LESSON 1: MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF ➢ Psychosexual Stages of Development

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT ➢ Components of Personality Fixation: it is a lingering focus of pleasure- seeking energies at an earlier
Personality: Latin word persona, which refers to a theatrical mask worn 1. Openness to experience (Inventive/Curious vs. psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.
by performers in order to either project different roles or disguise their Consistent/Cautious) Openness to experience refers to a person's ➢ Psychosexual Stages
identities. accepted level of imagination and includes multiple experiences like 1. Oral Stage (birth- 2 y/0): libido is centered in a baby's mouth. It
- characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make appreciating art, experiencing various emotions and taking up gets much satisfaction from putting all sorts of things in its mouth to
a person unique. adventurous ideas. Someone who is inventive and curious is likely satisfy the libido.
to have a more active intellectual thought process and - ORAL AGGRESSIVE: Chewing on objects such as pens or t- shirt
➢ Importance of Personality multiple/different ways of dealing with a situation or problem. collars; biting nails.
1. Because personality is what makes you interesting: Your looks 2. Conscientiousness (Efficient/ Organized vs. Easy-going/ - ORAL PASSIVE: Taking up oral activities such as smoking,
can’t make you interesting, at least not for long or not in a good way. Careless) It represents a planned and organized approach rather than eating, drinking or kissing.
Being interesting is how you grab people’s attention, making spontaneity and randomness. 2. Anal Stage (2-3 years): The libido now becomes focused on the
personality important virtually whenever you’re in a social setting. 3. Extraversion (Outgoing/Energetic vs. Solitary/Reserved) anus, and the child derives great pleasure from defecating.
2. Because personality can change: Even if you don’t have a great Extraversion implies energy, positive emotions, forcefulness, - ANAL RETENTIVE: an obsession with cleanliness, perfection
personality right now, you can acquire a better one by considering friendliness, and chattiness. and control.
what you can do to become more likable while, of course, always Extrovert: is sociable, outgoing and attracted to others. Can be - ANAL EXPULSIVE: where the person may become messy and
staying true to yourself. impulsive and sometimes take risks without weighing the odds. disorganized.
3. Because personality is how we distinguish ourselves: There are Introvert: is less concerned with others and is more inward-looking. 3. Phallic Stage (3-6 years old): The children become aware of their
probably hundreds of people across the world who look nearly 4. Agreeableness (Friendly/Compassionate vs. Cold/Unkind) The bodies, the bodies of other children, and the bodies of their parents;
identical to you. What makes personality important is that it’s what ability to show compassion and co-operation. It is a personality trait The focus of pleasure is the genitals.
makes us one of a kind. that can help you be an amicable person in the workplace. - Oedipus Complex: boys develop unconscious sexual desire for
4. Because personality can get you further romantically: When 5. Neuroticism (Sensitive/Nervous vs. Secure/Confident) It refers to their mother.
you’re trying to woo someone, a great personality is a key ingredient emotional stability, control over emotions and impulses, a tendency - Electra Complex: girls may also have similar experience
in getting their attention. for anger, nervousness, despair, or susceptibility. developing unconscious sexual attraction towards their father.
5. Because personality can get you further professionally: A great 4. Latency Period (6 years to puberty): No further psychosexual
personality can help you progress in your career as well as in your LESSON 2: PSYCHODYNAMIC AND PSYCHOANALYTIC development takes place during this stage; interacting with same sex
social and love life. APPROACH peers.
6. Because personality doesn’t fade away: Good looks don’t last. Psychodynamic Theory: is a psychological theory of Sigmund Freud 5. Genital Stage (puberty onward): Focus is on the sexual urges that
Eventually you grow old and gray; nothing can stop that. (1856-1939) and his later followers to explain the origins of human are reawakened and are directed toward opposite sex peers.
behavior.
➢ Importance of Personality Development Psychodynamic Approach: includes all the theories in psychology. ➢ Psychosocial Stages of Development (Erik Erikson): emotional
1. Personality development grooms an individual and helps him Psychoanalytic: Freud’s Theory and psychological changes across the life cycle that occurs in the
make a mark of his/her own. Individuals need to have a style of Psychoanalysis: was the original psychodynamic theory. context of the individual’s social environment.
their own for others to follow them. Do not blindly copy others. ➢ Sigmund Freud: Austrian neurologist who was the founding father 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 12 months): infants must learn that
2. Personality development goes a long way in reducing stress and of Psychoanalysis. adults can be trusted. This occurs when adults meet a child’s basic
conflicts: It encourages individuals to look at the brighter sides of Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality: It argues needs for survival. FEEDING!
life. Face even the worst situations with a smile. that human behavior is the result of the interactions among three 2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (ages 1–3 years): begin to explore
3. Personality development helps you develop a positive attitude in component parts of the mind: the id, ego, and superego. their world, they learn that they can control their actions. This is the
life: It is essential for individuals to behave well with people around. - Id: most basic part of the personality, and wants instant gratification “me do it” stage. TOILET TRAINING!
Being polite with others will not only make you popular among for our wants and needs. 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (ages 3–6 years): they are capable of initiating
other people but also earn you respect and pride. - Ego: deals with reality, trying to meet the desires of the id in a way activities and asserting control over their world through social
4. Personality development helps an individual to inculcate that is socially acceptable in the world. interactions and play. Initiative, a sense of ambition and
positive qualities like punctuality, flexible attitude, willingness - Superego: is concerned with social rules and morals—similar to responsibility. INDEPENDENCE!
to learn, friendly nature, eagerness to help others and so on: what many people call their “conscience” or their “moral compass.” 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (ages 6–12): children face the task of
Personality development helps you develop an impressive industry vs. inferiority. Children begin to compare themselves with
personality and makes you stand apart from the rest. their peers to see how they measure up. SCHOOL!
 Internal locus of control (“internals”): tend to believe that most of our ➢ Type A Personality: likes to be in charge and be in control of their
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (ages 12–18): children face the task of outcomes are the direct result of our efforts. environment and their lives. They prefer to work independently and
identity vs. role confusion. An adolescent’s main task is developing External locus of control (“externals”): tend to believe that our set their own schedules. Not be very good at recognizing coworker's
a sense of self. PEER RELATIONSHIPS! outcomes are outside of our control. feelings and needs.
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (20s through early 40s): After we have ➢ Type B Personality: is a very outgoing, energetic, and fast-paced
developed a sense of self in adolescence, we are ready to share our LESSON 4: BIOLOGICAL, EVOLUTIONARY AND individual who likes to be around people and enjoys being the center
life with others. LOVE RELATIONSHIP! HUMANISTIC of attention.
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (40sto the mid-60s): Generativity ➢ Evolutionary Approach: uses evolutionary ideas such as ➢ Type C Personality: they’re careful, resourceful, and, above all,
involves finding your life’s work and contributing to the adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for excellent thinkers who will look at all aspects of an issue before
development of others. Those who do not master this task may explaining specific human behaviors. The only reason that the taking a stand.
experience stagnation and feel as though they are not leaving a mark human race continues to survive and continues to function in the best ➢ Type D Personality: takes a slower, easier pace toward their work
on the world. PARENTING! way possible is through natural selection. and life in general. They seek the respect, sincere admiration, and
8. Integrity vs. Despair (mid-60s to the end of life): People who feel ➢ Humanistic Approaches: As the “third force” in psychology, this acceptance of others.
proud of their accomplishments feel a sense of integrity, and they perspective focuses on how healthy people develop. ➢ Type X Personality: indicates a cross, or an intersection, of two or
can look back on their lives with few regrets. However, people who more types.
are not successful at this stage may feel as if their life has been
wasted. REFLECTING ON AND ACCEPTANCE OF ONE’S
LIFE!

