Probability

1) 𝐴 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑠 10
Solution
𝐴 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑛 3 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 6 𝑥 6 𝑥 6 = 216 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 ,
∴ 𝑛 𝑠 = 216
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑠 10
⇒ {1, 6, 3 } = 3! = 6 ways

⇒ {1, 6, 3 }
⇒ {1, 3, 6 }
⇒ {3, 1, 6 }
⇒ {3, 6, 1 }
⇒ {6, 1, 3 }
⇒ {6, 3, 1 }
1) 𝐴 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑠 10
Solution
𝐴 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑛 3 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 6 𝑥 6 𝑥 6 = 216 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 ,
∴ 𝑛 𝑠 = 216
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑠 10
⇒ {1, 6, 3 } = 3! = 6 ways
⇒ {1, 4, 5} = 3! = 6 ways
⇒ {2, 5, 3} = 3! = 6 ways
3!
⇒ {2, 4, 4} = = 3 ways
2!
3!
⇒ {2, 2, 4} = = 3 ways
2!
3!
⇒ {3 , 3, 4} = = 3 ways
2!
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 = 27
27 1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑠 10 = =
216 8
 2. 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦 . 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑖 𝑡𝑤𝑜 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑤𝑜 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 (iii) one head iv) No head
Solution
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻 , 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇}
𝑛 𝑠 =8
𝑖) 𝑙𝑒𝑡 A be event of getting two heads 𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑙𝑒𝑡 C be event of getting one heads
A = {𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻 , 𝑇𝐻𝐻} C = {𝐻𝑇𝑇 , 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻}
𝑛 𝐴 =3 𝑛 𝐶 =3
𝑛(𝐴) 4 𝑛(𝐶) 3
⇒ P(A) = = ⇒ P(C) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 8 𝑛(𝑆) 8

