CHETANA

R A DE ME
G

TEACHER’S C MPASS
General Science

Standard 6

CHETANA EDUCATION LIMITED

4th Floor, Trade Link, ‘E’ Wing, ‘B’ Block, Kamala City,
Senapati Bapat Marg, Lower Parel, Mumbai : 400 013.
Tel : +91-22-6121 6000
E-mail : inquiry@[Link]
Website : [Link]
CWG6170118

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 Contents
1. Natural Resources – Air, Water and Land..............3
2. The Living World.....................................................10
3. Diversity in Living Things and their Classification.....20
4. Disaster Management..............................................26
l Test Paper - 1 ............................................................31
5. Substances in the Surroundings - Their States and
Properties..................................................................32
6. Substances in Daily Use..........................................38
7. Nutrition and Diet ..................................................43
8. Our Skeletal System and the Skin..........................47
l Test Paper - 2 ............................................................51
l Model Test Paper - 1 ...............................................52
9. Motion and Types of Motion .................................56
10. Force and Types of Force........................................58
11. Work and Energy..................................................... 62
12. Simple Machines......................................................66
l Test Paper - 3 ............................................................72
13. Sound.........................................................................73
14. Light and the Formation of Shadows....................76
15. Fun with Magnets....................................................78
16. The Universe.............................................................82
l Test Paper - 4 ............................................................86
l Model Test Paper - 2 ...............................................86
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Published by : CHETANA EDUCATION LIMITED
4th Floor, Trade Link, ‘E’ Wing, ‘B’ Block, Kamala City, Senapati Bapat Marg,
Lower Parel, Mumbai : 400 013.
Tel. : +91-22-6121 6000 lE-mail : inquiry@[Link]
Website : [Link]
CWG6040217

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General Science 3
NATURAL RESOURCES - AIR,
1
WATER AND LAND (Grade Me [Link]. 5 - 13)

Q.1. Fill in the blanks:

Ans. *(1) 0.3% (2) air, water, land (3) humus *(4) abiotic, biotic (5) sea
(6) 16th Sepetmber (7) Ozone layer *(8) ultraviolet (9) air pollution
Q.2. State whether the following statements are True or False:
Ans. *(1) False (2) True *(3) False (4) True *(5) False (6) True *(7) False
(8) True (9) True (10) True
Q.3. Find the odd man out:
Ans. (1) soil particles (others are living) (2) air (all others are obtained
from water) (3) oxygen (other are rare gases)
Q.4. Match the following:
Ans. (1) (1 - d) (2 - c) (3 - a) (4 - b)
*(2) (1 - c) (2 - d) (3 - b) (4 - a)
Q.5. Multiple Choice Questions:
Ans. (1) All of the above (2) All of the above (3) Oxygen (4) Ozone
(5) Both (a) and (b) (6) Oxygen
Q.6. Name the following:
Ans. *(1) Atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and all living things
*(2) Microbes, worms, insects, burrowing rodents like rats, mice,
plants. (3) Rocks, small stones, sand, pebbles etc. *(4) Crude
oil, kerosene, petrol, diesel, paraffin wax and coal tar (5) Wells,
borewells (6) Nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
sulphur dioxide *(7) Neon, argon, helium, krypton, xenon
*(8) Chlorofluorocarbon and carbon tetrachloride.
Q.7. Define the following terms:
Ans. (1) The topmost layer of the soil that is formed by the decomposition
of the remains of plants and animals is called humus.
(2) Heat, cold and water are responsible for breakdown of rocks. This
process is known as weathering of rocks.
(3) It is the water present beneath earth’s surface in soil pore spaces
and in the fractures of rock formation.

(3)
4 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

Q.8. Give scientific reasons:

Ans. (1) (i) In nature, water occurs in three states. (ii) Water does not
have colour, taste or odour. (iii) Many substances readily dissolve
in water. Therefore water is a universal solvent.
* (2) (i) Water is a good solvent and it dissolves many substances.
(ii) The human blood is made of 70% water and the sap of plant also
contains a very high proportion of water. (iii) All the life processes
would not take place in the absence of water. (iv) Hence, without
water no living organism can survive. (v) Therefore, it is said that
‘water is life’.
* (3) (i) The ultra violet (UV) rays coming from the sun are very
harmful for living things. (ii) The ozone layer present in the lower
stratosphere absorb this U.V. rays and prevent them from reaching
the earth. As a result life on earth is protected. (iii) Therefore, it is
said that the ozone layer is a protective shell of the earth.
* (4) (i) Many fish and aquatic animals live in sea water. (ii) The water
from the sea evaporates to form clouds which brings rain. (iii) The
sea water also helps the land to cool due to breezes. (iv) The salt
and minerals are also obtained from sea water. (v) Corals and pearls
are obtained from sea animals. (vi) Thus, sea water is useful even
though it is not potable.
Q.9. State what happens:
Ans. (1) (i) Microbes in the soil decompose dead plants and animals and
convert it into humus. This humus supplies nutrients to the soil.
(ii) Humus also aerates soil and holds water in it. It makes the
soil more fertile. (iii) If microbes are destroyed, humus will not be
formed and the soil will not become fertile, making it unsuitable for
growth of plants. Also dead and decaying matter will accumulate
on land.
* (2) (i) Vehicles and factories are the major cause of air pollution. (ii)
They release harmful gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide
and sulphur dioxide into the air. (iii) These pollutants are harmful
to the environment and to the people living in the surrounding
area. (iv) Hence, if the number of vehicles and factories in our
General Science 5

surroundings increases, the air pollution will also increase.

* (3) (i) Water plays very important role in the survival of living
organism. (ii) All living things are dependent on water. (iii) A very
small quantity of water is potable and can be used for drinking.
(iv) All bodily functions are regulated by water. (v) Therefore, if
total supply of potable water is finished, plants and animals will
not survive and there will be no life on earth.
(4) Carbondioxide is highly needed by plants as they breath it back
in to give out oxygen. All plant would die as a carbondioxide is
essential for photosynthesis.
(5) All living things depending on oxygen for respiration will die.
* (6) (i) Air contains gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, dust
particles and water vapour, which are used in various processes in
living organisms and environment. (ii) If there is no air then there
will be no life as oxygen is essential for all living beings to survive.
Also atmosphere is a very important filter. It prevents the harmful
elements from reaching the earth. (iii) Hence without air, our earth
would become a cold, dark planet without any life.
Q.10. Answer in one sentence:
Ans. (1) Soil is formed by natural process. It is formed by weathering of
bedrock due to heat cold, wind and rain respectively.
(2) If hydrogen gas burns in the air, it combines with oxygen and this
forms water.
(3) India Meteorological Department (IMD) does weather forecasting.
(4) The Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, ionosphere, exosphere
are the different layers of the atmosphere around the earth.
(5) The different sources of drinking water are streams, rivers, ponds,
springs and lakes.
(6) Yes.
(7) Fuels such as petrol, diesel, kerosene, paraffin and other useful
substances such as wax and tar are obtained from crude oil.
Q.11. Answer in short:
Ans. (1) All living things and the parts of the lithosphere, hydrosphere
6 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

and atmosphere which they occupy are together called as the

biosphere.
(2) Air, water and land are the factors important for sustaining the
living world on the earth and for fulfilling their basic needs. They
are called natural resources.
(3) Soil erosion is caused when elements such as wind and rain remove
surface soil. The eroded soil is then carried away by the wind or
rain. Soil can get destroyed in a short period due to floods, storms
and human activities like mining.
* (4) (i) The various components of air help and support the growth of
living organisms. (ii) Nitrogen is used to make proteins, oxygen
is used for respiration and carbon dioxide is used to make food
by plants. (iii) Similarly, land supports growth of terrestrial plants
and animals. It provides important minerals to plants and also to
human beings. (iv) It is the shelter for worms, insects and rodents
and supports their growth. Plants also cannot survive without land.
(v) Water is necessary for carrying out all life processes in the living
organisms and without water there will be no life on earth. (vi) Hence
land, air and water are considered valuable natural resources.
(5) (1) Uncontrolled use of water
(2) An increasing population
(3) Increasing industralization.
* (6) (i) 71% of earth’s surface is covered with water of, which 97% is
salty water present in seas and oceans and 2.7% water is available
as ground water, ice and in other forms. (ii) Only 0.3% water is
available as fresh water which can be used for drinking. (iii) All the
living organisms require water to drink. The water is used in the
industry and also for farming. (iv) Due to increasing population
and uncontrolled usage, we experience shortage of water.
(7) The best remedy to prevent soil erosion is to increase the green cover
of the land. Erosion of land is reduced if grass, trees and bushes
are grown in it.
(8) (1) The particles of soil, sand, rocks and stones, etc. are the abiotic
constituents of soil. (2) The biotic components are microbes,
General Science 7

bacteria, unicellular protozoans, fungi, algae, small insects like ants

and termiten, worms, centipedes and millipedes, earthworms, etc.
Q.12. Answer in brief:
Ans.
(1) (i) The soil on the land is
Formation of Soil
formed by a natural process.
(ii) The abiotic components Abiotic Biotic
of soil are supplied through constituents constituents
t h e we a t h e r i n g o f t h e • Wind • Microbes
bedrock. (iii) Due to heat, • Rain • Rodents
cold wind and rain the • Heat • Roots of plants
bedrock breaks down into • Cold
pieces. (iv) Stones, sand and
Bedrock
soil are formed from these
pieces. (v) Microbes, worms, Stones
insects, rodents and roots of Sand
trees growing on land help
Soil
in weathering of rocks. All
these factors help the process of soil formation.
This process is slow, continuous and it takes a thousand years to
form 2.5 cm thick layer of mature soil.
(2) (i) There is a layer of ozone (O3) gas in the lower part of stratosphere.
(ii) The ultra violet rays coming from the sun are rery harmful for
living things. (iii) The ozone gas absorbs these rays. As a result, life
on earth is protected. (iv) The ozone layer is destroyed if chemical
gases like carbon tetrachloride or the chlorofluorocarbons used in
air conditioners and refrigerators mix with the air.
(3) (i) If the land has mature soil, the topmost layer is formed by the
decomposition of the remains of plants and animals. This layer is
called humus. (ii) Humes supplies nutrients to soil. (iii) Humus is
also important for aerating the soil and for holding water in the soil.
(4) Air contains gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, inert gases,
water vapour and dust particles. The uses of constituents of air are
as follows.
8 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

Proportion in
Gases Uses
atmosphere
(a) Nitrogen 78% (i) Helps in building
necessary proteins.
(ii) In production of ammonia.
(iii) Air tight packaging of
foodstuff.
(b) Oxygen 21% (i) Used in combustion.
(ii) Necessary for respiration.
(c) Carbon Dioxide 0.03% (i) Used in fire extinguishers.
(ii) Used in plant food
preparation.
(d) Inert Gases
(1) Argon 0.9% (i) Electric bulb
(2) Helium (ii) Used in airship
(3) Neon (iii) Street light
(4) Crypton (iv) Fluorescene tubes
(5) Xenon (v) Flash photography
(e) Other constituents 0.7% (i) Used in formation of cloud,
like dust, water fog, dew etc.
vapour (ii) Spread sunlight in all
directions.

(5) Many substances that are hazardous to human health like chemical
waste from factories is dumped into rivers and lakes or directly
into the ground. Pesticides applied to farmland enter surface water
and ground water. Chemical effluents from the factories should be
treated before releasing them in water bodies. Organic manures
should be used instead of pesticides. Garbage disposal should be
recycled rather than throwing into the open sewage water.
(6) Refer Q. 10 (4)
General Science 9

*Q.13. Explain in detail about the India Meteorological

Department.
Ans. (1) India Meteorological Department (IMD) observes the weather
and makes the weather forecasts. (2) It also conducts research
related to the changes in weather. (3) The rain forecasts are done by
(IMD). (4) It studies the developments regarding global warming.
Q.14. Water is one of the most precious commodities and
no life can survive without it. It has been predicted that water
scarcity will become ‘a subject of wars’ in the near future.
Ans.
(1) (i) Improper disposal of industrial waste. (ii) washing clothes and
utensils in drinking water.
(2) (i) Do not dispose of household chemicals or cleaning agents down
the sink. (ii) Encourage factories and agricultural sites in you area
to use safe run off preaches.
Q.15. Label the diagrams given below:
(1) (2)

Other constituents
Argon of air 0.07% Humus
Oxygen 0.9% Carbon Soil
21% dioxide 0.03%
Immature
Nitrogen soil
78% Layers of
soil and
small rocks

Bedrock

Q.16. Solve the crossword puzzle:

Across: (1) Humus (3) Nitrogen (6) Oxygen (7) Ozone
Down: (2) Meteorology (4) Biosphere
(5) Hydrosphere (8) Natural
Q.17. Students to attempt.
vvv
10 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

2 THE LIVING WORLD (Grade Me [Link]. 14 - 22)

Q.1. Fill in the blanks:

Ans. (1) Water, minerals *(2) excretion *(3) photosynthesis (4) Amoeba
(5) 100 *(6) dies *(7) responsiveness, stimuli *(8) oxygen, carbon-
dioxide
Q.2. State whether the following statements are True or False:
Ans. *(1) True (2) False (3) True (4) False (5) True
Q.3. Name the organs used for respiration by the following
living things:
Ans. *(1) Gills *(2) Lungs *(3) external nostrils and lungs *(4) stomata
present on leaves *(5) external nose and air sacs in lungs. *(6) trachea
which opens at the side in their skin *(7) moist skin (8) lungs (9)
lungs when adult and moist skin when young (10) lungs (11) lungs
(12) spiracles (tiny holes)
Q.4. Name the following: (Give any two examples)
Ans. (1) Horse, Sheep (2) Amoeba, Paramoecium (3) Spinach, Mango
(4) Aloevera, Turmeric (5) Mosquitoes, Human body lice (6) Snake,
Dog (7) Datura, Dodder (8) Fungi, Algae (9) Rat, Cockroaches
(10) Earthworm, Oxen
Q.5. Classify the following as living and non-living things:
Ans..
Living things Non-Living things
Neem plant, Coconut, Yak, Wood, Stone, Soil, Leaves that
Hen have been shed

Q.6. Give the uses of plants and animals mentioned below.

Ans. Animals:
* (1) Honey and wax prepared by them is used by us. Beewax is used in
cosmetics like lip - balm, lipgloss, etc.
* (2) The ‘shark liver oil’ obtained from them is a rich source of
vitamins.
* (3) Their fleece is used as a good source of wool. Their meat is used as food.
General Science 11

* (4) They convert biodegradable waste to good manure (vermicompost)

which can be used in fields and gardens. They are called “friend of
farmers” as they make the soil fertile.
* (5) They are used as pets to guard houses and farms.
* (6) Bivalves like oysters are used to obtain pearls used in jewellery
making. They are also used as food.
* (7) They are used for pulling carriages, heavy loads and also as means
of transport in mountainous regions.
* (8) Milk and meat obtained is used as food. Yaks are also used for
carrying loads in mountainous regions.
* (9) They are used in research to test medicines, vaccines etc.
Plants:
* (1) Used as medicine to cure digestive problems of stomach. It is also
used as a spice in food.
* (2) Leaves and oil extracted from it is used as medicine to cure fever,
cold and cough.
* (3) Its wood is used to make furniture.
* (4) It is used as a vegetable.
* (5) It is used to treat various skin diseases. Its gel is used as a moisturizer
for skin and for treating hair fall.
* (6) It is used as a spice and has medicinal properties. It is used for
healing wounds and cuts due to its antiseptic properties (i.e. helps
to prevent growth of bacteria).
* (7) It is used as medicine to cure cough and cold. It also reduces air
pollution and drives away mosquitoes.
* (8) It is used as a medicine and its seeds are used to prepare biodiesel.
* (9) The fat extracted from its seeds is used in the manufacture of soaps
and detergents. Its bark and flowers are used as medicine. Its leaves
are used to feed silkworms which produce Tussar silk. Seeds and
flowers are also used to make wine.
* (10)The leaves of these trees are used for feeding silkworms which
produce silk. The fruits are rich in vitamins. Jam and jelly are
also made from these fruits.
* (11) It is used as a medicine. Also used as cattle feed. It is used to clean
teeth. It was also used to cure leprosy and heal wounds.
12 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

* (12) It is used to prepare pickles when raw and as a fruit when ripe. It
is also used to prepare jam, jelly and in ice-creams.
* (13) Grapes are fruits of a grapevine. They are used for making jam,
jelly, juice, wine and are also eaten as fruits. Raisins are prepared
from these grapes.
* Q.7. Mention the peculiarities in the movements of the
living things given below:
Ans.

