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Name of Leader: Pornias, Justin D. Date Submitted: October 9, 2025
Name of Members: Professor: Engr. Farah Nicole Dela Cruz
Allid, Mharrielle Joy D.
Bayas, Kim Cyrelle F.
Bayos, Cassey Shane
Burgos, Zaira O.
Del Rosario, Chania Gersemaj D.
Magtarayo, Lady Mhay A.
Medina, Krystel Anne T.
Precia, Gabriel Joesses U.
Rebultan, Ceanelle Jhuanne F.
Program/Year/Section: BET-CT-3A
Course: CT311L, Construction Technology 5 - Laboratory
(Finishing Works and Construction Specialty Works Technology)
Laboratory Activity:
No. 1: Building Inspection of Old and New Buildings
Objective/s:
1. To provide students with hands-on experience in inspecting existing buildings, both old
and new.
2. To develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills in identifying potential defects
and quality issues.
3. To enhance understanding of building codes, standards, and maintenance practices.
Discussion:
Building Inspection is a systematic process of examining a structure to determine its
overall physical condition, identify defects, and assess its compliance with current building codes
and standards. This activity involves a hands-on review of various building components, from
the structural elements (like the foundation and walls) to the finishes and specialty works (like
plumbing, electrical, and HVAC).
The inspection of old buildings often focuses on identifying natural deterioration,
outdated systems, and structural concerns that may not meet modern seismic or safety standards.
Conversely, the inspection of new buildings focuses on quality control, workmanship, and
immediate compliance with approved plans and codes.
Using a detailed inspection checklist ensures a comprehensive evaluation and allows for
clear documentation of observations, measurements, and photographic evidence. The ultimate
goal is to apply critical thinking to analyze the gathered data, determine the severity of defects,
and recommend necessary maintenance, repair, or code-compliant action. This process enhances
the understanding of proper construction practices and long-term building maintenance.
Materials And Tools:
Inspection checklist Camera w/ Timestamp
Measuring tools Pen and Paper
(e.g., tape measure, caliper)
Level
Procedure:
1. Divide Students into Groups
Assign each group a specific building to inspect, ensuring a mix of old and new
structures.
2. Review Inspection Checklist
The instructor shall provide a guide of inspection checklist that covers various aspects of
building construction from structural to finishes and other construction specialty works.
3. Conduct Site Visit
Guide students to the selected buildings and provide necessary safety instructions.
4. Exterior Inspection
The students will examine the exterior of the buildings such as foundation, walls, roof,
windows/doors, drainage, landscaping, and sanitary drainages.
5. Interior Inspection
The students will examine the interior of the buildings such as floors, walls, ceilings,
plumbing, electrical, HVAC.
6. Documentation
Document your findings capturing photos/videos and recording the date, time, and
location of the buildings being inspected.
7. Discussion and Analysis
8. Conclusion
Data and Observation:
The data included records of the date, time, and location of the inspection, as well as
illustrations such as pictures. The table was completed using the items from the Building
Inspection Checklist together with the observations that were made.
Gymnasium Building Inspection
Image/Area Inspected Findings/Observations Discussion Code
(Checklist Item) (What you saw) (Analysis of the Compliance/Non-C
finding, possible ompliance
cause/effect) (Based on
Philippine
standards)
Exterior: Foundation - The observed spalling PD 1096, Chapter
Cracks/Concrete and cracks at the 12, Section 1201 -
Spalling bottom of the exterior General
wall may have been Requirements
caused by moisture
ingress from poor
drainage and poor
construction practices
such as weak concrete
mix or improper
curing. That might
result in structural
weakening and
moisture damage may
occur.
Exterior: Walls - The discoloration of PD 1096, Chapter 1,
Discoloration of wall the wall could be a Section 104 (c) -
sign of excessive General building
moisture exposure, Requirements
weathering, mold
growth, or poor PD 856, Chapter
maintenance. If left XVII, Section 72.
untreated, mold may
lead to health risks and
degrade structural
integrity.
Exterior: Roof - The large gap between PD 1096, Chapter 1,
Missing roof steel sheet the roof sheets can Section 104 (c) -
increase risk of water General building
infiltration and Requirements
structural damage.
This increases further
damage if not fixed
immediately.