𝑖) 𝑙𝑒𝑡 B be event of getting at least two heads 𝑖𝑣) 𝑙𝑒𝑡 D be event of getting No heads
B = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻 , 𝑇𝐻𝐻} D = {𝑇𝑇𝑇}
𝑛 𝐵 =3 𝑛 𝐷 =1
𝑛(𝐵) 1 𝑛(𝐷) 1
⇒ P(B) = = ⇒ P(D) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 2 𝑛(𝑆) 8
 3. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒
(i) 53 Sundays in (a) leap year (b) Non-leap Year
(ii) 5 sundays in month of february of leap year
(iii) 5 Sundays in month of October
(iv) 5 sundays in month of November
Solution
(i) For a leap year = 366 days
In 366 days, Number of weeks = 52 weeks and 2 day is remaining.
2 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒
𝑆 = {𝑆𝑢𝑛 − 𝑀𝑜𝑛 , 𝑀𝑜𝑛 − 𝑇𝑢𝑒, 𝑇𝑢𝑒 − 𝑊𝑒𝑑, 𝑊𝑒𝑑 − 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑟, 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑟 − 𝐹𝑟𝑖, 𝐹𝑟𝑖 − 𝑆𝑎𝑡, 𝑆𝑎𝑡 − 𝑆𝑢𝑛}
𝑛 𝑆 =7
Favorable outcomes A= {Sun-Mon, Sat-Sun} ⇒ 𝑛 𝐴 =2
𝑛(𝐴) 2
⇒ P(A) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 7
For a non−leap year = 365 days
In 365 days, Number of weeks = 52 weeks and 1 day is remaining.
1 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒
𝑆 = {𝑆𝑢𝑛 , 𝑀𝑜𝑛 , 𝑇𝑢𝑒, 𝑊𝑒𝑑, 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑟, 𝐹𝑟𝑖, 𝑆𝑎𝑡, 𝑆𝑢𝑛}
𝑛 𝑆 =7
Favorable outcomes B= {Sun}
𝑛 𝐵 =1
𝑛(𝐵) 1
⇒ P(B) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 7
 3. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒
(i) 53 Sundays in (a) leap year (b) Non-leap Year
(ii) 5 sundays in month of february of leap year
(iii) 5 Sundays in month of October (iv) For Month of November = 30 days
(iv) 5 sundays in month of November In 30 days, Number of weeks = 4 weeks and 2 day is remaining.
Solution 2 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒
(ii) For a leap year February Month= 29 days 𝑆 = {𝑆𝑢𝑛 − 𝑀𝑜𝑛 , 𝑀𝑜𝑛 − 𝑇𝑢𝑒, 𝑇𝑢𝑒 − 𝑊𝑒𝑑, 𝑊𝑒𝑑 − 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑟, 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑟 − 𝐹𝑟𝑖,
In 29 days, Number of weeks = 4 weeks and 1 day is remaining. 𝑛 𝑆 =7
1 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 Favorable outcomes A= {Sun-Mon, Sat-Sun} ⇒ 𝑛 𝐷 =2
𝑆 = {𝑆𝑢𝑛 , 𝑀𝑜𝑛 , 𝑇𝑢𝑒, 𝑊𝑒𝑑, 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑟, 𝐹𝑟𝑖, 𝑆𝑎𝑡, 𝑆𝑢𝑛}
𝑛(𝐷) 2
⇒ P(D) = =
𝑛 𝑆 =7 𝑛(𝑆) 7
Favorable outcomes C= {Sun}
𝑛(𝐶) 1
⇒ P(C) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 7
iii) For month of october = 31 days
In 31 days, Number of weeks = 4 weeks and 3 day is remaining.
3 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒
𝑆 = {𝑆𝑢𝑛 − 𝑀𝑜𝑛 − 𝑇𝑢𝑒 , 𝑀𝑜𝑛 − 𝑇𝑢𝑒 − 𝑊𝑒𝑑, 𝑇𝑢𝑒 − 𝑊𝑒𝑑 − 𝑇ℎ𝑢, 𝑊𝑒𝑑 − 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑟 − 𝐹𝑟𝑖, 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑟 − 𝐹𝑟𝑖 − 𝑆𝑎𝑡, 𝐹𝑟𝑖 − 𝑆𝑎𝑡 − 𝑆𝑢𝑛, 𝑆𝑎𝑡 − 𝑆𝑢𝑛 − 𝑀𝑜𝑛}
𝑛 𝑆 =7
Favorable outcomes D= {Sun-Mon-Tue , 𝐹𝑟𝑖 − 𝑆𝑎𝑡 − 𝑆𝑢𝑛, 𝑆𝑎𝑡 − 𝑆𝑢𝑛 − 𝑀𝑜𝑛}
𝑛 𝐷 =3
𝑛(𝐷) 3
⇒ P(D) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 7
 4 . 𝐴 𝑏𝑜𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 4 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 , 6 𝑟𝑒𝑑 , 4 𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠. 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
(𝑖)Both are white or both are red
(ii)𝑁𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘
(iii) At least one is red
(iv) 1 white and 1 blue
Solution
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 2 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 19 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠
n(s) = 19𝐶2 = 171

i) A → 𝐵𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑑 iv) D → 1 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑛 𝐴 = 4𝐶2 + 6𝐶2 = 21 𝑛 𝐷 = 4𝐶1 . 4𝐶1 = 16

𝑛(𝐴) 21 7 𝑛(𝐷) 16
⇒ P(A) = = = ⇒ P(D) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 171 57 𝑛(𝑆) 171

ii) B → 𝑁𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘

𝑛 𝐵 = 8𝐶2 = 28
𝑛(𝐵) 28
⇒ P(B) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 171

iii) C → 𝐴𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑑

𝑛 𝐶 = 6𝐶1 . 13𝐶1 + 6𝐶2 = 93
𝑛(𝐶) 93 31
⇒ P(C) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 171 57
 5 . ) 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑛. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
(𝑖)Both are black (ii)Both are 𝑟𝑒𝑑 (iii) One is black and one is red
(iv) Both are Diamond Card (v)Both are picture (vi) One is picture and other is an ace
Solution
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 2 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 52 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 iv) D → 𝐵𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑
n(s) = 52𝐶2
𝑛 𝐷 = 13𝐶2
i) A → 𝐵𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑛(𝐷) 1
𝑛 𝐴 = 26𝐶2 ⇒ P(D) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 17
𝑛(𝐴) 25
⇒ P(A) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 102 v) E → 𝐵𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
ii) B → 𝐵𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑑 𝑛 𝐸 = 12𝐶2

