J. Food Sci. Gastron.

(January - June 2025) 3(1): 29-37

[Link]
ISSN: 3073-1283

REVIEW ARTICLE

Extraction methods of bioactive compounds:

a sustainability approach
Métodos de extracción de compuestos bioactivos:
un enfoque hacia la sostenibilidad

Yanelis Chongo

Received: 19 september 2024 / Accepted: 16 December 2024 / Published online: 31 January 2025
© The Author(s) 2025

Abstract This article provides an overview of various ex- Resumen Este artículo ofrece una visión de diversos méto-
traction methods used to obtain bioactive compounds from dos de extracción utilizados para obtener compuestos bioac-
plant materials, highlighting the process conditions, extract tivos a partir de materiales vegetales, destacando las condi-
properties, and potential applications. Methodologies such ciones del proceso, las propiedades de los extractos y sus
as ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), Soxhlet, supercrit- aplicaciones potenciales. Se estudiaron metodologías como
ical fluids extraction (SFE), and green or environmentally la extracción asistida por ultrasonido (EAU), Soxhlet, flui-
friendly methods were studied. Each technique was evaluat- dos supercríticos (SFE), y métodos verdes o ambientalmente
ed in terms of efficiency, cost, environmental impact, and ap- amigables. Cada técnica se evaluó en términos de eficiencia,
plication, considering factors such as the type of compounds costo, impacto ambiental y aplicación, considerando factores
extracted (antioxidants, flavonoids, essential oils) and their como el tipo de compuestos extraídos (antioxidantes, flavo-
use in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The noides, aceites esenciales) y su uso en las industrias alimen-
advantages and limitations of each process were discussed, taria, cosmética y farmacéutica. Se señalaron las ventajas y
providing a framework for selecting the most suitable meth- limitaciones de cada proceso, proporcionando un marco para
od based on specific extraction and sustainability needs. la selección del método más adecuado según las necesidades
específicas de extracción y sostenibilidad.
Keywords extraction methods, green extraction processes, Palabras clave métodos de extracción, procesos de extrac-
bioactive compounds, environmental sustainability, antioxi- ción verde, compuestos bioactivos, sostenibilidad ambiental,
dants, flavonoids. antioxidantes, flavonoides.

How to cite
Chongo, Y. (2025). Extraction methods of bioactive compounds: a sustainability approach. Journal of Food Science and Gastronomy, 3(1), 29-37. https://
[Link]/10.5281/zenodo.14610634

 Yanelis Chongo
[Link]@[Link]

Empresa Integral Agropecuaria Cienfuegos, Cuba.

