NOW

Shell Scripting

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Course Materials

You can access the course materials via this link

[Link]

2
Day 3 Contents

• Case
• Select
• Loops
• Shift
• Break
• Continue
• Functions

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The case command
case variable in
value1)
Command(s)
;;
value2)
Command(s)
;;
*)
Command(s)
;;
esac

4
Sub Patterns
• ?(pattern(s))
– Match one or zero occurrence of any of the patterns
• *(pattern(s))
– Match zero or more occurrence of any of the patterns
• @(pattern(s))
– Match exactly one occurrence of any of the patterns
• +(pattern(s))
– Match one or more occurrence of any of the patterns
• !(patten(s))
– Match all strings except any of the patterns

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Example
case $var in
@([a-z]) ) echo “ lower case “
;;
@([A-Z]) ) echo “ upper case “
;;
@([0-9]) ) echo “ integer “
;;
esac

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Looping Commands
• The while command
• The until command
• The for command

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The while command
while command
do
… command …
done

• Examples
num=0
while [ $num –lt 10 ]
do
echo $num
let num=$num+1
done

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Examples (cont.)

echo what is my name

read ans
while [ $ans != “sherine” ]
do
echo Wrong Answer!
echo Try Again
read ans
done
echo You Got It 
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The until command
until command
do
command(s)
done

• Example
hour=1
until [ $hour –gt 24 ]
do
case $hour in
[0-9] | 1[0-1]) echo good morning ;;
12) echo lunch time ;;
1[3-7]) echo work time ;;
*) echo Good Night ;;
esac
let hour=$hour+1
done

10
The for command

• It is used to execute commands a finite number

of times on a list of items (files/usernames)

for variable in word list

do
… commands …
done

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The for command (cont.)
for pal in mona ahmed maha
do
echo hi $pal
done

for person in `cat mylist`

do
mailx $person < letter
echo mail to $person was sent
done

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The select command and Menus

• The select loop is an easy way for creating menus.

• The PS3 prompt is used to prompt the user for an
input.
• The input should be one of the numbers in the menu
list.
• The input is stored in the special korn shell RELPY
variable.
• The case command is used with the select
command to make it possible for the user to make a
select from the menu.

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Examples
select choice in Ahmed Adel Tamer
do
case $choice in
Ahmed) print Ahmed is good boy
;;
Adel) print Adel is the best
;;
Tamer) print Tamer is a bad boy
;;
*) print $REPLY is not one of the choices.
;;
esac
done

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Examples
Output:
1)Ahmed
2)Adel
3)Tamer
#? 1
Ahmed is a good boy
1)Ahmed
2)Adel
3)Tamer
#?5
5 is not one of the choices
1)Ahmed
2)Adel
3)Tamer

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Examples (cont.)
print Choose from the following:
select choice in Ahmed Adel Tamer
do
case $choice in
Ahmed) print Ahmed is good boy
break;;
Adel) print Adel is the best
break;;
Tamer) print Tamer is a bad boy
break;;
*) print $REPLY is not one of the choices.
print Try again
;;
esac
done
Free powerpoint template:
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[Link]
The shift command
• It shifts the parameter list to the left a specified
number of times.

• The shift without arguments shifts the parameter

list once to the left.

• Once the list is shifted, the parameter is removed

permanently.

• It is often used in while loops.

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Examples
#!/bin/ksh
While (($#>0))
do
print $*
shift
done
:wq doit
$./doit a b c d e
a b c d e
b c d e
c d e
d e
e

Free powerpoint template:

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[Link]
The break command
• The break command is used to force immediate exit from the loop, but not
from the program.

• Example
while true
do
read answer
Print “Are you ready to move on?”
if [ [ $answer =[Yy]* ]] # the new test command
then
break
else
…commands..
done
print “Here are you?”

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The continue command
• The continue command is used to starts back at the top of
the loop

• Example
#! /bin/ksh
for name in `cat names`
do
if [ $name = sherine ]
then
continue
else
mailx $name <memo
if
done

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Example for Nested Loops
#!/bin/ksh
while true
do
for user in Ahmed Tamer Samy
do
if [[ $user = [Tt]* ]]
then
print A Hi from Tamer
continue
fi
while true
do
if [[ $user = [S]* ]]
then
print A Hi from Samy
break 3
fi
print A Hi from Ahmed
continue 2
done
done
done
print Out of the Loop

Free powerpoint template:

21
[Link]
Substitutions
$ echo $(date)
Thu Jan 9 13:38:21 EET 2003
$ var=$(date)
$ print var
var
$ echo $var
Thu Jan 9 13:38:49 EET 2003
$ cat x
abc
$ var=`cat x`
$ echo $var
abc

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Arrays
• korn shells are one-dimensional arrays that
contain up to 1024 elements consisting of
words or integers.
• Index starts with zero.
• Each element can be set and unset individual.
• Values do not have to be set in any particular
order.

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Examples

• To set the value of array element

$array[0]=ahmed
$array[1]=ali
$array[2]=mohamed

• To print the values of the array elements

$print ${array[0]}
ahmed
$print ${array[1]}
ali
$print ${array[2]}
mohamed

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Examples (cont.)
• To declare a 2 integer elements array
$typeset –i ele[2]
$ele[0]=50
$ele[1]=happy
ksh:happy:bad number
$ele[1]=6
• To display all the elements in the array
$print ${ele[*]}
50 6
$print ${ele[@]}
50 6
• To display the number of elements in the array
$print ${#ele[@]}
2

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Functions
• Functions are used to modularize programs.

• A Function is a collection of commands that can be executed

simply by entering the function’s name.

• ksh executes aliases, built-in commands, functions and

then executables.

• Functions must be defined before it is used.

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Functions (cont.)
• Functions are run in the current environment ; it
shares variables.

• Local variables can be declared in the function using

typeset.

• Functions can be exported to sub-shells

• To list functions and definitions use the alias functions.

• Functions can be recursive

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Functions (cont.)
• Format
function function-name {commands; commands;}
• Example
function pr
{print $0 must take arg; exit 1; }

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Example
#! /usr/bin/ksh
function increment {
typeset sum
(( sum = $1 + 1 ))
return $sum
}
print The sum is
increment 5
print $?
print $sum

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Handling Errors and Debuggers

• If you need to know the way your scripts runs , and the values
of such variables during execution ; you can use either one of 2
options:
– Write set –x inside your script before the part you want to debug, and
set +x at the end of the part.
– Run the script using command ksh –x script-name so that it is
equal to set –x but for the whole script.
• Using these ways let the shell write each command before
executing it and also but the values of the variables. So you can
test the sequence of the execution and check if variable is
expanded correctly.

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Thanks 

SBAHADER@[Link]

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