𝑛 𝐵 = 26𝐶2 𝑛(𝐸) 11
⇒ P(E) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 221
𝑛(𝐵) 25
⇒ P(B) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 102 vi) F → One is picture and other is an ace

iii) C → 𝑂𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑛 𝐹 = 13𝐶1 . 13𝐶1

𝑛 𝐶 = 26𝐶1 . 26𝐶1 𝑛(𝐹) 8

⇒ P(F) = =
𝑛(𝐶) 26 𝑛(𝑆) 221
⇒ P(C) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 51
6 . ) 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 100 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 36 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑦𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 13 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑙𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠. 𝐼𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
are 55 girls in all ,find the probability that
i) a student selected at random is not studying statistics given that student is a boy
ii) A student selected at random is girl given that student is studying statistics
Solution

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 i ) Prob that student is not studying statistics given
that he is boy =
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑜𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠
Boys Girls Total
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑦
Studying Statistics 36 9
=
Not Studying 13 45
Statistics 1
=
5
Total 45 55 100

ii ) Prob that student is girl given that student is

Boys Girls Total studying statistics =
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠
Studying Statistics 36 42 78
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐
Not Studying 9 13 22
Statistics 42
=
78
Total 45 55 100
7
=
13
7. ) 𝐼𝑛 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 100 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
ii ) Prob that worker unskilled given that she is
Male Female Total female =
Skilled 35 25 60 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑟
Unskilled 30 10 40 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒
Total 65 35 100 10
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑟 selected random will be =
35
(i) A male given that he is skilled
(ii) unskilled given that she is female 2
=
Solution 7

i ) Prob that worker is male given that he is skilled =

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑

35
=
60

7
=
12
 8. ) 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 2 𝑏𝑎𝑔𝑠. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 5 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 7 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 3 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 12 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 . 𝑂𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡
At random from the first bag and is put in the second bag . Now a ball is drawn from second bag. What is the probability that this
last ball is red ?

Solution
There are two possibilities, the ball transferred from
the first bag is white or the ball is red

i) When the first ball transferred from the first bag to ii) When the first ball transferred from the first bag to
second is white , probability of this event is 7/12 second is red, probability of this event is 5/12

Now , there are 13 white and 3 red balls in second bag Now , there are 12 white and 4 red balls in second bag

Probability of drawing a red ball now = 3/16 Probability of drawing a red ball now = 4/16
7 3 5 4
P( Combined event ) == . P( Combined event ) == .
12 16 12 16
21 20
= =
192 192

21 20 41
P( Required event ) = + =
192 192 192
9. ) 𝐴 𝑐𝑎𝑛 ℎ𝑖𝑡 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 2 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 5 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑠 , 𝐵 𝑐𝑎𝑛 ℎ𝑖𝑡 3 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 4 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 𝑐𝑎𝑛 ℎ𝑖𝑡 2 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 3 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑠. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦
What is the probability that at least 2 shots hit the target

Solution
2 3
Probability of A hitting the target = P(A) = Probability of A not hitting the target = P(𝐴)ҧ =
5 5
3 1
Probability of B hitting the target = P(B) = ത =
Probability of B not hitting the target = P(𝐵)
4 4
2 1
Probability of C hitting the target = P(C) = Probability of C not hitting the target = P(𝐶)ҧ =
3 3

P ( at least 2 shots hit the target ) = P( All three Hit ) + P( B & C hits but A does not hit ) +
P( A & C hits but B does not hit ) + P( A & B hits but C does not hit )

=P(A)P(B)P(C) + P(𝐴)ҧ P(B)P(C) + P(A) P(𝐵)

ത P(C) + P(A)P(B) P(𝐶)ҧ

2
P( Required event ) =
3
 4 3
9. ) 𝐴 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷. 𝐻𝑖𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑎𝑠 , 𝑖𝑛 𝐵 𝑎𝑠 , in C as 5/6
5 4
, in D as 2/3 . To qualify he must pass in A and in at least two other subjects . What is the probability that he will qualify

