Chapter Three

Thin and Thick Cylinders

1
 3.1 Introduction
• The vessels such as boilers, compressed air receivers etc., are of cylindrical and
spherical forms. These vessels are generally used for storing fluids (liquid or gas)
under pressure.
• A thin cylinder is characterized by having a wall thickness that is relatively small
compared to its internal diameter. Specifically, when the wall thickness (t) is equal
to or less than d/20, where d represents the internal diameter of the cylinder or
shell, we consider it to be thin. In case of thin cylinders, the stress distribution is
assumed uniform over the thickness of the wall.
• On the other hand, a thick cylinder has a wall thickness that exceeds the d/20
criterion. In thick cylinders, the metal thickness (t) is more substantial. These
cylinders can handle high internal and external pressures due to their robust
construction. 2
 3.2 Thin Cylinders and Spheres
Thin cylinders find applications in various engineering contexts, including pipes,
boilers, and storage tanks.
The following assumptions are made in order to derive the expressions for the
stresses and strains in thin cylinders :
(a) The diameter of the cylinder is more than 20 times the thickness of the shell.
(b) The stresses are uniformly distributed through the thickness of the wall.
(c) The ends of the cylindrical shall are not supported from sides.
(d) The weight of the cylinder and that of the fluid contained inside are not taken into
account.
(e) The atmosphere pressure is taken as the reference pressure.
3
 3.2.1 Thin Cylindrical Vessel Subjected To Internal Pressure
Fig. 3.1 shows a thin cylindrical vessel in which a fluid under pressure is stored.

Fig. 3.1
Let 𝑑 = Internal diameter of the thin cylinder
𝑡 = Thickness of the wall of the cylinder
𝑃- Internal pressure of the fluid
𝐿 = Length of the cylinder. 4
 ….Cont’d
On account of the internal pressure p, the cylindrical vessel may fail by splitting up in
any one of the two ways as shown in Fig. 3.2 (a) and (b).
• The forces, due to pressure of the fluid acting vertically upwards and downwards on
the thin cylinder, tend to burst the cylinder as shown in Fig. 3.2 (a).
• The forces, due to pressure of the fluid, acting at the ends of the thin cylinder, tend
to burst the thin cylinder as shown in Fig. 3.2 (b).

Fig. 3.2 5
….Cont’d

Fig. 3.2 (repeated) 6

 3.2.2 Stresses Subjected To Internal Pressure
When a thin cylindrical vessel is subjected to internal fluid pressure, the stresses in
the wall of the cylinder on the cross-section along the axis and on the cross-section
perpendicular to the axis are set up. These stresses are tensile and are known as :
1. Circumferential stress (or hoop stress) and
2. longitudinal stress.
The name of the stress is given according to the direction in which the stress is
acting. The stress acting along the circumference of the cylinder is called
circumferential stress whereas the stress acting along the length of the cylinder (i.e.,
in the longitudinal direction) is known as longitudinal stress.
The circumferential stress is also known as hoop stress. The stress set up in Fig.3.2
(a) is circumferential stress whereas the stress set up in Fig.3.2 (b) is longitudinal
stress. 7
 A) Expression For Circumferential Stress (Or Hoop Stress)
Consider a thin cylindrical vessel subjected to an internal fluid pressure. The
circumferential stress will be set up in the material of the cylinder, if the bursting of
the cylinder takes place as shown in Fig.3.3 (a). The expression for hoop stress or
circumferential stress (𝜍1 ) is obtained as given below.
Let 𝑃 = Internal pressure of fluid
𝑑 = Internal diameter of the cylinder
𝑡 = Thickness of the wall of the cylinder
𝜍1 = Circumferential or hoop stress in the material.
The bursting will take place if the force due to fluid pressure is more than the
resisting force due to circumferential stress set up in the material. In the limiting case,
the two force should be equal.
8
 ….Cont’d

Fig. 3.3

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑃 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑕𝑖𝑐𝑕 𝑃 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

= 𝑃 × 𝑑 × 𝐿 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . (𝑖),
P is acting on projected area 𝑑 × 𝐿
Force due to Circumferential stress= 𝜍1 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑕𝑖𝑐𝑕 𝜍1 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
9
 ….Cont’d
Force due to Circumferential stress = 𝜍1 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑕𝑖𝑐𝑕 𝜍1 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

= 𝜍1 × 𝐿×𝑡 + 𝐿×𝑡

= 𝜍1 × 2𝐿𝑡 = 2𝜍1 × 𝐿 × 𝑡 … … … … … … … … … … … . (𝑖𝑖)

Equating (i) and (ii), we get 𝑃 × 𝑑 × 𝐿 = 2𝜍1 × 𝐿 × 𝑡
𝑃𝑑
𝜍1 = … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (3.1)
2𝑡

This stress is tensile as shown in Fig. 3.3 (b).

