Chapter 12

Quantities, Costs, and Specifications Contents

12.1 Quantities - General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
12.1.1 Cost Estimating Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
12.1.1.A Conceptual Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
12.1.1.B Preliminary Plan Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
12.1.1.C Design Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
12.1.1.D Final Contract Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
12.1.2 Not Included in Bridge Quantities List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
12.2 Computation of Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
12.2.1 Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
12.2.1.A Design Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
12.2.1.B Bridge Project Support Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
12.2.2 Procedure for Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
12.2.3 Data Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
12.2.4 Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
12.2.4.A Preliminary Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
12.2.4.B Final Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
12.2.5 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
12.2.5.A Structure Excavation, Class A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
12.2.5.B Special Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5
12.2.6 Shoring or Extra Excavation, Class A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6
12.2.7 Piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-8
12.2.8 Conduit Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-8
12.2.9 Private Utilities Attached To Bridge Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-9
12.2.10 Drilled Shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-9
12.3 Construction Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
12.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
12.3.2 Factors Affecting Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
12.3.2.A Type of Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
12.3.2.B Location of Project Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
12.3.2.C Size of Project Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
12.3.2.D Foundation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
12.3.2.E Sequencing of Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
12.3.3 Development of Cost Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-11
12.3.3.A Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-11
12.3.3.A.1 Prospectus and Project Summary Estimates . . . . . . . 12-11
12.3.3.A.2 Preliminary Design Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-11
12.3.3.A.3 Estimate Updates During Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-11
12.3.3.A.4 Contract Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-11

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Chapter 12 Quantities, Costs, and Specifications

12.3.3.B Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12

12.3.3.B.1 Bridge Project Support Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
12.3.3.B.2 Designer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
12.3.3.C Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
12.3.3.D Cost Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
12.3.3.D.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
12.3.3.D.2 Deck or Wall Face Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
12.3.3.D.3 Bridge Widenings and New Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-13
12.3.3.D.4 Bridge Rail Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-13
12.3.3.D.5 Bridge Lengths With Unequal Wingwalls . . . . . . . . . . 12-13
12.3.3.D.6 Retaining Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-13
12.4 Construction Specifications and Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
12.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
12.4.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
12.4.2.A Standard Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
12.4.2.B Mandatory General Special Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
12.4.2.C Special Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
12.4.2.D Addendum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
12.4.2.E AD Copy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
12.4.2.F As defined in Standard Specifications Section 1-02.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
12.4.3 General Bridge S&E Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-15
12.4.3.A Typical Reviews and Milestone Dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-15
12.4.3.B Constructability Review Set Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-15
12.4.3.C PS&E Review Set Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-16
12.4.4 Reviewing Bridge Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-16
12.4.4.A Job Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-16
12.4.4.B PS&E Check List (Form 230-037 and Appendix 12.4-A1) . . . . . . . . . 12-16
12.4.4.C Summary of Quantities (Form 230-031 and Appendix 12.2-A1) . . . . 12-17
12.4.4.D Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-17
12.4.4.E Not Included in Bridge Quantities List
(Form 230-038 and Appendix 12.1-A1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-17
12.4.4.F Geotechnical Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-17
12.4.5 Preparing the Bridge Cost Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-17
12.4.5.A General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-17
12.4.5.B Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-18
12.4.6 Preparing the Bridge Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-18
12.4.6.A General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-18
12.4.6.B Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-18
12.4.7 Preparing the Bridge Working Day Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-19
12.4.7.A General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-19
12.4.7.B Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-19

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Quantities, Costs, and Specifications Chapter 12

12.4.8 Reviewing Projects Prepared by Consultants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-20

12.4.8.A General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-20
12.4.8.B Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-20
12.4.9 Submitting the PS&E Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-20
12.4.9.A General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-20
12.4.10 PS&E Review Period and Turn-in for AD Copy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-21
12.4.10.A Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-21
12.4.10.B Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-21
12.5 Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-22
Appendix 12.1-A1 Not Included In Bridge Quantities List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-23
Appendix 12.2-A1 Bridge Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-24
Appendix 12.3-A1 Structural Estimating Aids Construction Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-29
Appendix 12.3-A2 Structural Estimating Aids Construction Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-30
Appendix 12.3-A3 Structural Estimating Aids Construction Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-31
Appendix 12.3-A4 Structural Estimating Aids Construction Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-33
Appendix 12.4-A1 Special Provisions Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-34
Appendix 12.4-A2 Structural Estimating Aids Construction Time Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-39
Appendix 12.4-B1 Construction Working Day Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-41

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Chapter 12 Quantities, Costs, and Specifications

12.1 Quantities - General

The quantities of the various materials and work items involved in the construction of
a project that includes bridges and structures are needed for establishing the estimated
cost of the project throughout the design process, and for establishing a basis for
comparison of the contractor’s bids.

12.1.1 Cost Estimating Quantities

Quantities for establishing cost estimates are often necessary during various stages
of project development and are required at the completion of the Bridge PS&E. These
quantities should be calculated from the best information available at the time, see
Section 12.2.3. The policy regarding the preparation of quantity calculations is as follows:

12.1.1.A Conceptual Stage

During the conceptual stage of a project, estimated quantities may be required to arrive
at an estimated cost. The need for conceptual stage quantities will be determined by the
Bridge Project Support Unit.

12.1.1.B Preliminary Plan Stage

Upon completion of the preliminary plan, estimated quantities may be required to arrive
at an estimated cost. The need for preliminary plan stage quantities will be determined by
the Bridge Project Support Unit.

12.1.1.C Design Stage

If requested, quantity calculations shall be made, reviewed, and submitted to the Bridge
Project Support Unit by the Bridge Design Unit as the design progresses. The first
submittal of estimated quantities shall be made as soon as the major dimensions of the
structure are determined. As refinements in the design are made, quantities varying more
than 10 percent from those previously submitted shall be resubmitted.

12.1.1.D Final Contract Quantities

Upon completion of structural design and plans, the quantities of materials and work
items involved in the construction of the project shall be computed,. See Sections 12.2.2
and 12.2.4.B.

12.1.2 Not Included in Bridge Quantities List

Items of work which appear in the bridge plan sheets, but for which details, specifications,
and quantities are not included in the Bridge PS&E, shall be listed in the “Not Included
in Bridge Quantities List” (WSDOT Form 230-038 and Appendix 12.1-A1). This list is
required for every bridge, even if no items of work are shown in the Plans that are in this
category. (In this case, fill out the bridge information at the top of the form and write
“NONE” across the form.) This form is transmitted to the Region Design PE Office with
all Preliminary Plan submittals, all Bridge PS&E distributions, and at various milestone
points during the design process, to ensure that the responsibility for all PS&E items is
clear. Particular care shall be taken in the preparation of this list as omissions can result
in an incomplete project PS&E with missing information for work items, or conflicting
overlapping information for work items.
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Chapter 12 Quantities, Costs, and Specifications

12.2 Computation of Quantities

12.2.1 Responsibilities

12.2.1.A Design Unit

The Design Unit is responsible for calculating quantities required for cost estimates
for Preliminary Plans prepared in Design Units, calculating preliminary quantities at
various milestones during the design process, and calculating quantities for the final
Bridge PS&E. The Design Unit is responsible for notifying the Region Design PE Office
and the Bridge Project Support Unit whenever structural design changes and alterations
are made to the design features and quantities which affect the cost of the structure,
especially following the distribution of the initial Preliminary Plan.

12.2.1.B Bridge Project Support Unit

The Bridge Project Support Unit is responsible for computing quantities for conceptual
stage cost estimates, and cost estimates for Preliminary Plans prepared in the Bridge
Project Support Unit. The Bridge Project Support Unit is responsible for ensuring that
the quantities listed in the AD Copy Bid Proposal correspond to those received from the
Design Unit.

12.2.2 Procedure for Computation

Quantities are to be computed and checked independently. The designer/originator and
checker shall separately summarize their calculated quantities on the Bridge Quantities
Form 230-031 (See Appendix 12.2-A1) in the units shown thereon. The two summaries
shall be submitted to the Design Unit Manager for comparison. The designer/originator
and checker shall use identical breakdowns for each quantity. For example, the designer/
originator’s quantities for excavation for each of Piers 1, 2, and 3 should be compared
separately against the corresponding quantities made by the checker.
When the desired accuracy, see Section 12.2.4, is achieved, a Manager’s Bridge
Quantities form shall be prepared and submitted to the Bridge Project Support Unit
along with the Pre-Contract Review Bridge Plans review set. (This form is the same
as previously mentioned except that it is labeled “Manager’s Bridge Quantities” and
is completed by the Design Unit Manager or designee. If the Design Unit Manager elects,
the designer/originator’s or the checker’s Bridge Quantities form may be designated as
“Supervisor’s Bridge Quantities.”) This form is used by the Bridge Project Support Unit to
prepare the final bridge cost estimate.
All quantity calculations and bridge quantities forms are to be filed in the Project Folder.
All subsequent revisions shall be handled in the same manner as the original quantities.
On the “Bridge Quantities” form, any revision to the original figure should not be erased
but crossed out and replaced by the new figure using a different colored pencil. If there
are too many revisions, the old summary sheet should be marked void, left in the file, and
a new sheet made out, marked “Revised,” dated, and the original forwarded to the Bridge
Project Support Unit.
Mistakes in quantities can be very costly to Contracting Agency. The designer/originator
and checker must account for all items of work on the “Bridge Quantities” form, and must
also be careful to enter an item of work only once (e.g., concrete or steel rebar in the
superstructure should not be entered both in the lump sum superstructure breakdown
and in the unit bid item quantity).

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Quantities, Costs, and Specifications Chapter 12

12.2.3 Data Source

Quantities of materials for use in preliminary cost estimates can often be obtained from
the quantities calculated for previous similar designs. This information is available from
the Bridge Project Support Unit.