Solution
4 1
P(A) = P(𝐴)ҧ =
5 5
3 1
P(B) = ത =
P(𝐵)
4 4
5 1
P(C) = P(𝐶)ҧ =
6 6
2
P(D) = ഥ) = 1
P(𝐷
3 3
P ( He will qualify ) = P( Passes in All 4) + P( passes in A , B, C but fails in D ) + P( passes in A , B ,D but fails in C )
+ P( passes in A , C ,D but fails in B )

ഥ )+ P(A) P(B) P(D)P(𝐶)ҧ + P(A) P(𝐵)

=P(A)P(B)P(C)P(D) + P(A) P(B)P(C) P(𝐷 ത P(C) P(D)

61
P( Required event ) =
90
10. )A ,B,C are 3 newspaper from a city. 20% of the population red A, 16% read B, 14% read C, 8% both A and B, 5% both A and C,
4% both B and C, 2% all the three. Find probability that a person
a) Reads none of these paper
b) Read atleast one of these papers
c) Reads only one of these papers
d) Reads only two of these papers
e) Reads A and B but not C
a) P(Reads none of these paper ) = 1- P( Reads Atleast one )
Solution = 0.65

A b) P(Atleast one of these paper ) = 0.35

c) P(Reads only one of these paper ) = 9% + 6% +7% = 0.22

9

d) P(Reads only two of these paper ) = 6% + 2% +3% = 0.11

6 3
2
e) P(Reads A and B but not C ) = 6% = 0.06
6 2 7

B
C
11. ) The odds against A speaking the truth are 4:6 while the odds in favour of B speaking the truth are 7:3 find the
probability that A & B contradict each other in stating the same fact

Solution
6 4
Probability of A speaking the truth = P(A) = Probability of A not speaking the truth = P(𝐴)ҧ =
10 10

Probability of B speaking the truth = P(B) =

7 ത = 3
Probability of B not speaking the truth = P(𝐵)
10 10

Probability of A & B contradicts each other = P( A speaks truth and B Lies ) or P( A lies and B speaks truth )

ത P(𝐴)ҧ P(B)
= P(A) P(𝐵)+

23
=
50
𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠
12. ) A and B throw a fair die alternately . A starts . One who throws 6 first wins . Find their probabilities of their
winning the game

Solution
1 5
Probability of A getting 6 with die = P(A) = Probability of A not getting 6 with die = P(𝐴)ҧ =
6 6

Probability of B getting 6 with die = P(B) =

1 ത = 5
Probability of B not getting 6 with die = P(𝐵)
6 6

Event of A Winning = P(A wins ) or P(A loses and B loses and A wins) or P(A loses and B loses and A loses and B loses and A wins )…………………..

Probability of A winning = P(A) +P(𝐴)ҧ P(𝐵)P(A)+

ത P(𝐴)ҧ P(𝐵)
ത P(𝐴)ҧ P(𝐵)
ത P(A) ………………
1 551 55551
= + + ……………
6 666 66666
1 5 2 5 4
= 1 + + ……………
6 6 6
1 1 1
=
6 1− 5 2 1−𝑟
6
6
=
11
Probability of B winning = 1- P( A winning)
5
= 1-
11
5
=
11
13. ) A and B throw a fair coin alternately . A starts . One who throws head first wins . Find their probabilities of
their winning the game

Solution
1 1
Probability of A getting head = P(A) = Probability of A not getting Head = P(𝐴)ҧ =
2 2
1 ത = 1
Probability of B not getting Head= P(𝐵)
Probability of B getting Head = P(B) =
2 2

Event of A Winning = P(A wins ) or P(A loses and B loses and A wins) or P(A loses and B loses and A loses and B loses and A wins )…………………..

