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Java Introduction

JAVA

• Java is a general purpose, high-level, object-oriented programming

language
• Java is an example of OOPS language
• Write Once Run Anywhere (WORA) language. This means that, the
compiled java code can be run on any platforms such as windows,
linux, mac, etc, …
• Change of the platform does not affect the original java program
• It is mainly designed for web / internet applications
• It is a pure object oriented language
▪ In java, it is not possible to write a code without using class and
object.

Java Language
Old Name : OAK
New Name : Java
Inventor : James Gosling
Organization : Sun Micro systems / Oracle
File Extension : .java
Compiler : .javac (java compiler)
Interpreter : .java (java interpreter)
IDE : Netbeans IDE, Eclipse IDE, IntelliJ IDEA,
etc, …

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FEATURES
1. Simple

• Java is a simple and easy to learn, easy to understand

• Because

 Its syntax is based on c++

 It removed many complicated features for example: operator

overloading, explicit pointers, etc, …
2. Platform Independent

• Java is a platform independent language that means, java is not

dependent on any platform or OS

• It supports multiple platforms such as windows, linux, mac, etc, ..

Windows JVM
Windows

Compiled
using javac
Linux JVM
on any OS
Linux

[Link] [Link]
Mac OS JVM
Mac OS

Java Code (.java)

Byte code (.class)

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3. Object Oriented

• Java is an object-oriented programming language

• It supports the oops features such as class and objects, inheritance,

polymorphism, encapsulation, etc, …

• Everything in java is an object (except java base data types: int,

float, double, etc)
4. Interpreted and Compiled Language

• Unlike c/c++, java is a two-way language

• It supports both compilation and interpretation

5. Strongly Typed Language (Static Typed System)

• Java supports static typed system. Data types must be mentioned in

the variable / method creation

• Ex. int k=10;

6. High Performance

• Java program is compiled into java byte code (.class file) which is
highly optimized by the java compiler, so that the java virtual
machine (JVM) can execute java applications / programs at full
speed. (Byte codes are highly optimized)
7. Multithreading support

• Java supports multithreading concept. That means we can build

applications with concurrent threads of activity.
8. Security

• Java gives best choice for security

• We can develop virus free systems with help of java secure features

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9. Exception Handling

• Java handles run time errors with help of exception handling

concept
10. Architecture Neutral

• Java is an architecture neutral language. Because it does not

depend on architecture (organization of processor, memory, CPU,
input/output) of a computer.
• Hence, java code can be run on any computer architecture.
11. Distributed

• Java is a distributed language. This means that, java programs

running on one machine can easily access the resources (files, java
objects, etc, …) of other machine on internet.

• It provides class libraries for high-level support of networking

• Remote method invocation(RMI) API's allow java programs to call

methods of remote java objects, as if they were local objects

• RMI and EJB are mostly used for distributed programming.

Computer 1 Computer 2
Application 1 Application 2

Internet

Computer 3 Computer 4
Application 3 Application 4

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JAVA ARCHITECTURE

Language:
Java (J2SE,J2EE & J2ME)

Applications
Console Windows Web (JSP) Database Mobile
Application GUI GUI (JDBC) (J2ME) /
Application Application Application Smartphone
Application

Java Standard Library (JSL)

[Link].*, [Link].*, [Link].*, [Link].*, [Link].*, .. etc

Java Virtual Machine

Runtime Manager or Runtime Engine
Operating System
Windows, Linux and Mac, .. etc

Operating System

• Java is a platform independent OS

• Ex. Windows, Linux, Mac, etc, …
JVM (JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE)

• Runtime manager or Runtime engine for Java

• Used to convert the byte code(.class) or object file or class file or
machine code to target output

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Java System Packages

• It is a part of java API (Application Programming Interface)

• Package is a group of classes, interfaces and sub packages
• Package is classified as two types in java. They are
1. System packages / Built-in packages
▪ Standard packages which comes as a part of Java Runtime
Environment (JRE)
2. User defined packages
▪ Package defined by the user / programmer to bundle group of
related classes