12.2.4 Accuracy

12.2.4.A Preliminary Quantities

Quantities used for cost estimates prepared during the conceptual stage of the design are
expected to have an accuracy of ± 10 percent. The first iteration of quantities, after the
preliminary plan has been completed, is expected to have an accuracy of ± 5 percent.

12.2.4.B Final Quantities

Final quantities in the Bridge PS&E submittal, including bar list quantities, to be listed
in the Special Provisions and Bid Proposal sheet of the AD Copy, are to be calculated to
have an accuracy of ± 1 percent.

12.2.5 Excavation

12.2.5.A Structure Excavation, Class A

BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL
Excavation necessary
Criteria for the construction of bridge piers and reinforced concrete
retaining wallsQuantities
is classified as Structure Excavation, Class A (see the definition
Computation of Quantities as specified
in Standard Specifications Section 3-07.3(2)). Payment for such excavation is generally by
B. Final Quantities
volume [Link] The quantity of excavation to be paid for is measured as specified
quantities to be listed in the Special Provisions and Bid Proposal sheet are to be calculated to
in Standard Specifications Section
have an accuracy of ±13-07.4, andbarcomputation
percent, including list. of this quantity shall conform
to these specifications. If the construction circumstances for the project require structure
11.2.5 Excavation

excavation limits that do not conform to the Standard Specifications definition, then the
A. Structure Excavation, Class A
Excavation necessary for the construction of bridge piers and reinforced concrete retaining walls is
modified structure excavation limits
classified as Structure shallClass
Excavation, [Link]
Payment for in
suchdetails
excavation isin the atPlans.
generally the unit
contract price per cubic yard. The quantity of excavation to be paid for is measured as outlined in
Structure excavation for
Sectionfootings and Specifications.
209.4 of the Standard seals shall be computed
Computation using
of the quantity shall follow a
the horizontal
same limit of
provisions. Designers shall familiarize themselves with this section of the Standard Specifications.
1 foot 0 inches outside
Anyand parallel
limits for to the
structure excavation not neat
conforming lines of the
to the limits footing
specified or seal or as shown in
in the Standard

the Plans. The upper limit shall be the ground surface or stream bed as it exists at the time
Specifications shall be shown in the Plans.
Structure excavation for footings and seals shall be computed using a horizontal limit of 1 foot
the excavation is started.
0 inchesSee
outsideFigure
and parallel 12.2.5-1(A), (B), and
to the neat lines of the footing (C).
or seal or as shown in the Plans. The
upper limit shall be the ground surface or stream bed as it exists at the time the excavation is started.
See Figure 11.2.6-1(A), (B), and (C).
Figure 12.2.5-1

BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

Criteria

Quantities Computation of Quantities

Structure excavation for the construction of wing walls shall be computed using limits shown in
Figure 11.2.6-2.

WSDOT Bridge Design Manual M 23-50.24 Figure 11.2.6-1 Page 12-3

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 Figure 11.2.6-2.

Chapter 12 Quantities, Costs, and Specifications

Figure 11.2.6-1
Structure excavation for the constructionFigure
of wing
11.2.6-1
walls shall be computed using limits
shown in Figure 12.2.5-2.
11.2-2
11.2-2 August
August 2002
2002
Figure 12.2.5-2

Figure 11.2.6-2

Figure 12.2.5-3

When bridge approach fills are to be constructed in the same contract as the bridge,
Figure 11.2.6-3
and the foundation conditions do not require full height fills to be placed prior to the
construction of the pier, the approach fill is constructed in two stages, i.e., constructed up
to the bottom of footing or 1 foot above the bottom of footing, and then completed after
the bridge construction. (The State Geotechnical Office shall be consulted on the staging
method.) The structure excavation shall be computed from the top of the first stage fill.
August 2002 11.2-3

The bottom of a spread footing will be placed 1 foot 0 inches below the top of the first
stage fill. See Figure 12.2.5-4(A). The bottom of footings supported on piling will be
placed at the top of the first stage fill; therefore no structure excavation is required (see
Figure 12.2.5-4(B)).
The limits for stage fills shall be shown in the Plans with the structure excavation, if any.

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 Figure 11.2.6-4(A).
Figure
The bottom TheThe
11.2.6-4(A).
of aofspread bottom
bottom
footing ofoffootings
will footings supported
supported0onon piling
piling will
will bebe placed
placed at at
ofthe the toptheoffirst
top of the first
Seestage
stage
The bottom a spread footing willbebeplaced
placed 11 foot inches
foot 0 inches below
below thethe
toptop
of the the
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11.2.6-4(B)).
on piling will be placed at the top of the first stage
Figure 11.2.6-4(A). The bottom of footings supported on piling will be placed at the top of the first stage
Quantities, Costs, and The
Specifications
fill; therefore,
limits
The no
for structure
fill; therefore,
for stage
limits nofills
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stage excavation
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fills excavation
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thestructure
the structure excavation,
excavation, if any. Chapter 12
if any.
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The limits fillsfills
for stage shall bebeshown
shall shownininthe
the Plans withthe
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structure excavation,
excavation, if any.
if any.
Figure 12.2.5-4

Figure 11.2.6-4
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11.2.6-4
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Figure 11.2.6-4
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computed
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Figure 12.2.5-5inches below the finish grade (pavement) line (see Figure 11.2.6-5).

BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

Figure 11.2.6-5
Criteria
Figure 11.2.6-5
Quantities Computation of Quantities
12.2.5.B Special Excavation Figure 11.2.6-5
B. Special Excavation Figure 11.2.6-5
The excavation necessary for placement of riprap around bridge piers is called Special
Excavation
11.2-4 The (see Figure
excavation 12.2.5-6).
necessary for placement of riprap around bridge piers is called Special Excavation
August 2002
(see Figure 11.2.6-6).
Special
11.2-4 excavation shall be computed from the top of the seal to the existing stream bed
August 2002
Special excavation shall be computed from the top of the seal to the existing stream
or ground line along the slopes indicated in the Plans. Special excavation will only include bed or ground
line outside
excavation along the the
slopes indicated
limits in the Plans.
of structure Special excavation will only include excavation outside
excavation.
11.2-4 the limits of structure excavation. August 2002
The limits for special excavation shall be shown in the Plans.
11.2-4 August 2002
The limits for special excavation shall be shown in the Plans.

Figure 12.2.5-6

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June 2025 Figure 11.2.6-6
C. Shaft Excavation
Chapter 12 Quantities, Costs, and Specifications

12.2.6 Shoring or Extra Excavation, Class A

Shoring, cofferdams or caissons, or extra excavation required for construction of bridge
footings and reinforced concrete retaining walls constructed in the wet or dry is classified
as Shoring or Extra Excavation, Class A. See Standard Specifications Section 3-07.3(3).
Structural shoring (for dry excavation) or cofferdams (for wet excavation) is required for all
excavations near completed structures (foundations of bridges, walls, or buildings), near
underground utilities, near railroad tracks, and near pavement. Shoring located within
25 feet the centerline of a railroad track shall be designed in accordance with the UPRR
& BNSF Guidelines for Temporary Shoring. All other excavation four feet or more in depth
shall be either shored with structural shoring or cofferdams, or shall meet the open-pit
excavation requirements as specified in Standard Specifications Section 3-07.3(3)B.
For the purpose of estimating the cost for shoring or extra excavation, Class A, it is
necessary to compute the peripheral area of an assumed sheet pile enclosure of the
excavated area.
While payment for Shoring or Extra Excavation, Class A, is made at a lump sum contract
price, the costs are a function of the overall height of excavation. In general, each
side of the excavation for each pier shall be categorized into an average overall height
range as shown on WSDOT Form 230-031 (i.e., less than 6 feet, 6 to 10 feet, 10 to
20 feet, or greater than 20 feet), the area for the side computed using the appropriate
width times the average overall height, the overall area for the side shall be entered
in the category that matches the side’s average overall height. These calculations are
required for each pier of the bridge as applicable. See accompanying Figure 12.2.6-1 and
sample calculation.
For excavation in the dry, the peripheral area shall be the perimeter of the horizontal
limits of structure excavation times the height from the bottom of the footing to the
ground surface at the time of excavation.
For excavation in water, the peripheral area shall be the perimeter of the horizontal limits
of structure excavation times the height from the bottom of the seal to 2 feet above the
seal vent elevation.
For shaft-type excavations, it is not normally necessary to compute the area for shoring
because the shoring is usually accommodated by the work items for permanent casing,
temporary casing, and casing shoring.