Probability of A winning = P(A) +P(𝐴)ҧ P(𝐵)P(A)+

ത P(𝐴)ҧ P(𝐵)
ത P(𝐴)ҧ P(𝐵)
ത P(A) ………………
1 111 11111
= + + ……………
2 222 22222
1 1 2 1 4
= 1 + + ……………
2 2 2
1 1
=
2 1− 1 2
2
2
=
3
Probability of B winning = 1- P( A winning)
2
= 1-
3
1
=
3
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
1.) A person has undertaken a mining job. The probabilities of completion of job on time with and
without rain are 0.42 and 0.90 respectively. If the probability that it will rain is 0.45, then determine the
probability that the mining job will be completed on time.
Solution
Rains • JOB Completed(A)
( B)

Without Rain • JOB completed(A)

(B′)

Let A be the event that the mining job will be completed on time and B be the event that it rains. We have,
P(B) = 0.45,
P(no rain) = P(B′) = 1 − P(B) = 1 − 0.45 = 0.55
P(A|B) = 0.42
P(A|B′) = 0.90

By total probability theorem, we have

P(A) = P(B) P(A|B) + P(B′) P(A|B′)

= 0.684
2. ) A bag contains 7 red and 3 black balls and another bag contains 4 red and 5 black balls . One ball is transferred
from the first ball to second bag and then a ball is drawn from the second bag. Find probability that this ball is red
Solution

Let 𝑝1 be probability of transferring black ball = 3/10

Let 𝑝1 𝐼 be probability of now drawing a red ball = 4/10
Let 𝑝2 be probability of transferring red ball = 7/10
Let 𝑝2 𝐼 be probability of now drawing red ball= 5/10

Using Bayes Theorem

Probability that he was guessing = 𝑝1 𝑝1 𝐼 + 𝑝2 𝑝2 𝐼 = 47

100
𝐵𝑎𝑦𝑒 ′ 𝑠 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚
1. )Three machines A, B and C produce respectively 50%, 30% and 20% of the total number of items of a factory.
The percentage of defective output of these machines are 50%, 80% and 10% respectively. if an item selected at
random and found to be defective ,find the probability that it was prodcued by factory A , B or C
Solution

Let 𝑝1 be probability of item produced by Machine A= 0.5 Let 𝑝1 𝐼 be probability of defective item produced by Machine A= 0.5
Let 𝑝2 𝐼 be probability of defective item produced by Machine B= 0.8
Let 𝑝2 be probability of item produced by Machine B= 0.3
Let 𝑝3 be probability of item produced by Machine C = 0.2 Let 𝑝3 𝐼 be probability of defective item produced by Machine C= 0.1

Using Bayes Theorem

𝑝1 𝑝1 𝐼
i) Probability that it was produced by A = = 0.49
𝑝1 𝑝1 𝐼 +𝑝2 𝑝2 𝐼 +𝑝3 𝑝3 𝐼

𝑝2 𝑝2 𝐼
ii) Probability that it was produced by B = = 0.47
𝑝1 𝑝1 𝐼 +𝑝2 𝑝2 𝐼 +𝑝3 𝑝3 𝐼

𝑝3 𝑝3 𝐼
iii) Probability that it was produced by C = = 0.037
𝑝1 𝑝1 𝐼 +𝑝2 𝑝2 𝐼 +𝑝3 𝑝3 𝐼
2. ) A factory manufacturing television sets gets its supply of components from 4 units A,B,C,D in the following
proportion respectively 15%, 20% ,30% and 35% . The percentage of defective television sets of these unitss are
1%, 2% ,2% and 3% respectively. One television set was selected at random and found to be defective ,find the
probability that it was prodcued by unit A , B ,C , D
Solution
Let 𝑝1 be probability of item produced by Machine A= 0.15 Let 𝑝1 𝐼 be probability of defective item produced by Machine A= 0.01
Let 𝑝2 𝐼 be probability of defective item produced by Machine B= 0.02
Let 𝑝2 be probability of item produced by Machine B= 0.2
Let 𝑝3 be probability of item produced by Machine C = 0.3 Let 𝑝3 𝐼 be probability of defective item produced by Machine C= 0.02

Let 𝑝4 be probability of item produced by Machine D = 0.35 Let 𝑝4 𝐼 be probability of defective item produced by Machine D= 0.03

Using Bayes Theorem

𝑝1 𝑝1 𝐼
i) Probability that it was produced by A = = 0.0.69
𝑝1 𝑝1 𝐼 +𝑝2 𝑝2 𝐼 +𝑝3 𝑝3 𝐼 +𝑝4 𝑝4 𝐼