Living things Peculiarities in Movements

(1) Snakes They don’t have legs. They move in a S-shaped
wavy motion. They cannot move over smooth
surface. They move by contraction and
relaxation of their body muscles.
(2) Tortoises They are very slow and they walk on their four
legs by raising their body off the ground. They
are the slowest animals.
(3) Kangaroos The hind legs of kangaroos are long and front
legs are short. A kangaroo moves by hopping
(jumping) on its muscular hind legs with the
support of long tail outstretched behind. This
movement is called penta pedal movement
[Penta = 5, pedal = legs].
(4) Eagles Eagles fly at great heights and they can lift and
fly away with prey which are heavier than them.
Wings of eagles are strong and powerful.
(5) Chameleons Chameleons can change the colour of their skin
and camouflage (hide) in their surroundings.
They move slowly with their four legs. They
also use their tail and claws to grab a branch and
balance themselves.
(6) Frogs Their hind legs are long and front legs are short.
Hence, they hop on their hind legs. when on
land, and swim with the help of hind limbs
when in water.
General Science 13

(7) Gulmohar Gulmohar blooms in summer and the flowers

which are red in colour reveal very few leaves.
Their leaves fold up during evening. It grows to
a height of 5 m to 12 m and it shed all its leaves
in dry season.
(8) Creeper of Sweet potato creepers are fastest growing
sweet potato creepers that cover the whole ground. If they
find some support, they try to bend towards it.
(9) Dolphins They move on surface of water by slapping
their tail, exposing their head, leaping out of
water, diving in the water and doing a side flop.
30 patterns are seen in their behaviour while
moving on water.
(10) Ants The ants move in a line and as they move, they
leave a chemical called pheromone behind as
a trail which attracts other ants. They have six
legs and they can walk very fast.
(11) Rattle snakes Rattle snake is a highly poisonous snake. The
rattling sound is made by the shaking of the
rattle located on its tail when it moves.
(12) Locusts They are insects with three pairs of walking
(grasshoppers) legs and two pairs of wings which helps them
to walk, fly and jump. They can leap vigorously
due to powerful hind legs.
(13) Earthworms Each segment on the body of earthworm contain
group of bristles (called setae) which are used
for movement. They move forward by
repeated contractions and relaxations of their
muscles. A slimy substances secreted by the
earthworm helps in its movement.
Q.8. Answer in one sentence:
Ans. (1) Growth, respiration, excretion, reproduction, responsiveness to
stimuli, movement, definate lifespan and cellular structure.
* (2) When we keep our hand in front of our nose, we feel warm air and
14 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

when we keep our hand on our chest, we can feel the upward and
downward movement.
* (3) If we observe a sleeping dog we can see its belly moving in the
upward and downward direction.
* (4) All the food that we eat is not used by the body. Some part which is not
essential and some which is not digested is thrown out of the body.
(5) Yes, plants excrete in form of secretion from barks life rubber or
shed leaves.
* (6) Sticky substances seen on the stems of the babul or drumstick trees
is waste product of the tree.
Q.9. Answer in short:
Ans. *(1) The young ones grow to become adult, their height grows
upto a certain limit. Similarly the weight of young ones increases
at they grow to become an adult. When adults become older, their
strength starts decreasing.
* (2) The unused part of food is converted into waste substance, which
is called as excreta.
* (3) (i) Both plants and animals have ability to reproduce. (ii) Some
plants reproduce from seeds, stems or leaves, some animals produce
their young ones through eggs or directly give birth to young ones.
Then, so many plants and animals have been able to survive on the
earth even today.
Q.10. Define the following terms:
Ans. (1) The process of eliminating waste substances from the body is
called excretion.
(2) The process by which a living thing generates a new living thing
like itself is called reproduction.
(3) Living things are made of small units called cells.
(4) Some living things are made of a single cell. These are called
unicellular organism.
(5) The living things that are made of many cells are called multicellular
organism.
General Science 15

Q.11. Distinguish between:

Ans.
Plants Animals
(1) Plants cannot move from one Animals can move from one
place to another. They are place to another.
anchored to the soil.
(2) Plants prepare their own food Animals cannot prepare their
with the help of chlorophyll and own food. They move in
sunlight. search of food from one place
to another.
(3) Plants grow throughout their Animals grow only up to a
life. certain period of their life.
(4) Plants respire with the help of Animals respire with the help of
microscopic pores present on special organs like lungs, gills,
their leaves and stems. trachea, etc.
(5) Plants excrete their waste by Animals excrete their waste
storing them in the leaves with the help of special organs
and bark of plants and then regularly.
shedding them seasonally.
(6) Plants are only living things Animals take in oxygen and give
which take in carbon dioxide out carbon dioxide throughout
and give out oxygen during their life.
photosynthesis.
(7) Plants reproduce with the help Animals reproduce by laying
of seeds, stems, spores, bulbs eggs or giving birth to young
etc. ones.
Q.12. Give scientific reasons:
Ans. (1) (i) Plants prepare food by photosynthesis due to presence
of chlorophyll. (ii) However animals do not have chlorophyll,
therefore animals cannot prepare their own food like plants.
(2) (i) The shade of tree blocks the sunlight. (ii) Water coming out during
photosynthesis reduces the surrounding temperature. Therefore
we feel cool under the shade of a tree.
16 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

Q.13. Answer in brief:

Ans. *(1) (i) Both plants and animals increase in height, size and weight
as they grow into an adult. (ii) They require food to supply energy
to carry out the various life processes. (iii) They have a fixed life
span after which they die. (iv) All plants and animals respire and
they take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide while breathing.
(v) All the plants and animals excrete their wastes produced in their
body. (vi) All plants and animals have ability to reproduce. (vii) All
plants and animals show responsiveness to their external stimuli.
*(2)
Living things Non-Living things
(1) Living things can grow on their Non-living things do not grow
own in size, height and weight. on their own in size, height and
weight.
(2) Living things can move from Non-living things can move
one place to another on their only if someone moves them.
own.
(3) Living things can reproduce Non-living things cannot
reproduce.
(4) Living things exhibit responses Non-living things do not exhibit
to various stimuli. responses to various stimuli.
(5) They require food for their They do not require any food.
growth.
(3) (i) In all plants, it is mainly the width and height of the stem
that grows. (ii) As they grow, some plants develop branches.
(iii) Animals grow only for a certain period. (iv) Plants, on the other
hand, grow as long as they live. (v) Food is necessary for growth
in plants as well as animals.
(4) (i) Waste substances are formed during the many processes that
take place in the bodies of living things. The process of eliminating
them from the body is called excretion. (ii) Some plants shed leaves
in a specific season. (iii) Plants excrete water in the form of vapour.
(5) (i) Light flashed suddenly into your eyes. (ii) Suddenly you felt a
pinprick. (iii) The leaves of the mimosa plant were touched. (iv) At
General Science 17

sunset lamps on the street or courtyard are lit and insects gather
around the lamp.
* (6) (i) Plants are used for household as well as industrial purposes.
(ii) They provide us with food in the form of fruits, vegetables etc.,
e.g. Potato, methi, bhendi, apple, mango, etc. (iii) Some plants are
also used as medicines e.g. Adulsa, Hirada, Tulsi etc. (iv) They also
support birds which build their nests. (v) Wood of tress like oak,
fir, birch, etc. are used to make furniture, in building homes, etc.
Wood pulp is used to make paper.
(i) Dogs, cats, cows, etc. are domesticated. Dogs and cats are used as
pets. (ii) Cows, buffaloes, goats, etc. are used for getting their milk.
(iii) Sheep is used for obtaining wool. (iv) Horses, oxen, camels and
donkeys are used to carry burden and for various other occupations.
(v) Earthworm is useful in agriculture. (vi) Birds like hens, turkeys,
and ducks provide their eggs to us for food. (vii) Insects like bees
provide us with honey, silkworm provides us with silk.
(7) (i) Many plants and animals in nature satisfy our needs. (ii) The use
of such plants and animals should be restricted only to our needs.
(iii) We should not pluck leaves, flowers and fruit unnecessarily.
(iv) Animals should not be hunted. (v) They should not be teased
just for fun.
Q.14. Write short notes on:
Ans. (1) Plants make their own food in sunlight. Plants produce food
from water, nutrients in the soil and the carbon dioxide present in
the air. This process take place in the leaves of plants. It is brought
about in the presence of sunlight, with the help of the chlorophyll in
the leaves. This process of food production is called photosynthesis.
(2) Living things need oxygen in order to live. Inhaling oxygen and
exhaling the carbon dioxide formed in the body due to the use of
oxygen is called respiration. Animals such as fish, snake, mouse,
etc. have specific organs for respiration. On the other hand, plants
respire by means of microscopic pores on their stems and leaves.
(3) Living things produce other living things like themselves. Some
animals give birth to their young ones. Some lay eggs. Their young
18 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

ones hatch out of the eggs. New plants are produced from the seeds,
stems or leaves of plants.
The process by which a living thing generates a new living thing
like itself is called reproduction or procreation.
(4) At a certain stage of life, living things become capable of
reproduction. After the reproduction stage, their organs become
weak and still later, their life comes to an end. In other words,
living things die. The lifespans of different animals and plants are
different. For example, the lifespan of the dog is about 12 to 18
years, while the ostrich lives for 50 years.
*Q.15. Label the following diagram:
Ans.
Sunlight

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Water and nutrients

Photosynthesis

*Q.16. Mention the differences you see in the growth of trees

like mango, banyan, peepal and trees like coconut, bamboo,
palm.
Ans. During growth of mango, banyan and peepal many branches and
sub-branches are given out. This increases their canopy coconut,
bamboo, palm do not develop branches. They grow tall without
branching.
General Science 19

Q.17. State what happens:

Ans. (1) The eyes are immediately shut or we may instantly blink.
(2) We get instant pain and we instantly withdraw our hand.
(3) The leaves of mimosa plant are folded at once upon touching.
(4) If the lamps are switched off the insects go away, however, if the
lamps are on the insects are attracted towards the light and are
seen flocking near the lamp.
*Q.18. Prepare a list showing the lifespan of different
animals and write it in your note book.
Ans.

Maturity age (Time period

Plants/Animals Life span required to grow into adults
and reproduce)
Dog 10 - 15 years 2 - 3 years
Cow 15 years 2 years
Hen/Chicken 6-8 years 6 months
Elephants 40-60 years 10-15 years
Tortoise More than 100 years 10-13 years
Butterfly 2-6 weeks 1 week
Mango tree 25 years 3-4 years
Peepal tree 150 years 3-4 years
Banyan tree 200-1000 years 5-6 years
Banana 25 years 3-4 years
Rice 3-4 months 1-2 months
Rose 5-7 years 1 year
Q.19. Students to attempt.
vvv
20 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

DIVERSITY IN LIVING THINGS

3
AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION (Grade Me [Link]. 23 - 32)

Q.1. Guess Who am I?

Ans. (1) Rafflesia arnoldi (2) Wolffia or duckweed (3) Elephant (4) Snail
(5) Fish
Q.2. State whether the following statements are True or
False:
Ans. *(1) False *(2) False *(3) True *(4) False (5) False (6) True (7) True
Q.3. Fill in the blanks:
Ans. (1) Carolus Linnaeus (2) autotrophic (3) Flower (4) Creeper
(5) flowering (6) Microscope (7) invertebrates (8) carnivorous
(9) Flower (10) vines
*Q.4. Match the following:
Ans. (1) c (2) a (3) b
Q.5. Keeping the first column unchanged, match the items
in the second and third columns to those in the first:
Ans. (1 - d - iii) (2 - c - i) (3 - b - iv) (4 - a - ii)
Q.6. Find the odd man out:
Ans. *(1) Chrysanthemum (only flowering) or Spirogyra (only quatic
plant) *(2) Chickpea (shrub, others not) or Palm (other have
branches) *(3) Grape (only creeper, others are not or Hibiscus
(flower, others are fruits) *(4) Banyan (others are not perinnial) *(5)
Guava (others are root) (6) Frog (others are not amphibian) (7) Hen
(others are Viviparous) (8) Worms (others are not invertebrate) or
Fish (others are terrestrial)
Q.7. Give two names of the following:
Ans. *(1) Rose, hibiscus *(2) Fern, algae *(3) Mango, banyan
*(4) Oleander, hibiscus *(5) Pumpkin, watermelon *(6) Jowar,
sunflower *(7) Carrot, beetroot *(8) Mango, gulmohar (9) Mango,
guava (10) Coriander, neem (11) Carrot, radish (12) Wheat, rice
(13) Hen, sparrow (14) Human, cattle
General Science 21

Q.8. Classify the following as directed.

Ans. (1) Tree – Mango, Shrub – Rose, Oleander Herb – Fenugreek
(2) Oviparous animals – Hen, Pigeon Viviparous animals – Monkey,
Cow
(3) Vertebrate – Kangaroo, Man Invertebrate – Earthworm, worm
(4) Aquatic animals – Fish, Terrestrial animals – Dog,
Amphibious animals – Crocodile, Snake
*Q.9. Distinguish between the following:
Ans. (1)

Flowering plant Non- flowering plant

(1) Plants that bear flowers are Plants that do not bear flowers
called flowering plants. are called nonflowering plants.
(2) They have roots, stems and They may not have roots, stems
leaves. or leaves.
(3) e.g. Rose, sunflower, lotus e.g. Pine, fern, algae
* (2)
Tree Shrub
(1) They have branches at some They give out branches close to
height above the ground. the ground.
(2) They grow very tall compared They grow upto 2 to 3 metres in
to shrubs. height.
(3) They have strong and hard They have thick hard stems.
stems.
(4) e.g. Mango tree, banyan tree e.g. Hibiscus, oleander
(3)
Vertebrates Invertebrates
(1) They have vertebral column. They do not have vertebral
column.
(2) The brain is well developed. The brain if present may not
be developed.
(3) e.g. Human, dog, fishes etc. e.g. earthworm, insects etc.
22 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

Q.10. Answer in one sentence:

Ans. *(1) (i) There is a great diversity in living things–both plants and
animals on the earth. (ii) In order to identify them and to study their
characteristics, systematic classification is necessary.
*(2) Living things exists in all three spheres of earth. i.e. Atmosphere,
lithosphere and hydrosphere.
* (3) No. They are all of different types.
* (4) They are tall, big and perennial plants.
* (5) They are shorter and smaller than trees.
* (6) They are smaller and shorter than trees and shrubs.
* (7) They live for about one year.
* (8) Butterflies and insects are attracted towards the flower of the plants.
* (9) Pomegranate is a shrub which grows on land.
* (10) Lotus grows in water.
* (11) Bulrushes is a water plant and railroad creepers grow along the
ground.
* (12) A vertebral column.
* (13) Animals life a frog, Salamander, toad live in both places namely,
land and water are called amphibians.
* (14) The flower, the leaf, the stem, the fruit and the root are the different
parts of plant.
* (15) Living things are classified on the basis of similarities and
differences in their structure, organs, mode of nutrition, habitat
and other characteristic .
* (16) Dodder is a parasitic plant and grows on other plants.
Q.11. Give scientific reasons:
Ans. It helps them to grow rapidly with the help of a support. Therefore,
the stem of creepers are very flexible and soft.
* (2) (i) The stem of water hyacinth is soft and spongy. (ii) The leaves are
also modified to help the plant float (iii) Due to these adaptation
water hyacinth floats on water.
* (3) Cactus is a desert plant. As there is a shortage of water, cactus stores
water in its stem and hence, stem of cactus is fleshy.
General Science 23

(4) (i) Animals without vertebral column is called invertebrates.

(ii) Cockroach do not have vertebral column (iii) Therefore
Cockroach is an invertebrate animals.
(5) (i) Animal that can fly in the air are called aerial animals (ii) Crow,
butterfly fly in air (iii) Therefore they are called aerial animals.
Q.12. Answer in short:
Ans. (1) Algae are plants as they contain chlorophyll which they use to
prepare their food by photosynthesis.
(2) Fungus is a plant that use other plants for food and are said to be
heterotrophic. They have saprophytic mode of nutrition as they
extract the nutrients from other organisms for their survival.
(3) There are two modes of nutrition in plants. Plants make their own
food in sunlight. Such plants are called autotrophic plants. eg.
hibiscus, pomegranate. Some plants like funguses, loranthus use
other plants for food and are said to be heterotropic.
* (4) (i) There is a great diversity in living things– both plants and
animals on the earth. (ii) In order to identify them and to study
their characteristics, systematic classification is necessary.
* (5) The functions of root are: (i) The root hold the soil firmly and anchor
the plant. (ii) They absorb water, salt and minerals from the soil and
transport it to stem. (iii) Some roots store food. e.g. Carrot, radish.
* (6) The characteristics of creepers are: (i) The stem of a creeper is very
flexible, soft and green and need support to climb. (ii) Some climbers
spread on the ground. e.g. Pumpkin (iii) Some have aerial roots. e.g.
Money plant (iv) Some climbers develop tendrils. e.g. Cucumber
* (7) (i) Herbs grow 1 to 1.5 m tall. (ii) Their stem is green and quite
flexible. (iii) They may live for a few months or upto two years.
e.g. Tulsi, oregano, etc.
* (8) The body of animal is protected by : (i) Some have protection of fur
- eg. bear (ii) Some are protected in shell - eg. crab (iii) Some have
protection of feathers - eg. bird (iv) Some are covered by scales eg.
fish (v) Some have skin and hairs - eg. monkey.
(9) (i) Leaves have chlorophyll, hence they carry photosynthesis. (ii)
Respiration of plants is done by leaves. (iii) In some plants leaves
24 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

are the reproductive organs like bryophyllum.