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 For excavation in water, the peripheral area shall be the perimeter of the horizontal limits of structure
excavation times the height from the bottom of the seal to 2 feet above the seal vent elevation.
Quantities, Costs, and Specifications Chapter 12
For shaft-type foundations, it is not necessary to compute the area for shoring because the cost for shoring
is normally included in the contract price for shaft excavation.
Figure 12.2.6-1

Sample Calculation: Figure 11.2.6-7

For this pier (Figure 12.2.6-1):

Side A: average height = (4 + 6)/2 = 5 feet
width = 15 feet
area = 5 × 15 = 75 square feet
Side B: average height = (6 + 15)/2 = 10.5 feet
width = 20 feet
area = 10.5 × 20 = 210 square feet
11.2-6 August 2002
Side C: average height = (10 + 15)/2 = 12.5 feet
width = 15 feet
area = 12.5 × 15 = 187.5 square feet
Side D: average height = (4 + 10)/2 = 7 feet
width = 20 feet
area = 7 × 20 = 140 square feet
For this example
Height Category Area
less than 6 feet 75 square feet
6 feet to 10 feet 140 square feet
10 feet to 20 feet 210 + 188 = 398 square feet
greater than 20 feet N.A.
These numbers would be entered on WSDOT Form 230-031 as follows:
Item Description Shoring or
Standard Item Item Use Extra Excavation, Class A Dry: Quant. (Enter Total Unit of
Number 4012 Standard Item Average Overall Height for Bridge Here) Meas. L.S.
Pier 6 ft 6 ft to 10 ft 10 ft* to 20 ft 20 ft S.F.
Example 75 S.F. 140 S.F. 398 (11.5*) S.F. — S.F.
S.F. S.F. S.F. S.F.
S.F. S.F. S.F. S.F.
S.F. S.F. S.F. S.F.
* Indicate Average Height

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Chapter 12 Quantities, Costs, and Specifications

12.2.7 Piling
The piling quantities are to be measured and paid for in accordance with Standard
Specifications Sections 6-05.4 and 6-05.5. Computation of piling quantities shall follow
the same provisions.
Timber test piles are driven outside the structure limits and are extra or additional
piling beyond the required number of production piling. See Standard Specifications
Section 6-05.3(10).
Concrete or steel test piles are driven within the structure limits and take the place of
production piling. In this case, the quantity for number and length of production piling is
reduced by the number and length of test piling.
The quantity for “Furnishing _____ Piling _____” is the linear measurement of production
piling below cut-off to the “estimated” pile tip (not “minimum” tip) specified in the
Geotechnical Report. (Does not include test piles.)
The quantity for “Driving _____ Pile _____” is the number of production piling driven. (Does
not include test piles.)
Pile tips are required if so specified in the Geotechnical Report. The tips on the test piles
are incidental to the test pile; therefore, the number of pile tips reported on the Bridge
Quantities Form 230-031 should not include the number of pile tips required on the
test piles.

12.2.8 Conduit Pipe

It is WSDOT practice to embed two 2-inch diameter conduit pipes in all exterior concrete
barriers constructed on bridges and retaining walls. The only exceptions to this practice
are inside barriers of side-by-side twin bridges, and other project specific locations with
the approval of the State Bridge Design Engineer. Only WSDOT electrical systems may
use these conduit pipes. Conduit pipes for other private utilities cannot be embedded in
structure elements, and must be otherwise suspended or attached to the structure, in
accordance with the franchise lease agreement negotiated between the private utility and
the Region’s Utility Engineer.
In accordance with Standard Specifications Section 8-20.1(1) and RCW 19.28.161, conduit
pipe installation work is considered electrical work that can only be performed by licensed
electricians. As such, conduit pipe quantities can only be included in electrical work bid
items, such as electrical lump sum bid items for “Illumination System”, “Traffic Signal
System”, and “Communication System”, or stand-alone unit contract bid items for “Conduit
Pipe 2 In. Diam.” Conduit pipe quantities cannot be made incidental to structural bid
items such as “Superstructure”, “Traffic Barrier”, “Pedestrian Barrier”, etc.
For bridges and retaining walls in projects that also include other electrical system work
for illumination, traffic signals, and ITS systems, the conduit pipes and their associated
junction boxes shall be included in the lump sum bid item cost estimates for the
appropriate electrical system lump sum bid item.
For bridge and retaining walls in projects without any electrical system work (e.g., the
conduit pipes are isolated and will exist initially as spares), the conduit pipe quantity shall
be calculated for “Conduit Pipe 2 In. Diam”, per linear foot. The measurement shall be the
sum of all conduit pipe through the barriers and into the ground mounted junction boxes
buried off the ends of the bridge corners as shown in the traffic barrier standard details.
Each conduit pipe shall terminate in a separate junction box as shown in these details.
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Quantities, Costs, and Specifications Chapter 12

12.2.9 Private Utilities Attached To Bridge Structures

As mentioned above, conduit pipes for private utilities cannot be embedded in structure
elements, and must be otherwise suspended or attached to the structure, in accordance
with the franchise lease agreement negotiated between the private utility and the
Region’s Utility Engineer.
Because attachment of private utilities to bridge structures are subject to franchise lease
agreements, the construction costs for furnishing and installing these utilities, including all
associated supports, need to be kept separate from other bid items. The only portion of
the utilities and their supports that can be made incidental to structure bid items, such as
“Superstructure” and “Bridge Deck” are the concrete inserts cast into the deck slab of the
bridge. All other quantities for the private utilities, including the support rods, braces, and
conduit pipes, shall be included in the associated bid item(s) established for each separate
private utility, whether as a lump sum bid item, or measured by linear measurement.
These separate bid item(s) for these private utilities are the responsibility of the Design
PE Office.
The same practice applies to WSDOT conduit pipes when such conduit pipes for ITS
or other systems are suspended or attached to the structure. Other than the concrete
inserts for support of such WSDOT conduit pipes, all other quantities for external
WSDOT conduit pipe systems shall be included in the appropriate WSDOT electrical
system lump sum bid item, under the responsibility of the Design PE Office or the Region
Traffic Design Office.

12.2.10 Drilled Shafts

Constructing shafts is measured by the linear foot. The linear measurement is calculated
using the top of shaft elevation and the bottom of shaft elevation for each shaft as shown
in the Plans. This quantity covers all elements of shaft construction (including excavation
and casing and access tubes for non-destructive QA testing of shafts) except for rock
excavation and shaft QA testing as outlined below.
Rock excavation for shaft including haul is measured by the cubic yards of shaft
excavated. The cubic yards shall be calculated based on the shaft diameter shown in the
Plans, the top of rock line, defined as the highest bedrock point within the shaft diameter,
and the bottom of shaft elevation shown in the Plans. Shaft QA test is measured once
for each shaft tested. For establishing bid item quantities for the Proposal, it is always
assumed that each shaft will be eligible for testing, so the quantity becomes one for each
shaft in the project.

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Chapter 12 Quantities, Costs, and Specifications

12.3 Construction Costs

12.3.1 Introduction
The construction costs itemized in Appendix 12.3-A1, 12.3-A2, 12.3-A3, and 12.3-A4 are
to aid the user in estimating the cost of bridge and structure projects. The costs are based
on historical data maintained by the Bridge and Structures Office and retrieved from
recent WSDOT Contracts.
Requests for cost estimates from WSDOT Region Offices and other Local Agency offices
should be submitted in writing (hard copy or email) to the Bridge Project Support Unit,
and a written or email response will be returned within a reasonable time based on the
schedule needs of the requesting office. Scoping or prospectus type cost estimates,
and other cost estimates based upon deck area cost history and other readily available
geotechnical information and project parameters can be prepared relatively quickly.
Estimates requiring input from the Bridge Design Unit, either for preparation of
preliminary quantities or other preliminary structural analysis will take longer to prepare.
Telephone requests for cost estimates from WSDOT Region Offices and other Local
Agency Offices shall be referred to the Bridge Project Support Unit for response.
All cost estimates prepared by the Bridge and Structures Office should have the
concurrence of the Bridge Project Support Engineer.

12.3.2 Factors Affecting Costs

12.3.2.A Type of Structure

Many factors, as outlined in Section 2.2.3, must be considered in the selection of the
type, size, and location of a bridge or wall.
Common structures with conventional details will be within the low end and mid-range of
costs. Unique or complex structures will be within the high end.

12.3.2.B Location of Project Site

Projects in remote areas or with difficult access will generally be within or above the high
end of the cost range.

12.3.2.C Size of Project Contract

Small projects tend to be within the high end of the cost range while large projects tend
to be within the low end of the cost range.

12.3.2.D Foundation Requirements

Foundation requirements greatly affect costs. Water crossings requiring pier construction
within the waterway are generally very expensive. Scour requirements can push the costs
even higher. The earlier foundation information can be made available the more accurate
the cost estimate will be. The Bridge Project Support Unit should be made aware of
unusual foundation requirements or changes to foundation type as soon as possible for
updating of the estimate.

12.3.2.E Sequencing of Project

Projects with stage construction, detours, temporary construction, etc., will be
more expensive.

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Quantities, Costs, and Specifications Chapter 12

12.3.3 Development of Cost Estimates

Estimates prepared by the Bridge and Structures Office shall include 10 percent
mobilization but not sales tax, engineering, construction contingencies, or inflation.

12.3.3.A Types

12.3.3.A.1 Prospectus and Project Summary Estimates

Conceptual cost estimates are prepared when little information about the project is
available. Use the construction costs in Appendix A, assuming the worst case conditions,
unless actual conditions are known. An example of a worst case condition is deep
foundation substructure (pile supported footings or shaft foundations). In remote areas,
or for small projects, use the high end of the cost range. Use mid-range costs for usual
conditions.
To cover unforeseen project modifications, add a 20 percent estimate contingency to
a prospectus estimate and a 10 percent estimate contingency to a project summary
estimate. These contingencies can be adjusted depending on the preliminary
information available.

12.3.3.A.2 Preliminary Design Estimates

Preliminary design estimates are prepared during the preliminary design stage when the
type and size of bridge is known. Limited foundation information is sometimes available
at this stage. The construction costs in Appendix A shall be used with an appropriate
inflation factor, assuming the worst case conditions, unless foundation conditions are
known, along with a minimum of 10 percent contingency to cover scope creep.

12.3.3.A.3 Estimate Updates During Design

During the design period, the designer should keep the Bridge Project Support Unit
informed of significant changes to the design that might affect the cost. Examples of
significant changes are: deeper than expected footing and seals, use of deep foundations
(shafts or piles) when none were previously expected, change of substructure types, and
changes to superstructure. This is a critical element in the project budgeting process.