J. Food Sci. Gastron. (January - June 2025) 3(1): 29-37 30

Introduction
The bioactive compounds in natural matrices such as especially for difficult-to-extract compounds (Martins et al.,
plants, fruits, algae, and microorganisms have gained at- 2023; Usman et al., 2023).
tention due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and an-
timicrobial benefits. The extraction methods for these com- Applications
pounds affect their characteristics and application in food, Maceration is widely used to extract thermally stable com-
pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products. Evaluating these pounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins, which
methods is necessary to optimize the performance of indus- are important in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic
trial processes. industries. It is also used to extract antioxidants from me-
This work analyzes different extraction techniques, such dicinal plants and traditional botanical products. In current
as ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave extraction, research, this method remains a useful option in laboratory
supercritical fluids, and green methods, to provide a com- settings and as a baseline for comparing the effectiveness
prehensive view of how these technologies contribute to im- of more advanced techniques in the extraction of bioactive
proving efficiency and sustainability in obtaining high-qual- compounds (Martins et al., 2023; Usman et al., 2023).
ity extracts for various industries.
This work’s objective was to compare the main extraction Soxhlet Extraction
methods for bioactive compounds from plant materials, with
emphasis on their principles, advantages, limitations, and Principle
potential applications. It will also explore the environmental Soxhlet extraction uses a continuous reflux system where
impact of these methodologies and their role in developing a volatile solvent repeatedly passes through a solid sam-
more sustainable extraction solutions for bioactives. ple contained in a porous cartridge. This process ensures a
complete extraction of the compounds soluble in the chosen
solvent. The principle is based on the condensation of the
Traditional extraction methods heated solvent, which, upon dissolving the compounds, ac-
cumulates in the siphon until it is emptied, allowing the cy-
Maceration extraction cle to repeat. It is particularly useful for obtaining non-polar
bioactive compounds, such as lipids and terpenes, due to its
Principle ability to maintain a constant solvent saturation during the
Maceration is a solid-liquid extraction method based on extraction (El Maaiden et al., 2022).
passive diffusion, where the bioactive compounds from a
plant matrix dissolve in an appropriate solvent, such as eth- Advantages
anol or water. This process is typically carried out at room One of the main advantages of the Soxhlet method is its ef-
temperature or slightly elevated temperatures to prevent ther- ficiency in extracting non-polar compounds with high purity.
mal degradation of sensitive compounds. Parameters such as Additionally, it allows for more precise control of extraction
the particle size of the sample and the contact time between conditions, contributing to its ability to extract large amounts
the matrix and the solvent directly affect the extraction effi- of bioactive compounds compared to conventional methods
ciency. Its simplicity makes it ideal for preliminary chemical like maceration. For example, in a study on green coffee
composition tests on natural samples (Martins et al., 2023; beans, the Soxhlet extraction produced high levels of total
Usman et al., 2023). phenolic compounds and flavonoids, the main contributors
to antioxidant activity (Palmieri et al., 2020).
Advantages
Maceration is economical and easy to implement, requir- Limitations
ing no specialized equipment, making it an accessible tech- However, the Soxhlet method has significant limitations. It
nique, especially in preliminary studies. consumes large volumes of solvents and requires prolonged
extraction, resulting in high energy consumption. These
Limitations drawbacks limit its environmental sustainability and eco-
Among the disadvantages are the prolonged time required nomic viability on an industrial scale. Also, prolonged heat
to achieve high yields and low efficiency in extracting com- exposure can degrade certain thermosensitive compounds,
pounds of low polarity or from complex matrices. The use reducing their applicability in specific cases (Gligor et al.,
of large volumes of solvents can pose environmental and 2023).
economic concerns. Compared to advanced methods like ul-
trasound-assisted extraction, its efficiency is relatively low,
31 J. Food Sci. Gastron. (January - June 2025) 3(1):29-37

Applications Applications
Soxhlet is widely used to extract bioactive compounds Hydrodistillation is widely used to extract essential oils
from plants and natural products for food, pharmaceuticals, in the cosmetic industry, where these compounds are used
and cosmetics. For example, it has proven effective in ex- in fragrances, soaps, and personal care products. Essential
tracting antioxidant compounds from thyme and coriander, oils extracted through this method are employed as natural
where the obtained extracts showed strong antioxidant ac- flavorings and preservatives in the food industry due to their
tivity in FRAP and ABTS assays. Additionally, it is useful antimicrobial properties. In the pharmaceutical field, they
for obtaining lipids and sterols from raw materials such as are used for their therapeutic properties, such as antioxidant
oilseeds, which are used in functional foods and supplements activity and anti-inflammatory effects. This method is also
(Palmieri et al., 2020; Gligor et al., 2023). key in scientific research for the characterization of new
essential oils and their bioactive potential (Machado et al.,
Hydrodistillation 2022; Fernández et al., 2024).