10
 B) Expression For Longitudinal Stress
Consider a thin cylindrical vessel subjected to internal fluid pressure. The longitudinal
stress will be set up in the material of the cylinder, if the bursting of the cylinder takes
place along the section AB of Fig.3.4 (a).
The longitudinal stress (𝜍2 ) developed in the material is obtained as :
Let 𝑃 = Internal pressure of fluid stored in thin cylinder
𝑑 = Internal diameter of cylinder
𝑡 = Thickness of the cylinder
𝜍2 = Longitudinal stress in the material.
The bursting will take place if the force due to fluid pressure acting on the ends of the
cylinder is more than the resisting force due to longitudinal stress (𝜍2 ) developed in
the material as shown in Fig.3.4 (b). 11
 ….Cont’d

Fig. 3.4
In the limiting case, both the forces should be equal.
𝜋 2
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑃 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑕𝑖𝑐𝑕 𝑃 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑃 × 𝑑 . . … . . (𝑎)
4
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝜍2 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑕𝑖𝑐𝑕 𝜍2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝜍2 × 𝜋𝑑 × 𝑡
𝜋 2
𝑃× 𝑑 𝑃𝑑
𝜍2 = 4 = … … … . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (3.2)
𝜋𝑑 × 𝑡 4𝑡
The stress 𝜍2 is also tensile. 12
 ….Cont’d
Equation (3.2) can be written as
𝑃𝑑 1
𝜍2 = = 𝜍1 or 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠.
2×2𝑡 2

This also means that circumferential stress (𝜍1 ) is two times the longitudinal
stress(𝜍2 ). Hence in the material of the cylinder the permissible stress should be less
than the circumferential stress. Or in other words, the circumferential stress should
not be greater than the permissible stress.
Maximum shear stress. At any point in the material of the cylindrical shell, there are
𝑃𝑑
two principal stresses, namely a circumferential stress of magnitude 𝜍1 = acting
2𝑡
𝑃𝑑
circumferentially and a longitudinal stress of magnitude 𝜍2 = acting parallel to the
4𝑡
axis of the shell. These two stresses are tensile and perpendicular to each other.13
 ….Cont’d
𝑃𝑑 𝑃𝑑
𝜎1 −𝜎2 − 𝑃𝑑
2𝑡 4𝑡
Maximum Shear Stress 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = … … … … … … … … … … … … … (3.2 𝐴)
2 2 8𝑡

Note,
i. If the thickness of the thin cylinder is to be determined then equation (3.1) should
be used.
ii. If maximum permissible stress in the material is given. This stress should be
taken circumferential stress (𝜍1 ).
iii. While using equations (3.1) and (3.2), the units of 𝑃, 𝜍1 and 𝜍2 should be same.
They should be expressed either in 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 or N/𝑚2 . Also the units of 𝑑 and 𝑡
should be same. They may be in meter (𝑚) or millimeter (𝑚𝑚).

14
 Example 3.1
A cylindrical pipe of diameter 1.5 𝑚 and thickness 1.5 𝑐𝑚 is subjected to an internal
fluid pressure of 1.2𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 . Determine :
(i) Longitudinal stress developed in the pipe, and
(ii) Circumferential stress developed in the pipe.

𝑡 1.5×10−2 1 1
As the ratio = = , which is less than , hence this is a case of thin
𝑑 1.5 100 20
cylinder. Here unit of pressure (𝑃) is in 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 . Hence the unit of 𝜍1 , and 𝜍2 will also
be in 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 . 15
 ….Cont’d
(i) The longitudinal stress (𝜍2 ) is given by equation (3.2) as,
𝑃𝑑 1.2 × 1.5 𝟐
𝜍2 = = = 𝟑𝟎𝑵/𝒎𝒎
4𝑡 4 × 1.5 × 10−2
ii. The circumferential stress (𝜍1 ) is given by equation (3.1) as
𝑃𝑑 1.2 × 1.5 𝟐
𝜍1 = = = 𝟔𝟎𝑵/𝒎𝒎
2𝑡 2 × 1.5 × 10−2

16
 Example 3.2
A cylinder of internal diameter 0.50𝑚 contains air at a pressure of 7𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 (gauge).
If the maximum permissible stress induced in the material in 80 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , find the
thickness of the cylinder.
Sol. Given:
Internal dia. of cylinder, 𝑑 = 0.50 𝑚
Internal pressure of air, P = 7𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Maximum permissible stress in the material means the circumferential stress (𝜍1 ). As
stated earlier that the circumferential stress should not be greater than the maximum
permissible stress. Hence take circumferential stress equal to maximum permissible
stress.