*(10) Animals are classified based as-
(a) Cellular structure - Unicellular, multicellular. (b) Presence or
absence of vertebral column - vertebrates, invertebrates. (c) Modes
of reproduction - Oviparous, Viviparous (d) Habitat - Terrestrial,
Aquatic, Amphibian.
Q.13. Answer in brief:
Ans. (1) The flower : This is the most attractive Flower
part of a plant. It is connected to the stem Leaf
by a stalk which may be long or short.
A flower has a typical colour and shape.
The flower is an important means of
reproduction.
The stem: The height, shape and size
of a plant depends upon the stem.
The stem carries out the functions of
Fruit
production, conduction and storage of
Stem
food. In some plants, it has the function
of reproduction. The stem gives support
Root
to other parts of the plant.
The leaf: The leaf is flat. It plays an The structure of a plant
important role in the production of food.
Leaves are mainly of two types : simple and compound leaves.
The fruit: Fruits have different shapes. Fruits contain one or more
seeds. The pods of beans and peas are actually fruits.
The root: Roots hold the soil firmly and anchor the plant. The main
functions of the root are to absorb and transport water and nutrients
from the soil. The roots of the carrot and radish also store food.
There are two types of roots : taproot and fibrous root.
(2) Plants are classified on the basis of (a) Size and height of stem
- (trees, shrubsal herbs) (b) Mode of nutrition - (autotrophic,
heterotrophic, insectivorous). (c) Period of life cycle - (annuals,
biennials, perennials) (d) Based on their ability to produce flower -
(flowering and non flowering) (e) Habitat - (land, aquatic, marshy,
areas, desert)
General Science 25

(3) Different animals have developed different shapes to survive in

the environment. There is a great variety in the body structure
of animals too. The amoeba that cannot be seen with our eyes,
the huge elephant, the small snail, the fish that swims in water, a
kite that flies high in the sky, butterflies that flit around flowers, a
house lizard that crawls on a wall are all animals. Each has different
characteristics.
Animals have body parts like a head, a neck, a torso, a tail and limbs
for movement. They have various organ systems which carry on
various functions inside their body. In this respect, too, there is a
lot of diversity in animals.
Q.14. Draw a diagram.
Ans. (1) Two types of roots

Taproot Fibrous root

Q.15. “There is no life without plants in our living world”.
Explain.
Ans. (1) The three necessities of life: Clean air, clean water and healthy
food. (2) Plants produce oxygen, and form the basis of our entire
food chain.
Q.16. Mrs. Joshi wants to have a kitchen garden in her
balcony. Suggest to her the name of plants she needs to buy.
Ans. Chillies and Peppus, Tomato, Coriander, Mint, Beans.

Q.17. Students to attempt.

Q.18. Students to attempt.

vvv
26 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT (Grade Me [Link]. 33 - 37)

Q.1. Fill in the blanks:

Ans. (1) Natural, man-made (2) Floods (3) Forest fires (4) moral (5) 2005
Q.2. Give the emergency contact numbers of the following:
Ans. *(1) 100 *(2) 101 *(3) 102 *(4) 108 (5) 104
Q.3. Match the following:
Ans. (1) Earthquake in Khillari in Latur (2) Flood in Mumbai (3) Mountain
slide in Malin, Pune (4) Heavy rainfall in Tamil Nadu
*Q.4. What first aid will you provide in the following situations?
Ans. First aid is some immediate aid given to a victim or patient before
medical treatment is available.
(1) (i) Wash the wound with a soap solution. (ii) Cover the wound with
a clean and dry cloth. (iii) Get a doctor’s help.
(2) (i) Make the person sit or lie down comfortably. (ii) Clean the
bleeding part of the body with water. (iii) Keep it above the level
of the heart.
(3) (a) Minor burns: (i) The injured part should be washed with water or
held under water. (ii) Give the victim water to drink. (iii) Clean the
wounds using a cotton swab soaked in an antiseptic solution. (iv) Do
not apply oily ointments. (v) Cover the wound using dry dressings.
(b) Serious burns: (i) Give emotional support. (ii) Cover the wound
with sterilised cloth. (iii) Remove jewellery, shoes etc. if easily
possible. (iv) Do not touch or burst the blisters on the skin. (v) Do
not apply oily ointments. (vi) Do not try to remove the cloth if it is
struck to the burnt skin. (vii) If the patient is conscious give water
to drink but avoid tea or coffee or other stimulating drinks. Get
medical aid at once.
(4) (i) Wash the wound with water. (ii) Give emotional support to the
patient. (iii) Tie a cloth tightly above the wound. (iv) Get immediate
medical help.
(5) (i) Take the patient to a cool place or in the shade. (ii) Sponge the
whole body with cold water. (iii) Place a cloth soaked in cold water
General Science 27

on the neck. (iv) Give plenty of water or liquids like sherbets to

drink. (v) If the patient feels like vomiting make him prone i.e. on
his/her abdomen with the head turned to one side. (vi) Get medical
help or shift the patient to a hospital.
*Q.5. Write the causes of the following:
Ans. (1) (i) Flood is a frequently occurring natural disaster in all parts
of the world. (ii) Due to excessive rains in the same place, a river
overflows its banks causing a flood. (iii) The water drainage system
in big cities falls short when there is heavy rainfall, resulting in
choking of gutters and drainage lines. (iv) Water overflows on to
the roads and surrounding houses.
(2) Forest fire is an uncontrolled fire in a forest, pasture or grasslands
due to natural or man-made causes. (ii) Natural causes of forest
fire can be lightning, volcanic eruptions, friction amongst branches
of trees in extremely hot and dry weather. (iii) Man-made causes
of forest fires are clearing land by burning which sometimes goes
out of control. (iv) Campers and hikers sometimes leave behind a
potential source of ignition like a lighted cigarette or a campfire.
(3) (i) Building collapses: Bad design, faulty construction, foundation
failure or weak foundation, extraordinary loads, earthquakes,
rampant and irregular constructions. (ii) Landslide causes due to
erosion, slope movement in the downward direction, prolonged
rainfall and seepage, vibration caused by earthquakes, deforestation,
river erosion.
(4) The formation of high and low air pressure belts in the atmosphere
causes changes in weather resulting in strong winds or storms.
(5) (i) Movements in the interior of the earth release tremendous
amount of energy. (ii) This causes seismic waves leading to
movement of the earth’s surface like tremors, shaking, cracking
up. (iii) Such vibrations or quaking in the earth’s crust is known as
earthquake. (iv) Man-made causes like mining, construction of big
dams can also lead to earthquakes.
Q.6. Answer the following questions with respect to disaster
management in and around your school.
Ans. *(1) (i) Disasters that can occur in school: Fire in the school building,
28 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

experience tremors of earthquake, school building collapses, slab in

one of the classroom collapses, getting injured while playing, getting
an electric shock. (ii) Disasters that can occur on way to school:
You meet with an accident while crossing the road or school bus
meets with an accident. Area near school gets flooded.
*(2) To deal with such a disaster, take help of some elders or ask for
help immediately. Be alert and use first-aid / get some immediate
aid even before medical treatment becomes available.
* (3) If five times this number sat in my class, the classroom would be
crowded. There will be utter chaos.
Q.7. Answer in one sentence:
Ans. *(1) A sudden event that causes large scale damage to life, property
and social aspects of a nation or society is called a disaster.
(2) When we work in the sun continuously for a long time, the body
loses a lot of water and minerals. Hence, the person experiences
sunstroke.
* (3) Disasters are of two types: Natural disasters and Man-made
disasters.
* (4) Taking steps to prevent disasters, making plans to face disasters
and developing the capacity for that is called disaster management.
* (5) Emergency planning and implementation of disaster management
work are the main components of disaster management. Community
participation is closely related to disaster management.
Q.8. Give scientific reasons:
Ans. (1) Consequences of calamities like cloudburst or heavy rainfall in
hilly regions are landslides, flash floods which can lead to death.
Therefore we should not take shelter at the foot of mountains during
calamities like cloudburst or heavy rainfall.
(2) (i) In day to day life, sometimes, we have to face disasters or
accidents of varying proportions. (ii) On such occasions, it is
necessary to give some immediate aid. (iii) Hence first aid training
is necessary to all.
(3) There are nearly 2000 species of snakes. Of these, only a few, like
cobras, kraits, vipers and sea snakes are poisonous. Thus, not all
snake bites can lead to death.
General Science 29

Q.9. Answer in brief:

Ans. (1) (i) Floods due to heavy rains. (ii) An earthquake, lightning, a
volcanic eruption, etc. (iii) Forest fires (iv) Increased risk due to high
density of population in a limited area. (v) Rampant and irregular
constructions. (vi) Ecological imbalance. (vii) Terrorism, riots and
crimes resulting in bomb explosions, assaults, fire and accidents, etc.
(2) (i) Fire: Use a fire extinguisher. Call the fire brigade. Run to a safe
exit. (ii) Building collapse: Evacuate the building immediately, seek
shelter in other safe place. Call the fire brigade or rescue team. First
aid should be given to injured people. (iii) Road accident: Call the
ambulance immediately. Give first aid if possible. (iv) Flood: Do
not linger in houses or areas near river banks. Seek shelter in other
safe places. Move to safer places at a greater height. Do not step into
water currents or drive a vehicle into them. (v) War: Take shelter in
relief camps. Provide assistance in the rescue mission. (vi) Bomb
explosions: Take shelter in relief camp/safe place. Immediately
call the police. Be alert and do not touch the unattended objects.
(vii) Earthquakes: Run to a safe place. Hide below a table and do
not use elevators. Use a staircase. (viii) Deluge: Take the warnings
and signals from the Meteorological Department keep away from
river banks and low-lying areas. Take shelter in relief camps.
(ix) Storm: Remain in a safe place. Unplug all electrical devices. Take
instructions given to people by meteorological department, do not take
shelter in dilapilated structures and under trees. (x) Tsunami: Move to
a safer place, stay alert. (xi) Drought: Save water, take care of people
and cattle. (xii) Landslide: Landslide may be caused due to excessive
rains or cloudburst in hilly areas. Do not take shelter at the foot of a hill.
* (3)
Disaster Remedy Disaster Remedy
(1) Fire Use fire (2) Building Evacuate and
extinguishers colapse call fire brigade
(3) Road Keep the bleeding (4) Flood Do not step in
accident part above heart water current,
and clean it with seek shelter in
water. safe places.
30 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

(5) War Take shelter in relief (6) Bomb Take shelter in

c o m p s , p ro v i d e explosion relief camps.
assistance in the Be alert and do
rescue mission not touch the
unattended
objects.
(7) Earthquake R u n t o a s a f e (8) Deluge Keep away
place. Hide below from river
a table. Do not banks and low-
use elevators. lying areas.
Take shelter in
relief camps.
(9) Storm Remain in safe (10) Tsunami Move to safe
place unplug all place, stay alert
electrical devices.
(11) Drought Save water, take (12) Landslide D o n o t t a k e
care of cattle and shelter at the
people foot of a hill
*Q.10. Find out what does a first aid kit/box contain.
Ans. (1) Sterile guaze pads (2) Cotton bandages (3) Antiseptic solution
(4) Scissors and tweezers (5) Thermometer (6) Non surgical disposal
gloves (7) Antibiotic ointment (8) Pain killers.
*Q.11. Observe the pictures given below and answer the
following questions:
Ans. (1) Earthquake , Drought, Heavy rain, Fire, Storm, Volcano.
(2) No. (Answer may vary)
(3) In these situations I would have tried to save my life. (Answer may
vary)
(4) This events are disasters and some occur naturally and some are
man-made.
*Q.12. Find out about the work of a ‘sarpa-mitra’.
Ans. (i) A sarpa-mitra is a friend of snakes, a person who is trained to
protect, save and safeguard snakes. (ii) Whenever there is a phone
call from police or citizens informing the sarpa-mitras about
snake sightings, they immediately rush to the situation and rescue
the snake that would have been killed at the hands of people.
General Science 31

(iii) Sarpa-mitra are well trained to handle snakes by capturing

them, keeping them in baskets or bags before releasing them in
the wild. (iv) They are in contact with the Police Department and
Forest Department for rehabilitation of snakes. (v) Sarpa-mitra
are also trained to perform primary first aid to snake bite victims
before they are moved to hospitals. (vi) Thus, the sarpa-mitra do
a commendable job of saving snakes, saving human life without
any monetary gains, but for sheer love of snakes.
Q.13. Students to attempt.
vvv
TEST PAPER - 1 : UNIT TEST
(Grade Me pg. no. 38) LESSON NO. 1 to 4 Marks : 10

Q.1.A. Fill in the blanks: (1)

Ans. (1) 16th of September (2) oxygen, carbon dioxide
Q.1.B. Give the emergency contact numbers of: (1)
Ans. (1) 102 (2) 100
Q.2. Answer the following: (8)
Ans. (1) (i) Wash the wound with water. (ii) Give emotional
support to the patient. (iii) Tie a cloth tightly above the
wound. (iv) Get immediate medical help.
(2) (i) Water is a good solvent and it dissolves many substances.
(ii) The human blood is made of 70% water and the sap of
plant also contains a very high proportion of water. (iii) All
the life processes would not take place in the absence of water.
(iv) Hence, without water no living organism can survive.
(v) Therefore, it is said that ‘water is life’.
(3) (1) Both plants and animals require oxygen for breathing.
(2) Both plants and animals comes under the category called
as eukaryotes. (3) Both plants and animals require water and
food for their survival. (4) Some plants and animals produce
poison to protect themselves from enemies.
(4) (i) There is a great diversity in living things – both plants
and animals on the earth. (ii) In order to identify them and
to study their characteristics, systematic classification is
necessary.
vvv
32 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

SUBSTANCES IN THE SURROUNDINGS –

5
THEIR STATES AND PROPERTIES (Grade Me [Link]. 39 - 45)
Q.1. Fill in the blanks:
Ans. (1) Solid, liquid, gas (2) Heat (3) Plasma (4) Paraffinwax
*Q.2. Who am I ?
Ans. (1) Mercury (2) Heat (3) Liquid, gases (4) Salt
*Q.3. Answer the following questions from the given sub-
stances:
spirit, camphor, petrol, ghee, coconut oil, napthalene balls.
Ans. (1) coconut oil, ghee (2) spirit, petrol (3) camphor, naphthalene balls
*Q.4. In the paragraph given below, write solid, liquid or
gas in the box depending upon the substance referred to just
before it.
Ans. On a bright sunny day, Riya and Gargi were playing with a ball
solid in the park. Gargi feels thirsty. So, Riya brings tender

coconut water liquid for her. At the same time, a strong breeze
gas liquid
starts blowing and it also begins to rain . They run
back into the house solid , change their clothes solid . Their
mother gives them a cup solid of hot milk liquid to drink.

*Q.5. Give the properties of the substances given below:

Ans.
Substance State Properties
(1) Water Liquid Fluidity, density, solubility, transparency,
thermal conductivity.
(2) Glass Solid Brittleness, hardness, density, transparency.
(3) Chalk Solid Brittleness, density.
(4) Iron ball Solid Hardness, density, malleability, ductility,
electrical ductility, conductivity, thermal
conductivity, lustre, sonority
(5) Sugar Solid Brittleness, density, solubility.
General Science 33

(6) Salt Solid Brittleness, density, solubility.