12.3.3.A.4 Contract Estimates

The contract estimate is prepared by the Bridge Project Support Unit after the Plans and
Final Quantities have been submitted to the Bridge Project Support Unit for preparation
of the final Bridge PS&E. The contract estimate is prepared using the quantities furnished
by the Bridge Design Unit, unit bid prices from Appendix A, other historical data, and the
judgment of the engineer preparing the estimate. Unique, one-of-a-kind projects require
special consideration and should include an appropriate construction cost contingency.

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Chapter 12 Quantities, Costs, and Specifications

12.3.3.B Responsibilities

12.3.3.B.1 Bridge Project Support Unit

The Bridge Project Support Unit is responsible for preparing the prospectus, project
summary, preliminary, and final contract estimates and updating the preliminary estimate
as needed during the design phase of the project.
The Bridge Project Support Unit assists the WSDOT Region Offices and other outside
Local Agency Offices, such as counties and cities, to prepare prospectus and project
summary estimates when requested in writing.

12.3.3.B.2 Designer
The designer is responsible for providing preliminary quantities and final quantities to
the Bridge Project Support Unit to aid in the updating of preliminary estimates and the
preparation of contract estimates.

12.3.3.C Documentation
The Cost Estimate Summary shall be maintained in the Project Folders. During the design
stage, the summary sheet shall be maintained by the Bridge Design Unit. At a minimum,
the Cost Estimate Summary should list the initial and all subsequent cost estimates for
each Preliminary Plan distribution made. It is the Design Unit Manager’s responsibility
to ensure the summary sheet is up to date when the Project Folder is transferred to the
Bridge Project Support Unit for preparation of the Bridge PS&E.

12.3.3.D Cost Data

12.3.3.D.1 General
The Bridge costs summarized in Appendix A represent common highway, railroad, and
water crossings. Consult the Bridge Project Support Unit for structures spanning across
large rivers or canyons and other structures requiring high clearances or special design
and construction features.
The square foot costs are useful in the conceptual and preliminary design stages when
details or quantities are not available. The various factors affecting costs as outlined
in Section 12.3.2 must be considered in selecting the square foot cost for a particular
project. As a general rule, projects including none or few of the high-cost factors will be
close to the mid-range of the cost figures. Projects including many of the high-cost factors
will be on the high side. The user must exercise good judgment to determine reasonable
costs. During the preliminary stage, it is better to be on the prudently conservative side
for budgeting purposes.

12.3.3.D.2 Deck or Wall Face Area

The area to be used for cost estimates based upon deck or wall face area shall be
computed as follows:

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Quantities, Costs, and Specifications Chapter 12

12.3.3.D.3 Bridge Widenings and New Bridges

The deck area of bridges is based on the actual width of the new portion of the bridge
deck constructed (measured to the outside edge of the bridge deck) times the length,
measured from end of wingwall to end of wingwall, end of curtain wall to end of
curtain wall, or back to back of pavement seat if there are no wingwalls or curtain walls.
Wingwalls are defined as walls without footings which are cast monolithically with the
bridge abutment wall and may extend past the abutment footing. Curtain walls are
defined as walls that are cast monolithically with the bridge abutment wall and footing
and only extend to the edge of footing.

12.3.3.D.4 Bridge Rail Replacement

The bridge rail and curb removal is based on the total length of the rail and curb removed.

12.3.3.D.5 Bridge Lengths With Unequal Wingwalls

If a bridge has wingwalls or curtain walls of unequal length on opposite sides at a bridge
end of wingwalls or curtain walls on one side of a pier only, the length used in computing
the square foot area is the average length of the walls. If the wingwalls are not parallel to
the centerline of the bridge, the measurement is taken from a projected line from the end
of the wingwall normal to the centerline of the roadway.

12.3.3.D.6 Retaining Walls

If retaining walls (walls that are not monolithic with the abutment) extend from the end of
the bridge, the cost of these walls is computed separately. The area of the wall is based on
the overall length of the wall, and the height from the top of footing to the top of the wall.

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Chapter 12 Quantities, Costs, and Specifications

12.4 Construction Specifications and Estimates

12.4.1 General
The Bridge Project Support Unit prepares the specifications and estimates (S&E) for
all structural projects designed or reviewed by the Bridge and Structures Office. The
preparation includes distributing review sets, reviewing the Project Folder, plans, PS&E
check list, “Not Included in Bridge Quantities List,” and Geotechnical Report; preparing
the cost estimates, specifications, and working day schedules; and submitting the PS&E
package to the Region.

12.4.2 Definitions

12.4.2.A Standard Specifications

The Standard Specifications is published annually by the WSDOT Engineering Publications
Office, is maintained by the WSDOT Construction Office, and is used as the governing
construction specification for all WSDOT construction projects.

12.4.2.B Mandatory General Special Provisions

Mandatory General Special Provisions are revisions to specific sections of the Standard
Specifications, which are enacted during the year period that a specific edition of the
Standard Specifications is in force. Mandatory General Special Provisions are published
throughout the year as immediate needs for specification additions and revisions arise.

12.4.2.C Special Provisions

Special Provisions are supplemental specifications and modifications to the Standard
Specifications, which apply to a specific project.

12.4.2.D Addendum
A written or graphic document, issued to all bidders and identified as an addendum prior
to bid opening, which modifies or supplements the bid documents and becomes a part of
the contract.

12.4.2.E AD Copy
The AD copy is the contract document advertised to prospective bidders. The AD Copy
may include, but not be limited to, the following as component parts: Bid Proposal Form,
Special Provisions, Amendments, Plans, and Appendices including test hole boring logs,
and environmental permit conditions.

12.4.2.F As defined in Standard Specifications Section 1-02.4

The order of precedence of AD Copy components is as follows: Addenda, Bid Proposal
Form, Special Provisions (including Mandatory General Special Provisions, Plans, Standard
Specifications, and Standard Plans.

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Quantities, Costs, and Specifications Chapter 12

12.4.3 General Bridge S&E Process

12.4.3.A Typical Reviews and Milestone Dates

The Ad Date, as established by the Region, is the anchor for all project schedule dates.
The Scope Of Work Agreement (SOW) is a document negotiated between the Design
PE Office and the Bridge and Structures Office establishing the deliverables (design
submittals) to be produced and the due dates for the various deliverable review
milestones for the specific project.
The Structural Submittal Expectations Matrix at [Link]/publications/fulltext/
ProjectMgmt/DEM/[Link] outlines the expected content of the design submittal
deliverables at specific stages of design development.
When a Constructability Review is set by the SOW, the Bridge Design Unit or Bridge
Consultant assigned to the project is responsible for providing the plan content specified
by the design matrix, and providing the quantities based on preliminary foundation design
sizes. The Bridge Project Support Unit is responsible for providing the cost estimate and a
set of Special Provisions that includes all applicable General Special Provisions (GSPs). The
GSPs with fill-ins need not have the fill-in text included at this time, and project specific
Special Provisions need not be included at this time.
The Bridge Design Unit or Bridge Consultant shall coordinate with the Bridge Project
Support Unit with enough lead time to allow completion of the cost estimate and
Constructability Special Provisions in time for the Constructability Review submittal to
the Region Design PEO.
For the PS&E Review Set turn-in, the Bridge Design Unit or Bridge Consultant assigned
to the project shall provide completed plans and quantities to the Bridge Project Support
Unit at least two-weeks in advance of the scheduled PS&E Review turn-in date. The
Bridge Project Support Unit is responsible for developing a complete set of Special
Provisions, with completed GSPs and project specific special provisions, and a complete
cost estimate.
For hydraulic, mechanical, and electrical rehabilitation projects for movable bridges,
the Bridge Preservation Office takes a lead role in managing the design process for
the project.

12.4.3.B Constructability Review Set Distribution

The Bridge Specifications and Estimates Engineer assigned to the project distributes the
Constructability Review set, consisting of PDFs of the Structure Plans, cost estimate, and
assembled bridge special provision document (raw GSPs), and the Word document of the
associated special provision runlist, to the following:
• Design Project Engineer • Bridge Design Unit Supervisor
• Design PEO Team Leader • Bridge Design Unit Team Leader/
• Design PEO Designer Designer
• Region Plans Office Reviewer
The Bridge Design Unit Team Leader/Designer and Bridge Specifications and Estimates
Engineer for the project participate in the Constructability Review and coordinate to
address review comments generated by the review.

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Chapter 12 Quantities, Costs, and Specifications

12.4.3.C PS&E Review Set Distribution

The Bridge Specifications and Estimates Engineer assigned to the project distributes the
PS&E Review set to the following:
• FHWA Washington Division Bridge Engineer
• Materials Laboratory (Record of Materials and PS&E Distribution mailbox)
• HQ Geotechnical Office
• HQ Construction Office Bridge Engineer
• State Bridge Design Engineer
• Bridge Scheduler
• Bridge Project Support Manager
• Bridge Preservation Office
• Bridge Design Unit Supervisor
• Bridge Design Unit Team Leader/Designer
• State Bridge and Structures Engineer – Large or complicated projects only
• Design Project Engineer
• Design PEO Team Leader
• Design PEO Designer
• Region Plans Office Reviewer
The content of the distribution set is defined by Section 12.4.9.A.
The Bridge Design Unit Team Leader/Designer and Bridge Specifications and Estimates
Engineer for the project participate in the PS&E Review and coordinate to address review
comments generated by the review.

12.4.4 Reviewing Bridge Plans

The Bridge Specifications and Estimates Engineer performs the following tasks after
receiving the Structure Plans and associated quantities from the Bridge Design Unit or
Bridge Consultant in advance of the PS&E Review set distribution:

12.4.4.A Job Files

Review correspondence and emails in the job files for the items of work and other
commitments which need to be included in the Bridge PS&E. Identify items that need
special provisions and bid item references. Identify items that require additional research
by, and information from, the bridge designer, Region designers, or others.