Java Package

Built-in Packages User Defined

Package

Examples

[Link].*
[Link].*
[Link].*
[Link].*
[Link].*
[Link].*
…

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Note
• The operator ‘*’ is used load all classes and interfaces in a specified
package
1. [Link].*
• It is used for basic operations, mathematical operations, string
features (String, StringBuffer, StringBuilder) thread operations in
java
2. [Link].*
• This package is used for input & output related operations, File and
Directory related operations
3. [Link].*
• This package provides the support for ArrayList, Vector, advanced
data structures such as list, set, map interfaces
4. [Link].*
• It is used for database related operations
▪ Storage & retrieval
▪ CRUD operations
5. [Link].*
• This package contains the predefined classes for supporting
network related operations like TCP and UDP based applications
6. [Link].*
• This package contains the predefined classes for implementing
Windows GUI application / Desktop based applications
7. [Link].*
• This package is used for creating applet (GUI) based applications

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Java Applications

• Java supports 4+ different types of applications. They are:

1. Console Application
2. Windows GUI Application
3. Web Application
4. Database Application
5. Smart Phone Application
1. Console Application
• Creating an application without using any graphical components,
that is called as console application.

Input : Java code (.java)

Output : DOS Window / IDE based Window

2. Windows / Desktop Application (offline)

• Creating an application, with use of graphical components that is
called as windows GUI Application (windows forms application)
• It is an offline application: possible to run the windows GUI
application in a particular machine at a time
• Technologies: Applets, AWT, Swing, JavaFX, etc, …

Input : Java code (.java)

Technology : Applet or AWT or Swing
Output : Java GUI Application (Applet | Frame | JFrame)

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3. Web / Internet Application (online)

• Creating an application, with use of web graphical components that
is called as Web GUI Application
• It is an online application: possible to run the web GUI application in
all machine at a time via internet access
• Technologies: JSP, Servlet

Input : Java code (.java) and JSP code (.jsp, .html, …)

Technology : JSP and Servlet
Output : HTML with GUI (Web browser window)

4. Database Application
• Creating a database related application using any type of java
applications such as console, windows, web, etc, …
• Technology: JDBC

Input : Java code (.java)

Technology : JDBC (Java Database Connectivity)
Output : DOS Window / Windows GUI / Web GUI

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5. Mobile Application
• Java provides two types of mobile applications. They are entry level
application, smart phone applications
• Technology: J2ME, Android

Input : Java code (.java)

Technology : J2ME, Android
Output : Simulator or Emulator, Real Mobile Device

IDE Support

• Java programs can be created using either manual or automatic

approaches such as IDE
• Popular IDEs
▪ Netbeans IDE, Eclipse IDE
▪ IntelliJ IDEA, etc, …
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

• Language : Java
• JDK : JDK 1.0 – JDK 24 (Latest Version)
• Tool : Editor / IDE
Java Version History

• Java includes many JDK versions. They are

▪ JDK Alpha and Beta (1995)
▪ JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan 1996)
▪ JDK 1.1 (19th Feb 1997)
▪ J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec 1998)
▪ J2SE 1.3 (8th May 2000)

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▪ J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb 2002)

▪ J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep 2004)
▪ Java SE 6 (11th Dec 2006)
▪ Java SE 7 (28th July 2011)
▪ Java SE 8 (18th March 2014)
▪ Java SE 9 (21st Sep 2017)
▪ Java SE 10 (20th March 2018)
▪ Java SE 11 (25th September 2018)
JAVA PLATFORM

• JVM and APIs (Application Programming Interface) together are

referred as the "Java Platform"
• APIs
 A collection of compiled code that can be included in a source
program

 used to give several ready-made solutions for our tasks that

need to be frequently performed
FAMILY OF JAVA

C C++

JAVA

• Java is derived from C and C++

• C gives the syntax and C++ gives the oops concepts

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JAVA EDITIONS

• Java supports three different editions

1. J2SE (Java to Standard Edition)
▪ Supports core java features
2. J2EE (Java to Enterprise Edition)
▪ Supports enterprise technology
3. J2ME (Java to Micro Edition)
▪ Supports mobile applications
Flowchart