𝑝2 𝑝2 𝐼
ii) Probability that it was produced by B = = 0.182
𝑝1 𝑝1 𝐼 +𝑝2 𝑝2 𝐼 +𝑝3 𝑝3 𝐼 ++𝑝4 𝑝4 𝐼

𝑝3 𝑝3 𝐼
iii) Probability that it was produced by C =
𝑝1 𝑝1 𝐼 +𝑝2 𝑝2 𝐼 +𝑝3 𝑝3 𝐼 ++𝑝4 𝑝4 𝐼 = 0.273

𝑝4 𝑝4 𝐼
iv) Probability that it was produced by D =
𝑝1 𝑝1 𝐼 +𝑝2 𝑝2 𝐼 +𝑝3 𝑝3 𝐼 ++𝑝4 𝑝4 𝐼 = 0.478
3. ) In an entrance test, there are multiple choice questions. There are four possible options of which one is correct.
The probability that a student knows the answer to a question is 90%. If he gets the correct answer to a question,
then the probability that he was guessing is
Solution

Let 𝑝1 be probability students knows the answer= 0.9

Let 𝑝2 be probability student does know the answer = 0.1
Let 𝑝1 𝐼 be probability he knows the answer and answer its correctly= 1
Let 𝑝2 𝐼 be probability he doesnt know the answer but still answer its correctly= 1/4

Using Bayes Theorem

𝑝2 𝑝2 𝐼 1
Probability that he was guessing = =
𝑝1 𝑝1 𝐼 +𝑝2 𝑝2 𝐼 37
4. ) A bag contains 7 red and 3 black balls and another bag contains 4 red and 5 black balls . One ball is transferred
from the first ball to second bag and then a ball is drawn from the second bag. If this ball happens to be red , find the
probability that a black ball was transferred
Solution

Let 𝑝1 be probability of transferring black ball = 3/10

Let 𝑝1 𝐼 be probability of now drawing a red ball = 4/10
Let 𝑝2 be probability of transferring red ball = 7/10
Let 𝑝2 𝐼 be probability of now drawing red ball= 5/10

Using Bayes Theorem

𝑝1 𝑝1 𝐼 12
Probability that he was guessing = =
𝑝1 𝑝1 𝐼 +𝑝2 𝑝2 𝐼 47
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 − 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢
1. ) 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑋 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P( X =x) K 3k 5k 7k 9k 11k 13k
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖) 𝑘 𝑖𝑖) 𝑃 𝑋 < 4 𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑃 𝑋 ≥ 5 𝑖𝑣) 𝑃( 3 < 𝑋 ≤ 6)

Solution
𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑃 𝑋 ≥ 5 = P( 5,6)
෍ 𝑃𝑖 = 1 = 11𝑘 + 13𝑘
= 24𝑘
𝑘 + 3𝑘 + 5𝑘 + 7𝑘 + 9𝑘 + 11𝑘 + 13𝑘 = 1 24
=
49
∴ 49𝑘 = 1
1
∴𝑘 = 𝑖𝑣)𝑃 3 < 𝑋 ≤ 6 = P( 4, 5,6)
49
𝑖𝑖)𝑃 𝑋 < 4 = P( 0,1,2,3) = 9𝑘 + 11𝑘 + 13𝑘

= 𝑘 + 3𝑘 + 5𝑘 + 7𝑘 = 33𝑘
33
=
= 16𝑘 49
16
=
49
2. ) 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑋 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P( X =x) 0 K 2k 2k 3k 𝑘2 2𝑘 2 7𝑘 2 +k
3<𝑋< 6
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖) 𝑘 𝑖𝑖) 𝑃 𝑋 < 6 𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑃 𝑋 ≥ 6 𝑖𝑣) 𝑃
𝑋>4
Solution
𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑃 𝑋 ≥ 6 = P( 6,7)
෍ 𝑃𝑖 = 1 = 2𝑘 2 + 7𝑘 2 + 𝑘

𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 3𝑘 + 𝑘2 + 2𝑘 2 + 7𝑘 2 +𝑘 =1 = 9𝑘 2 + 𝑘
19
∴ 10𝑘 2 − 9𝑘 − 1 = 0 =
100
1
∴ 𝑘 = −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 =
10 3<𝑋< 6 𝑃 3<𝑋< 6 ∩ 𝑋 >4
𝑖𝑣)𝑃 =
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑋>4 𝑃 𝑋>4
1
∴𝑘= 𝑃(5)
10 =
𝑃( 5,6,7)
𝑖𝑖)𝑃 𝑋 < 6 = P( 0,1,2,3,4,5)
𝑘2
= 𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 3𝑘 + 𝑘 2 =
𝑘 2 +2𝑘 2 +7𝑘 2 +𝑘
81
= = 0.09
100
 𝑘𝑥 0≤𝑥<2
3. ) 𝐼𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 = ቐ2𝑘 2≤𝑥<4 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖) 𝑘 𝑖𝑖) 𝑃 𝑋 < 2
6𝑘 − 𝑘𝑥 4≤𝑥<6
Solution
∞
2
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑖)𝑃 𝑋 < 2 = ‫׬‬0 f(x)𝑑𝑥
−∞
2 4 6 2
= ‫׬‬0 kx 𝑑𝑥
න 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 2𝑘 𝑑𝑥 + න (6𝑘 − 𝑘𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 1
0 2 4 2
𝑥2
2 4 6 =k
2 0
න 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 2𝑘 𝑑𝑥 + න (6𝑘 − 𝑘𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 1
0 2 4 1 4−0
4 6
𝑥2 2 𝑥2 =
𝑘 + 2 𝑥 + 6𝑥 − =1 8 2
2 2
0 2 4 1
4−0 36 16 =
𝑘 + 2 4 − 2 + 36 − − 24 − =1 4
2 2 2
8𝐾 = 1
1
∴𝑘=
8
2. ) 𝑂𝑛 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑦 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑋 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
3
f(x) = ( 2x -𝑥 2 ) 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
4
Find the probability that on a given day the rainfall is i) Not more than 1 inch ii) Greater than 1.5 inch
Solution
i) Prob. of not more than 1 inch ii) Prob. of greater than 1.5 inch
=𝑃 𝑋 < 1 =𝑃 𝑋 > 1.5
1 ∞ 2
= න f(x)𝑑𝑥 = න f(x)𝑑𝑥 = න f(x)𝑑𝑥
0 1.5 1.5
1 2
3 3
=න ( 2x −𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 =න ( 2x −𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
0 4 1.5 4

3 1 2
3 2𝑥 𝑥2 3 2𝑥 2 𝑥 3
= − = −
4 2 3 4 2 3 1.5
0
3 2 3 2
= . = .
4 3 4 3

1 1
= =
2 2
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

𝑋ത = 𝐸 𝑥 = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛= σ 𝑥. 𝑃(𝑥)

𝑋ത = 𝐸 𝑥 = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛= ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓𝑥 ׬‬

𝐸(𝑥 2 ) = σ 𝑥 2 . 𝑃(𝑥)
𝐸(𝑥 2 ) = ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑉𝑎𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑉 𝑥 = 𝜎 2 = 𝐸(𝑥 2 ) - E(x)2 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑉𝑎𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑉 𝑥 = 𝜎 2 = 𝐸(𝑥 2 ) - E(x)2

6. ) 𝐼𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 2 ( 1- 𝑥 3 ) 0 < 𝑥 < 1 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖) 𝑘 𝑖𝑖)𝑋ത 𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝜎 2

Solution
1
∞ 𝑖𝑖) 𝑋ത = ‫׬‬0 𝑥𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1
1
−∞
1
=‫׬‬0 𝑥 (𝑘𝑥 2 ( 1− 𝑥 3 ))𝑑𝑥
න 𝑘𝑥 2 ( 1− 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 = 1 1
0 = k ‫׬‬0 ( 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 6 )𝑑𝑥
1
𝑘 න ( 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 5 )𝑑𝑥 =1 1
𝑥4 𝑥7
0 =6 −
4 7
𝑥3 𝑥6 1 0
𝑘 − =1
3 6 1 1
0 =6 −
4 7
1 1
𝑘 − =1
3 6 9
=
𝐾 14
=1
6