17
 ….Cont’d
Circumferential stress, 𝜍1 = 80 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Let 𝑡 = 𝑇𝑕𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
Using equation (3.1),

If the value of 𝑡 is taken 2.1875 𝑐𝑚, the stress induced will be 80 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 . If the value
of 𝑡 is less than 2.1875 𝑐𝑚, the stress induced will be more than 80 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 . But the
stress induced should not be more than 80 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 . If the value of 𝑡 is taken more
than 2.1875 𝑐𝑚 (say 𝑡 = 2.188 𝑐𝑚), the stress induced will be less than 80 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 .
Hence take 𝑡 = 2.188 𝑐𝑚 or say 𝟐. 𝟐 𝒄𝒎. Ans.
18
 Example 3.3
A water main 80 𝑐𝑚 diameter contains water at a pressure head of 100 𝑚. If the
weight density of water is 9810𝑁/𝑚3 , find the thickness of the metal required for the
water main. Given the permissible stress as 20 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 .
Sol. Given:
Dia. of main, 𝑑 = 80 𝑐𝑚
Pressure head of water, 𝑕 = 100 𝑚
Weight density of water, 𝑤 = 𝜌 × 𝑔 = 1000 × 9.81 = 9810𝑁/𝑚3
Permissible stress=20 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Permissible stress is equal to circumferential stress (𝜍1 ) or 𝜍1 = 20 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Pressure of water inside the water main, P = 𝜌 × 𝑔 × 𝑕 = 𝑤𝑕 = 9810 × 100𝑁/𝑚2
19
 ….Cont’d
Here 𝜍1 is in 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , hence pressure (p) should also be 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 . The value of p in
𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 is given as

Let 𝑡 = Thickness of the metal required.

Using equation (3.1),

20
 3.2.3 Efficiency Of A Joint
• The cylindrical shells such as boilers are having two types of joints namely
longitudinal joint and circumferential joint. In case of a joint, holes are made in the
material of the shell for the rivets as shown in Fig 3.5. Due to the holes, the area
offering resistance decreases. Due to the decrease in area, the stress (which is the
equal to the force divided by the area) developed in the material of the shell will be
more.
• Hence in case of riveted shell the circumferential and longitudinal stresses are
greater than what are given by equations (3.1) and (3.2). If the efficiency of a
longitudinal joint and circumferential joint are given then the circumferential and
longitudinal stresses are obtained as:
Let 𝜂𝑙 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝜂𝐶 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡, 21
….Cont’d

a
Fig. 3.5 a) welded joint, b) rivet Joint
22
 ….Cont’d
𝑃×𝑑
Then the circumferential stress (𝜍1 ) is given as 𝜍1 = … … … … … … … … … … (3.3)
2𝑡×𝜂𝑙

𝑃×𝑑
and the longitudinal stress (𝜍2 ) is given as 𝜍2 = … … … … … … … … … … … … (3.4)
4𝑡×𝜂𝐶

Note,
i. In longitudinal joint, the circumferential stress is developed whereas in
circumferential joint, the longitudinal stress is developed.
ii. Efficiency of a joint means the efficiency of a longitudinal joint.
iii. If efficiencies of a joint are given, the thickness of the thin shell is determined
from equation (3.3).

23
 Example 3.4
A boiler is subjected to an internal steam pressure of 2 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 . The thickness of
boiler plate is 2. 𝑐𝑚 and permissible tensile stress is 120 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 . Find out the
maximum diameter, when efficiency of longitudinal joint is 90% and that of
circumferential joint is 40%.
Sol. Given :
Internal steam pressure, 𝑃 = 2𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Thickness of boiler plates, 𝑡 = 2. 𝑐𝑚
Permissible tensile stress = 120 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
In case of a joints, the permissible stress may be circumferential stress or
longitudinal stress.
24
 ….Cont’d
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝜂𝑙 = 90% = 0.9
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝜂𝐶 = 40% = 0.4. Max. diameter of the
𝑃×𝑑
circumferential stress is given by the equation (3.3). 𝜍1 = , where 𝜍1 is
2×𝑡×𝜂𝑙
2×𝑑
permissible stress (120 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ) 120 = , (Here 𝑃 and 𝜍1 are in same units.
2×2×0.9
Thickness is in 𝑐𝑚 hence ‘𝑑’ will be in 𝑐𝑚)
120 × 2 × 2 × 0.9
𝑑= = 216 𝑐𝑚 … … … … … . . … … . . (𝑖)
2
𝑃×𝑑
Max. diameter for longitudinal stress is given by equation (3.4). 𝜍2 = , where 𝜍2
4𝑡×𝜂𝐶
2×𝑑 120×4×2×0.4
is permissible stress (120 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ). 120 = , 𝑑= = 192 𝑐𝑚. . … . . (𝑖𝑖)
4×2×0.4 2
25
 ….Cont’d
• The longitudinal or circumferential stresses induced in the material are directly
proportional to diameter (𝑑). Hence the stress induced will be less if the value of ‘𝑑’
is less. Hence take the minimum value of ‘𝑑’ calculated from equations (𝑖) and (𝑖𝑖).
• Maximum diameter of the boiler is equal to the minimum value of diameter given by
equation (𝑖) and (𝑖𝑖). Hence maximum diameter, 𝐝 = 𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝒄𝒎 Ans.
(Please note that if 𝑑 is taken as equal to 216.0 𝑐𝑚, the longitudinal stress (𝜍2 ) will be
more than the given permissible value as shown below :
𝑃×𝑑 2 × 216
𝜍2 = = = 135 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
4𝑡 × 𝜂𝐶 4 × 2 × 0.4

