an accident. Of course, a ‘a car with a bad wheel cylinder. Usually, it will be much harder to stop Sometimes, your car may even leak brake fluid because of damage to the wheel cylinders. Often, you'll be able to detect this sort of damage visibly ~ usually by noticing a film of liquid on the backing plate. 1 drips coming from the wheel notice pools o' a serious time However, sometimes, you may even dicate that the vehicle will have cylinders themselves. Larger pools in stopping and should not be driven. 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