Tutorial 10 -CLL110B
temperature
1. We derived an equation for energy balance to get a relationship for the
T from enthalpy per unit mass ((H) in the class. During the derivation, we appealed
work out
tosome relations borrowed from equilibrium Thermodynamics. Let's now
the derivation from internal energy per unit mass (U) instead. Our starting point is
the equation for internal energy:
Dh
-Vq-p(:v)-(T: Vv)
Ppt
The objective is to first be able to express dÜ=x dT + y dV, where x =
ß U/0TIv,y=0U/OV,.From first law of Thermodynamics we can write dU =
DQ-pòV, where for a constant volume process 8Q = C6T. What is x?
analogous
Next, to obtain y use the relationship dU= TdS- pdV, the
expression obtained from 2nd law of thermodynamics where the entropy is S. Note
that you are applying the derivative on U,S, [Link] means that when you
Use the Maxwell
look at partial derivatives, you'll keep other variables constant.
relationship: av v , to convertthe derivative in entropy to that in pressure.
=OT
What is y?
Dh DV
Next, to convert to material derivatives, apply Dt
=x+y.
Dt Dt
Apply the
continuity equation Dt
+p(V-v) =0to simplify eqation. What analogous
-Eg. 11.2-5 of the
equation do you get here instead of that derived from Enthalpy
book on Transport Phenomena?
2. Consider the half cylindershown below. The ends at =
0,T are maintained at
inner and outer
temperatures T = l%,I;, respectively. In the scenario that the
surfaces are thermally insulated, obtain
a) The temperature profile in the shaded region.
b) The rate of heat transport, 0,thrOugh the surface at = n.
Assume that the thermal
Conductivity of the material
varies linearly with
temperature.
Hint: Solve the problem in
terms of the non
dimensional temperature
A= =0
T;-To
3. Let us now consider an example where some form of convection is also present.
An infinite wire of constant density pis moving in the downward direction at a
constant speed v into avery large liquid bath maintained at a constant temperature
To. Far upstream(as Z -’ o) the wire has a temperature T=To. Assuming that
the liquid bath is at the level z =0, and the wire in contact with the liquid bath has
the same temperature 1o, obtain the temperature profile in the wire. Neglect any
heat transport in the radial direction in the wire, which may be assumed to be
sufficiently thin.
Hint: Obtain the expression in terms of the non-dimensional temperature 9 = T-Too
To-To
N.B.: In this problem, you'll encounter an expression that has units of diffusivity
k
(m/s ), which emerges from This is referred to has thermal diffusivity:
pep
a= k/pGp . Recall that in momentum transport,we encountered aquantity that had
units of diffusivity, namely, v =u/p- the momentum diffusivity. Often, in problems
involving competing momentum and heat transport mechanisms, one mayencounter
anon-dimensional number called the Prandtl number: Pr = , that defines the relative
importance of momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity. Prescriptions of non
dimensional numbers
pvL
are aplenty. The ones we have seen till now are the Reynolds
number: Re = - the ratio of inertial to viscous forces, and the Brinkman number:
Br = -ratio of relative importance of viscous dissipation to thermal conduction in
kAT
heat transport.
4. Two infinitely large parallelplates are located at y=0,L, respectively. Both the
piates are porous. The iower plate is to be maintained at atemperature T=T,
and the upper plate at temperature T=T;. To reduce the heat removal from the
lower plate, agas is blown at a constant velocity v through the pores in the
upwarddirection. Obtain an expression for the temperature distribution between
the two plates. Solve by non-dimensional analysis. You can non-dimensionalize
T-T1
temperature and distance as 0 = To-TË and ù = y/L.