26
 3.2.4 Effect Of Internal Pressure On Tide Dimensions Of A Thin
Cylindrical Shell
• When a fluid having internal pressure (𝑃) is stored in a thin cylindrical shell, due to
internal pressure of the fluid the stresses set up at any point of the material of the
shell are:
(i) Hoop or circumferential stress (𝜍1 ), acting on longitudinal section.
(ii) Longitudinal stress (𝜍2 ) acting on the circumferential section.
These stresses are principal stresses, as they are acting on principal planes. The
stress in the third principal plane is zero as the thickness (𝑡) of the cylinder is very
small. Actually the stress in the third principal plane is radial stress which is very
small for thin cylinders and can be neglected.

27
 …Cont’d
Let P =Internal pressure of fluid
𝐿 =Length of cylindrical shell
𝑑 =Diameter of the cylindrical shell
𝑡 =Thickness of the cylindrical shell
𝐸 =Modulus of Elasticity for the material of the shell
𝜍1 =Hoop stress in the material
𝜍2 =Longitudinal stress in the material
𝜇 =Poisson’s ratio
𝛿𝑑=Change in diameter due to stresses set up in the material
𝛿𝐿 =Change in length
𝛿𝑉 =Change in volume.

28
 …Cont’d
The values of 𝜍1 , and 𝜍2 are given by equations (3.1) and (3.2) as
𝑃𝑑 𝑃𝑑
𝜍1 = and 𝜍2 =
2𝑡 4𝑡
Let 𝑒1 =Circumferential strain, and 𝑒2 =Longitudinal strain.
𝜎1 𝜇𝜎2
Then circumferential strain, 𝑒1 = − … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (3.5)
𝐸 𝐸
𝑃𝑑 𝑃𝑑
𝜇 4𝑡 𝑃𝑑 𝜇
𝑒1 = 2𝑡 − = 1 − … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (3.6)
𝐸 𝐸 2𝑡𝐸 2
𝜎2 𝜇𝜎1
and longitudinal strain, 𝑒2 = − … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (3.7)
𝐸 𝐸
𝑃𝑑 𝑃𝑑
𝜇 𝑃𝑑 1
𝑒2 = 4𝑡 − 2𝑡 = − 𝜇 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (3.8)
𝐸 𝐸 2𝑡𝐸 2
𝐶𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
But circumferential strain is also given as, 𝑒1 =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 29
 …Cont’d
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 − 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑒1 =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝜋(𝑑 + 𝛿𝑑) − 𝜋𝑑 𝜋𝑑 + 𝜋𝛿𝑑 − 𝜋𝑑
= =
𝜋𝑑 𝜋𝑑
𝜋𝛿𝑑 𝛿𝑑 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
= = 𝑜𝑟 = … … … … … … … . (3.9)
𝜋𝑑 𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Equating the two values of 𝑒1 given by equations (3.6) and (3.9), we get
𝛿𝑑 𝑃𝑑 𝜇
= 1 − … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . (3.10)
𝑑 2𝑡𝐸 2
𝑃𝑑 2 𝜇
Change in diameter, 𝛿𝑑 = 1− … … … … … … … . . … … … … … … … … … … … . . (3.11)
2𝑡𝐸 2

𝐶𝑕𝑎 𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

Similarly longitudinal strain is also given as, 𝑒2 = 30
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕
 …Cont’d
𝛿𝐿
𝑒2 = … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (3.12)
𝐿
Equating the two values of 𝑒2 given by equations (3.8) and (3.12), we get

𝛿𝐿 𝑃𝑑 1
= − 𝜇 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . (3.13)
𝐿 2𝑡𝐸 2
𝑃×𝑑×𝐿 1
Change in length,𝛿𝐿 = − 𝜇 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (3.14)
2𝑡𝐸 2

Volumetric strains. It is defined as change in volume divided by original volume.