Principle Modern and sustainable methods

Hydrodistillation is a technique used to extract volatile
compounds, especially essential oils, from plant materials. Ultrasound-assisted extraction
It works by injecting steam into the plant matrix, facilitating
volatile compounds’ release. These vapors are condensed Principle
and collected, allowing for the separation of the essential oil Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is based on acous-
from the water. This method is based on the differences in tic cavitation, a phenomenon generated by high-frequency
volatility and solubility of the compounds, which allows the ultrasonic waves in a liquid medium. These waves create
oils to be carried with steam. At the same time, other sub- microbubbles that collapse violently, generating high tem-
stances remain in the plant matrix. This approach is widely peratures and local pressures that break the cell walls of
used due to its ability to preserve the integrity of the volatile plant materials. This process facilitates the release of bio-
compounds during the extraction process despite the high active compounds, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and ca-
temperatures used (Machado et al., 2022; Oubannin et al., rotenoids, improving extraction efficiency compared to tra-
2024). ditional methods. Furthermore, it reduces processing times
while maintaining high quality in the obtained extracts (Ran-
Advantages jha et al., 2021; Lavenburg et al., 2021).
Hydrodistillation is recognized for its efficiency in extract-
ing essential oils from various plants. One of its main ad- Advantages
vantages is that it does not require chemical solvents, mak- One of the main advantages of ultrasound-assisted ex-
ing it a more eco-friendly and safe option for industrial and traction (UAE) is its speed and efficiency, as it significant-
cosmetic applications. Furthermore, this method is relatively ly reduces extraction time compared to traditional methods.
simple and can be applied on a large scale without expensive This method also requires less solvent, making it more en-
equipment. Hydrodistillation also allows for extracting mul- vironmentally friendly. UAE is highly adaptable to differ-
tiple components from a sample, expanding its usefulness ent bioactive compounds and substrates, and its ability to
in industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetics operate at lower temperatures minimizes the degradation
(Fernández et al., 2024; Semerdjieva et al., 2019). of heat-sensitive compounds. Moreover, it is considered a
“green” technique due to its low environmental impact and
Limitations compatibility with sustainability standards in the food and
However, this method is not without limitations. Hydro- pharmaceutical industries (Teixeira et al., 2024; Ranjha et
distillation is unsuitable for heat-sensitive compounds, as al., 2021).
high temperatures can degrade specific components, altering
their chemical profile and reducing their quality. Addition- Limitations
ally, the process can be slow, with limited yields depending Despite its advantages, UAE has certain limitations, such
on the quantity and type of plant material used. Precise con- as the possible degradation of bioactive compounds sensitive
trol of operational conditions, such as temperature and dis- to ultrasound or the heat generated during the process. Ad-
tillation time, is also required to ensure efficient extraction ditionally, large-scale implementation may be expensive due
and minimize losses of key compounds (Semerdjieva et al., to the specialized equipment required.
2019; Fernández et al., 2024).
J. Food Sci. Gastron. (January - June 2025) 3(1): 29-37 32