Exterior: Window - The detached steel PD 1096, Chapter 1,
Detached steel wire wire mesh poses a Section 104 (c) -
mesh safety hazard, General building
compromising the Requirements
structural integrity of
the facility and PD 1096, Chapter 1,
increasing the risk of Section 215 -
accidents or injuries Abatement of
during activities. Dangerous Buildings
Exterior: Door - The broken lock PD 1096, Chapter 1,
Broken restroom door compromises user Section 104 (c) -
lock safety, privacy, and General building
usability. This issue Requirements
reflects poor facility
maintenance and
creates an unsafe and
unusable condition if
not repaired.
Exterior: Drainage - The loosely attached RA 1378, Chapter 3,
pipe poses safety Sub-section 315.2.1 -
hazards and risks of Supports
leaks. This condition
indicates lack of
proper pipe support
and poor plumbing
maintenance, requiring
immediate correction.
Exterior: Landscaping The unfinished PD 1096, Chapter 2,
- Unfinished pathway pathway and soil Section 213 - Penal
and visible soil erosion erosion indicate poor Provisions
site maintenance and
lack of proper flooring PD 1096, Chapter 2,
or pavement. This can Section 214 -
cause unsafe walking Dangerous and
conditions, water Ruinous Buildings
runoff issues, and or Structures
further ground
instability if not
corrected
Exterior: Sanitary - The presence of trash PD 856, Chapter
Trash shows poor XIX, Section 86 (d) -
housekeeping and
inadequate waste PD 856, Section 6,
management. This Sub-section 6.8 -
creates unsanitary Housekeeping
conditions, attracts
pests, and reflects
non-compliance with
sanitation
requirements.
Interior: Floors - The cracked and PD 1096, Chapter 2,
Cracked and uneven uneven floor suggests Section 213. Penal
floor with signs of structural wear and Provisions
water pooling and soil possible water
exposure infiltration. Pooling PD 1096, Chapter 2,
water and exposed soil Section 214.
increase slip hazards, Dangerous and
accelerate floor
damage, and create Ruinous Building or
unsanitary conditions Structures
if left unaddressed.
Interior: Walls - The stained and RNPCP, Chapter 4,
deteriorating walls Section 409.1. Floor
indicate long-term Drain and Shower
exposure to moisture Stalls
and poor upkeep. This
not only affects
structural durability
but can also encourage
mold growth, leading
to health and safety
concerns.
Interior:Ceiling - The damaged ceiling PD 1096, Chapter 2,
Severely damaged shows significant Section 213. Penal
ceiling with visible structural failure due to Provisions
detachment, sagging prolonged neglect,
panels, and exposed possible water leaks, PD 1096, Chapter 2,
structural framing and weak framing Section 214.
support. Sagging and Dangerous and
detachment pose Ruinous Buildings
falling hazards, or Structures
making the area unsafe
for users. PD 1096, Chapter 2,
Section 215.
Abatement of
Dangerous Buildings
Interior: Plumbing - The exposed drain pipe RNPCP, Chapter 4,
Exposed drain opening without a strainer Section 409. Floor
without hinged strainer indicates incomplete or Stains and Shower
cover improper plumbing Stalls (409.1)
installation. This
condition can lead to
clogging, foul odor,
and pest entry,
showing poor
compliance with
sanitation and
plumbing standards.
Interior: Electrical - The exposed electrical PD 1096, Chapter 8,
Exposed electric wires wires pose a serious Section 1301.
with no outlet box or fire and electrocution Electrical
cover hazard. This condition Regulations
indicates poor
electrical installation RA 9514, Division 5,
or neglected Rule 10, Section
maintenance. Without 10.6.4. Electrical
proper casing or outlet Wiring and Other
boxes, wires are Devices
vulnerable to damage
and accidental contact,
endangering both
safety and compliance.
Interior: HVAC - The HVAC area shows PD 1096, Chapter 8,
signs of poor Section 801. General
maintenance and lack Requirements Of
of protective measures. Light and Ventilation
Inadequate ventilation
and unsecured PD 856, Chapter
components can VII, Section 48.
compromise indoor air Environmental
quality, energy Provision
efficiency, and
occupant comfort.
Failure to maintain
HVAC systems
properly may also lead
to long-term structural
and environmental
issues.
Add. Considerations: Typhoon Preparedness - The overall roof
Roof Strength condition must be
reinforced to withstand
heavy rains and strong
winds. Weak roofing
connections or missing
sheets increase the risk
of damage and
structural failure
during typhoons,
endangering
occupants.