𝛿𝑉
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = ,
𝑉

𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝛿𝑉) = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 − 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝜋 2
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑕𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑥 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 = 𝑑 × 𝐿 31
4
…Cont’d
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = (𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) 𝑥 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕

32
 …Cont’d
𝜋 2
𝛿𝑉 4 2𝑑𝐿𝛿𝑑 + 𝛿𝐿𝑑 2𝛿𝑑 𝛿𝐿
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = = 𝜋 = + … … … … … … … … . . (3.15)
𝑉 𝑑2 × 𝐿 𝑑 𝐿
4
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 2𝑒1 + 𝑒2 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (2.16)
𝑃𝑑 𝜇 𝑃𝑑 1
=2× 1− + −𝜇
2𝑡𝐸 2 2𝑡𝐸 2

𝑃𝑑 2𝜇 1 𝑃𝑑 5
= 2− + −𝜇 = − 2𝜇 … … … … … … … … … (3.17)
2𝑡𝐸 2 2 2𝑡𝐸 2

Also change in volume 𝛿𝑉 = 𝑉 2𝑒1 + 𝑒2 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (3.18)

33
 Example 3.5
Calculate :
(i) the change in diameter,
(ii) change in length and
(iii) change in volume of a thin cylindrical shell 100 𝑐𝑚 diameter, 1 𝑐𝑚 thick and
5 𝑚 long when subjected to internal pressure of 3 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 . Take the value of
𝐸 = 2 × 105 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and Poisson’s ratio, μ = 0.3.
Sol. Given : Diameter of shell, 𝑑 = 100 𝑐𝑚 Internal pressure, p=3 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Thickness of shell, 𝑡 = 1 𝑐𝑚 Young’s modulus, 𝐸 = 2 ×
Length of shell, 𝐿 = 5𝑚 = 105 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
5 𝑥100 = 500 𝑐𝑚 Poisson’s ratio, 𝜇 = 0.3

34
 …Cont’d
𝑃𝑑 2 𝜇 (3 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2)𝑑(100 𝑐𝑚)2 0.3
(i) The change in diameter (𝛿𝑑), 𝛿𝑑 = 1− = 1− = 0.06375 cm.
2𝑡𝐸 2 2(1 𝑐𝑚)(2×105 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ) 2

𝑃×𝑑×𝐿 1 (3 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 )(100 𝑐𝑚)(500𝑐𝑚) 1

(ii) Change in length, 𝛿𝐿 = 2𝑡𝐸 2
− 𝜇 =
2(1 𝑐𝑚)(2×105 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ) 2
− 0.3 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓 𝒄𝒎. 𝑨𝒏𝒔.

(iii) Change in volume, 𝛿𝑉 = 𝑉 2𝑒1 + 𝑒2

35
 Example 3.6
A cylindrical thin drum 80 𝑐𝑚 in diameter and 3 𝑚 long has a shell thickness of 1 𝑐𝑚.
If the drum is subjected to an internal pressure of 2.5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , determine
(i) change in diameter, (ii) change in length and (iii) change in volume. Take
𝐸 = 2 × 105 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 : Poisson’s ratio μ = 0.25.

36
 …Cont’d
(i) The change in diameter (𝛿𝑑),

(ii) Change in length,

(iii) Change in volume,

37
Assignment

3.2.6 Wire Winding Of Thin Cylinders

3.2.7. Thin Spherical Shells
3.3. Thick Cylinders and Spheres
• In the last chapter, we have mentioned that if the ratio of thickness to internal
diameter of a cylindrical shell is less than about 1/20, the cylindrical shell is known
as thin cylinders. For them it may be assumed with reasonable accuracy that the
hoop and longitudinal stresses are constant over the thickness and the radial stress
is small and can be neglected.
• If the ratio of thickness to internal diameter is more than 1/20, then cylindrical shell
is known as thick cylinders.
• The hoop stress in case of a thick cylinder will not be uniform across the thickness.
• Actually the hoop stress will vary from a maximum value at the inner circumference
to a minimum value at the outer circumference.
3.3.1. Stresses In A Thick Cylindrical Shell
Fig.3.9 (a) shows a thick cylinder subjected to a internal fluid pressure.

Fig. 3.9

Let 𝑟2 = External radius of the cylinder,

𝑟1 = Internal radius of the cylinder, and
𝐿 = Length of cylinder.
…Cont’d
Consider an elementary ring of the cylinder of radius 𝑥 and thickness 𝑑𝑥 as shown in
Fig.3.9.(b) and 3.10.
Let 𝑃𝑥 = Radial pressure on the inner surface of the ring,
𝑃𝑥 + d𝑃𝑥 = Radial pressure on the outer surface of the ring
𝜍𝑥 = Hoop stress induced in the ring.