LESSON 3: TRAIT APPROACHES AND LEARNING

APPROACHES
➢ Trait Theories of Personalities
Extraversion: tends to be manifested in outgoing, talkative, and
energetic behavior.
Introversion: is manifested in more reserved and solitary behavior.
- Raymond Cattell (1905–1998): Cattell performed factor analysis
to generated sixteen dimensions of human personality traits and
developed a personality assessment called the 16PF.
- Hans Eysenck (1916–1997): Personality theorist who focused on
temperament-innate, genetically based personality differences. He
believed personality is largely governed by biology.

➢ Learning Approaches
- The Behavioral Perspective: Behaviorists do not see personality Self-concept: our thoughts and feelings about ourselves.
traits as inborn. Instead, they view personality as significantly Ideal self: is the person that you would like to be.
shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the Real self: is the person you actually are.
organism. Congruence: when our thoughts about our real self and ideal
- The Social-Cognitive Theory: emphasizes both learning and self is very similar.
cognition as sources of individual differences in personality.
- Observational Learning: we learn by observing someone else’s LESSON 5: FACTORS INFLUENCING PERSONALITY
behavior and its consequences. - Nature refers to all of the genes and hereditary factors that
- Self-Efficacy: It is our level of confidence in our own abilities, influence who we are-from our physical appearance to our
developed through our social experiences. personality characteristics.
- Julian Rotter and Locus of Control: Julian Rotter (1966) proposed - Nurture refers to all the environmental variables that impact who
the concept of locus of control. It refers to our beliefs about the we are, including our early childhood experiences, how we were
power we have over our lives. raised our social relationships, and our surrounding culture.