Applications
Ultrasound-assisted extraction is widely used to extract recovering compounds such as oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol,
polyphenols from fruits, carotenoids from vegetables, and and carotenoids makes it a preferred technique in industries
flavonoids from various medicinal plants. It is also a prom- such as food, cosmetics, and energy (Dobrinčić et al., 2020;
ising technique for obtaining essential oils and antioxidants Moretto et al., 2022).
for the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries (Ran-
jha et al., 2021; Lavenburg et al., 2021). Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
Principle
Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) uses supercritical flu-
ids, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂), to dissolve and ex-
Principle tract bioactive compounds. Under temperature and pressure
Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) uses high-fre- conditions exceeding the critical point of CO₂, it acquires
quency electromagnetic waves that interact with the polar both liquid and gas properties, efficiently penetrating solid
molecules of the sample and the solvent, generating rapid matrices and dissolving specific substances. This method
heating. This process increases the cell pressure, breaking is adjusted based on parameters such as pressure, tempera-
their walls and releasing bioactive compounds into the sol- ture, and, in some cases, the use of cosolvents to enhance
vent medium. The effectiveness of this method lies in the the selectivity and efficiency of the process (Uwineza &
ability of microwaves to distribute heat evenly, promoting Waśkiewicz, 2020; Alcázar-Alay & Gallón-Bedoya, 2023).
efficient extraction of target substances such as polyphenols,
flavonoids, and carotenoids (Dobrinčić et al., 2020; Moretto Advantages
et al., 2022). One of the main advantages of Supercritical Fluid Ex-
traction (SFE) is its ability to extract without leaving resi-
Advantages dues of toxic solvents, making it ideal for food, pharmaceu-
MAE stands out for its speed and lower use of solvents tical, and cosmetic applications. It is also highly selective,
compared to traditional methods. This reduces processing allowing the extraction of specific compounds such as an-
time and improves environmental sustainability. The direct tioxidants, carotenoids, and essential oils. Furthermore, by
heating by microwaves minimizes the loss of bioactive com- using CO₂, a safe and economical gas, SFE is environmen-
pounds sensitive to prolonged thermal processes, preserving tally friendly and provides an efficient method for thermola-
their chemical integrity. It is effective in obtaining extracts bile compounds, as the temperature can be kept low during
rich in antioxidant compounds, which greatly interest food the process (Uwineza & Waśkiewicz, 2020; Alcázar-Alay &
and pharmaceutical applications (Dobrinčić et al., 2020; Gallón-Bedoya, 2023).
Moretto et al., 2022).
Limitations
Limitations Despite its benefits, SFE has limitations, such as high
Despite its advantages, Microwave-Assisted Extraction equipment initial costs and operational expenses due to the
(MAE) has limitations. One of the main issues is the initial pressure requirements and precise control of process condi-
investment required for specialized equipment, which can tions. Additionally, the method’s efficiency may be limited
be prohibitive for some facilities. Additionally, this meth- for non-polar compounds if appropriate cosolvents are not
od presents challenges when working with non-polar com- used, which can increase the system’s complexity and cost
pounds, as they rely less on interacting with microwaves. (Uwineza & Waśkiewicz, 2020; Alcázar-Alay & Gallón-Be-
There is also the risk of degradation of heat-sensitive com- doya, 2023).
pounds if extraction parameters, such as temperature and ex-
posure time, are not adequately controlled (Dobrinčić et al., Applications
2020; Moretto et al., 2022). SFE (Supercritical Fluid Extraction) is widely used to
obtain high-purity food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical
Applications extracts. Notable examples include the extraction of an-
MAE is widely used to extract bioactive compounds from tioxidants from agro-industrial waste, essential oils from
plant and marine materials, including polyphenols from ol- aromatic plants, and natural pigments such as carotenoids.
ive leaves and fatty acids from microalgae. In the case of mi- Additionally, SFE is frequently combined with emerging
croalgae, this method has been used to extract lipids intended technologies to optimize the recovery of bioactive com-
to produce high-quality biodiesel. The efficiency of MAE in pounds, highlighting its role in the valorization of biomass
33 J. Food Sci. Gastron. (January - June 2025) 3(1):29-37

and industrial waste (Uwineza & Waśkiewicz, 2020; Al- conventional solvents, which are toxic and non-renewable.
cázar-Alay & Gallón-Bedoya, 2023). Additionally, these techniques contribute to sustainability,
as many of the solvents used come from renewable sourc-
Green or environmentally friendly extraction es or are not harmful to the environment. Green extraction
strategies aim to optimize extraction performance, improve
Principle energy efficiency, minimize waste, and promote the circular
Green or environmentally friendly extraction refers to economy in industrial processes. The limited availability of
methods that minimize environmental impact and improve some of these solvents and the need for process optimization
sustainability compared to conventional techniques. Among still represent significant challenges in the widespread adop-
these methods, subcritical water extraction, ionic liquids, and tion of these methods.
deep eutectic solvents stand out. Subcritical water extraction
uses water at high temperatures and pressures without reach- Limitations
ing its critical point, allowing for efficient dissolution of Despite their advantages, green extraction methods have
bioactive compounds without the problems associated with certain limitations. The availability of ionic liquids and
using organic solvents. On the other hand, ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents is still restricted, which may hinder
deep eutectic solvents are characterized by their low toxic- their large-scale implementation. The optimization of these
ity and their ability to dissolve a wide range of compounds, processes remains an active area of research, and it is nec-
making them particularly useful for extracting bioactive essary to find the most suitable conditions to maximize the
compounds such as phenols and essential oils (Almohasin et efficiency and selectivity of bioactive compound extraction.
al., 2023; Martins et al., 2023). The continuous development of biorefineries and research
in green chemistry pave the way for the refinement of these
Advantages methods and their integration into more sustainable industri-
One of the main advantages of green extraction methods is al processes. Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the
their lower environmental impact, as they reduce the use of comparison of extraction methods.