∴𝑘=6
6. ) 𝐼𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 2 ( 1- 𝑥 3 ) 0 < 𝑥 < 1 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖) 𝑘 𝑖𝑖)𝑋ത 𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝜎 2

Solution

1
i𝑖𝑖)𝐸(𝑥 2 ) = ‫׬‬0 𝑥 2 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜎 2 = 𝐸(𝑥 2 ) - E(x)2
1
=‫׬‬0 𝑥 2 (𝑘𝑥 2 ( 1− 𝑥 3 ))𝑑𝑥 9 9
= - ( )2
20 14
1
= k ‫׬‬0 ( 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 7 )𝑑𝑥 9
=
1 245
𝑥5 𝑥8
=6 −
5 8
0
1 1
=6 −
5 8

9
=
20
 7 . ) 𝐼𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥≥0 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖) 𝑘 𝑖𝑖) 𝐸 𝑥 𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝜎 2

Solution ∞
∞ 𝑖𝑖) 𝐸 𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 𝑥𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1
∞
−∞
∞
=‫׬‬0 𝑥 (𝑘𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
න 𝑘𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 1
0 = k ‫׬‬0 ( 𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
∞
−𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 ∞
𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
𝑘 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 +2 =1 =k x 3
e−x
− 3x 2
e−x
+ 6x
e−x
− (6)
e−x
−1 1 −1 0 −1 1 −1 1
0
𝑘 0 − −2 =1 1
= 0 − (−6)
2
2𝑘 = 1
1
∴𝑘= =3
2
 7 . ) 𝐼𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥≥0 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖) 𝑘 𝑖𝑖) 𝐸 𝑥 𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝜎 2

Solution

∞
i𝑖𝑖)𝐸(𝑥 2 ) = ‫׬‬0 𝑥 2 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜎 2 = 𝐸(𝑥 2 ) - E(x)2

∞
=‫׬‬0 𝑥 2 (𝑘𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 12 - (3)2
∞
= k ‫׬‬0 ( 𝑥 4 𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
∞
= 3
e−x e−x e−x e−x e−x
=k x 4 − 4x 3 + 12𝑥 2 − 24x + (24)
−1 1 −1 1 −1
0
1
= 0 − (−24)
2

= 12
5. ) 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑋 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
X -2 -1 0 1 2 3
P( X =x) 0.2 K 0.1 2k 0.1 2k
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖) 𝑘 𝑖𝑖) 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Solution
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐸(𝑥 2 ) = σ 𝑥 2 . 𝑃(𝑥)
෍ 𝑃𝑖 = 1 = 4 ∗ 0.2 + 1 ∗ 𝑘 + 0 ∗ 0.1 + 1 ∗ 2𝑘 + 4 ∗ 0.1 + 9 ∗ 2𝑘

= 21𝑘 + 1.2
0.2 + 𝑘 + 0.1 + 2𝑘 + 0.1 + 2𝑘 = 1
= 3.72
∴ 5𝑘 + 0.4 = 1
3
∴𝑘 = 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐸(𝑥 2 ) - E(x)2
25
= 3.72 – (0.642 )
𝑖𝑖)𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = E(x) = σ 𝑥. 𝑃(𝑥)
= 3.31
= −2 ∗ 0.2 − 1 ∗ 𝑘 + 0 ∗ 0.1 + 1 ∗ 2𝑘 + 2 ∗ 0.1 + 3 ∗ 2𝑘

= 7𝑘 − 0.2

= 0.64
5. ) 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑋 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
1
P(X=x) = (3𝐶𝑥 ) , 𝑥 = 0,1,2,3 𝐹𝐼𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
8
Solution
X 0 1 2 3
P( X =x) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8

𝑖)𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = E(x) = σ 𝑥. 𝑃(𝑥)

1 3 3 1
=0 ∗ +1∗ +2∗ +3∗
8 8 8 8

= 1.125

𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐸(𝑥 2 ) = σ 𝑥 2 . 𝑃(𝑥)

1 3 3 1
=0 ∗ +1∗ +4∗ +9∗
8 8 8 8

=3
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐸(𝑥 2 ) - E(x)2
= 3 – (1.1252 )
= 1.34