Cafeteria/Canteen Building Inspection
Image/Area Inspected Findings/Observations Discussion Code
(Checklist Item) (What you saw) (Analysis of the Compliance/Non-Co
finding, possible mpliance
cause/effect) (Based on
Philippine
standards)
Exterior: Foundation - A visible gap between PD 1096, Chapter
A crack between the slab the slab and the 12, Section 1201 -
and the column column foundation. General
Over time, this can Requirements.
foundation.
lead to instability and
water seepage.
Exterior: Walls (1) - Stains, discoloration, P.D. 856, Chapter VI,
Discoloration and and accumulated Section 41 - The
Visible Water Stain. grime next to a Physical
Environment.
built-in dining table
create sanitation P.D, 856, Chapter III,
concerns because of Section 17. 2. b. -
dust, moisture, and Walls
possible microbial
growth that concerns
people that use the
place.
Exterior: Walls (2) - Moisture RA 9514, Rule 10,
Algae build up and accumulation and no Division 6, Section
Exposed Concrete Wall. protective coat for the [Link] -
Construction and
wall like paint. This
Compartmentation.
leads to visible
staining, health risks NBCP, Chapter 1,
from spores, Section 104 -
regulatory violations General Building
Requirements, B. and
under the Fire and
C.
Building Codes, and
potential long-term
structural damage.
Exterior: Roof - Not Applicable Not Applicable
Exterior: Windows - A black-framed PD 1096, Chapter 1,
Damaged Metal Mesh window with mesh Section 104 –
Window screens was observed, General Building
with the metal mesh Requirements
panel behind it
showing visible
damage. This may
affect ventilation and
security.
Exterior: Doors - The black-framed RA 9514, Rule 10,
Inaccessible Door with door with mesh screen Section [Link] –
Mesh Screen is in good condition, General Provisions
but was closed and RA 9514, Rule 10,
inaccessible during Section [Link] –
inspection. This may Doors
hinder quick RA 9514, Rule 10,
evacuation during
Section [Link] –
emergencies.
Exit Marking
Exterior: Drainage - The roof gutter is PD 1096 – National
Clogged and Obstructed filled with Building Code of the
Roof Gutter. accumulated dry Philippines, Chapter
leaves and wire, 1, Section 104
obstructing proper (General Building
drainage. This buildup Requirements, C.
may lead to water
overflow, roof leaks,
pest breeding, and
even fire hazards due
to dried leaves being
highly flammable.
Exterior: Landscaping - It can cause accidents PD 856, Chapter
A drainage hole not such as tripping or XVII, Section 74.
properly covered outside falling, especially for Drainage Systems
of the canteen. With no students and staff who
visible barricade or sign frequently pass by.
pertaining to a drainage During rainy days, it
hole there. can also collect water,
creating a breeding
ground for
mosquitoes.
Exterior: Sanitary - This can attract pests, PD 856, Chapter
unsanitary environment, cause foul odor, and XVII, Section 79
with stagnant water and increase the risk of -Drainage , B.
improper waste disposal. waterborne diseases,
compromising the
overall hygiene and
safety of the cafeteria
Interior: Floors - The cafeteria flooring PD 1096, Chapter 1,
Uneven and Misaligned is constructed with Section 104 ,C
Floor Tiles ceramic tiles. Several
areas show uneven
installation where tiles
are misaligned,
creating visible gaps
between joints. The
uneven surface also
poses a safety concern
for individuals
walking in the area.
Interior: Walls - Poor housekeeping PD 856, Chapter III,
Accumulation of dirt and and lack of cleaning Section 17 –
stains caused dirt buildup on Structural
cafeteria walls, Requirements - Walls
leading to unsanitary and Ceilings.
conditions that may
attract pests and
contaminate food,
risking consumer
health.
Interior: Ceiling - Water seepage has PD 1378, Section
Ceiling Water Seepage caused noticeable 310, 310.1-3 -
and Stain Formation ceiling stains, which Workmanship.
may weaken building
materials and create
conditions for mold
growth and
contamination. Since
the affected areas are
near lighting fixtures,
the seepage also
increases the risk of
electrical hazards and
compromises safety.
Interior: Plumbing - A faucet with PD 1378, Chapter II,
Faucet with Proper adequate water supply Principle No. 1 –
Water Supply is available for Basic Principles.
handwashing and
cleaning utensils in
the canteen. This
promotes proper
hygiene and sanitation
among students and
staff.
Interior: Electrical - The circuit breaker’s Philippine Electrical
Uncovered Circuit switch is exposed Code (PEC) 2017,
Breaker while the rest of the Section 1.1.1 –
unit is enclosed. General
Although wiring is not Requirements.
visible, the exposed
switch still poses a
minor safety concern
and should be fitted
with a proper cover to
prevent accidental
contact.