Fig. 3.10

Take a longitudinal section 𝑥 − 𝑥 and consider the equilibrium of half of the ring of
Fig.3.10 as shown in Fig.3.10(a) or in Fig. 3.10 (b).
…Cont’d

Fig. 3.10 (b)

Fig. 3.10 (a)
Bursting force

Resisting force = Hoop stress x Area on which it acts = 𝜍𝑥 . 2𝑑𝑥. 𝐿 … … … … … … … … (ii)

…Cont’d
Equating the resisting force to the bursting force, we get

• The longitudinal strain at any point in the section is constant and is independent of
the radius. This means that cross-sections remain plane after straining and this is
true for sections, remote from any end fixing.
• As longitudinal strain is constant, hence longitudinal stress will also be constant.
Let 𝜍2 = Longitudinal stress.
Hence at any point at a distance 𝑥 from the centre, three principal stresses are acting
and they are:
…Cont’d
(i) the radial compressive stress, 𝑃𝑥
(ii) the hoop (or circumferential) tensile stress, 𝜍𝑥
(iii) the longitudinal tensile stress 𝜍2 .
The longitudinal strain (𝑒2 ) at this point is given by,
…Cont’d

The above equation can also be written as

…Cont’d
𝑏 𝑏
𝑃𝑥 + 𝑎 = 2 , 𝑃𝑥 = 2 − 𝑎 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 3.22
𝑥 𝑥
Substituting the values of 𝑃𝑥 in equation (iv), we get
𝑏 𝑏
𝜍𝑥 = − a + 2a = + 𝑎 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (3.23)
𝑥2 𝑥2

The equation (3.22) gives the radial pressure 𝑃𝑥 and equation (3.23) gives the hoop
stress at any radius 𝑥. These two equations are called Lame’s equations.
The constants ‘𝑎’ and ‘𝑏’ are obtained from boundary conditions, which are :
(i) at 𝑥 = 𝑟1 , 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑃0 or the pressure of fluid inside the cylinder, and
(ii) at 𝑥 = 𝑟2 , 𝑃𝑥 = 0 or atmosphere pressure.
After knowing the values of ‘𝑎’ and ‘𝑏’, the hoop stress can be calculated at any radius.
…Cont’d
𝑏
𝑃0 = − 𝑎, 𝑏 − 𝑎𝑟1 2 = 𝑃0 𝑟1 2 … … … … … (𝑎)
𝑟1 2

𝑏
0= − 𝑎 , 𝑏 − 𝑎𝑟2 2 = 0 … … … … … . … . . (𝑏),
𝑟2 2

𝑃0 𝑟1 2 𝑃0 𝑟1 2 𝑟2 2
subtract equation (a) and (b), we get 𝑎 = − 2 2
𝑟2 −𝑟1
and 𝑏 = − 2 2
𝑟2 −𝑟1

𝑃0 𝑟1 2 𝑟2 2
− 2 𝑃0 𝑟1 2 𝑃0 𝑟1 2 𝑟2 2
𝑟2 − 𝑟1 2
𝑃𝑥 = 2
+ 2 2
= 2 2
1 − 2 … … … … … … … … … … … … … 3.24
𝑥 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 𝑥

𝑃0 𝑟1 2 𝑟2 2
𝜍𝑥 = 2 2
1 + 2 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (3.25)
𝑟2 − 𝑟1 𝑥
The tangential stress is always a tensile stress whereas the radial stress is a
compressive stress.
…Cont’d
We know that the radial stress is maximum at the inner surface of the shell (i.e. when
𝑥 = 𝑟1 ) and zero at the outer surface of the shell. and it is minimum at the outer
surface of the shell (i.e. when 𝑥 = 𝑟2 ). Substituting the value of 𝑥 = 𝑟1 and 𝑥 = 𝑟2 in
equation (3.24), we find that the maximum radial stress at the inner surface of the
shell,,
𝑃𝑥(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = −𝑃(𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒) … … … … … … … … … … … … 3.24𝐴

and minimum radial stress at the outer surface of the shell,

𝑃𝑥(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 0 … … … … … … … … … … … … 3.24𝐵
…Cont’d
We also know that the tangential stress is maximum at the inner surface of the shell
(i.e. when 𝑥 = 𝑟1 ) and it is minimum at the outer surface of the shell (i.e. when 𝑥 = 𝑟2 ).
Substituting the value of 𝑥 = 𝑟1 and 𝑥 = 𝑟2 in equation (3.25), we find that the
maximum tangential stress at the inner surface of the shell,

𝑃0 (𝑟2 2 + 𝑟1 2 )
𝜍𝑥(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 2 2
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (3.25𝐴)
𝑟2 − 𝑟1
and minimum tangential stress at the outer surface of the shell,

2𝑃0 (𝑟1 2 )
𝜍𝑥(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 2 2
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (3.25𝐵)
𝑟2 − 𝑟1
Example 3.13
Determine the maximum and minimum hoop stress across the section of a pipe of
400 𝑚𝑚 internal diameter and 100 𝑚𝑚 thick, when the pipe contains a fluid at a
pressure of 8 𝑁 𝑚𝑚2 . Also sketch the radial pressure distribution and hoop stress
distribution across the section.
…Cont’d
Now apply the boundary conditions to the above equations. The boundary conditions
are:
…Cont’d
The values of ‘𝑎’ and ‘𝑏’ are substituted in the hoop stress. Now hoop stress at any
radius 𝑥 is given by equation (3.23) as

Fig.3.11 shows the radial pressure distribution and hoop stress distribution across the
section. AB is taken a horizontal line. AC = 8 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2. The variation between B and C
is parabolic. The curve BC shows the variation of radial pressure across AB.
…Cont’d

Fig. 3.11 (c)

The curve DE which is also parabolic, shows the variation of hoop stress across AB.
Values BD = 12.8 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and AE = 20.8 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2. The radial pressure is compressive
whereas the hoop stress is tensile.
Example 3.6
Find the thickness of metal necessary for a cylindrical shell of internal diameter
160 𝑚𝑚 to withstand an internal pressure of 8 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2. The maximum hoop stress in
the section is not to exceed 35 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2.