Table 1. Comparison of methods

Method Efficiency Cost Sustainability Applications

Maceration Low Low Low Thermostable compounds
Soxhlet Moderate Moderate Low Fats and oils
UAE High Moderate Alta Antioxidants and flavonoids
SFE Very high High Very high High-purity extracts

Table 2 compares bioactive compound extraction methods concerning process conditions, extract properties, and potential
applications.

Table 2. Extraction methods for bioactive compounds: process conditions, extract properties, and potential applications

Extraction Extract Potential

Reference Plant material Process conditions
method properties application
Time: 20-30 min,
Antioxidants Natural
Wong et al. Fruit and Temperature: 40-60
UAE (phenols and preservatives in
(2020) vegetable waste °C, Solvent: Ethanol/
flavonoids) processed foods
water
Soxhlet: 3 hours,
Preservatives in
Borges et al. Soxhlet and Green and black Microwave: 15 Antioxidant and
beverages and
(2020) microwave tea leaves minutes, Solvent: antimicrobial
meat products
Water/Ethanol
J. Food Sci. Gastron. (January - June 2025) 3(1): 29-37 34

Extraction Extract Potential

Reference Plant material Process conditions
method properties application

Methanol maceration
for 24 hours, Antioxidant
Aldughaylib Liquid-liquid Enrichment of
Grape seeds partitioning with properties
et al. (2022) extraction vegetable oils
hexane and ethyl (flavonoids)
acetate

Antioxidants
Time: 30 minutes, Natural
Kothari et al. (total phenols)
Ultrasound Cardamom seeds Temperature: 50 °C, preservatives in
(2012) and antimicrobial
Solvent: Ethanol processed foods
agents
Steam distillation
extraction, Significant Antimicrobial
Gonelimali et Thyme essential
Agar diffusion Evaluation: MIC antimicrobial additives for
al. (2018) oil
(Minimum Inhibitory activity cheeses
Concentration)

Time: 40 minutes, Potent antioxidant Fortification

Mahmood et
UAE Moringa leaf Temperature: 45°C, and antimicrobial of functional
al. (2019)
Solvent: Ethanol activity beverages
Antioxidants
Edible plant Time: 2 hours, (flavonoids, Preservatives in
Junsathian et Solid-liquid
leaves from Temperature: 60 °C, tannins) and dairy products
al. (2022) extraction
Thailand Solvent: Water antimicrobial and snacks
agents

Plants with
Higher extraction
bioactive Use of ultrasound to Extraction of
yield, better
Altemimi et compounds such induce cavitation, with antioxidants,
UAE quality of
al. (2017) as polyphenols, controlled temperature essential oils,
bioactive
flavonoids, and time pigments
compounds
carotenoids

Plant material Rapid heating using High extraction Antioxidant

Naviglio et al. rich in phenolic microwaves, with efficiency, extracts, oils,
EAM
(2023) compounds, temperature control reduced time, and bioactive
essential oils and solvents solvents compounds
Use of CO₂ in
Pure extracts Essential oils,
Aromatic plants, a supercritical
Altemimi et without solvent antioxidants,
EFS spices, medicinal state at controlled
al. (2017) residues, high lipophilic
herbs temperatures and
selectivity compounds
pressures

Various plants,
Reduction of
Green or especially Natural products,
Use of ionic liquids, environmental
Naviglio et al. environmentally those with pharmacological
deep eutectic solvents, impact, lower use
(2023) friendly antioxidant or extracts,
or subcritical water of conventional
extraction pharmacological cosmetics
solvents
properties
35 J. Food Sci. Gastron. (January - June 2025) 3(1):29-37

Environmental impact of extraction methodo- traction conditions. This will allow expanding the applica-
logies and their role in the development of sus- tions of bioactive compounds in innovative sectors.
tainable solutions for bioactive extraction
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Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Author contributions
Yanelis Chongo: Conceptualization, research, methodology,
visualization, writing the original draft, writing, review and
editing.

Data availability statement

Not applicable.

Statement on the use of AI

The authors acknowledge the use of generative AI and AI-as-
sisted technologies to improve the readability and clarity of
the article.

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