12.4.4.B PS&E Check List (Form 230-037 and Appendix 12.4-A1)

Review the form as completed by the bridge designer for identified needs for special
materials, construction requirements, permits, etc., which may need Special Provisions
such as:
• Permits: United States Coast Guard
• Agreements: utilities on bridge, etc.
• Materials: high strength structural steel, high-strength concrete, polyester and
polymer concrete, carbon fiber wrap, high-load elastomeric bearing pads and other
high capacity bridge bearings, etc.

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Quantities, Costs, and Specifications Chapter 12

• Construction Requirements: temporary access, stage construction, construction

over railroad, special welding and welding inspection requirements, and other special
construction requirements
• Special Items: modified concrete overlay or special architectural, paint, and
sealer treatments
• Proprietary Materials: identification of, and justification for use of, products and
materials which are specified in the Structure Plans by specific manufacturer and
model, instead of generic manufacture

12.4.4.C Summary of Quantities (Form 230-031 and Appendix 12.2-A1)

Verify that the Summary of Quantities is labeled as “Manager’s Bridge Quantities.” See
Section 12.2.2. Quantities listed in this form are used to develop the Bridge Cost Estimate
for the project.

12.4.4.D Plans
Review the plans for consistency with the special needs identified by the bridge designer
in the PS&E check list form (subsection B above), use of standard notes and General
Notes, completeness of title block information, and use of terminology consistent with
the Standard Specifications, Standard Plans, and Standard Bid Items.

12.4.4.E Not Included in Bridge Quantities List (Form 230-038 and Appendix 12.1-A1)
Review the form completed by the bridge designer and compare with the Structure
Plans for items shown in the Structure Plans that may be missing from the list. See
Section 12.1.2.

12.4.4.F Geotechnical Report

Review the Geotechnical Report for the project to confirm that the foundation types,
sizes, and elevations shown in the Bridge Plans are consistent with the recommendations
specified in the Geotechnical Report. Obtain a copy of the final Geotechnical Report for
the S&E file. Review the Geotechnical Report for construction consideration requirements
which may need to be noted in the Special Provisions, such as shaft casing requirements,
bridge embankment settlement periods, special excavation, etc. Compare the number of
test holes and the locations shown in the layout sheets for all bridges against number and
locations of test holes identified in the final Geotechnical Report.

12.4.5 Preparing the Bridge Cost Estimates

12.4.5.A General
From the quantities shown in the Summary of Quantities form submitted with the
Structure Plans (whether for Constructability Review or PS&E Review), the Bridge
Specifications and Estimates Engineer develops the Bridge Cost Estimate for the project.
The Bridge Project Support Unit uses a standard spreadsheet format for Cost Estimates.
This spreadsheet includes the tabulation of all bridge bid items, a breakdown for each
lump sum item, and square foot cost of the structure.

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Chapter 12 Quantities, Costs, and Specifications

12.4.5.B Procedure
Each quantity shown in the Summary of Quantities form is to be matched with an
appropriate unit bid item or lump sum bid item. These can be Standard Bid Items from the
Standard Bid Item Table, or project specific non-standard bid items.
Pricing for the bid items above can be based on the Construction Cost Estimating Aids
listed in Appendices 12.3-A1, 12.3-A2, 12.3-A3, and 12.3-A4, bid tabulations from
previous contracts, and the Unit Bid Analysis and Standard Item Table listing available
through the WSDOT Contract Ad & Award Office web site. The Bridge Specifications
and Estimates Engineer uses appropriate engineering judgment to make appropriate
adjustments for inflation, site location, quantities involved, total of the work involved, etc.
All Standard Bid Items listed in the spreadsheet shall include the Standard Bid Item
number assigned to that bid item. All non-standard bid items shall be identified by the
appropriate pre-qualification code for the bid item work. The pre-qualification codes
specified in the Standard Item Table should be reviewed to help establish the appropriate
code for non-standard bid items. When in doubt, the general Bridge and Structures pre-
qualification code of (B0) should be used.
All bridge cost estimates shall include mobilization, but do not include sales tax,
engineering, contingencies or inflation.

12.4.6 Preparing the Bridge Specifications

12.4.6.A General
There are two categories of Special Provisions:
1. General Special Provisions (GSP’s) are supplemental specifications which are
standardized and approved for Statewide use, and maintained by the WSDOT
Construction Office. GSP’s are formatted to supplement specific Standard
Specifications Sections. GSP’s are identified by their publication and effective date in
parenthesis immediately preceding the GSP text.
2. Project Specific Special Provisions include all supplemental specifications which
are not GSP’s. Project Specific Special Provisions, as the name implies, are intended
for project specific use, whether one time or infrequent. The vast majority of
Project Specific Special Provisions are formatted to supplement specific Standard
Specifications Sections. However, in rare cases, they can be formatted as “stand-
alone” following the “Description/Materials/Construction Requirements/
Measurement/Payment format. Project Specific Special Provisions are identified
by six asterisks in parenthesis immediately preceding the text or heading. A Project
Specific Special Provision that sees frequent use can be standardized and elevated to
GSP status.

12.4.6.B Procedure
Based on review of the Structure Plans and the PS&E Check List, the Bridge Specifications
and Estimates Engineer determines the items of work which are not already covered by
the Standard Specifications and for which supplemental specifications are needed. Based
on this determination, and review of the current list of GSP’s, a Bridge Special Provision
runlist is prepared, listing the multi-character code of the applicable GSP documents
needed for the project. GSP documents are listed in the WSDOT Construction Office
web site.

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Quantities, Costs, and Specifications Chapter 12

These documents are listed following the section order of the Standard Specifications. Fill-
in blanks for GSP’s requiring project specific information can be completed at this time.
When the Standard Specifications and GSP’s are insufficient to cover project specific
requirements, Project Specific Special Provisions are developed, and added by name at
the appropriate location in the runlist.
See the Plans Preparation Manual Division 6 for further discussion and example
flow charts.
When the Bridge Special Provision file is complete with all Special Provisions needed
to accompany the Structure Plans, the Bridge Specifications and Estimates Engineer
compiles a single space document of the Bridge Special Provision file for use in the Bridge
PS&E distribution.

12.4.7 Preparing the Bridge Working Day Schedule

12.4.7.A General
The Bridge Specifications and Estimates Engineer calculates the number of the working
days necessary to construct the bridge portion of the contract, based on the quantities
shown in the Summary of Quantities form submitted with the Bridge Plans, and enters
the time in the special provision “Time for Completion.” The working days are defined in
the Standard Specifications Section 1-08.5.

12.4.7.B Procedure
The first task of estimating the number of working days is to list all the construction
activities involved in the project. These include all actual construction activities such as
excavation, forming, concrete placement, and curing; and the non-construction activities
such as mobilization, material and shop plan approval. Special conditions such as staging,
limited access near wetlands, limited construction windows for work in rivers and streams,
limited working hours due to traffic and noise restrictions, require additional time.
The second task is to assign the number of working days to each construction activity
above (see Appendix 12.4-A2). The “Construction Time Rate” table can be used as a guide
to estimate construction time required. This table shows the average rate of output for a
single shift, work day only. Adjustment to the rates of this table should be made based on
project size, type of work involved, location of the project, etc. In general, larger project
will have higher production rates than smaller projects, new construction will have higher
production rates than widening, and unstaged work will have higher production rates than
stages work.
The last step is to arrange construction activities, with corresponding working days, into
a construction schedule on a bar chart, either by hand on the Construction Working
Day Schedule Form 230-041 (see Appendix 12.4-B1) or by computer using a scheduling
program. List the activities in a logical construction sequence, starting from the
substructure to the superstructure. Items shall overlap where practical and the critical
path shall be identified.

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12.4.8 Reviewing Projects Prepared by Consultants

12.4.8.A General
Consultants preparing Structure Plans for WSDOT projects submit their Plans and
quantities to the Bridge and Structures Office before the scheduled Bridge PS&E turn-in
date, and with all associated information (files, forms, lists, and reports), as specified in
Sections 12.4.3 and 12.4.4.
The package shall be in the same format as those prepared by the Bridge and Structures
Office.

12.4.8.B Procedure
The Bridge Specifications and Estimates Engineer reviews the consultant’s Structure
Plans following the process as specified in Sections 12.4.3 and 12.4.4. The review
comments of the Bridge Specifications and Estimates Engineer are combined with review
comments from the Bridge Design Unit assigned to review the project, and returned
to the consultant in a timely manner through the Bridge Consultant Liaison Engineer,
allowing the consultant to meet the scheduled turn-in date for the Bridge PS&E. After
the consultant addresses all review comments and resubmits the package as 100 percent
complete, the Bridge Specifications and Estimates Engineer compiles the Bridge PS&E
package (See Section 12.4.9).
Except for hydraulic, mechanical, and electrical rehabilitation projects for movable bridges,
and other unique bridge projects where specifically approved by the Bridge Project
Support Engineer, all Bridge Special Provisions shall be prepared by the Bridge Project
Support Unit. The Bridge Cost Estimate and working day schedule should be prepared by
the Bridge Specifications and Estimates Engineer with assistance from the consultant as
appropriate.

12.4.9 Submitting the PS&E Package

12.4.9.A General
The PS&E package includes:
1. PDF of Bridge Construction Cost Estimate for each separate structure
2. PDF of Not Included in Bridge Quantity List
3. PDF of Construction Working Day Schedule
4. PDF of compiled Bridge Special Provision document with runlist
5. Word document of individual project specific Bridge Special Provisions and GSPs with
fill-ins, and Word document of the associated runlist
6. PDF of the Structure Plan Set for all Structures
The Bridge PS&E is distributed to those identified in Section 12.4.3.B.