The maximum hoop stress is at the inner radius of the shell.

Let 𝑟2 = External radius. The radial pressure and hoop stress at any radius 𝑥 are given
by equations (3.22) and (3.23) is
…Cont’d

Let us now apply the boundary conditions. The boundary conditions are : at 𝑥 =
80 𝑚𝑚, 𝑃𝑥 = 8 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and 𝜍𝑥 = 35 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Substituting 𝑥 = 80 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑃𝑥 = 8 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 in equation

Substituting 𝑥 = 80 𝑚𝑚 and 𝜍𝑥 = 35 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 in equation (it), we get

…Cont’d
Subtracting equation (𝑖𝑖𝑖) from equation (𝑖𝑣), we get

Substituting the value of a in equation (𝑖𝑖𝑖), we get

Substituting the values of ‘𝑎’ and ‘𝑏’ in equation (𝑖)

But at the outer surface, the pressure is zero. Hence at 𝑥 = 𝑟2 , 𝑃2 = 0. Substituting

these values in the above equation, we get
3.3.3. Stresses In Compound Thick Cylinders
• From problem 3.13, we find that the hoop stress is maximum at the inner radius and
it decreases towards the outer radius.
• The hoop stress is tensile in nature and it is caused by the internal fluid pressure
inside the cylinder.
• This maximum hoop stress at the inner radius is always greater than the internal
fluid pressure.
• Hence the maximum fluid pressure inside the cylinder is limited corresponding to the
condition that the hoop stress at the inner radius reaches the permissible value.
• In case of cylinders which have to carry high internal fluid pressures, some methods
of reducing the hoop stress have to be devised.
…Cont’d
• One method is to wind strong steel wire under tension on the cylinder. The effect of
the wire is to put the cylinder wall under an initial compressive stress.
• Another method is to shrink one cylinder over the other. Due to this, the inner
cylinder will be put into initial compression whereas the outer cylinder will be put
into initial tension.
• If now the compound cylinder is subjected to internal fluid pressure, both the inner
and outer cylinders will be subjected to hoop tensile stress.
• The net effect of the initial stresses due to shrinking and those due to internal fluid
pressure is to make the resultant stresses more or less uniform.
…Cont’d
Fig. 3.12 shows a compound thick cylinder made up of two cylinders.
Let 𝑟2 =Outer radius of compound cylinder
𝑟1 = Inner radius of compound cylinder
𝑟 ∗ = Radius at the junction of the two cylinders
(i.e., outer radius of inner cylinder or inner radius of outer
cylinder)
𝑃∗ =Radial pressure at the junction of the two cylinders. Fig. 3.12

Let us now apply Lame’s equation i.e., equations (3.22) and (3.23) for the initial
conditions (i.e., after shrinking the outer cylinder over the inner cylinder and fluid
under pressure is not admitted into the inner cylinder).
…Cont’d
(i) For outer cylinder
The Lame’s equations at a radius 𝑥 for outer cylinder are given by
𝑏1 𝑏1
𝑃𝑥 = − 𝑎1 … … … … … … … . . (𝑖), 𝜍𝑥 = + 𝑎1 … … … … … … … . . (𝑖𝑖), where 𝑎1 and 𝑏1
𝑥2 𝑥2
are constants for outer cylinder.
At 𝑥 = 𝑟2 , 𝑃𝑥 = 0. and 𝑥 = 𝑟 ∗ , 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑃∗
Substituting these conditions in equation (i), we get
𝑏1 𝑏1
0= − 𝑎1 … … … … … … . . (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑃∗ = − 𝑎1 … … … … … … … … … (𝑖𝑣)
𝑟2 2 𝑟∗2

From equations (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑣), the constants 𝑎1 and 𝑏1 can be determined. These
values are substituted in equation (𝑖𝑖). And then hoop stresses in the outer cylinder
due to shrinking can be obtained.
…Cont’d
(ii) For inner cylinder
The Lame’s equations for inner cylinder at a radius 𝑥 are given by
𝑏2 𝑏2
𝑃𝑥 = − 𝑎2 𝜍𝑥 = + 𝑎2 , where 𝑎2 and 𝑏2 are constants for inner cylinder.
𝑥2 𝑥2