(7) Flour Solid Density, solubility.
(8) Coal Solid Brittleness, density, thermal conductivity.
(9) Soil Solid Brittleness, density.
(10) Pen Solid Hardness, density.
(11) Ink Liquid Fluidity, density, solubility.
(12) Soap Solid Brittleness, hardness, density, solubility.
*Q.6. Why does this happen?
Ans. (1) Coconut oil is in liquid state. In winter the surrounding
temperature/atmospheric temperature starts decreasing. Coconut
oil starts cooling or losing heat, it changes to solid state.
Thus coconut oil thickens in winter.
(2) When kerosene is left open in a dish, it is exposed to surrounding
temperature. As the temperature is more, kerosene starts
continuously evaporating and finally disappears.
(3) The fragrance of incense sticks is given out in the form of scented
vapours. As vapours are in gaseous state, the gas molecules spread
out in the room. The molecules of gas move very fast and there are
no forces to stop them from going apart. Therefore the fragrance
of incense sticks lighted in one corner of room spreads to the other
corner.
(4) (i) In the given picture, the ball floats on the water while the apple
sinks. (ii) The substances having greater densities are heavier than
those having lesser density. Therefore the ball floats on the water
while an apple sinks.
Q.7. Answer in one sentence.
Ans. (1) Brittleness, Hardness, Elasticity, Fluidity, Density, Solubility,
Transparency.
*(2) Ice, water and water vapour.
(3) The properties of metals are: (i) Malleability (ii) Ductility
(iii) Electrical conductivity (iv) Thermal conductivity (v) Lustre
(vi) Sonority
34 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

(4) The temperature at which liquid gets converted into gas is called
as the boiling point of the substance.
(5) When vapour cools, it is converted into liquid again. This process
is condensation.
(6) Solids on heating when change into liquid state is called melting.
(7) Diamond
Q.8. Define the following:
Ans. (1) When a substance changes from one state to another, the process
is called change of state of the substance.
(2) The change of a solid substance directly into a gas or vapour
without first changing into a liquid is called as sublimation.
(3) Some substances break into small pieces or particles. Such
substances are said to be brittle. This property of substances is
called brittleness.
(4) The hardness of a substance is determined by how much resistance
it offers to the substances being pushed through it.
(5) Some substances change their shape when a force is applied on
them but return to their original shape and size when the force is
removed. This property is called elasticity.
(6) Liquids flow downward on a sloping surface. This property is called
fluidity.
(7) Metals can be converted into sheets by hammering. This property
of metals is called malleability.
(8) Metals can be stretched and drawn into thin wires. This property
of metals is called ductility.
(9) Electricity flows through metals. All metals are conductors of
electricity to a greater or lesser extent.
(10) Metals allow heat to flow through them. This property is called
thermal conductivity.
(11) Metals produce a ringing sound. This property is called the sonority
of metals. 

General Science 35

Q.9. Distinguish between:

Ans.
Solids Liquid Gas
(1) e.g.: A piece of iron e.g.: Water, spirit, oil e.g.: Air
(2) Has a shape of its Does not have a Does not have a
own, Retains shape, shape of its own. shape of its own.
no matter how it is Takes the shape of Occupies all the
kept. the container. available space.
(3) Has a definite It has a specific Does not have a
volume. Solids like volume. Occupies definite volume.
sugar, sand when definite portion of a On changing the
poured on a flat container. Spreads pressure on a gas
surface, form a heap. on a flat surface on in a closed container,
pouring. Flows its volume
downwards along also changes.
a slope. Takes the
shape of the surface.

Q.10. Write a short note on:

Ans. (1) On heating, a substance initially becomes warm and then hot.
To determine how hot or cold a substance is, a thermometer is used.
Thermometer measures the temperature of the substance.
*Q.11. State what will happen:
Ans. (a) If nails are made of plastic, they will not be able to pierce through
other substances on being pushed or forced by a hammer. Plastic
lacks the property of hardness.
(b) (i) If a bell is made of wood it will never make a ringing sound.
A wooden bell does not have the property of being sonorous.
(ii) Sonority is the property of metals to produce a ringing sound.
(c) (i) Rubber is a bad conductor of heat and electricity. It will not allow
heat to pass to the hands / handle of the tongs, thus protecting us.
(ii) Pair of tongs are made up of metals which conduct heat and
electricity. They have the property of thermal conduction and
36 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

electrical conduction. (iii) If rubber is not fitted on a pair of tongs,

we will not be able to lift hot objects with it.
(d) Wood does not have the property of malleability. Therefore, the
edge of wooden knife will be blunt. Hence, we will not be able to
cut anything with it.
(e) (i) If an axe is made of rubber, it will not be used to cut wood or tree.
(ii) Rubber does not have the property of hardness that is required
to push through to cut it.
Q.12. Give scientific reasons:
Ans. (1) (i) The temperature at which water does not get any cooler but
starts freezing and forming ice is 0° C. (ii) When ice gets heat, it
starts melting or changes into liquid state at 0° C. (iii) Thus, freezing
point and melting point of water are one and the same.
* (2) (i) Camphor is a sublimate substance. (ii) When a box of camphor
is opened it changes its state from solid to gas or vapour state.
(iii) This change takes due to the process of sublimation where
camphor absorbs heat from surrounding to change from solid
to gaseous state. (iv) Camphor particles in gaseous state start
spreading all around. (v) Hence on opening a box of camphor its
smell spreads all around.
* (3) Cooker is made of metal. When food is cooked in it, it gets heated
and the whole of its body becomes hot due to thermal conductivity.
Hence with the plastic handle we can easily lift the hot cooker as
plastic is a bad conductor of heat.
* (4) Plastic or wood are bad conductors of heat and electricity. Electric
boards are made up of plastic or wood. So that while touching we
will not get electric shock.
(5) We should switch off the main switch of the T.V. because some
amount of electricity is lost as the T.V. is in standby mode. By
switching off the T.V. completely a lot amount of electricity can be
saved over a period of time.
General Science 37

Q.13. Answer in brief:

Ans. *(1) The change of a solid substance directly into a gas or vapour
without first changing into a liquid is called sublimation.
Everyday, substances that sublimate – iodine and camphor.
(2) (1) Candles are made from molten paraffin wax.
(2) Carbon dioxide gas is converted into solid form called dry ice.
It is used in ice-cream preparation.
(3) Glass is made from melted silica or sand.
(4) Ornaments are made by melting gold and silver.
(5) Tools are made from molten iron.
*Q.14. Which properties of substances are shown in the
following pictures:
Ans. (1) Brittleness (2) Hardness (3) Elasticity (4) Fluidity (5) Solubility
(6) Transparency (7) Metal (8) Malleability (9) Ductility
Q.15. Label the following diagram and explain the process
of sublimation:
Ans. Iodine crystals do not melt on Cotton plug
heating but change directly to the Funnel
gaseous state. When the fumes of Iodine
iodine hit the walls of the funnel they particles
cool to form solid crystals of iodine
and stick to the funnel walls. Thus,
on heating, iodine does not melt and
change to a liquid but directly Burner
changes to the gaseous state.
The change of a solid substance
directly into a gas or vapour without first changing into a liquid is
called sublimation.
*Q.16. Discuss the following in the classroom:
Ans. *(1) No, the shape of the water will not change.
* (2) No, the shape of the stone/pebble will not change.
Q.17. Students to attempt.
vvv
 38 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

6 SUBSTANCES IN DAILY USE (Grade Me [Link]. 46 - 52)

Q.1. Fill in the blanks:

Ans. *(1) hard *(2) processing *(3) Nylon *(4) synthetic silk (5) natural
substances (6) 60 (7) Hevea brasiliensis (8) Nepanagar, Madhya
Pradesh (9) 501, 1300
Q.2. Multiple Choice Questions:
Ans. (1) Silk (2) Notebook (3) Fur (4) Kerala
Q.3. What are the following substances used for :
Ans. *(1) Soil: It supports plant life and hence indirectly supports all
living things. It is used for making clay pot, utensils, bricks etc.
* (2)Wood: It is used in paper industry. It is also used to make furniture.
lug * (3)Nylon: It is used to manufacture clothes, fishing nets, ropes, etc.
* (4)Paper: It is used in our textbooks, note books, currency notes, etc.
* (5)Rubber: It is used in the manufacture of erasers, tyres, rubber toys,
rubber bands, etc.
(6) Aluminium : It is used for making utensils, automobiles, packaging.
(7) Cotton: It is used for making clothes, book binding, archival paper.
(8) Iron: It is used to manufacture steel, in building construction.
Q.4. Answer in one sentence:
Ans. (1) Latex is a milky white natural substance produced in the stems
of rubber trees.
* (2) Cotton, wood pulp and various hydrocarbons obtained from
mineral oils are used to obtain fibres.
(3) Nylon, rayon, dacron, terylene, terene.
(4) Coniferous trees like pine tree are used to make paper.
(5) Clothes are made from natural fibre like silk, cotton and synthetic
fibre give nylon, rayon, dacron.
*Q.5. Give scientific reasons:
Ans. (1) (i) During summer we sweat more due to high temperature.
(ii) Cotton clothes absorb sweat. (iii) Synthetic clothes are water
repellent. They do not absorb sweat and we feel uncomfortable.
General Science 39

Hence we must use cotton clothes in summer.

(2) (i) Due to excessive use of natural substances by human beings to fulfil
their needs; they are getting depleted at a faster rate. (ii) At the same
time, it takes a very long time for these substances to get naturally
formed again. (iii) Hence, we must observe economy in the use of
materials so that they are available for the future generation also.
(3) (i) Saving paper means saving trees as wood is used as the raw
material to manufacture paper. (ii) Trees are natural habitat for
many living things. (iii) Trees help in increasing rainfall and water
availability. Hence, saving paper helps in saving trees which in turn
maintains balance in nature.
(4) (i) Man-made substances are water proof, lightweight and easy for
transportation. (ii) They are easier to use and can be made available
in plenty at a low cost.
Hence, there is more demand for man-made materials.
(5) (i) Humus is obtained from plant and animal wastes. (ii) Micro-
organisms act on these wastes and convert them into humus.
(iii) Hence, humus is a natural material.
Q.6. Distinguish between:
Ans. (1)
Natural Substances Man-made Substances
(1) Substances available in nature New substances produced by
are called natural substances. processing natural substances
is called man made substances.
(2) Example - water, animals. Example - Clothes, Rocket.
(2)
Synthetic fibres Natural fibres
(1) It is a man made substance. It is naturally occurring
substance.
(2) It is water repellent. It is water absorbent.
(3) It is cheaper in cost. It is more expensive.
(4) It catches fire eassily. It does not catch fire easily.
(5) Example - Nylon, rayon Example - Silk, cotton
40 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

Q.7. Answer in short:

Ans. *(1) Leather, jute, wool, cotton, silk are the natural substances
obtained from plants and animals.
* (2) (i) Vulcanization is the process in which rubber is heated with
sulphur for three to four hours. (ii) Sulphur is mixed to give
hardness to rubber. (iii) The proportion of sulphur depends on the
purpose for which the rubber is to be used.
* (3) Cotton, wood pulp and various hydrocarbons obtained from
mineral oils are used to obtain fibres.
(4) Nylon threads have a shine and are strong, transparent and water
resistant. They are used to manufacture clothes, fishing nets, ropes,
etc.
(5) Cotton and wood pulp is dissolved in a chemical called sodium
hydroxide to make a solution. Threads are obtained from this
solution with the help of machines. As these threads have shine and
strength, they are said to be ‘synthetic silk’. They appeared to be
shining bright like the sun’s rays. Hence they were named ‘Rayon’.
* (6) The need for man-made materials arose due to the following
reasons: (i) To meet the needs of an increasing population. (ii)
Human nature to try to make life more comfortable. (iii) They can
be made available in plenty at a low cost. (iv) The reserve of natural
substances is decreasing.
*Q.8. How do we obtain the following?
Ans. (1) (i) Lac is a resinous substance secreted from the glands present in
the skin of female lac insect. (ii) Lac insects live on the Palash trees. In
India lac is mainly produced in the states of Rajasthan and Bihar.
(2) (i) Pearls are formed when a foreign particle such as a grain of sand
or a small particle of rock accidentally enters the space between the
mantle and shell of an oyster’s body. (ii) Oysters cannot reject the
particle, and as a defence mechanism its produces a shining coating
called nacre on the particle layer by layer. (iii) As the shiny layers
get added, a pearl is formed. (iv) Cultured pearls are artificially
formed by inserting a bead in oyster shell and allowed to coat it
with nacre over several years.
General Science 41

Q.9. Answer in brief:

Ans. *(1) Coniferous trees like pine trees are used to make paper. (i) The
bark of the logs of these trees is first removed and the wood is broken
into small pieces. (ii) The mixture of these pieces with some chemicals
is kept soaked for a long time to form pulp. (iii) On completion of
chemical process, fibrous substances from wood pulp are separated
and some dyes are added. (iv) The pulp is then passed through rollers,
dried to form paper and finally wound on reels.
(2) Advantages of synthetic fibre are: (i) These fibres can be manufactured
on a large scale. (ii) They cost less. (iii) They are strong and durable. (iv)
They can be used for a long time. (v) They are water repellent. They
dry easily. (vi) They are light weight and comfortable to wear. (vii)
Clothes made from these threads are wrinkle free and scratch free.
(3) (i) They are water repellent. Hence, they do not absorb sweat from the
skin. (ii) Continuous use of these clothes keeps the skin moist which
may cause skin diseases. (iii) Synthetic clothes are uncomfortable to
wear especially in summer. (iv) They catch fire easily. (v) If they catch
fire, they stick to the skin and cause skin injuries. (vi) These fibres are
not decomposed by micro organisms.
*Q.10. Observe the picture given in the textbook on page
no. 42 (fig 6.1) and answer the questions given below:
Ans. (1) Chair, Table, Cupboard
(2) (Answer may vary)
(3) Wood for chair, plastic for table and metal for cupboard.
(4) No.
*Q.11. Prepare a list of various man-made materials and
natural materials used in your home and write about them.
Ans. Answers will vary.
42 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

*Q.12. Complete the following flow chart:

Ans. Substances

Natural Man-made

Cement
Abiotic Biotic

Plant origin Animal origin

Cotton Leather

Q.14. Diagrammatically show the process of getting silk

fibre from a cocoon.
Ans. Cocoon Drying

Cocoon storage

Cocoon puling

Cocoon sorting

Cocoon cooking

Silk reeling

Rereeling

Inspecting

Finishing
Q.15. Students to attempt.

vvv
General Science 43

7 NUTRITION AND DIET (Grade Me [Link]. 53 - 59)

Q.1. Fill in the blanks:

Ans. *(1) nutrition *(2) nutrients *(3) fats, energy *(4) right *(5) energy
*(6) over nutrition (7) 2000 to 2500 (8) regular exercise (9) Junk
Q.2. State whether the following statements are True or False:
Ans. (1) True (2) False (3) False (4) True (5) True (6) False
Q.3. Answer in one sentence:
Ans. (1) There are six main nutrients in our food. They are:
(i) Carbohydrates (ii) Fats (iii) Proteins (iv) Fibres (v) Vitamins
(vi) minerals
(2) All that we consume during the day is together called our diet.
(3) If we do not take a balanced diet we won’t be able to build a strong
and healthy body.
(4) Night blindness and Xeroderma
(5) Goitre
(6) No, fibrous substance do not provide any nutrient to the body but
are essential in the process of digestion.
Q.4. Multiple Choice Questions
Ans. *(1) proteins *(2) Cereals *(3) iodine *(4) Chocolate (5) Vitamin B1
(6) proteins
*Q.5. Refer to the chart of ‘Sources and Use of Minerals
and Vitamins’ given on page no. 51, 52 of textbook and find the
following information:
Ans. (1) Vitamin C.
(2) Minerals like calcium and phosphorous, Vitamins A, B and D.
(3) Night blindness - Deficiency of vitamin A
Scurvy - Deficiency of vitamin C
Rickets - Deficiency of vitamin D
Beriberi - Deficiency of vitamin B1.
(4) Dairy products, fish, carrots and dates all rich in vitamin A.
(5) Deficiency of iron and vitamin B12.
(6) Calcium and phosphorous.
(7) Eyes.
44 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

Q.6. Name the following:

Ans. (1) Raisins, Beans (2) A , B1 (3) Yoghurt, Butter milk (4) Water, Starch
(5) Washing soda, Paper pulp.
Q.7. Give scientific reasons:
Ans. (1) (i) We get energy in the form of heat from the food we eat. (ii)
Heat is measured in kilocalories. (iii) Hence to measure the energy
we get from the food, the unit used is kilocalorie.
(2) (i) Vitamin C dissolve easily in water (ii) They are thrown out of
the body through water in sweat and urine. (iii) Hence to ensure
a regular supply of Vitamin C we should eat raw foods which are
rich in Vitamin C.
(3) (i) If our needs for nutrients is met through the food we eat, the nutrients
are better utilised in our body. (ii) Hence, the best way to good health
is taking a balanced diet and avoiding the deficiency of any nutrient.
(4) Certain foodstuffs like chocolates, burger etc; do not supply all the
necessary nutrients. Hence they are called Junk food.
Q.8. Answer in brief:
Ans. (1) (i) Vitamins are vital substances required by our body in small
quantities. They help to improve the body’s resistance to diseases.
Their deficiency can lead to various diseases. e.g.: deficiency of
Vitamin A causes night blindness and that of Vitamin D causes
rickets. The sources of vitamins are vegetables, fruits, milk, fish,
meat etc. (ii) There are two kinds of vitamins – water soluble
vitamins and water insoluble vitamins. (iii) Vitamin B and Vitamin
C are water soluble vitamins because they dissolve easily in water.
They are thrown out of the body through the water in sweat and
urine. Hence, a regular supply of these vitamins is essential. B1, B2,
B3, B6, B9, and B12 are the types of vitamin B. (iv) Vitamins A, D, E
and K are insoluble in water but are fat soluble vitamins. They get
stored in the body.
(2) Casimir Funk was a scientist who belonged to Poland in Europe.
In a scientific article, he read that people who ate brown rice were
less likely to get beriberi than those who ate fully milled rice. He
was able to identify and isolate the substance which prevents
this disease. He named it ‘vitamine’. He also proposed that other
disorders like scurvy, pellagra and rickets were also caused by a
General Science 45

deficiency of various vitamins.