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12.4.10 PS&E Review Period and Turn-in for AD Copy

12.4.10.A Description
The PS&E Review Period between Bridge PS&E turn-in and Ad Date allows the Region to
compile PS&E from their Design PE Office and all support groups into a Review PS&E set
for distribution to appropriate parties for review and comment. The process ensures that
all parts of the PS&E are compatible, complete, and constructible.

12.4.10.B Procedure
Each Region has its own specific process, but the general procedure is similar. The PS&E
Review PS&E set is distributed to the Bridge Project Support Engineer or the Bridge
Specifications and Estimates Engineer assigned to the project. The review is performed,
and comments returned to the Region, by the due date specified in the distribution
document. Review comments are returned to both the Region Plan Reviewer and the
Region Design PE Team Leader/Designer assigned to the project.
Depending on the scope of the project, and the Region responsible for the project,
there may be a meeting to discuss review comments. If such a meeting is held (generally
about halfway through the PS&E review period), the Bridge Specifications and Estimates
Engineer and others from the Bridge Design Unit responsible for the project, should
consider attending if discussion of Bridge PS&E review comments is likely.
Shortly after the specified due date for review comments passes, Region comments on
the Bridge PS&E should be received by the Bridge Specifications and Estimates Engineer
and/or the bridge designer(s) in the Bridge Design Unit. These review comments on
the Bridge PS&E are addressed before the final Bridge PS&E is turned-in for AD Copy
printing. The Bridge Specifications and Estimates Engineer makes all necessary revisions
to the Bridge Cost Estimate and Bridge Special Provisions, and notifies the appropriate
contacts in the Region Design PE Office and the Region Plans Office when these changes
are complete. This should be completed at least two weeks prior to the scheduled
Ad Date.
After the Bridge Design Unit has completed all necessary revisions to the Structure Plans,
the Structure Plans are signed and turned in to the Bridge Specifications and Estimates
Engineer. The Bridge AD-Ready PS&E shall include the following:
1. Copies of the signed plans ready for digital certification to be initiated by the Region’s
Certification Sheet process.
2. Final set of bridge special provisions and the associated Certified Bridge Special
Provisions and Cost Estimate document stamped and signed by the Bridge
Specifications and Estimates Engineer
3. Electronic copies of all CAD files in DGN format.
This set of Bridge AD-Ready PS&E is the "Signed PS&E Set" deliverable of the Structural
Submittal Expectations Matrix, and is sent to the Region (Region Plan Reviewer and
Region Design PE Team Leader/Designer) for use in compiling the AD Copy PS&E. The
Bridge Construction Support Engineer is also included in this email distribution as notice
of the AD-Ready status of the project. This should be completed two weeks prior to the
scheduled Ad Date.

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12.5 Appendices
Appendix 12.1-A1 Not Included In Bridge Quantities List
Appendix 12.2-A1 Bridge Quantities
Appendix 12.3-A1 Structural Estimating Aids Construction Costs
Appendix 12.3-A2 Structural Estimating Aids Construction Costs
Appendix 12.3-A3 Structural Estimating Aids Construction Costs
Appendix 12.3-A4 Structural Estimating Aids Construction Costs
Appendix 12.4-A1 Special Provisions Checklist
Appendix 12.4-A2 Structural Estimating Aids Construction Time Rates
Appendix 12.4-B1 Construction Working Day Schedule

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Quantities, Costs, and Specifications Chapter 12

Appendix 12.1-A1 Not Included In Bridge Quantities List

Not Included In
Structure Quantities List
SR Job Number Project Title

Designed By Checked By Date Supervisor

Type of Structure

The following is a list of items for which the Bridge and Structures Office is relying on the Region to furnish
plans, specifications and estimates.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

DOT Form 230-038

Revised 07/2019

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Chapter 12 Quantities, Costs, and Specifications

Appendix 12.2-A1 Bridge Quantities

Bridge Quantities
Bridge No. Date
Unit of
St. Item No. Item Use Item Description Quantity Measure
0001 Std. Item Mobilization L.S.
0061 Std. Item Removing Portion of Existing Bridge L.S.
0061
Type Area SF/SM
Drilled Holes: Less than 12” long: Greater than 12” long:
Number Diameter Number Diameter Length
Inch Inch LF
Inch Inch LF
Inch Inch LF
Core Drilled Holes: Less than 12” long: Greater than 12” long:
Number Diameter Number Diameter Length
Inch Inch LF
Inch Inch LF
Inch Inch LF

0071 Std. Item Removing Existing Bridge L.S.

Type Area SF
0259 GSP Item Work Access L.S.
Type Area SF
4001 GSP Item Temporary L.S.
Bridge
Type Area SF/SM

4006 Std. Item Structure Excavation Class A Incl. Haul CY

Dry (includes unsuitable if specified by Geotech Report
Pier Soil
CY
CY
CY
CY
Cofferdam:
Pier Soil Rock
CY CY
CY CY
CY CY
CY CY
4010 Sp. Prov. Special Excavation CY
Pier Soil
CY
CY
CY
CY
DOT Form 230-031 Page 1 of 5
Revised 05/2017

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St. Item No. Item Use Item Description Quantity Unit of

Measure
4013 Std. Item Shoring or Extra Excavation Class A L.S.
Dry:
AVERAGE OVERALL HEIGHT
Pier <6 ft. 6 ft. to 10 ft 10 ft. to 20 ft*. >20 ft.*
SF SF SF SF
SF SF SF SF
SF SF SF SF
SF SF SF SF
COFFERDAM: AVERAGE OVERALL HEIGHT
PIER <6 ft. 6 ft. to10 ft 0 ft. to 20 ft.* >20 ft.
SF SF SF SF
SF SF SF SF
SF SF SF SF
SF SF SF SF
*INDICATE AVERAGE HEIGHT
7070 GSP Item Rock Bolt Each
7071 GSP Item Rock Dowel Type Each
4008 Std. Item Rock Excavation For Shaft Including Haul CY
Varies Std. Item. Constructing FT. Diam. Shaft LF
Varies Std. Item Shaft - In. Diameter LF
4053 Std. Item Furnishing Soldier Pile LF
4160 Std. Item. QA Shaft Test Each
0256 Std. Item Removing Shaft Obstructions Est.
Varies GSP Item Preboring For Pile LF
4060 Std. Item Furnishing and Driving Concrete Test Pile Each
4070 Std. Item Furnishing Conc. Piling - Diameter LF
4080 Std. Item Driving Conc. Pile
4085 Std. Item Furnishing and Driving Steel Test Pile Each
4090 Std. Item Furnishing Steel Piling FM
4095 Std. Item Driving Steel Pile Each
4100 Std. Item Furnishing and Driving Timber Test Pile Each
4105 Std. Item Furnishing Timber Piling - Untreated LF
4107 Std. Item Furnishing Timber Piling LF
4108 Std. Item Driving Timber Pile - Untreated Each
4111 Std. Item Driving Timber Pile Each
4116 Std. Item Pile Splice - Timber Each
8376 Std. Item Furnishing Steel Pile Tip or Shoe Each
4130 Std. Item Placing Prestressed Hollow Concrete Pile Each
4140 Std. Item Driving Prestreessed Hollow Concrete Pile
-- Sp. Prov. Pile Loading Test LF
No. of Tests Each Pile Size Ton/Tonne
4144 Std. Item Epoxy-Coated St. Reinf. Bar For LB
4148 Std. Item Epoxy-Coated St. Reinf Bar For Bridge LB
4149 Std. Item St. Reinf. Bar For Bridge LB
4151 Std. Item St. Reinf Bar for LB
DOT Form 230-031 Page 2 of 5
Revised 05/2017

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St. Item No. Item Use Item Description Quantity Unit of

Measure
4151 Std. Item St. Reinf Bar for LB
-- Sp. Prov. Wire Mesh SY
4166 Std. Item Lean Concrete CY
-- Std. Item Conc. Class CY
4322 Std. Item Conc. Class 4000 for Bridge CY
4202 Std. Item Conc. Class 4000 for CY
4200 Std. Item Conc. Class 3000 for CY
4325 Std. Item Conc. Class 5000 for Bridge CY
4205 Std Item Conc. CLass 5000 for CY
4324 Std. Item Conc. Class 4000W for Bridge CY
4204 Std. Item Conc. Class 4000W for CY
-- GSP Item Conc. Class EA CY
-- SP Prov. Conc. Class HE CY
4230 Std. Item Structural Carbon Steel LB
4235 Std. Item Structural Low Alloy Steel LB
4240 Std. Item Structural High Strength Steel LB
4246 Std. Item Cast Steel LB
4251 Std. Item Forged Steel LB
4256 Std. Item Cast Iron LB
4261 Std. Item Malleable Iron LB
4267 Std. Item Ductile Iron LB
4271 Std. Item Cast Bronze LB
4299 Std. Item Lagging SF
4280 Std. Item Timber and Lumber - Untreated MBM
4282 Std. Item Timber and Lumber - Creosote Treated MBM
4284 Std. Item Timber and Lumber - Slats Treated MBM
4300 Std. Item Superstructure (for Concrete Bridges)
L.S.
Bridge Plan Area SF
4311 Std. Item Bridge Deck (for Steel Bridges)
L.S.
Bridge Plan Area SF
6945 Std. Item Conduit Pipe 2” Diam. LF
4410 Std. Item Bridge Railing Type LF
4420 GSP Item Bridge Grate Inlet Each
7169 Std. Item Structural Earth Wall SF
-- Sp. Prov.
-- Sp. Prov.
5656 Std. Item Bridge Approach Slab SY

DOT Form 230-031 Page 3 of 5

Revised 05/2017

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Quantities, Costs, and Specifications Chapter 12