At 𝑥 = 𝑟1 , 𝑃𝑥 = 0. as fluid under pressure is not admitted into the inner cylinder.

and 𝑥 = 𝑟 ∗ , 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑃∗
Substituting these values in the above value of 𝑃𝑥 , we get
𝑏2 𝑏2
0= − 𝑎2 … … … … … … . . (𝑣) 𝑃∗ = − 𝑎2 … … … … … … … … … (𝑣𝑖)
𝑟2 2 𝑟∗2

From equations (𝑣) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑣𝑖), the constants 𝑎2 and 𝑏2 can be determined. These
values are substituted in 𝜍𝑥 . And then hoop stresses are obtained.
…Cont’d
Hoop stresses in compound cylinder due to internal fluid pressure alone
When the fluid under pressure is admitted into the compound cylinder, the hoop
stresses are set in the compound cylinder. To find these stresses, the inner cylinder
and outer cylinder will together will be considered as one thick shell, Let P =internal
fluid pressure. Now the Lame’s equations are applied, which are given by
𝐵 𝐵
𝑃𝑥 = − 𝐴 … … . . 𝑣𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜍𝑥 = + 𝐴 … … … … . . (𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖) ,where A and B are constants
𝑥2 𝑥2
for single thick shell due to internal fluid pressure. At 𝑥 = 𝑟2 , 𝑃𝑥 = 0. Substituting these
values in equation (𝑣𝑖𝑖), we get
𝐵
0 = 2 − 𝐴 … … … … … … … (𝑖𝑥)
𝑟2
At 𝑥 = 𝑟1 , 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑃. Substituting these values in equation (𝑣𝑖𝑖), we get
𝐵
𝑃 = 2 − 𝐴 … … … … … … … … … … … (𝑥)
𝑟
…Cont’d
From equations (𝑖𝑥) and (𝑥), the constants A and B can be determined. These values
are substituted in equation (𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖). And then hoop stresses across the section can be
obtained.
The resultant hoop stresses will be the algebraic sum of the hoop stresses caused
due to shrinking and those due to internal fluid pressure.
Example 3.7
A compound cylinder is made by shrinking a cylinder of external diameter
300 𝑚𝑚 and internal diameter of 250 𝑚𝑚 over another cylinder of external diameter
250 𝑚𝑚 and internal diameter 200 𝑚𝑚. The radial pressure at the junction after
shrinking is 8 𝑁 𝑚𝑚2 . Find the final stresses set up across the section, when the
compound cylinder is subjected to an internal fluid pressure of 84.5 𝑁 𝑚𝑚2 .
Sol. Given : For outer cylinder:
External diameter = 300 𝑚𝑚, Internal diameter = 250 mm,
250
Radius at the junction 𝑟 ∗ = = 125𝑚𝑚
2
For inner cylinder
Internal diameter=200 𝑚𝑚,
Radical pressure due to shrinking at the junction, 𝑃∗ = 8 𝑁 𝑚𝑚2 Fig. 3.13
Fluid pressure in the compound cylinder P= 84.5 𝑁 𝑚𝑚2 .
…Cont’d
(i) Stresses due to shrinking in the outer and inner cylinders before the fluid
pressure is admitted.
(a) Lame’s equations for outer cylinders are

Substituting these values in equation (i),

Substituting these values in equation (i), we get

Subtracting equation (iii) from equation (iv), we get

…Cont’d

Substituting the value of 𝑏1 in equation (iii), we get

Substituting the values of 𝑎1 and 𝑏1 in equation (ii), we get

The above equation gives the hoop stress in the outer cylinder due to shrinking. The
hoop stress at the outer and inner surface of the outer cylinder is obtained by
substituting x= 150 mm and x = 125 mm respectively in the above equation.
…Cont’d

(b) Lame’s equations for the inner cylinder are:

Substituting these values in equation (v), we get

…Cont’d
Subtracting equation (vii) from equation (viii), we get

Substituting the value 𝑏2 in equation (vii), we get

Substituting the values of 𝑎2 and 𝑏2 in equation (vi ), we get

…Cont’d
Hence the hoop stress for the inner cylinder is obtained by substituting x= 125 mm
and x= 125 mm respectively in the above equation.

(ii) Stresses due to fluid pressure alone:

When the fluid under pressure is admitted inside the compound cylinder, the two
cylinders together will be considered as one single unit. The hoop stresses are
calculated by Lame s equations, which are
…Cont’d

Subtracting equation (xii) from equation (xi), we get

…Cont’d
Substituting the values of A and B in equation (x), we get

Hence the hoop stresses due to internal fluid pressure alone are given by,

The resultant stresses will be the algebraic sum of the initial stresses due to shrinking
and those due to internal fluid pressure.
…Cont’d
Inner cylinder

Outer cylinder
Assignment
• Thick Spherical Cells
Reference:
R.K. Bansal Strength of materials, 4th Edition

End of Chapter Three