(3) (i) To ensure that we
get a balanced diet Fatty substances
from the food we (oil, ghee)
eat, we can make a meat, fish, eggs
food pyramid. (ii)
Milk products, butter
All food which we
eat is classified into
Fruits and vegetables
various groups. The
space allotted to Cereals and pulses
each food group
in the pyramid,
depends upon the proportion in which it should be included in our
diet. Hence, we can choose foods from each group daily according to
the space allotted to it in the pyramid. (iii) If we choose some items
from each group in the right proportion according to the pyramid
we can make sure that we are getting a balanced diet.
(4)
Do’s Don’ts
(1) Have a balanced diet. Do not eat if you are not
hungry.
(2) Eat whole grains. Eat fruits and Do not watch TV while eating.
vegetables with their skins.
(3) Increase use of bicycles. Do not use motor vehicles for
travelling a short distance.
(4) Play more outdoor games Avoid precooked, packaged foods.
(5) To earn more profits, cheaper substances of low quality called
adulterants, are mixed with the foodstuffs. The mixing adulterants to
foodstuffs is called adulteration of food. Adulterants may be poisonous
or harmful and such food is impure and unfit for consumption. Some
of the adulterants added to foodstuffs are given below:
Food items Adulterants
(1) Milk Water, chemicals like urea, starch
(2) Chilli powder Brick powder, powdered pumpkin
46 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

(3) Pepper corns Papaya seeds

(4) Ice cream Washing soda, paper pulp
(5) Rice Small white stones
(6) Peanuts Reddish pebbles/stones
(5) We will have to face the following troubles:
(a) Weight gain (b) Heart disease (c) Constipation
We should take the following care:
(a) Our daily diet must include leafy vegetables, cereals and
sprouted pulses.
(b) We must consume these food item in sufficient quantity.
(c) Eat raw fruit with their skins instead of fruit juices.
*Q.9. Use the food pryamid to select the food items of your
choice for three days:
Ans. (Answer may vary)
Q.10. Which are the five food groups? Which nutrients do
we get from the foodstuffs of each group?
Ans. The five food groups are the dairy group, fruit group, grains group,
protein foods group and vegetable group.

Food group Foodstuffs Nutrients

(1) Dairy group Milk, curd, cheese, eggs Protein, fats, vitamin
B1 and K
(2) Fruit group Amla, kiwi, tomatoes, Carbohydrates, fibre
papayas, citrus fruits Vitamin B9 and C
(3) Grains group Wheat, sprouted pulses Proteins
(4) Protein food Milk, fish, meat Protein, Vitamin B 1
group and B12
(5) Vegetable green cabbage, broccoli, Vitamin A, C, B 9 , E
group c a r r o t , d e e p g r e e n and K
vegetables
Q.12. Students to attempt.
Q.13. Students to attempt.

vvv
General Science 47

OUR SKELETAL SYSTEM

8
AND THE SKIN (Grade Me [Link]. 60 - 65)

Q.1. Fill in the blanks:

Ans. *(1) joint *(2) melanin *(3) Epidermis, dermis *(4) axial skeleton,
appendicular skeleton (5) Wilhem Roentgen (6) cartilage (7) Stirrup
(8) skin (9) hinge (10) Human skeleton (11) clean (12) fairness,
darkness
Q.2. State whether the following statements are True or
False:
Ans. *(1) False *(2) True (3) True (4) False (5) False (6) False (7) True (8)
True (9) True (10) True (11) False (12) True
Q.3. Match the following:
Ans. *(1) (1 - c)(2 - a) (3 - b).
(2) (1 - c) (2 - a) (3 - d) (4 - b).
Q.4. Multiple Choice Questions:
Ans. *(1) bone structure *(2) hinge (3) femur
Q.5. Answer in one sentence:
Ans. (1) Fracture is a crack or break in a bone. Fracture may occur due
to accident or fall from height or injury.
(2) The spine is formed by padlock-shaped bones placed straight one
above the other.
(3) The vertebral column protects the spinal cord that originates from
the brain.
(4) Sunrays contain harmful ultraviolet radiation which will get
damaged due to long periods of exposure of the face in the sun.
* (5) Skin
Q.6. Answer in short:
Ans. *(1) To keep the bones strong and healthy: (i) We should include
calcium and phosphorous rich food in our diet. (ii) We also include
vitamin D rich food in our diet. (iii) We get these from milk, milk
products, leafy vegetables, meat and exposure to sunlight. (iv) We
should exercise regularly.
*(2) The bones in our body might break due to: (i) Lack of calcium and
48 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

phosphorous. (ii) Due to fracture because of an accident or a fall.

(iii) Lack of proper nutrition. (iv) Due to deficiency of Vitamin D.
*(3) There are four types of bones in our body: They are as follows.
(1) Flat bones - eg. Sternum in the chest
(2) Small bones - eg. Stirrup in each ear
(3) Irregular bones - eg. Vertebra posterior (back side) of the body
(4) Long bones - eg. Femur or thigh bone
*(4) If my friend’s leg is fractured, then.
I would – (i) Ask him to prevent any movement of the fractured
part. (ii) Get immediate medical help. (iii) Take the x-ray image of
the fractured or swollen part. (iv) An x-ray image shows the exact
spot where the bone is broken. This will help in providing proper
treatment.
(5) An X-ray image shows whether a bone is broken and also the
exact spot where it is broken. This helps in providing the proper
treatment.
(6) The skull is formed by the bones of the head and face. The bones
of the skull are flat and strong. There are altogether 22 bones in
the skull, 8 in the head and 14 in the face. Except for the lower jaw,
none of the bones of the skull can move.
(7) The cage-like structure in the chest is called the rib cage. In the chest,
there is one vertical, flat bone called the sternum. Twelve pairs of
flat bones called ribs are joined to it sideways. These 25 bones form
the rib cage. It is joined to the spine at the back.
(8) Joints are places where two or more than two bones are connected
to each other.

Joints

Movable joints Immovable joints

e.g. Bones of Skull (except lower jaw)

Hinge joint Ball and Socket joint Gliding joint

e.g. Elbow, knee e.g. Shoulder, hip e.g. Wrist, ankle
General Science 49

(9) (i) Melanin is a pigment present in the cells of epidermis. (ii) Melanin
is synthesized in certain glands in the skin. (iii) The percentage of
melanin decides the fairness or darkness of the skin. (iv) Melanin
protects our skin and the inner parts from ultraviolet sunrays.
* (10) After playing in the hot sun or after hard physical labour, the
temperature of the body rises. Then sweat is released. It helps to
reduce the temperature of the body. Our body temperature usually
remains constant at approximately 37°C.
*Q.7. State what happens:
Ans. *(1) If there are no joints in our body, we will be standing like a
tree without any movement, we can move only because of joints.
* (2) We will not have protection from ultraviolet rays. Our skin will
become whitish.
* (3) We cannot bend down at our will.
* (4) Skin regulates body temperature by releasing sweat. If skin had
no sweat glands then we will not be able to maintain our body
temperature at a constant 37°C.
Q.8. Answer in brief.
Ans. (1) The functions of human skeletal system are: (i) Gives a definite
shape to the body. (ii) Provides support to the body. (iii) Protects
the delicate organs inside the body.
(2) The functions of the skin are : (i) Protects the internal parts of the
body like muscles, bones, organ systems etc. (ii) Help to preserve
the moisture in the body. (iii) Synthesizing Vitamin D. (iv) Regulates
body temperature by releasing sweat. (v) Gives protection from
heat and cold. (vi) Functions as the sensory organ of touch.
Q.9. Draw a neat labelled diagram of:
Ans. *(1) Types of joints:

Hinge joint Ball and socket joint Gliding joint

50 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

*(2) Structure of skin (4) Vertebral column

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutis
(Hypodermis)

(3) Ribcage

Q.10. Identify the types of joints in the figures.

Ans. *(1) Ball and socket joint (2) Gliding joint
Q.11. Complete the following table regarding the
information of the organs system, their function and location
in the body and they are protected by which bone:
Ans.

Name of the Protected by

Function Location
organ which bone
(1) Heart Blood circulation Chest region Rib cage
(2) Lungs Respiration Abdomen Rib cage
(3) Intestine Digestion Abdomen –
(4) Brain Co-ordination Head Skull
*Q.12. Observe the skin of an elderly person. What
difference do you see as compared with your skin?
Ans. As we grow older, the proportion of fat beneath the skin reduces.
However, the previously taut skin does not shrink. This causes
wrinkles on the skin of older people.
General Science 51

Q.13. Students to attempt.

Q.14. Students to attempt.
Q.15. Students to attempt.
vvv

TEST PAPER - 2 : UNIT TEST

(Grade Me pg. no. 67) LESSON NO. 5 to 8 Marks : 10

Q.1. Fill in the blanks: (3)

Ans. (1) Paraffin wax (2) hard (3) Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen.
Q.2. State whether the following statements are (2)
True or False:
Ans. (1) False (2) False
Q.3. Who am I? (2)
Ans. (1) Water (2) Salt
Q.4. Answer in (any 3) one sentence: (3)
Ans. (1) The different types of nutrients are:
(i) Carbohydrates (ii) Fats (iii) Proteins (iv) Fibres (v) Vitamins
(vi) minerals
(2) If my friend’s leg is fractured, then. I would –
(i) Ask him to prevent any movement of the fractured part.
(ii) Get immediate medical help. (iii) Take the x-ray image
of the fractured or swollen part. (iv) An x-ray image shows
the exact spot where the bone is broken. This will help in
providing proper treatment.
Fracture is a crack or break in a bone. Fracture may occur
due to accident or fall from height or injury.
(3) Latex is a milky white natural substance produced in the
stems of rubber trees.
(4) Metals can be stretched and drawn into thin wires. This
property of metals is called ductility.
vvv
52 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

MODEL TEST PAPER - 1

(Grade Me pg. no. 68) LESSON NO. 1 to 8 Marks : 40

Q.1. A. Match the following: (2)

Ans. (1) Shoulder (2) Knee

Q.1. B. Fill in the blanks: (2)

Ans. (1) synthetic silk (2) Ozone

Q.1. C. who am I? (1)

Ans. (1) mercury (2) elephant
Q.1. D. Give one use of each of the following : (2)
Ans. (1) Tyres (2) Clothes
Q.1. E. Choose the correct option: (4)
Ans. (1) Skeleton system (2) Chocolate (3) all of the above
(4) Cereals
Q.2. Answer the following (any 6): (12)
Ans. (1) The functions of root are: (i) The root hold the soil firmly
and anchor the plant. (ii) They absorb water, salt and minerals
from the soil and transport it to stem. (iii) Some roots store
food. e.g. Carrot, radish.
(2) (i) Movements in the interior of the earth release tremendous
amount of energy. (ii) This causes seismic waves leading
to movement of the earth’s surface like tremors, shaking,
cracking up. (iii) Such vibrations or quaking in the earth’s
crust is known as earthquake. (iv) Man-made causes
like mining, construction of big dams can also lead to
earthquakes.
(3) Wood does not have the property of malleability. Therefore,
the edge of wooden knife will be blunt. Hence, we will not
be able to cut anything with it.
(4) (i) During summer we sweat more due to high temperature.
(ii) Cotton clothes absorb sweat. (iii) Synthetic clothes
are water repellent. They do not absorb sweat and we
General Science 53

feel uncomfortable. Hence we must use cotton clothes in

summer.
(5) A diet containing adequate quantities of all nutrients is called
as balanced diet.
(6) The functions of human skeletal system are: (i) Gives a
definite shape to the body. (ii) Provides support to the body.
(iii) Protects the delicate organs inside the body.
(7) (i) Humus is obtained from plant and animal wastes. (ii)
Micro-organisms act on these wastes and convert them into
humus. (iii) Hence, humus is a natural material.

Q.3. Answer the following (any 4): (12)

Ans. (1) (i) Melanin is a pigment present in the cells of epidermis.
(ii) Melanin is synthesized in certain glands in the skin. (iii)
The percentage of melanin decides the fairness or darkness
of the skin. (iv) Melanin protects our skin and the inner parts
from ultraviolet sunrays.
(2) Obesity is the state of being overweight. Junk food eaten
frequently causes obesity. Obesity is not good for health. To
avoid obesity:
(i) Have a balanced diet. (ii) Eat whole grains, fruits and
vegetables with their skins. (iii) Increase use of bicycles.
(iv) Play more outdoor games. (v) Do not eat if you are
not hungry. (vi) Do not watch T.V while eating. (vii) Avoid
precooked, packaged food. (viii) Exercise regularly.
(3)

Natural substances Man-made substances

(1) Substances available in New substances produced
nature are called natural by processing naturally
substances. available substances
are called man-made
substances.
54 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

(2) Natural substances are used Man-made substances are

in its original form. made by processing natural
e.g. Bamboo, lime, cotton, substances.
silk etc. e.g. nylon, rayon, pens, brick
etc.
(4) The properties of metals are (i) Malleability (ii) Ductility (iii)
Electrical conductivity (iv) Thermal conductivity (v) Lustre
(vi) Sonority.
(5) (i) The change of a solid substance directly into a gas or vapour
without first changing into liquid is called sublimation. (ii)
Substances that sublimate: Camphor, napthalene balls,
ammonium chloride, iodine.
(6)

Epidermis

Dermis

Subcutaneous
layer
(Hypodermis)

Structure of skin

Q.4. Answer any one of the following: (5)

Ans. (1) (i) Fire: Use a fire extinguisher. Call the fire brigade. Run
to a safe exit. (ii) Building collapse: Evacuate the building
immediately, seek shelter in other safe place. Call the fire
brigade or rescue team. First aid should be given to injured
people. (iii) Road accident: Call the ambulance immediately.
Give first aid if possible. (iv) Flood: Do not linger in houses
or areas near river banks. Seek shelter in other safe places.
General Science 55

Move to safer places at a greater height. Do not step into

water currents or drive a vehicle into them. (v) War: Take
shelter in relief camps. Provide assistance in the rescue
mission. (vi) Bomb explosions: Take shelter in relief camps/
safe place. Immediately call the police. Be alert and do not
touch the unattended objects. (vii) Earthquakes: Run to a
safe place. Hide below a table and do not use elevators. Use
a staircase. (viii) Deluge: Take the warnings and signals from
the Meteorological Department keep away from river banks
and low-lying areas. Take shelter in relief camps. (ix) Storm:
Remain in a safe place. Unplug all electrical devices. Take
instructions given to people by meteorological department,
do not take shelter in dilapilated structures and under trees.
(x) Tsunami: Move to a safer place, stay alert. (xi) Drought:
Save water, take care of people and cattle. (xii) Landslide:
Landslide may be caused due to excessive rains or cloud burst
in hilly areas. Do not take shelter at the foot of a hill.
(2) Coniferous trees like pine trees are used to make paper.
(i) The bark of the logs of these trees is first removed and the
wood is broken into small pieces. (ii) The mixture of these
pieces with some chemicals is kept soaked for a long time to
form pulp. (iii) On completion of chemical process, fibrous
substances from wood pulp are separated and some dyes are
added. (iv) The pulp is then passed through rollers, dried to
form paper and finally wound on reels.
vvv
56 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

MOTION AND TYPES OF MOTION

9 (Grade Me [Link]. 70 - 74)

*Q.1. Fill in the blanks:

Ans. (1) uniform linear, non-uniform linear (2) linear (3) Circular (4)
uniform circular, non-uniform circular
Q.2. Identify the types of motion :
Ans. *(1) periodic, circular *(2) Circular *(3) Linear *(4) Linear
*(5) random *(6) Oscillatory motion (7) Random motion (8) Circular
motion
Q.3. Give one word for:
Ans. (1) Circular motion (2) Periodic motion (3) Speed (4) Motion
Q.4. Find the odd man out:
Ans. (1) Moving vehicle on straight road (others are oscillatory motion.
(2) Plucking of sitar string (others are random motion)
Q.5. Multiple choice questions:
Ans. (1) kilometre (2) Rectilinear and periodic both (3) An apple falling
from a tree (4) circular (5) Motion of a ball on the ground
*Q.6. Distinguish between:
Ans. (1)
Oscillatory motion Linear motion
(1) In oscillatory motion, body In linear motion, an object
swings back and forth. shows displacement in a
e.g. Motion of a swing, motion straight line.
of pendulum of a clock. e.g. A train in motion, motion
of marching soldiers.
(2)
Linear motion Random motion
(1) Motion in a straight line is The motion that changes
called linear motion. its direction and speed
e.g. Motion of a train continuously is called random
motion.
e.g. Motion of a bird.
General Science 57

(3)
Random motion Oscillatory motion
(1) The motion that changes The motion of a body that is
its direction and speed swinging back and forth is
continuously is called random called oscillatory motion.
motion. e.g. Pendulum of a clock, the
e.g. Motion of a butterfly. wing of a bird.
*Q.7. Explain the following terms with examples:
Ans. (1) An object that shows displacement along a straight line is called
linear motion. e.g. A vehicle moving on a road.
(2) The motion of a body swinging back and forth is called oscillatory
motion. e.g. Motion of a pendulum of a clock.
(3) The motion of an object along a circular path is called circular
motion. e.g. Motion of a ceiling fan.
(4) The motion that changes its direction and speed continuously is
called random motion. e.g. Motion of a butterfly.
(5) The repetitive motion in which the moving object passes through
a certain point again and again after a fixed period is called as
periodic motion. e.g. The minute hand of a clock.
Q.8. Answer the following:
Ans. *(1) (i) The birds flying in the sky exhibit random motion. (ii) The
wings of the birds show oscillatory motion.
*(2) (i) The cycle itself shows linear motion. (ii) The wheels of the cycle
show circular motion. (iii) The cycle chain shows periodic motion,
if the speed is uniform. (iv) The handle bar shows random motion.
(3) The continuous displacement of an object is called motion.
(4) A butterfly constantly flies from one flower to another. There is no
definite direction to its motion, hence we cannot measure the speed
of a butterfly.
(5) The distance traversed by an object in unit time is called the speed
of that object.
Distance traversed
Speed =
Time required for traversing the distance
Unit of speed : kilometre/hour, metre/second

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58 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

(6) Vibrating diaphragm of tabla, drum, dhol and strings of sitar, guitar
show oscillatory motions.
* (7) The swing always comes back from one end to the other end. It takes
about the same time for each swing. This movement of a swing is
called oscillatory motion.
Q.9. Answer the following questions:
Ans. (1) (i) Motion of second’s hand is periodic motion (ii) It will take 60
seconds to complete one full round no matter to the size of the clock
Distance travelled
(2) Speed of a bullet train =
Time

200
=
2
= 100 km/hr.
(3) When an object change its position it is said to be in motion. When
an object do not change its position it is said to be at rest.
*Q.11. Complete the puzzle using words for types of motion.
Ans. (1) Circular (2) Periodic (3) Uniform (4) Linear (5) Random
Q.12. Students to attempt.
vvv

10 FORCE AND TYPES OF FORCE (Grade Me [Link]. 75 - 81 )

Q.1. Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct option.

Ans. *(1) Force, direction, moving *(2) muscular force, gravitational
force, frictional force *(3) motion, force *(4) against (5) more, greater
Q.2. Name the following:
Ans. (1) Mechanical force (2) Muscular force (3) Mechanical force
(4) Frictional force (5) Sir Isaac Newton (6) Electrostatic force
Q.3. State whether the following statements are True or
False:
Ans. (1) True (2) True (3) False (4) True (5) True (6) False (7) True
*Q.4. Match the following:
Ans. (1 - c) (2 - a) (3 - d) (4 - e) (5 - b)
General Science 59

Q.5. In the following examples one or more types of forces

are applied. Identify them.
Ans. *(1) Gravitational force *(2) Mechanical force *(3) Muscular or
mechanical force *(4) Muscular and gravitational force (5) Muscular
force (6) Muscular and frictional force.
Q.6. Answer in one sentence:
Ans. *(1) When a spring is pulled apart from both ends, its shape changes
because of the applied force.
* (2) When a blacksmith hammers a red hot piece of iron, the shape of
the iron piece changes because of the force applied.
(3) Muscular, Mechanical, Gravitational, Electrostatic, Frictional,
Magnetic.
(4) The force applied by the earth to pull objects towards itself is called
gravitational force.
*Q.7. Explain the following in your own words giving one
example of each:
Ans. (1) Static electricity is produced on materials like rubber, plastic
and ebonite due to friction. The force exerted by such electrically
charged materials is called electrostatic force.
e.g. When a plastic comb is rubbed against the dry hair, comb
develops electrostatic charge.
(2) The force exerted by a magnet is called magnetic force.
e.g. In a pin holder, the magnet attracts the pins.
(3) The force applied with the help of muscles is called muscular force.
e.g. When a bullock pulls the load of a cart with sugarcane, he uses
the force of his muscles that is muscular force.
(4) The force applied by the earth to pull the objects towards itself is
called gravitational force.
e.g. When a fruit falls from a tree, it is the gravitational force of the
earth that pulls the fruit.
(5) The force applied by means of a machine is called mechanical force.
Some machines run by muscular force while some use electricity
or fuel
e.g. Washing machine, electric pump uses electricity to work.
(6) When two surfaces rub against each other, a force of friction is
produced. This force always acts against direction of motion.

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60 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

e.g. A ball rolling over a flat surface stops at certain distance due
to friction between the ball and the surface.
*Q.8. Distinguish between:
Ans. (1)
Muscular force Mechanical force
(1) The force applied with the help The force applied by means of
of muscles is called muscular machine is called mechanical
force. force.
e.g. A boy kicking a football. e.g. An electric pump works on
electricity.
(2) It is created by our muscles. It is created by electricity or fuel
or muscular force
(2)
Frictional force Gravitational force
(1) When two surfaces rub against The force applied by the earth
each other, the force of friction to pull an object towards itself,
comes into force. is called a gravitational force.
(2) It comes to act between two It exists between two objects or
surfaces. an object and the earth.
*Q.9. Give scientific reasons for:
Ans. (1) (i) In a machine there are many moving parts which rub against
each other. (ii) This creates frictional force which opposes the motion
of machine parts. (iii) Therefore, machines are oiled from time to
time to reduce friction.
(2) (i) When an object is thrown upwards, the earth’s gravitational force
acts on the object in the opposite direction. (ii) The object then starts
falling down as the gravitational force applied by the earth pulls
the object towards itself.
* (3) When powder is sprinkled on a carrom board, friction between the
coin and the board decreases so that the coin can be pocketed easily.
(4) The rough surface of the ramp increases the friction between feet
and the surface. This helps us to walk on the ramp without skidding
or falling.
General Science 61

*Q.10. Answer the following:

Ans. (1) By applying force: (i) we can set an object in motion, (ii) we can
stop a moving object, (iii) we can change the speed or direction or
both of a moving object, (iv) we can change the shape of an object.
(2) (i) The gravitational force acting on an object is called its weight.
(ii) Greater force must be applied to lift a greater weight.
(3) The machines that run on muscular force are: (i) Bicycle (ii) Hand
cart (iii) Boat (iv) Cycle rickshaw (v) Stretching of a spring (vi) Ball
pen (vii) Vegetable chopper (viii) Sharpener (ix) Pulley (x) Fruit
peeler.
Q.11. Observe the pictures given below and answer the
following questions:
Ans. (1) No, boat will not move unless pushed with the help of an oar.
(2) The bulls attached to the cart exert force to move it forward.
(3) The force applied by the players makes the ball move during a
game of football. The direction of football is changed by applying
force in the desired direction.
(4) Force is required to move, an object. Hence, if the wheel is not
pushed with a stick, it won’t go forward.
Q.12. Answer the following questions:
Ans. (1) The body continua to remain in state of rest, unless no external
force is acting on it. But if there is a force acting on it and still the
body remains at rest that means frictional force is acting on it.
(2) Gravitational force acts on a ball after it has been hit upwards.
(3) The grooves in the rubber are designed to allow water to be expelled
from beneath the tyres and creates friction which allows the tyres
to grip on the road. If the tyres are smooth it will create slippery
conditions.
* (4) Aeroplane uses mechanical force, Pilot exerts muscular force.
Frictional force between aeroplane and air, gravitational force due
to weight of an aeroplane.
*Q.13. Solve the given cross word.
Ans. Down – (1) Muscular (2) Magnetic

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62 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

Across – (1) Magnet (3) Mechanical (4) Gravity

*Q.14. How in only one process many forces are used?
Prepare a list of such processes.
Ans. While an action is taking place, various types of forces act on
the object in question. It is been seen in a roller coaster where
gravitational forces and frictional forces are used. A variety of forces
act together in these case.
e.g. juggling of sail, flying of aeroplane, working of power station.

vvv

11 WORK AND ENERGY (Grade Me [Link]. 82 - 89)

*Q.1. Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct answer from

the options given below:
Ans. (1) work, force, displacement (2) motion, kinetic, potential (3)
chemical, light (4) heat, light (5) equal (6) energy
Q.2. Give two examples of:
Ans. (1) Solar energy, Wind energy (2) Petrol, Natural gas (3) Koyna project
(4) Solar energy, Tidal energy (5) Solar energy (6) Solar cooker, Solar
heater (7) Atomic energy.
Q.3. Guess who am I?
Ans. (1) Water (2) Wind (3) Electricity (4) Sun
*Q.4. Match the following:
Ans. (1 - c) (2 - e) (3 - d) (4 - a) (5 - b)
*Q.5. Find the odd man out:
Ans. (1) Wind (others are non-renewable) (2) book kept on a table (others
are in motion) (3) petrol (others are renewable sources) (4) putting
off the lights when going out (others are bad habits)
Q.6. Complete the correlation:
Ans. (1) Solar energy (2) Hydel power (3) Potential energy (4) Renewable
energy (5) Tidal energy (6) Solar cells
General Science 63

Q.7. Answer in one sentence:

Ans. *(1) When the position of an object changes, we say that the object
is displaced.
* (2) Various forms of energy are: mechanical energy, heat energy, light
energy, sound energy, chemical energy and electrical energy.
* (3) The energy resources which do not produce smoke and carbon
gases such as carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide are called ‘green
energy resources’. Energy from them is called green energy.
* (4) The resources that: (i) have not been used traditionally, (ii) are
inexhaustible and continuous, (iii) That can be used in various forms
again and again are called non-conventional energy resources.
e.g.: solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, hydel power.
* (5) (i) Heat energy from the sun is used in solar cookers, solar water
heaters, solar driers. (ii) Light energy from the sun is used in solar
cells, solar panels. (iii) Solar electric plants have the capacity to
produce electricity on large scale.
* (6) Our body gets energy from the food we eat.
* (7) When we apply physical force to the first marble, it gains some force
and when it strikes the second marble, energy in the form of force
is transferred to the second marble and this force sets the second
marble in motion.
* (8) When we strike the striker, the force exerted by our muscles is
transferred to the striker. When the striker strikes the coin, this
energy is transferred to the coin which may help to pocket the coin.
* (9) Energy stored in plant food is in the form of chemical energy.
(10) When combustion of gas takes place chemical energy is converted
into heat energy.
(11)Units of energy and work both is same in SI system it is Joule.
Q.8. Define the following:
Ans. (1) When an object is displaced by applying a force on it, work is
said to be done.
(2) The energy obtained through chemical action is called chemical
energy.
(3) The energy resources which man has been using for centuries are
called conventional energy sources.

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64 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

Q.9. Distinguish between the following:

Ans. (1)

Potential energy Kinetic energy

(1) Energy stored in an object due Energy possessed by a body
to its position is called potential due to its motion is called
energy. kinetic energy.
(2) No work is performed. Work is performed.
(2)
Conventional sources of Non-Conventional sources of
energy energy
(1) Man has been using these These resources have not been
energy resources for centuries. used traditionally.
(2) These resources are limited and They are inexhaustible and
they cannot be replenished. continuous and can be used
e.g. coal, petrol again and again.
e.g. Solar energy, wind energy.
Q.10. Answer the following:
Ans. *(1) When the applied force is the same, more work is done when
there is greater displacement. Thus for measuring the work, both
the force and the displacement must be considered.
* (2) Due to increasing population and increasing use of energy
resources, there is a danger that limited reserves of coal, petrol,
etc. will get exhausted. Hence, we should save energy for future
generation.
* (3) (i) Due to increase in population there is increasing use of conventional
sources like petrol, coal, etc. Their reserves are limited and they may
get exhausted. (ii) Hence, it will be better to use non-conventional
sources of energy to save conventional resources for future.
(4) (i) When we do physical exercise we use the energy stored in the
body. (ii) To replenish this energy, we have to eat. Hence we feel
hungry.
* (5) When we do any work, we use the energy. If this energy level
becomes very low, then we feel tired.
General Science 65

(6) The earth receives heat in proper quantities from the sun. That is
how an atmospheric temperature favourable to the living world is
maintained. Heat is a form of energy. Sunlight contains heat energy.
Heat is produced by burning of fuel. Heat energy is used in the
kitchen all the time. Heat is measured in the unit ‘Calorie’.
(7) (i) The glass panes of windows crack due to a loud noise. (ii) Sound
is used to control the movements of some toys. (iii) This mean some
work is done by sound. (iv) Therefore sound is a form of energy.
* (8) In the course of the water cycle, water evaporates due to the heat of
the sun. This water vapour forms clouds that give rain. Rainwater
flows into rivers and is stored in reservoirs on dams. These are
at a height and therefore their water has potential energy, which
is transformed into kinetic energy as the water falls downwards.
When the water falls on the turbine, its kinetic energy is transferred
to the turbine. The turbine rotates producing electrical energy. This
electricity gets transformed into various other forms of energy.
* (9) (i) When we do physical exercise we use the energy stored in the
body. (ii) To replenish this energy, we have to eat. Hence we feel
hungry.
*Q.11. Observe the given figures and answer the following
questions.
Ans. (1) (i) Gravitational force (ii) Muscular force of girl (iii) Frictional
force between box and ground.
(2) No displacement occurs after applying force. Therefore no work is
said to be done.
(3) No we can not.
Q.12. Write a note on Solar Engrgy.
Ans. The enormous and continuous energy obtained from the sun is
called solar energy. Solar energy is at the root of all energy available
on earth.
*Q.13. How we can see moving pictures on TV, Mobile,
Laptop or in cinemas?
Ans. When a TV is switched on, the electrical energy is converted into

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66 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

light and sound energy. Hence, a picture appears on TV, Mobile,

Laptop.
*Q.14. Find the missing names of forms of energy.
Ans. Heat, Electric, Potential, Kinetic, Wind, Chemical
*Q.15. Tell me why: Energy is present in all substances. It
is present in living as well as non living things. But why can’t
we see this energy?
Ans. Answers will vary
Q.16. Students to attempt.

vvv

12 SIMPLE MACHINES (Grade Me [Link]. 90 - 95 )

*Q.1. Fill in the blanks:

Ans. (1) Fulcrum, load, effort (2) Load, fulcrum, effort (3) effort, fulcrum,
load (4) Wedge (5) complex
Q.2. Which machine will you use to do the following work:
Write their type.
Ans.

Machine Type
*(1) To remove the lid of a tin. Opener Lever of the
second order
*(2) To lift bricks to the top of Crane Complex machine
tall building.
*(3) To cut vegetable. Knife Wedge - Simple
machine
*(4) To draw water from a well. Pulley Simple machine
*(5) To hold a papad for roasting it. A pair of Lever of the third
tongs order
(6) To load a heavy box in a truck. Trolly Complex machine
General Science 67

Q.3. Answer in one sentence.