Breakdown of Items for Superstructure or Bridge Deck

Unit of
St. Item No. Item Use Item Description Quantity Measure
-- Std. Item Epoxy-Coated Steel Reinforcing Bar LB
-- Std. Item Epoxy-Coated Steel Reinforcing Bar (Traffic Barrier) LB
-- Std. Item Steel Reinforcing Bar LB
-- Conc. Class CY
-- Std. Item Conc. Class 4000D CY
-- Std. Item Conc. Class 4000 CY
-- Std. Item Conc. Class 5000 CY
-- Std. Item Conc. Class LS CY
-- Std. Item Structural Carbon Steel LB
-- Std. Item Structural Low Alloy Steel LB
-- Std. Item Structural High Strength Steel LB
-- Std. Item Cast Steel LB
-- Std. Item Cast Iron LB
-- Std. Item Malleable Iron LB
-- Std. Item Ductile Iron LB
-- Std. Item Cast Bronze LB
-- Std. Item Timber and Lumber - Untreated MBM
-- Std. Item Timber and Lumber - Creosote Treated MBM
-- Std. Item Timber and Lumber - Salts Treated MBM
-- Sp. Prov. Glulam Deck Panels MBM
6945 Std. Item Conduit Pipe 2” Diameter LF
-- Std. Item Bridge Railing Type LF
-- Std. Item Traffic Barrier LF
4433 GSP. Item. Modify Bridge Drain Each
4434 GSP Item Plugging Existing Bridge Drain Each
4420 GSP Item Bridge Grate Inlet Each
Varies GSP Item Expansion Joint System LF
Type Length LF
Type Length LF
Type Length LF
4444 GSP Item Expansion Joint Modification LF
Type Length LF
4232 Std. Item Modified Concrete Overlay CF
4233 Std. Item Finishing and Curing Modified Concrete Overlay SY
4456 Std. Item Scarifying Concrete Surface SY
BSP Item Polymer Concrete Overlay SY
4465 Std. Item Further Deck Preparation (for Type 1 Deck Repair) SF
4467 Std. Item Further Deck Preparation for Type 2 Deck Repair SF
4451 Std. Item Bridge Deck Repair Br No SF
4455 Std. Item Waterproof Membrame Br No SY
5708 Std. Item Removing Existing Overlay from Bridge Deck SY
-- Sp. Prov. Pot Bearing Each
-- BSP Item Disc Bearing Each

DOT Form 230-031 Page 4 of 5

Revised 05/2017

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-- BSP Item Spherical Bearing Each

-- BSP Item Cylindrical Bearing Each
-- Std. Item Elastomeric Bering Pad (for pads only) Each
-- Sp., Prov. Elastomeric Bearing Pad Assembly (for a fabricated assembly) Each
-- GSP Item Fabric Pad Bearing Each
4269 Std. Item Prestressed Conc. Girder LF
-- Std. Item Prestressing LB
-- Sp. Prov. Precast Segment LF
Volume CY/CM
-- Sp. Prov.
-- Sp. Prov.

DOT Form 230-031 Page 5 of 5

Revised 05/2017

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Appendix 12.3-A1 Structural Estimating Aids

Construction Costs
Scoping Level Estimates UNIT COST
1,2,3,5

UNIT LOW MEDIAN HIGH 4

Prestressed Concrete Girders (span 50 - 205 ft)
Water Crossing w/ piling SF $300 $350 $400
Water Crossing w/ spread footings SF $300 $350 $400
Dry Crossing w/ piling SF $300 $350 $400
Dry Crossing w/ spread footings SF $250 $300 $350
Reinforced Concrete and Post-Tensioned Concrete Box Girders (span 50 - 200 ft)
Water Crossing w/ piling SF $350 $400 $450
Water Crossing w/ spread footings SF $325 $375 $425
Dry Crossing w/ piling SF $350 $400 $450
Dry Crossing w/ spread footings SF $325 $375 $425
Reinforced Concrete Flat Slab (span 20 - 60 ft) SF $300 $325 $350
Prestressed Concrete Slabs (span 13 - 69 ft) SF $300 $350 $400
Prestressed Concrete Decked Bulb -Tee Girder (span 40 - 150 ft) SF $300 $350 $400
Steel Girder (span 60 - 400 ft) SF $350 $400 $400
Steel Box Girder (span 300 - 700 ft) SF - $400 -
Steel Truss (span 300 - 700 ft) SF - $450 -
Steel Arch (span 30 - 400 ft) SF - $500 -
Pedestrian Bridge — Reinforced Concrete SF $400 $550 $700
Precast Reinforced Concrete Buried Structures SF (determined by Regions)
Bridge Approach Slab SY $350
Concrete Bridge Removal SF $25 $50 $75
Widening Existing Concrete Bridges 6 SF $350 $400 $450
Repl. Exist. Curbs and Barrier w/ Traffic Barrier (incl. removal) LF $220 $280 $350
Reinforced Concrete Retaining Wall (Exposed Area) SF $70 $90 $110
SE Wall — Welded Wire SF $35 $50 $70
SE Wall — Precast Conc. Panels or Conc. Block SF $40 $60 $80
SE Wall — CIP Conc. Fascia Panels (Special Design) SF $45 $55 $65
Permanent Geosynthic Wall w/ Shotcrete Facing SF $30 $40 $50
Permanent Geosynthic Wall w/ Concrete Fascia Panel SF $40 $50 $60
Soil Nail Wall SF $120 $150 $180
Shotcrete Facing SF $20 $30 $40
Concrete Fascia Panel SF $30 $40 $50
Soldier Pile Wall (Exposed Area) SF $125 $150 $170
Soldier Pile Tieback Wall (Exposed Area) SF $175 $200 $250
Concrete Crib Wall Concrete Headers SF $40 $50 $60

Typical Bridge Areas

▪ Bridge areas are computed as follows: Width x Length
▪ Width: Total width of Deck, including portion under the barrier.
▪ Length: Distance between back of pavement seats, or for a Bridge having Wingwalls, 3'-0" behind the top of the embankment slope;
typically end of Wingwalls to end of Wingwalls.

Notes:
1. For any official WSDOT project cost estimate, contact the Bridge and Structures Office to discuss the specific project criteria and
constructability related risks.
2. SPECIAL NOTE : These cost estimate aids may be effected by inflation, labor and equipment shortages, supply chain issues, and other
environmental and economic factors that shold be evaluated at the time of estimate preparation.
3. Unit structure construction costs include mobilization but do not include sales tax, engineering, or contingency.
4. For small jobs (less than $100,000), use the high end of the cost range as a starting point.
5. Updated April, 2025. For the most recent bid history see the following resources:
- Unit Bid Analysis: [Link]
- Bid Tabulation: [Link]
6. Widenings - Actual area of new construction. Includes removal.

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Appendix 12.3-A2 Structural Estimating Aids

Construction Costs
1,2,3,5
UNIT COST
BID ITEM UNIT LOW HIGH 4
Structure Excavation Class A Incl. Haul
Earth CY $20 $45
Rock CY $150 $300
Inside Cofferdam — Earth CY $35 $50
Inside Cofferdam — Rock CY $170 $300
Shoring Extra Excavation Class A
Dry — Depth under 6' SF $10 $15
Dry — 6' - 10' SF $15 $20
Dry — 10' - 20' SF $20 $25
Dry — > greater thabn 20' SF $25 $30
Cofferdam SF $50 $65
Preboring For Standard Piles LF $50 $65
Furnishing & Driving Test Piles
Concrete EACH $7,500 $15,000
Steel EACH $4,000 $12,000
Timber EACH $2,000 $4,500
Furnishing Piling
Conc. _____ Dia. LF $50 $70
Steel — TYP HP 12x53 LF $55 $70
Timber — Creosote Treated LF $15 $20
Timber — Untreated LF $12 $15
** Pile Tip
CIP Concrete (Steel Casing — Short Tip) EACH $300 $380
CIP Concrete (Steel Casing — 10 Stinger) EACH $7,000 $8,500
Steel (H-Pile) EACH $180 $340
Timber (Arrow Tip) EACH $60 $110
Driving Piles (40' - 70' Lengths)
Concrete _____ Dia. EACH $750 $1,500
Steel EACH $525 $1,200
Timber EACH $320 $700
Shafts
Constructing — Ft. Diam Shaft (4' to 6' Dia.) LF $850 $2,100
Constructing — Ft. Diam Shaft (8' to 12' Dia.) LF $2,100 $4,500
Rock Excavation For Shaft Including Haul LF $250 $1,500
QA Shaft Test EACH $1,000 $3,000
Removing Shaft Obstructions EST 5% of all of above shaft ____
St. Reinf. Bar For Bridge LBS $1.50 $2.00
Epoxy-Coated St. Reinf. Bar For Bridge LBS $1.50 $2.50
Conc. Class 4000W CY $500 $750
Conc. Class 4000 (Footings) CY $900 $1,300
Conc. Class 4000 (Abut. & Ret. Walls) CY $950 $1,350
Conc. Class 5000 CY $1,000 $1,500
Lean Concrete CY $450 $600

Notes:
1. For any official WSDOT project cost estimate, contact the Bridge and Structures Office to discuss the specific project criteria and
constructability related risks.
2. SPECIAL NOTE : These cost estimate aids may be effected by inflation, labor and equipment shortages, supply chain issues, and other
environmental and economic factors that shold be evaluated at the time of estimate preparation.
3. Unit structure construction costs include mobilization but do not include sales tax, engineering, or contingency.
4. For small jobs (less than $100,000), use the high end of the cost range as a starting point.
5. Updated April, 2025. For the most recent bid history see the following resources:
- Unit Bid Analysis: [Link]
- Bid Tabulation: [Link]