• Sequence of graphical symbols

Algorithm

• Set of steps
Program

• Set of instructions (implementation of algorithms)

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN C AND JAVA

S.N C JAVA

1. File Name: (.c) File Name: (.java)

2. Pure structured oriented Pure object oriented language

language (Procedural Language)

3. It supports pointer concept - No pointer support

- Java indirectly supports pointer
via references

4. It has keywords like goto, It does not support the keywords

typedef and sizeof() like goto, typedef and sizeof()

5. The data types structure, union It does not support the user
& enum are present defined data types like structure,
union & enum

6. It has preprocessor It does not support preprocessor

such as #ifdef, #define, #include

7. It follows Top down approach It follows Bottom up approach

8. It supports type modifiers like It does not support type modifiers

auto, static, register & extern

9. It supports both call by value and It supports only call by value

call by reference concept

10. IDEs: Code Blocks, DevCPP, IDEs: NetBeans, Eclipse, IntelliJ

NetBeans, Eclipse CDT IDEA

11. C is a one way language system Java is a two way language

(it supports only compilation) system (It supports both
compilation and interpretation)

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN C++ AND JAVA

S.N C++ JAVA

1. File Name: (.cpp) File Name: (.java)

2. Partially object oriented Pure object oriented language

language
1. In Java, it is not possible to write
1. We can write a C++ code a code without using class
with or without using class concept
2. Because C++ is C with
OOPs concepts

3. It supports both function Java supports only function

overloading and operator overloading
overloading

4. It supports pointer concepts It does not support pointer concepts

5. C++ is derived from C Java is derived from C(syntax) and

(structures) and Simula67 C++ (oops concept)
(oops concepts)

6. It supports header file and It does not support header file &
global variable global variable

7. C++ directly supports multiple Java does not directly support

inheritance multiple inheritance but indirectly it
supports multiple inheritance by
using interface concept

8. It has destructor() function to It has finalize() function to remove

destroy the memory occupied the memory occupied by the
by the objects objects

9. It has template classes It does not support template

classes

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10. It supports both call by value & Java supports only call by value
call by reference

11. C++ is a one way language Java is a two way language system
system (it supports only (It supports both compilation and
compilation) interpretation)

12. Semicolon must be needed at Semicolon is not needed at the end

the end of class program of class program
Ex. Ex.
class Hello class Hello
{ {
// code // code
}; }

13. In c++, object is a value type. In java, object is a reference type.

So new modifier is not needed So new modifier must be needed
when creating an object in c++ when creating an object in java
class program class program.
Ex. Ex.
class Test{…}; class Test{…}
… …
Test obj; // value type Test obj=new Test(); // ref type

14. C++ is mainly used for system Java is mainly used for Windows,
programming. It is lagging in Web & Mobile applications
Windows, Web & Mobile
applications

15. IDEs: Code Blocks, DevCPP, IDEs: NetBeans, Eclipse, IntelliJ

NetBeans, Eclipse CDT IDEA

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OVERVIEW OF JAVA PROGRAMS

• Java can be used to develop two categories of programs, namely

(i) Executable Program (Direct Access)
(ii) Library Program (Indirect Access)

Java
Program

Executable Library
Program Program

JVM Application
Program

Target
JVM
Output

Target
Output
Executable Program

• It must have main method(). So no need to create end user or other

application program to get the output
• It can be accessed directly
• Output: .class, .jar

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Library Program

• It does not have main method(). So we should create an application

to access this library program.
• It is very similar to c/c++ header files
• It can be accessed indirectly with help of end user application
• Output: .dll
S.N EXECUTABLE PROGRAM LIBRARY PROGRAM