Ans. *(1) Machines which have only one or two parts and a simple and
easy structure are called simple machines.
* (2) Some machines have many parts and they carry out many processes
for completing a task. For this purpose, the parts are joined to each
other. They are called complex machines.
(3) A wedge is used for breaking an object into two pieces or to separate
objects stuck together.
(4) A pulley is a device with a grooved wheel and thread designed to
lift weights.
(5) The giant wheel is fitted to a rod at its centre. This rod is called an
axle.
Q.4. Give scientific reasons:
Ans. *(1) (i) Combination of wheel and axle is a simple machine. (ii)
When the axle starts rotating due to force applied, the wheel fitted
to it also starts rotating. (iii) This makes easier for travellers to carry
heavy load. (iv) Instead of lifting heavy bag, drawing it on wheels
require less energy. Therefore, traveller’s bag have wheels.
* (2) (i) Parts of machines rub against one another when they are used.
(ii) Soiled, dusty parts create more friction. Some parts are affected
by the weather, rust and corrosion. (iii) Machines get damaged or
become useless due to such wear and tear. Hence to avoid this,
machines should be maintained properly to keep them in good
working condition.
* (3) (i) Bicycle has a complicated structure. (ii) Bicycle has many parts
which carry out many processes for completing a task. (iii) Many
parts of bicycle such as pedals, wheels, axle, handle are actually
simple machines. (iv) The parts of a bicycle are joined to one another
– making it a complex machine.
(4) A winding road or ghat that goes up a mountain is like an inclined
plane wrapped around the mountain. It helps big vehicles to climb
up and down the mountain easily.
(5) Simple machines can be handled easily and there are less chances
of these machines breaking down or getting damaged. Hence, we
use many simple machines in our day to day life.

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68 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

Q.5. Classify as directed.

Ans. (1)
1st type of lever 2nd type of lever 3rd type of lever
Sea-saw
rod used to remove big bottle opener
stone
scissors
* (2)
Lever Pulley Inclined plane
a wedge a crane a staircase
a needle the wheel of a flagpole a slide
nutcrackers
scissors, a knife
an opener
Q.6. Answer in brief:
Ans. *(1) (i) Machines, simple or complex, are used to get more work
done in less time and with less effort. (ii) Machines are used to
accomplish certain tasks more easily. (iii) Use of simple or complex
machines depends upon the task to be carried out and the time and
the efforts required to do it.
(2) (i) A slanting plank used to lift a weight, is called an inclined plane.
Because of inclined plane we will experience less weight and weight
lifting become easier. (ii) Longer inclined plane: When the inclined
plane is longer, the slope is more gradual and lesser is the weight
we bear. (iii) Shorter inclined plane: When the inclined plane is
shorter, the slope is steeper and greater is the weight we bear.
(3) The Greek scientist Archimedes invented the machine. That is why,
it is called the Archimedes’ Screw. It was used to lift water from
the hold of a ship. Archimedes used a round pipe fitted with a rod
inside it. The pipe was placed at an angle of 45° with one end inside
the water and the rod resting on a flat surface. When the rod was
turned, water got lifted in this device.
General Science 69

(4) In the lever of the third order the effort is in the centre, the fulcrum
on one side, and the load on the other side. When a hand picks up
an object using tongs the weight or the load is at one end of the
arms of the tongs. The hand applies effort in the middle of the lever,
while the fulcrum and the load are at the opposite ends.
(5) (i) Lever is a simple machine made up of 3 parts: Load, effort and
fulcrum. (ii) Order of the lever are determined on the position of
the effort, the fulcrum and the load.
Q.7. Draw a neat labelled diagram of:
Ans.

(1) Lever of the first order (2) Lever of the second order
load fulcrum

effort load

fulcrum effort

Lifting a paperweight Removing the lid

(3) Lever of the third order (4) Archimedes’ screw

effort

fulcrum
load
effort
Picking up an object

*Q.8. Name the levers mentioned in the following passage.

Identify the fulcrum, load and effort to each and say which type
of lever it is.
Ans. Levers:
(1) See - saw – lever of the first order. Load - fulcrum - effort.
(2) Wheelbarrow – lever of the second order. Fulcrum - load - effort.
(3) Lemon squeezers – lever of the second order. Fulcrum - load - effort.

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70 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

(4) Tongs – lever of the third order. Fulcrum - effort - load.

*Q.9. Observe the pictures of some machines given on
textbook page no. 88 we use in our day to day life and answer.
What are the types of lever in each of them?
Ans. Wheelbarrow – Lever of the third order
Pair of tongs – Lever of the first order
See-saw – Lever of the first order
Cutter – Lever of the second order
Pair of Scissors – Lever of the first order.
*Q.10. In the pictures given below, we can see that in order
to complete certain task, specific devices are used. Write the
name of the device and their uses.
Ans.
Name of Uses
Device
Device
(1) Needle and Stitching of clothes
thread

(2) Wheel To carry materials

barrow

(3) Opener To open the lids of

bottles

(4) Nail cutter To cut nails

General Science 71

(5) Pulley To lift bucket

(6) Axe To cut wood into

small pieces

*Q.11. Observe the machines given on textbook page no. 84

and write their use.
Ans.

Instruments Use
(1) Mixer grinder To grind the foodstuffs
(2) Scooter To ride and reach places
(3) Bicycle To ride and reach places
(4) Sewing machine To stich clothes
(5) Wheel chair Specially designed for handicapped
patients to move around.
*Q.12. Collect information of how your cycle is repaired at
a cycle shop by the mechanic.
Ans. Answer may vary.

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72 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

TEST PAPER - 3 : UNIT TEST

(Grade Me pg. no. 96) LESSON NO. 9 to 12 Marks : 10

Q.1. Fill in the blanks: (3)

Ans. (1) against (2) circular (3) energy
Q.2. Find the odd man out: (1)
Ans. (1) wind (2) petrol
Q.3. Answer the following? (6)
Ans. (1) Energy is the capacity to do work.
(2) The force applied by the earth to pull the objects towards
itself is called gravitational force.
e.g. When a fruit falls from a tree, it is the gravitational force
of the earth that pulls the fruit.
(3) (i) Heat energy from the sun is used in solar cookers, solar
water heaters, solar driers. (ii) Light energy from the sun is
used in solar cells, solar panels. (iii) Solar electric plants have
the capacity to produce electricity on large scale.
(4) When an object is displaced by applying a force on it, work
is said to be done.
(5) The resources that: (i) have not been used traditionally,
(ii) are inexhaustible and continuous, (iii) That can be used in
various forms again and again are called non-conventional
energy resources.
e.g.: solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, hydel power.
(6) The repetitive motion in which the moving object passes
through a certain point again and again after a fixed period
is called as periodic motion.
e.g. The minute hand of a clock.

vvv
General Science 73

13 SOUND (Grade Me [Link]. 97 - 101)

Q.1. Fill in the blanks:

Ans. *(1) vaccum *(2) social/ serious *(3) noise *(4) health (5) diaphragm
*Q.2. Complete the table:
Sounds Unpleasant Pleasant
(1) Speaking ü
(2) Whispering ü
(3) Aeroplane sounds ü
(4) Horns of vehicles ü
(5) Railway engine ü
(6) Rustling of leaves ü
(7) Neighing of a horse ü
(8) Ticking of a clock ü
Q.3. Answer the following in one sentence:
Ans. (1) During the recess in the school, we hear. (a) laughing (b) students
running (c) talking loudly (d) ringing of the bell (e) stamping on
the staircase (f) shouting
(2) (a) Loud: Laughing, running, talking, horn of cars, marriage
procession, school band, teacher ’s voice in next classroom.
(b) Pleasant: P.T. teacher’s whistle, chirping of birds. (c) Unpleasant:
Shouting, bell ringing, stamping on staircase, dog barking, horns
of vehicles.
(3) The vibrations that travel through air or another medium can be
heard when they reach a person’s or animal’s ears is called sound.
(4) Vacum means an empty space from where air is partially removed.
(5) The intensity of sound is measured in a a unit called decibel (dB).
Q.4. What should we do if:
Ans. *(1) (i) If the silencer of a motorcycle is broken, vehicle should be
immediately taken to the garage for repair. (ii) If silencer is not
maintained properly, it will continue making loud noise on the
road while in motion, resulting in increasing noise pollution.
* (2) Factories should be located at a proper distance away from
residential areas. Authorities should be contacted who will control
the decibel level.
74 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

(3) Playing loud music during night time in residential areas is not
allowed. Authorities should be contacted who will stop it.
(4) Banging benches creates a lot of noise which may have adverse
effect on all students. I will explain my friend regarding the same.
Q.5. Write short notes on:
Ans. (1) The science of sound, resonance, production, propagation and
effects of sound is called acoustics.
(2) Sound is said to be propagated when sound waves spread in all
directions from a source of sound.
Q.6. Answer the following questions.
Ans. *(1) (i) Noise pollution occurs when we hear one or many sounds
harmful to our ear. (ii) Very loud continuous noise has adverse effect
on the people. (iii) It can lead to deafness, restlessness, irritability
and mental exhaustion.
(2) (i) Transmission of sound occurs at a different speed through
different medium. (ii) Transmission of sound is faster through a
liquid than a gas and faster through a solid than through a liquid.
(iii) Hence sound travel faster in a solid medium.
* (3) Strings of the sitar, tongs of the bell, water drops hitting the floor of
the basin, pieces of saucers that hit the ground vibrate to produce
the sounds.
* (4) There is air around a source of sound. As the source of sound begins
to vibrate, the layer of air nearest to the source also vibrates. A wave
of vibration of that sound spreads in all directions from the source
of sound. These vibrations produce sound wave.
(5) (i) Very loud or continuous noise can cause hearing impairment.
(ii) This can even lead to deafness. (iii) It also causes restlessness,
irritability and mental exhaustion.
* (6) Measures for preventing noise pollution: (i) As far as possible, we
should avoid blowing horns. (ii) The volume of the TV or radio in
the house should be restricted to those watching the programmes.
(iii) Vehicles should be maintained properly to reduce the
unnecessary sounds they produce. (iv) Factories, airports, railway
stations and bus stands should be located at the proper distance
away from residential area. (v) Planting of trees helps reduce noise
as trees act as a natural barrier.
General Science 75

(7) There is air around a source of sound. As the source of sound begins
to vibrate, the layer of air nearest to the source also vibrates. A wave
of vibrations of that sound spreads in all the directions from the
source of sound. Such a wave is called a sound wave. The sound
waves reach our ears. There is a delicate diaphragm or eardrum in
the cavity of our ears. It starts vibrating, too. The sensation produced
by these vibrations are passed on to the brain through the nerves
in the ears and we hear the sound.
* (8) Hearing of sound through metals ruler, wire and railway tracks are
some of the examples of how sound is propagated in solids. The
distance between atoms in solid is very small as they are highly
packed together. They are so close, it takes less time for atoms to
bump with its neighbour and therefore less time for sound to travel.
Q.7. Complete the passage by filling in the blanks with the
correct option.
Ans. There are some sounds that we do not want to hear. A sound may
be too loud like the sound made by a very loud machinery
or it may be annoying like the music that you do not like, Sounds
like this are called noise .
Very loud sounds can damage your ears . You can protect
your ears by wearing special ear protectors made out of soft
materials. The soft materials absorb the sound and make them
quieter . You can make sounds softer in a house by using soft
materials such as carpets and curtains.
Q.8. Observe the picture given on textbook page no. 94 (fig.
13.7) and answer the following questions.
Ans. *(1) The singing of the girl is a pleasant sound.
* (2) Boy shouting/screaming. Boy moving/walking with a toy rattle.
(3) A loud sound is harsh to ears. Such sounds produce noise. While
the sound which is harmonious and soft and produces a pleasing
effect on the listener is called music.
(4) Answer will vary
(5) No, I will not be able to study in a noisy environment as loud sound
is harsh to ears and causes distraction.
76 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

(6) (i) Very loud or continuous noise can cause hearing impairment.
(ii) This can even lead to deafness. (iii) It also causes restlessness,
irritability and mental exhaustion.
Q.9. Students to attempt.
vvv

14 LIGHT AND THE FORMATION OF SHADOWS

(Grade Me [Link]. 70 - 74)

Q.1. Fill in the blanks:

Ans. *(1) star *(2) candle *(3) opaque *(4) transparent, through
(5) luminous (6) straight (7) translucent (8) reflection (9) 28th
February *(10) seven *(11) inverted
*Q.2. Match the following:
Ans. (1 - c) (2 - a) (3 - b) (4 - d)
Q.3. Fill in the missing words.
Ans. Light travels in straight lines from a source of light that
bounces off an object. We can see the object because the light
enters our eye. Wood and cardboard are opaque material so
that the light cannot travel through them Glass is a transparent
material which allows the light to pass through. Tissue paper is
translucent which will let some light pass through.
*Q.4. Which of the following objects are luminous/non-
luminous?
Ans.
Objects Luminous/Non-luminous
(1) A book Non-luminous
(2) A burning candle Luminous
(3) A wax cloth Non-luminous
(4) A pencil Non-luminous
(5) A pen Non-luminous
(6) A light bulb Luminous
(7) A tyre Non-luminous
(8) A torch Luminous
General Science 77

Q.5. Answer the following questions.

Ans. *(1) Things necessary for the formation of a shadow are: (i) A
source of light (ii) An object (iii) A surface or screen on which the
shadow is formed.
* (2) (i) The pinhole camera works on the principle of light travelling in
a straight line. (ii) The rays of light from the candle flame go in all
directions. (iii) We consider only two rays that pass through the
hole and fall on the screen. (iv) The rays intersect at the pinhole. (v)
Since the rays cross over at that point, the top of the object appears
at the bottom of the image and the bottom of the image appears at
the top. Thus, we see an inverted image of the candle.
* (3) The rays of light falling on an object from a source of light are
thrown back from the surface of that object. This is called reflection
of light. We see the object when the reflected rays reach our eyes.
* (4) (i) If an opaque object comes in the way of a light source, light does
not pass through it. (ii) As a result the light does not reach a wall
or any other surface on the other side of the object. (iii) That part
remains dark. This dark part is called the shadow of the object.
Q.6. Write a short note on:
Ans. (1) A sundial is an instrument that indicates the time with the help
of the extent and the direction of the shadow of an object formed
in sunlight. Earlier, time was measured by placing a stick parallel
to the axis of the earth and by noting the position of its shadow on
the dial at different times of the day. The largest sundial is at Jantar
Mantar, New Delhi. The research work presented by the Indian
scientist Sir C. V. Raman regarding scattering of light is known
as the ‘Raman Effect’. He discovered this effect on 28th February
1928. To commemorate this event, 28th February is celebrated as
‘National Science Day’ since 1987 in India.
(2) The British scientist Sir Isaac Newton made a special disc. One
side of the disc was divided equally into seven petals of the seven
colours - red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. The
disc was fitted on a stand and rotated fast. As the disc rotated, the
seven colours disappeared and only white was seen. This proved
that sunlight is made of seven colours. That is why, the disc is known
as Newton’s disc.
78 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

*Q.7. Prepare a list of some luminous substances and classify

them into natural or artificial source of light.
Ans. Sun, firefly, fire, candle, matchstick, lamp, lightning are some of
the luminous substances
Natural light: Sun, firefly, fire, lightning.
Artificial light: Candle, matchstick, lamp
Q.8. Students to attempt.
Q.9. Students to attempt.
vvv

15 FUN WITH MAGNETS (Grade Me [Link]. 105 - 110)

Q.1. Fill in the blanks:

Ans. *(1) north *(2) 3, 6 *(3) like, opposite *(4) induced magnetism *(5)
magnetic material *(6) north-south (7) magnetite (8) north-south
(9) electromagnet (10) magnet keeper
Q.2. State whether the following statements are True or False:
Ans. (1) False (2) False (3) True (4) False (5) True
Q.3. Classify the following into magnetic and non-magnetic
substances:
Ans.
Magnetic Substances Non-Magnetic substances
Nickel, cobalt, copper Wood, plastic, stainless steel
Q.4. Choose the correct answer.
Ans. (1) 2 (2) centre of magnet (3) heated, broken into pieces.
Q.5. Answer in one sentence.
Ans. (1) The material to which objects made from iron, nickel, cobalt get
attracted is called as magnet.
(2) Materials that do not stick to a magnet are called non-magnetic
material. e.g. plastic, rubber, glass etc.
(3) The use of magnet was discovered in Greece.
(4) A shepherd named Magnes in Greece discovered magnetism first.
(5) The ends of a magnet are known as poles of magnet.
General Science 79

Q.6. Answer the following.

