MODULE 3:
MATTER
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. All physical objects are
composed of matter, and an easily observed property of matter is its state or
phase. The classical states of matter are solid, liquid and gas. Several other
states, including plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate, do exist, but it is the
classical states that can transition directly into any of the other classical states.
The density of a material varies with temperature and pressure. The density
of a material may change abruptly as the temperature rises.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory Of Matter
All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms.
Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed.
Atoms of the same element are identical in size, weight, and other properties.
Atoms of different elements are different in size, weight, and other
properties.
Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole number ratios to form
chemical compounds.
Atoms can be combined, separated, or rearranged in chemical reactions.
STATES of matter
Solids, liquids, gases, plasma and man-made Bose-Einstein condensates
Solid State
Solids have a definite shape, as well as mass and volume, and do not conform
to the shape of the container. The particles are tightly packed together.
Liquid State
Much like solids, liquids (most of which have a lower density than solids) are
incredibly difficult to compress. The particles are more loosely packed.
Gas State
In a gas, the particles have a great deal of space between them and have high
kinetic energy. A gas has no definite shape or volume.
Plasma
Plasma is not a common state of matter, but it may be the most common
state of matter in the universe, according to the Jefferson Laboratory(opens
in new tab). Stars are essentially superheated balls of plasma.
Plasma consists of highly charged particles with extremely high kinetic
energy.
Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)
BEC is a state of matter that occurs at incredibly low temperatures, just a few
billionths of a degree above absolute zero (0 Kelvin or -273.15 °C).
Phase Transition of Matter
Solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, and Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) are
different states of matter that have different physical properties. Each of
these states is also known as a phase.
Adding or removing energy from matter causes a physical change as matter
moves from one state to another.
Melting
When heat is applied to a solid, its particles begin to vibrate faster and move
farther apart.
Freezing
When the substance reaches a certain combination of temperature and
pressure, its melting point, the solid will begin to melt and turn into a liquid.
Sublimation
When a solid is converted directly into a gas without going through a liquid
phase. This may occur either when the temperature of the sample is rapidly
increased beyond the boiling point.
Vaporization
Vaporization is the conversion of a liquid to a gas and can occur through
either evaporation or boiling.
Condensation
Condensation occurs when a gas loses energy and comes together to form a
liquid.
Deposition
Deposition occurs when a gas transforms directly into a solid, without going
through the liquid phase.
classification of Matter
Two broad categories are mixtures and pure substances.
Mixtures
composed of two or more types of matter that can be present in varying
amounts and can be separated by physical changes, such as evaporation.
Types of Mixtures
Heterogeneous Mixtures
A mixture with a composition that varies from point to point is called a
heterogeneous mixture.
Heterogeneous Mixtures
also called a solution, exhibits a uniform composition and appears visually
the same throughout.
Pure Substance
has a constant composition. All specimens of a pure substance have exactly
the same makeup and properties.
CLASSES OF PURE SUBSTANCE
Elements
Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by
chemical changes are called elements.
Metal
shiny, malleable (able to be pressed permanently out of shape without
breaking or cracking); ductile (able to be deformed under applied stress);
fusible (able to be fused together at fairly low temperatures); and high
electrical and thermal conductivities.
Nonmetal
poor conductors of heat and electricity; dull and brittle; and generally soft
and have lower densities, boiling points, and melting points than metals.
Metalloids
metallic in appearance; brittle; and fair conductors of electricity
Compounds
Pure substances that are comprised of two or more elements.
Two types of compounds: Organic compounds and Inorganic compounds
Methods of Separating Mixtures
Evaporation
is a technique that is used in separating a mixture, usually a solution of a
solvent and a soluble solid. In this method, the solution is heated until the
organic solvent evaporates where it turns into a gas and mostly leaves
behind the solid residue.
Distillation
When mixtures consist of two or more pure liquids then distillation is used.
The mixture is heated and the component which is volatile evaporates first.
The vapour moves through a condenser and is collected in a liquid state.
Filtration
The most common method of separating a liquid from an insoluble solid. It
is used to remove solid particles from the liquid.
Sedimentation
is a process by which heavier impurities present in liquid normally water
settle down at the bottom of the container containing the mixture.
Separating funnel
is used mainly to segregate two immiscible liquids. The mechanism involves
taking advantage of the unequal density of the particles in the mixture.
Magnetic separation
is used when one substance in the mixture has some magnetic properties.