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Solutions to Physics and Chemistry questions:

0. Electric motor: converts electrical energy into mechanical energy :: Electric generator: converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy.

1. Fleming’s left hand rule: electric current, magnetic field, motion :: Fleming’s right hand rule:
electric current, magnetic field, force.

2. Alternating current: oscillatory change in direction :: Direct current: constant flow in one
direction.

3. When ice is converted into water: constant temperature (0°C) due to latent heat of fusion ::
Before the water evaporates: decreasing temperature due to latent heat of vaporization.

4. Relative humidity greater than 60%: saturated air (cannot hold more moisture) :: Relative
humidity less than 60%: unsaturated air (can hold more moisture).

5. While studying anomalous behavior of water in Hope’s apparatus, the upper temperature of the
thermometer: 0°C (melting point of ice) :: Lower temperature of the thermometer: varies
depending on the amount of ice and initial water temperature.

6. The density of water is highest at 4°C: anomalous behavior of water (contracts instead of
expanding with decreasing temperature) :: Shredded ice converted into solid ice balls: decreases
in density as air spaces form.

7. Specific latent heat of vaporization: amount of heat required to convert 1 kg of liquid to vapor at
its boiling point :: Specific heat: amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of
substance by 1°C.
8. N₁: refractive index of medium 1, n₂: refractive index of medium 2 :: Snell’s law: n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂,
where θ₁ and θ₂ are the angles of incidence and refraction, respectively.

9. Refractive index of air: 1.0003 :: Refractive index of water: 1.33. (Water bends light more than
air)

10. Convex lens: converging (focuses rays closer) :: Concave lens: diverging (spreads rays out).

11. Nearsightedness: elongated eyeball (image focuses beyond retina) :: Farsightedness: flattened
eyeball (image focuses before retina).

12. Object at 2F₁ of a convex lens: Image at 2F₂ :: Object at F₁: Image at infinity (parallel rays).

13. Nearsightedness: concave lens (corrects by diverging rays) :: Farsightedness: convex lens
(corrects by converging rays).

14. Simple microscope: one convex lens :: Compound microscope: multiple lenses for higher
magnification.

15. Focal length (f): distance from lens to focal point :: Power of lens (P): 1/f (in meters).

16. Brass: alloy of copper and zinc :: Bronze: alloy of copper and tin.

17. Pressure cooker: uses steam pressure to increase cooking temperature :: Anodizing:
electrochemical process to create a protective oxide layer on a metal surface :: Silver plated
spoons: decorative coating using electrolysis.
 18. Electrolytic reduction of alumina: Anode: graphite (oxidized to CO₂) :: Cathode: molten cryolite
(electrolyte) with dissolved alumina (reduced to aluminum).

28-29: Incomplete questions require additional information like object’s position or lens type to provide
solutions.

30. Sulphide ores: roasting (converts sulphides to oxides) :: Oxide ores: direct reduction with carbon
(smelting).

31. Bauxite: main ore of aluminum :: Cassiterite: main ore of tin.

32. Metal sheets: malleable (can be hammered thin) :: Electric wires: ductile (can be drawn into thin
wires).

33. Zinc sulphide: roasting (converts to zinc oxide) :: Zinc carbonate: thermal decomposition (converts to
zinc oxide).

34. Rusting of iron: oxidation reaction with oxygen and water :: Corrosion of copper: reaction with acidic
or oxidizing environments.

35. Diamond: covalent network structure, very strong bonds :: Electric conductor: metallic bonding,
delocalized electrons

I’d be glad to help with the analogies and chemical formula completions:

36. Soft metal : Na :: hard metal : Chromium (Cr)

This follows the pattern of comparing metals with contrasting softness/hardness. Sodium (Na) is a very
soft alkali metal, while chromium (Cr) is a relatively hard transition metal.

37. Aluminium: Malleable :: gold : Ductile

38. Bronze : Copper + Tin :: Tin : Cu + Zn

This analogy relates alloys (mixtures of metals) to their constituent elements. Bronze is an alloy of
copper (Cu) and tin (Sn), so the second part substitutes copper with zinc (Zn) to form another common
alloy, brass.

39. Solid : Iodine :: Liquid : Bromine

Both iodine and bromine are halogens, but iodine exists as a solid at room temperature while bromine is
a liquid. The analogy highlights their varying physical states at this temperature.

40. CH3-CH2-CHO : Propane :: CH3-COOH : Acetic acid

These organic compounds follow a functional group substitution pattern. Propane is a simple
hydrocarbon, and substituting one of its hydrogens with a carboxylic acid group (COOH) changes it to
acetic acid.

41. Ketone : -CO- :: Ester : -COO-

The analogy focuses on common functional groups in organic chemistry. Ketones have a -CO- group,
while esters have the slightly extended -COO- group, both linked to carbon chains.

42. Cyclohexane : Cyclic hydrocarbon :: Isobutylene : Branched alkene

This analogy compares types of hydrocarbons. Cyclohexane is a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon (ring-
shaped with single bonds), and isobutylene is an unsaturated branched alkene (double bond within a
branched chain).
43. Saturated hydrocarbon : Single bond :: Unsaturated hydrocarbon : Double bond

The analogy directly explains the relationship between hydrocarbon saturation and the presence of
double bonds. Saturated hydrocarbons only have single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated
hydrocarbons contain at least one double bond.

44. Saturated carbon compounds : Blue flame :: Unsaturated carbon compounds : Yellow flame