Answer all six questions.

Write your answers on answer scripts that you shall submit

1 A train travels from one station to the next. It starts from rest at time t = 0 and accelerates
uniformly for the first 20 s. At t = 20 s it reaches its top speed of 25 m/s. It then travels at this speed
for a further 30 s before decelerating uniformly to rest. The total time for the journey is 60 s.

(a) (i) Sketch a speed-time graph for the motion of the train. Do not use graph paper. Put the
speed of the train on the y-axis and time along the x-axis. [3]
(ii) Write down the equation, in words, that relates acceleration, time and change in
velocity. [1]
(iii) Explain what is meant by a uniform acceleration. [1]
(iv) Use your graph to calculate the deceleration of the train as it comes to rest. [2]

(b) Several forces act on the train when it is moving.

(i) Name the horizontal and vertical forces that act on the train and give the direction of
each force. [4]
(ii) Explain whether the horizontal forces are balanced or unbalanced,
1. when the train accelerates,
2. when the train travels at constant speed,
3. when the train decelerates.
You may draw diagrams to help your explanations. [3]

(c) A second train has a non-uniform acceleration. Sketch a speed-time graph showing a
non-uniform acceleration. Do not use graph paper. [1]
 2

2 Fig. 2.1 shows a children’s ride. A carriage containing children is pulled up the slope by a motor. The
carriage stops at A and then runs down through B, C and D without further input of energy. Between
D and E the carriage turns through a bend at constant speed, as shown in Fig. 2.2. At E, brakes are
applied and the carriage slows to a stop at F. The height of the ride is 30 m at A and 10 m at C.

30 m

C
B
10 m
F

D E
Fig. 2.1

The mass of the carriage and children is 500 kg.

Take the gravitational field strength as 10 N/kg.

(a) (i) Discuss the energy changes that occur in the ride from A to D.
(ii) Calculate the maximum potential energy of the carriage and children.
(iii) Assuming that there is no friction between A and C, determine the kinetic energy of the
carriage and children at C. Show your working.
[9]

(b) carriage
D viewed from
above
E

Fig. 2.2

Between D and E, the carriage goes round part of a horizontal circle at constant speed.
During this time the velocity of the carriage changes.

(i) Explain how the carriage can have a constant speed but a changing velocity.
(ii) State the direction of the force that acts on the carriage to make it move round the curve.
[3]

(c) Between E and F, a frictional force of 3000 N acts to slow the carriage. Calculate the
deceleration of the carriage. [3]
 3

3 Fig. 3.1 shows the horizontal forces acting on a moving car.

force A force B

Fig. 3.1

(a) Compare the sizes and directions of the two forces when the car is

(i) moving along a straight road at constant speed, [1]

(ii) accelerating. [1]

(b) Suggest the direction of the resultant force on the car when the car turns a corner at constant
speed. [1]

(c) Fig. 3.2 shows the speed-time graph for the first 24 s of the motion of the car along a straight
road.

20

18

16

speed 14
m/s
12

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
time /s

Fig. 3.2
 4

(i) During the motion there is a period of uniform acceleration. State both the start and finish
times of this period. [1]

(ii) State the main energy changes that occur in the 24 s. [3]

(iii) Calculate the acceleration of the car during the first 5 s. State clearly the equation that
you use. [3]

(iv) Determine the distance travelled in the first 5 s. [3]

(d) The car is stopped by applying the brakes. Various factors can affect the distance travelled by
the car during the time that the brakes are applied. Apart from the force applied by the brakes,
state two of these factors. [2]
 5

4 When a car driver sees an emergency ahead, he applies the brakes. During his reaction time the
car travels at a steady speed and covers a distance known as the thinking distance. The braking
distance is the distance travelled by the car after the brakes are applied.

(a) State the energy change that occurs as the car brakes. [2]

(b) Fig. 4.1 shows the speed-time graph of a car.

The driver sees the emergency at time t = 0.
The total mass of the car is 800 kg.

30

speed 25
m/s
20

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t/s
Fig. 4.1

Determine

(i) the thinking distance, [1]

(ii) the braking distance, [2]

(iii) the deceleration of the car during braking, [2]

(iv) the force provided by the brakes. [2]

(c) Using ideas about friction and deceleration, state and explain how the braking distance is
affected by

(i) using new tyres rather than badly worn tyres, [2]

(ii) the car skidding on a wet road, [2]

(iii) the car carrying a heavy load of passengers. [2]

 6

5 Fig.5.1 shows a section through a very old bicycle tyre that is made of solid rubber.

ground ground

Fig. 5.1 Fig. 5.2

(a) The solid rubber tyre exerts a pressure on the ground.

The unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa).

(i) Define the pascal. [2]
(ii) The mass of the bicycle and rider is 60 kg and the total area of the tyres in contact with
the road is 2.4 × 10–3 m2. The gravitational field strength is 10 N/kg.
Calculate the pressure exerted on the road. [3]
(iii) One of the solid rubber tyres goes over a small stone, as shown in Fig. 10.2. Describe
and explain how the pressure exerted on the ground changes. [2]

(b) Fig. 5.3 shows a modern tyre that contains air. A heavy person sits on the bicycle and the
shape of the tyre changes, as shown in Fig. 5.4.

Fig. 5.3 Fig. 5.4

The table contains information about the tyre in Fig. 10.3 and Fig. 10.4.

tyre in Fig. 5.3 tyre in Fig. 5.4

air pressure in tyre / Pa 1.9 × 105 2.1 × 105

volume of air / m3 0.016 V

(i) Calculate the volume V of the air in the tyre in Fig. 5.4. State one assumption that you
make in your calculation. [4]
(ii) Another way to change the pressure in the tyre is to raise the temperature.
State what happens to the pressure in the tyre when the temperature rises and explain
your answer using ideas about molecules. [4]
 7

6 Fig. 6.1 shows a thin sheet of metal suspended from a hole in one corner at A. The weight of the
metal is 0.10 N and the centre of mass is at B. The diagram is drawn full scale.

full scale
A

weight
0.10 N

Fig. 6.1

(a) Describe in detail how you would experimentally determine the position of the centre of
mass of the sheet of metal. [6]

(b) The sheet turns because of the moment of the weight about point A.
(i) Define what is meant by the moment of a force. [2]
(ii) Using a distance measured on Fig. 6.1, calculate the moment of the weight about
point A. State clearly which distance you measured and give the unit of your final answer.
[3]

(c) Fig. 6.2 and Fig. 6.3 show a thick piece of wood with one corner on a table.

Fig. 6.4 shows the same piece of wood balanced on the table. B is the centre of mass.

B B
B

Fig. 6.2 Fig. 6.3 Fig. 6.4

(i) Explain why in Fig. 6.2 the piece of wood falls to the right and in Fig. 6.3 it falls to the
left. [2]
(ii) Explain why the piece of wood in Fig. 6.4 does not fall over. [1]
(iii) Suggest how the thickness of the wood in Fig. 6.4 affects its stability. [1]

THE END