1. It must have Main() It does not have main() method

2. It can be accessed by directly It can be accessed by indirectly with

help of end user application

3. Output: .class, .jar Output: .dll

PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES

• Data types plays an important role in the definition of variables

• Java supports 8 standard data types
S.N DATA TYPE IN JAVA SIZE SYMBOLS DEFAULT VALUS

1. boolean 1 bit false

2. byte 1 byte 0

3. char 2 bytes \u0000

4. short 2 bytes 0

5. int 4 bytes 0

6. long 8 bytes l or L 0

7. float 8 bytes f or F 0.0

8. double 8 bytes d or D 0.0

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NOTE

• In java, character takes 2 bytes of memory. Because java uses

Unicode character system not ASCII system
DEFAULT VALUES OF VARIABLES

S.N TYPE DEFAULT VALUE

1. All integer types 0

e.g: short, int, long

2. char ‘\x000’

3. float 0.0f

4. double 0.0d

5. boolean false

6. All reference types null

e.g: string, object

JAVA PROGRAM STRUCTURE

Documentation Section Optional

User Defined Package Section Optional

Builtin-in Package Section Optional

Interfaces Section Optional

Classes Section Optional

main() method Section Essential

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(1) DOCUMENTATION SECTION

• It is an optional
• Gives the complete information about program like name of the
program, author name, date, version & other details, etc
• Like c/c++, java supports two comment type statements
1. Single Line Comment
▪ It is used to ignore only one statement at a time
▪ It starts with operator like //
Example
// Good Morning

2. Multiple Line Comments

▪ It is used to ignore more than one statements at a time
▪ This is done by using the operator like /* … */
Example
/*
Good Morning
Welcome to chennai
Hello
*/

(2) USER DEFINED PACKAGE SECTION

• Here we can create our own package

• Package is a set of classes / interfaces
• It is just like a container

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Syntax
<package> <user-defined name>;
Example
[Link]
package MIT;
public class IT
{
// code
}
class CC
{
// code
}
…
class N
{
// code
}

NOTE

• It is important to note that, class name and file name must be same
in java
(3) PREDEFINED PACKAGE SECTION

• It is an optional
• It is used to load the predefined java libraries using “import”
keyword
• It is used to create different types of applications, algorithms, tools &
OS, etc
• Ex. [Link].*, [Link].*, [Link].*, etc

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Syntax
<import> <[Link].*>;
<import> <[Link]>;
Example
import [Link].*; // load all classes from sql package
import [Link].*; // load all classes from io package
import [Link]; // load only specific class

import

• It is a reserved keyword in java

• It is mainly used to load the system packages in java
(4) INTERFACES & CLASSES SECTION
Interfaces

• It has only declaration, no body (no definition)

• All the methods in the interfaces are public by default
• All the variables in the interfaces are const by default
• Interfaces are defined using interface (reserved word)
• It has no constructor
Syntax
< interface> <user-defined name>
{
// variable initialization
// method declaration, no definition
}

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Example

interface ATM
{
double balance = 5300; // declaration + definition
void details(); // method declaration only
}

NOTE

• If the sub class inherits the interface, then the sub class must
implement the methods of interface, else sub class also considered
as an interface type.
Classes

• Collection of variables & methods are grouped together into a single

entity (called class)
• classes are default or friendly modifier by default
• All the variables and methods in the class is default modifier by
default
• Classes are defined using class (reserved word)
• It supports constructors (parameter & parameter less)
Syntax

<modifier > < class> <user-defined name>

{
// variable initializations
// method definitions
}

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Example

class atm
{
void get_balance() {…}
void deposit() {…}
void withdrawl() {…}
void pinchange() {…}
}

(5) main() METHOD SECTION

• It is essential part in program

• It is an entry point of any java program
• It starts the program execution
• main() method accepts only void and int type. Other types are not
allowed.
Example

public static void main(String[] arr)

{
[Link]("Good Morning...");
}

NOTE
• It is an important to note that, main() method does not return any
type except void (It does not return any value)
• Main() method must be void type

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