Interior: HVAC - The wall-mounted PD 856, Chapter III,
Improper Ventilation electric fan is not Section 17 F -
functioning, leading to Ventilation.
poor air circulation.
This causes
discomfort, heat
buildup, odors, and a
risk of unsanitary
conditions, requiring
repair or replacement
with regular
maintenance.
Results & Analysis:
The building inspection revealed multiple structural and maintenance deficiencies across
both the gymnasium and cafeteria buildings, indicating significant non-compliance with various
provisions of the National Building Code (PD 1096), Sanitation Code (PD 856), and Fire Code
(RA 9514). Observations highlighted concerns ranging from foundation cracks and roof
deterioration to electrical and sanitation issues, all of which point to inadequate upkeep and poor
adherence to safety standards.
In the Gymnasium Building Inspection, several areas exhibited signs of deterioration
caused by moisture and neglect. Cracks and spalling in the foundation suggested long-term water
infiltration likely due to insufficient drainage and poor concrete workmanship. The discolored
walls and missing roof sheets further indicated exposure to the elements and lack of preventive
maintenance, which compromised the building’s integrity and resistance to weathering. Damaged
components such as detached window meshes, broken door locks, and loosely attached drainage
pipes presented safety and usability hazards, while the accumulation of trash and unfinished
pathways reflected weak housekeeping and site management. Inside the structure, the conditions
were more severe. Uneven and cracked floors, stained walls, and sagging ceilings revealed
structural fatigue and moisture damage, posing risks to occupants. Exposed electrical wiring and
open drain pipes violated both electrical and plumbing standards, creating potential hazards of
electrocution, contamination, and pest infestation. The lack of proper ventilation from poorly
maintained HVAC systems further degraded indoor air quality and comfort, reinforcing the need
for comprehensive repair and compliance enforcement.
Similarly, the Cafeteria or Canteen Building Inspection revealed a mix of structural
deficiencies and sanitation lapses. Cracks between the slab and column foundation hinted at
possible instability and water seepage, while wall discoloration, algae buildup, and exposed
concrete showed evidence of moisture retention and lack of protective coating. These conditions
not only deteriorate the building surface but also pose health and fire safety risks. The roof gutter
was found clogged with debris, which obstructs drainage and increases the likelihood of water
overflow and pest breeding. Inside the cafeteria, misaligned floor tiles and dirt-stained walls
reflected poor workmanship and maintenance, making the area unsafe and unhygienic for daily
use. Ceiling water seepage near lighting fixtures created both electrical and structural hazards,
requiring urgent correction. On a positive note, the availability of a functioning faucet
demonstrated compliance with plumbing requirements and supported basic sanitation practices.
However, the exposed circuit breaker and non-functional ventilation fan pointed to insufficient
attention to electrical and air quality management. Overall, the cafeteria showed partial
compliance, but persistent issues in ventilation, drainage, and cleanliness remained.
Taken together, the findings from both buildings reveal recurring patterns of deterioration
primarily linked to poor maintenance, moisture management, and neglect of safety systems. The
observed non-compliance with established building, electrical, and sanitation standards
highlights the urgent need for preventive maintenance measures, regular inspections, and stricter
enforcement of building regulations. Addressing these deficiencies would not only improve
structural stability and occupant safety but also promote a healthier, more sustainable learning
environment.
Conclusion:
The building inspection activity successfully met all the stated objectives. Through
hands-on examination of both the gymnasium and cafeteria buildings, students gained practical
experience in identifying real-world structural, electrical, and sanitation deficiencies, fulfilling
the first objective of inspecting existing old and new buildings. The observed issues such as
foundation cracks, roof deterioration, moisture damage, electrical hazards, and poor ventilation
enabled students to apply critical thinking and problem-solving skills in analyzing possible
causes, effects, and corresponding corrective measures, thereby achieving the second objective.
Furthermore, the process deepened the students’ understanding of relevant construction
laws and standards, including the National Building Code (PD 1096), Sanitation Code (PD 856),
Fire Code (RA 9514), and related regulations. By correlating each defect with its respective code
provision, the group demonstrated awareness of proper maintenance practices and compliance
requirements, satisfying the third objective.
Overall, the inspection emphasized the importance of regular maintenance, adherence to
safety and sanitation codes, and proactive measures in sustaining structural integrity and
occupant safety. The activity not only reinforced technical knowledge but also promoted
accountability and professionalism in future construction and inspection practices.