Ans. *(1) (a) Magnet is fitted in the cap of a pin holder and in the door
of a fridge. Iron objects stick to the magnet.
(b) The fridge door and its body contains bar magnets attached
inside them. As the door is brought closer, the magnetic forces
starts acting between the opposite end of the magnets and the door
automatically closes.
* (2) (i) A Mariner’s Compass is a magnetic needle used in navigation to
show direction by deflections. (ii) It is a direction finding instrument
used in navigation. (iii) It is placed on the maps, grounds, decks
as it will point to the magnetic north pole. (iv) It has two or more
magnets permanently attached to a compass card which moves
freely on a pivot. (v) The needle fixed on the compass bowl indicates
the ship’s heading position.
* (3) Bar magnet, disc magnets, horseshoe magnet, arc magnet,
cylindrical magnet.
* (4) Magnet possess following properties/characteristics: (i) Magnet
always settles in the north-south direction. (ii) The magnetic force is
concentrated at the two ends or poles of a magnet. (iii) If a magnet
is divided into two parts, two independent magnets are formed.
It means that the two poles of a magnet cannot be separated from
each other. (iv) A magnetic material acquires magnetism when
placed near a magnet. This magnetism is called induced magnetism.
(v) There is repulsion between like poles of a magnet, while there
is attraction between the opposite poles.
(5) The British scientist Michael Faraday developed the technique of
producing electricity with the help of a magnet. Michael Faraday
was born in a poor family. As a young boy, he had to work with a
bookseller. There, he read many books and developed an interest
in science. Later, he went on to do research at the Royal Institution
in London. It is due to Faraday’s research that today we can use
electricity and electromagnetism in innumerable instruments in
our day-to-day life.
(6) The properties of electromagnetism and repulsion between magnets
are used in a maglev train. Due to the repulsion between the train
and the rail the force of friction does not come into play and the
train slides over the rails with great speed. The magnets fixed on
80 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

the two sides of the train help it to move forward.

* (7) (i) Magnet is used to find the direction, while travelling (ii) In
factories, ports and garbage depots, to separate or move iron
articles. (iii) Permanent magnets are used as pin holder, doors of
cupboard. (iv) Strip of magnetic material is used in ATM card.
* (8) (i) To make an electromagnet we need the following apparatus;
An iron nail of 10 cm length, 1 metre long insulated copper wire, a
battery cell, pins. (ii) Wind the copper wire around the nail. Connect
the free ends of the wire to the two terminals of a cell through a
plug key. (iii) Close the key to complete the circuit. (iv) Bring small
pins near the tip of the nail and observe. (v) When the circuit is
completed, the iron pins are attracted by the nail and hence, they
stick to the nail. (vi) When the circuit is broken, the pins fall off.
(vii) A magnet is prepared by passing an electric current through an
insulated wire wound around the iron nail. This is an electromagnet.
(viii) When the current is allowed to pass, the nail becomes a magnet
and attracts pin/pins stick to it. (ix) When the current is put off the
nail does not behave as a magnet and therefore, pins fall off. (x)
The magnetism is temporary in the case of an electromagnet.
*Q.7. How will you do this?
Ans. (1) (i) To determine whether the material is magnetic or non-
magnetic, a magnet is moved over it. (ii) If the material sticks to
the magnet, it is called magnetic material. (iii) If the material does
not stick to the magnet, it is non-magnetic.
(2) (i) The space around a magnet in which the magnetic force is active is
called the magnetic field. (ii) Place a white paper on a drawing board
and place a bar magnet in the middle of the paper. (iii) Spread the iron
filings on the sheet and gently tap the sheet. (iv) The iron filings arrange
around the magnet in definite curved lines forming a symmetric pattern.
(v) The lines are closer to each other near the poles and less crowded in
the middle region around the magnet. (vi) Beyond a particular region,
the iron filings will not get attracted. (vii) The region where iron filings
are attracted is the magnetic field of the magnet.
(3) (i) Take a bar magnet. Tie a thread to the centre of a bar magnet and
hang it from a stand. (ii) Note the direction in which the magnet
General Science 81

settles and turn it around again. (iii) Allow it to settle and note
the direction. (iv) The end of the magnet that points to the north
is called the north pole, while the end that points to the south is
called the south pole. (v) The north pole is indicated by ‘N’ and the
south pole by ‘S’.
Q.8. Which magnet will you use for the following?
Ans. *(1) An electromagnet is used which is attached to a crane for
loading and unloading scrap.
* (2) Mariner’s compass or a bar magnet which is suspended freely.
* (3) A bar magnet
(4) Electromagnet
Q.9. Draw a neat labelled diagram.
Ans.
(1) Electromagnet (2) To show induced magnetism

Q.10. Explain the statement - ‘The Earth itself is a magnet’.

Ans. The earth’s magnetic field is mostly caused by electric currents
in liquid core which is composed of molten iron. This liquid iron
creates magnetic fields. The earth’s magnitic field is similar to the
field around a simple bar magnet. The field lines run from south
geographical pole to the north pole. If a magnet is suspended
freely above the earth’s surface it will rotate to the point along the
earth’s magnetic field. The north pole of the magnet will point to
the geographical north pole of the earth.
Q.11. How can the captain steer his ship at sea? Explain.
Ans. (i) A Mariner’s Compass is a magnetic needle used in navigation to
show direction by deflections. (ii) It is a direction finding instrument
used in navigation. (iii) It is placed on the maps, grounds, decks
82 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

as it will point to the magnetic north pole. (iv) It has two or more
magnets permanently attached to a compass card which moves
freely on a pivot. (v) The needle fixed on the compass bowl indicates
the ship’s heading position.
*Q.12. Students to attempt.
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16 THE UNIVERSE (Grade Me [Link]. 111 - 117)

Q.1. Fill in the blanks:

Ans. *(1) local group *(2) ice and dust particles *(3) Uranus *(4) Jupiter
*(5) variable (6) temperature (7) 13,92,000 (8) Milky way
Q.2. State whether the following statements are True or
False. If false correct the statement.
Ans. *(1) False: Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun.
* (2) False: Jupiter is called a stormy planet.
* (3) True
(4) False: The average temperature in the core of a star is about
3500°c to 50,000°c.
(5) False: Stars shine as they have their own light.
(6) False: Moon is the satellite of Earth.
*Q.3. Guess who?
Ans. (1) Nebulae (2) Jupiter (3)Andromeda (4) Venus (5) Jupiter (6) Venus
and Mercury (7) Venus (8) Comet.
Q.4. What is it?
Ans. (1) Solar system (2) Mercury (3) Earth (4) Jupiter (5) Comet
*Q.5. Match the following:
Ans. (1 - c) (2 - e) (3 - d) (4 - b) (5 - a)
Q.6. Answer the following questions.
Ans. *(1) The highest and the longest mountain in the solar system
’Olympus Mons’ is located on Mars.
* (2) Galaxy includes stars, their planetary system, cluster of stars,
nebulae, clouds of gases, clouds of dust, dead stars, newly born
stars etc.
* (3) Neptune is the eighth planet in the solar system. A season on
General Science 83

Neptune lasts for about 41 years. On this planet winds blow with
extremely high speed.
* (4) The different types of galaxies identified according to their shapes
are spiral, elliptical, barred spiral, irregular.
* (5) The different types of stars are (i) Sun like stars e.g. stars like Sirius,
Alpha Centauri (ii) Red Giants Stars (iii) Super Nova (iv) Binary or
Twin Stars (v) Variable Stars e.g. Polaris (pole star)
(6) There are 8 planets in our solar system.
(7) A belt of asteroids is found between Mars and Jupiter.
(8) A small sized celestial body that revolves independently around
the sun is called the dwarf planet.
* (9) Venus completes one revolution around the sun in 225 days and
243 days to complete one rotation around its axis. This makes a day
longer than a year on Venus.
Q.7. Give scientific reasons.
Ans. (1) As the soil on the Mars contains iron its colour is reddish. Hence
Mars is also called the Red Planet.
(2) Uranus axis is so greatly inclined that it appears as if it is rolling
along on its orbit.
* (3) As the moon revolves around the earth it also rotates around itself.
The moon takes 27.3 days to complete one revolution around the
earth. It takes the moon the same time to complete one rotation
around itself. Therefore, only one side of moon is visible.
Q.8. Write short notes on.
Ans. (1) Earth: It is the third planet of the solar system. No other planet
other than the earth has life on it. As the earth is a magnet, there is
a magnetic field around the earth. It diverts the harmful rays from
the sun towards the polar regions of the earth.
(2) Satellite: The celestial bodies that revolve around a planet without
independently revolving around the sun are called satellites. Like
planets, satellites rotate around their respective axes. The Moon is
the satellite of the earth. It does not have an atmosphere. Its periods
of rotation and revolution are both of 27.3 days. Except for Mercury
and Venus all other planets have satellites but in varying numbers.
(3) Asteroid: A great number of small sized bodies could not turn into
planets when the solar system was formed, but continued to revolve
84 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

around the sun. These bodies are known as asteroids. A belt of such
celestial bodies has formed between the planets Mars and Jupiter.
(4) Meteor: At times, we see a falling star. This event is called a meteor
fall. Mostly these meteors are rocky pieces originating from the
asteroid belt. Smaller rocky pieces get completely burnt due to
friction with air after they enter the earth’s atmosphere. Sometimes
the meteors do not burn completely and fall to the surface of the
earth. These are called meteorites. It is believed that the Lonar lake
in Maharashtra has been formed by the impact of such a meteorite.
Meteors or meteorite falls occur on other celestial bodies, too.
(5) Halley’s comet: Halley’s comet appeared in the year 1910 and
reappeared in 1986. Its central part or nucleus was found to be 16
km long and 7.5 km wide. Halley’s comet takes 76 years to complete
its revolution around the sun.
Q.9. Answer in brief.
Ans. (1) * Sun-like stars: These stars can be slightly smaller or bigger
than the sun. But there is a lot of difference in their temperatures.
Examples : stars like Sirius, Alpha Centauri.
* Red Giants: The temperature of these stars ranges between 3000°C
and 4000°C. But their luminance can be 100 times that of the sun.
Their diameter is 10 to 100 times that of the sun and they are red
in colour.
* Super Nova: These are even brighter and larger than the red giant
stars. Their temperature is between 3000°C to 4000°C but their
diameter can be more than a hundred times greater than that of
the Sun.
* Binary or Twin Stars: More than half of the stars in sky are binary
stars. They consist of two stars that revolve around each other. At
times, three or four stars that revolve around each other have also
been located.
* Variable Stars: The luminance and shape of these stars is not stable.
They are constantly contracting or expanding. When a star expands,
it emits less energy and at such times its brightness decreases. As
against this, when a star contracts, its surface temperature increases
and the star emits greater energy and appears brighter. For example,
Polaris (Pole Star).
General Science 85

(2) Comets are made up of frozen matter and dust particles. When they
are close to the sun, this frozen matter gets converted into gas due
to the solar heat. These gases get thrown in a direction away from
the sun. As a result, certain comets appear to have a long feathery
tail. Due to their long elliptical orbits, their appearance in the sky is
very rare. They reappear in the sky after very long periods of time.
* (3) Comets are of two types: Long period comets and short period
comets. Classification of comets is based on the time (period) taken
by the comets to complete one revolution around the sun.
* (4) Meteors are rocky pieces originating from the asteroid belt. Smaller
rocky pieces get completely burnt due to friction with air after they
enter the earth’s atmosphere.
Meteors which do not burn completely and fall to the surface of
the earth are called meteorites.
(5)
Stars Planets
(1) Stars are the celestial bodies The celestial bodies which
which can emit heat and light revolve around the sun in certain
continuously. orbit are called planets.
(2) Stars twinkle in the sky. Planets do not twinkle in the sky.
(3) They have their own light. They do not have their own light.
(4) They are fixed at a point. They revolve around the sun.
(5) They are very big in size. Planets are small as compared
to stars.
Q.10. Put the following in the order from the biggest to the
smallest: Solar System, Galaxy, Universe, Planet, Star.
Ans. Universe Galaxy Solar system Star Planet
Q.11. What are the blind beliefs concerning comets,
meteorites and an eclipse in the Indian society? Try to prove
them wrong.
Ans. Answer may vary.
Q.12. Students to attempt.
Q.13. Students to attempt.
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86 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

TEST PAPER - 4 : UNIT TEST

(Grade Me pg. no. 118) LESSON NO. 13 to 16 Marks : 10

Q.1. Fill in the blanks: (2)

Ans. (1) Vaccum (2) star
Q.2. State whether the following statements are (2)
True or False:
Ans. (1) True (2) False
Q.3. Guess who? (2)
Ans. (1) Nebulae (2) Jupiter
Q.4. Answer the following: (4)
Ans. (1) During school recess, we hear. (a) laughing (b) students
running (c) talking loudly (d) ringing of the bell (e) stamping
on the staircase (f) shouting
(2) The material to which objects made from iron, nickel, cobalt
get attracted is called as magnet.
(3) A small sized celestial body that revolves independently
around the sun is called the dwarf planet.
(4) Property of light travelling in a straight line is linear
propagation of light.
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MODEL TEST PAPER - 2

(Grade Me pg. no. 119) LESSON NO. 13 to 16 Marks : 40

Q.1. A. Guess, who am I? (1)

Ans. (1) Sun
B. Fill in the blanks: (4)
Ans. (1) Jupiter (2) inverted (3) social / serious (4) heat, light
C. State whether True or False: (2)
Ans. (1) False (2) True
D. Choose the correct option: (4)
Ans. (1) a free falling apple from a tree. (2) same (3) 2 (4) Nickel
Q.2. Answer the following (any 6): (12)
Ans. (1) As the soil on the Mars contains iron its colour is reddish.
General Science 87

Hence Mars is also called the Red Planet.

(2) A magnet keeper is a bar of soft or pure iron which protects
a magnet. It is a piece of soft iron placed in the box in which
a magnet is kept.
(3) (i) If an opaque object comes in the way of a light source,
light does not pass through it. (ii) As a result the light does
not reach a wall or any other surface on the other side of the
object. (iii) That part remains dark. This dark part is called
the shadow of the object.
(4) The science of sound, resonance, production, propagation
and effects of sound is called acoustics.
(5) The continuous displacement of an object is called motion.
(6) The force applied with the help of muscles is called muscular
force. e.g. When a bullock pulls the load of a cart with sugarcane,
he uses the force of his muscles that is muscular force.
(7) (i) Parts of machines rub against one another when they are
used. (ii) Soiled, dusty parts create more friction. Some parts
are affected by the weather, rust and corrosion. (iii) Machines
get damaged or become useless due to such wear and tear.
Hence to avoid this, machines should be maintained properly
to keep them in good working condition.
Q.3. Answer the following (any 4): (12)
Ans. (1) (i) Stars are celestial bodies which can emit heat and light
continuously. (ii) Stars twinkle in the sky. (iii) They have their
own light. (iv) They are fixed at a point (v) They all are very
big in size.
(2) Magnet possess following properties/characteristics.
(i) Magnet always settles in the north-south direction.
(ii) The magnetic force is concentrated at the two ends or
poles of a magnet. (iii) If a magnet is divided into two parts,
two independent magnets are formed. It means that the
two poles of a magnet cannot be separated from each other.
(iv) A magnetic material acquires magnetism when placed
near a magnet. This magnetism is called induced magnetism.
(v) There is repulsion between like poles of a magnet, while
there is attraction between the opposite poles.
88 Grade Me Teacher’s Guide (Std. 6)

(3) The rays of light falling on an object from a source of light

are thrown back from the surface of that object. This is called
reflection of light. We see the object when the reflected rays
reach our eyes.
(4) Measures to prevent noise pollution: (i) As far as possible,
we should avoid blowing horns. (ii) The volume of the TV
or radio in the house should be restricted to those watching
the programmes. (iii) Vehicles should be maintained
properly to reduce the unnecessary sounds they produce. (iv)
Factories, airports, railway stations and bus stands should
be located at the proper distance away from residential area.
(v) Planting of trees helps reduce noise as trees act as a
natural barrier.
(5) (i) Machines, simple or complex, are used to get more work
done in less time and with less effort. (ii) Machines are used
to accomplish certain tasks more easily. (iii) Use of simple or
complex machines depends upon the task to be carried out
and the time and the efforts required to do it.
Q.4. Answer any one of the following: (5)
Ans. (1) The distance traversed by an object in unit time is called
the speed of that object. e.g. A boy riding on a bicycle covers
15
a distance of 15 kilometres in 3 hours. Hence Speed = =5
3
kilometres/hour
(2) (a) The British scientist Sir Isaac Newton made a special disc.
One side of the disc was divided equally into seven petals of
the seven colours - red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo
and violet. The disc was fitted on a stand and rotated fast.
As the disc rotated, the seven colours disappeared and only
white was seen. This proved that sunlight is made of seven
colours. That is why, the disc is known as Newton’s disc.
Newton wrote a book called ‘Opticks’ about light.
(b) Halley’s comet appeared in the year 1910 and reappeared
in 1986. Its central part or nucleus was found to be 16 km long
and 7.5 km wide. Halley’s comet takes 76 years to complete
its revolution around the sun.
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