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Quantities, Costs, and Specifications Chapter 12

Appendix 12.3-A3 Structural Estimating Aids

Construction Costs
1,2,3,5
UNIT COST
BID ITEM UNIT LOW HIGH 4
Elastomeric Bearing Pads
Girder Seat EACH $250 $500
Girder Stop EACH $150 $250
Bearings - Spherical and Disc (ln place with plates) KlP $20 $40
Fabric Pad Bearing - in place, including all plates, TFE, etc. EACH $3000 $4400
Wide Flange Prestressed Concrete Girder
WF42G LF $550
WF50G LF $575
WF58G LF $600
WF74G LF $625
W83G LF $650
W95G LF $675
Spliced Prestressed Concrete l Girder
WF74PTG LF $900
W83PTG LF $1000
W95PTG LF $1100
Bulb Tee Girder
WBT32G LF $375
WBT38G LF $400
WBT62G LF $425
Trapezodial Tub Girder
U54G4 LF $750
U54G5 LF $760
U54G6 LF $770
U66G4 LF $780
U66G5 LF $790
U66G6 LF $800
U78G4 LF $810
U78G5 LF $820
U78G6 LF $830
Wide Flange Trapezodial Tub Girder
UF60G4 LF $800
UF60G5 LF $810
UF60G6 LF $820
UF72G4 LF $830
UF72G5 LF $840
UF72G6 LF $850
UF84G4 LF $860
UF84G5 LF $870
UF84G6 LF $880
Structural Carbon Steel LBS $2.75 $3.75
(Steel girder, when large amount of steel is involved)
Structural Low Alloy Steel LBS $2.95 $3.95
(Steel girder, when large amount of steel is involved)
Structural Steel LBS $10.00 $15.00
(Sign supports, when small amounts of steel is involved)
Timber & Lumber MBM $2,000 $2,800
Creosote Treated MBM $2,250 $3,000
Salts Treated MBM $1,500 $2,000
Untreated MBM $1,750 $2,250
Lagging (in place) Treated SF $25 $40

WSDOT Bridge Design Manual M 23-50.24 Page 12-31

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Chapter 12 Quantities, Costs, and Specifications

Superstructure Cost UNIT COST

1,2,3,5

Updated April 2025 5

UNIT LOW HIGH 4
Expansion Joint Modification (Remove and Replace Headers LF $500 $700
Only - Add Exp. Jt. System Costs below)
Expansion Joint System
Compression Seal LF $150 $300
Modular LF $500 $7,000
Strip Seal LF $450 $900
Rapid Cure Silicone LF $75 $125
Bridge Drains EACH $600 $900
Bridge Grate Inlets EACH $2,300 $3,100
Conc. Class 5000 CY $1,000 $1,500
Conc. Class 5000 (Segmental Constr.) CY $1,100 $1,500
Conc. Class 4000D (Deck Only) CY $1,000 $1,800
Conc. Class 4000 CY $900 $1,500
St. Reinf. Bar LBS $150.00 $200.00
Epoxy-Coated St. Reinf. Bar LBS $150.00 $250.00
Post-tensioning Prestressing Steel (Includes Anchorages) LBS $750.00 $9.00
Traffic Barrier LF $3,350 $450
Bridge Railing Type BP & BP-S LF $150 $200
Beam Guardrail Type Thrie Beam LF $150 $250
Modified Conc. Overlay CF $35 $50
Furnishing and Curing Modified Conc. Overlay SY $40 $75
Scarifying Conc. Overlay (½-inch) SY $150 $190
Polymer Concrete SY $130 $160
Polyester Concrete CF $180 $250
Scarifying Concrete Overlay (2-inch or more) SY $200 $250
Removing Existing HMA Overlay From Bridge Deck
Less Than 100 SY SY $70 $100
100 SY to 200SY SY $40 $60
Greater Than 200 SY SY $35 $60
Waterproof Membrane
Less Than 100 SY SY $50 $60
100 SY to 200SY SY $40 $50
Greater Than 200 SY SY $35 $45

Notes:
1. For any official WSDOT project cost estimate, contact the Bridge and Structures Office to discuss the specific project criteria and
constructability related risks.
2. SPECIAL NOTE : These cost estimate aids may be effected by inflation, labor and equipment shortages, supply chain issues, and other
environmental and economic factors that shold be evaluated at the time of estimate preparation.
3. Unit structure construction costs include mobilization but do not include sales tax, engineering, or contingency.
4. For small jobs (less than $100,000), use the high end of the cost range as a starting point.
5. Updated April, 2025. For the most recent bid history see the following resources:
- Unit Bid Analysis: [Link]
- Bid Tabulation: [Link]

Page 12-32 WSDOT Bridge Design Manual M 23-50.24

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Quantities, Costs, and Specifications Chapter 12

Appendix 12.3-A4 Structural Estimating Aids

Construction Costs
1,2,3,5
UNIT COST
BID ITEM UNIT LOW HIGH 4
Conduit Pipe 2" Diameter LF $35 $45
Sign Support (Brackets, Mono, or Truss Sign Bridges) LBS $10 $15
Concrete Surface Finishes
Fractured Fin Finish SY $20 $30
Pigmented Sealer SY $15 $25
Painting Existing Steel Bridges S.F. $15 $45
Masonry Drilling (holes up to 1'-0" in depth)6
1" Diameter EACH $30
1 ½" Diameter EACH $35
2" Diameter EACH $40
2 ½" Diameter EACH $42
3" Diameter EACH $44
3 ½" Diameter EACH $46
4" Diameter EACH $52
5" Diameter EACH $54
6" Diameter EACH $70
7" Diameter EACH $90
Removal of Rails and Curbs LF $90 $140
Removal of Rails, Curbs, and Slab SF $30 $60
Bridge Deck Repair S.F. $150 $350
Plugging Existing Bridge Drain EACH $350
Mobilization Sum of Items 10%

Notes:
1. For any official WSDOT project cost estimate, contact the Bridge and Structures Office to discuss the specific project criteria and
constructability related risks.
2. SPECIAL NOTE : These cost estimate aids may be effected by inflation, labor and equipment shortages, supply chain issues, and other
environmental and economic factors that shold be evaluated at the time of estimate preparation.
3. Unit structure construction costs include mobilization but do not include sales tax, engineering, or contingency.
4. For small jobs (less than $100,000), use the high end of the cost range as a starting point.
5. Updated April, 2025. For the most recent bid history see the following resources:
- Unit Bid Analysis: [Link]
- Bid Tabulation: [Link]
6. For holes greater than 1'-0" in depth and up to 20'-0" in depth, us 1.5 x unit cost. If drilling through steel reinforcing, add $16.00 per
lineal inch of steel drilled.

WSDOT Bridge Design Manual M 23-50.24 Page 12-33

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Chapter 12 Quantities, Costs, and Specifications

Appendix 12.4-A1 Special Provisions Checklist

Special Provisions Checklist

SR Job No. Project Title

Design By Check By Date Supervisor

Type of Structure

X Check items pertaining to this structure

Instructions: X Note other items with “X” in box and fill in blank line
Leave blank if it DOES NOT pertain to this structure
A. Permits and Regulations
Coast Guard

B. Railroads
Railroad Bridge
Railroad in Vicinity

C. Order of Work
Approach embankment settlement period
Stage construction sequence

D. Traffic Control
Reduction in traffic lanes
Traffic within feet of new construction
Traffic detoured, no traffic on bridge
One way traffic on bridge

E. Utilities and Existing Pavement

Utilities on Bridge, type
Existing utilities in vicinity of construction
Existing pavement in vicinity of construction

F. Falsework
Falsework opening over existing roadway
Falsework opening over railroad
Falsework opening over water
Protection of falsework
Supported from existing structure
Not supported from existing structure
Special falsework release sequence required

DOT Form 230-037 EF

Revised 07/2011

G. Foundation

Page 12-34 WSDOT Bridge Design Manual M 23-50.24

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Quantities, Costs, and Specifications Chapter 12

DOT Form 230-037 EF

Revised 07/2011

G. Foundation
Excavation near existing pavement
Excavation near railroad track or facilities
Concrete Seals
Seal construction using a berm
Cofferdams
Pumping water from foundation excavation required
Riprap at piers
Removal of unsuitable material
Rock excavation requiring threshold limit value
Special Excavation

H. Forms
Special forms for architectural treatment
Fractured Fin Finish
Variable depth random board finish
3/4 inch random board finish
Remove forms from cells which have access (Box grider)

I. Piles
Concrete test pile
Concrete piling inch diameter
Steel test pile
Steel piling
Timber Test Pile
Timber piling
Pile loading test
Pile minimum tip elevations
Pile splice
Pile tip
Preboring for pile
Driving piles in highly developed business or residential areas
Excavation for pile
Driving from existing structure
No driving from existing structure
Overdriving of piles

J. Shafts
Required permanent casing
Required temporary casing
Casing shoring
Shaft Seal
CSL access tubes

DOT Form 230-037 EF

Revised 07/2011

K. Prestressed Concrete Griders

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 J. Shafts
Chapter 12 Quantities, Costs, and Specifications

DOT Form 230-037 EF

Revised 07/2011

K. Prestressed Concrete Griders

Epoxy - coated prestressing steel
Temporary strands
f'c 28 days > 8,500 psi
Precast prestressed member
Spliced prestressed concrete girder
Prestressed concrete tub girder

L. Superstructure
Concrete class
Post - tensioning tendons
Elastomeric bearing pads (pad only)
Elastomeric bearing pad assembly (fabricated assembly)
Fabric pad bearing
Disc bearing
Spherical bearing
Cylindrical bearing
Electrical Conduit
Expansion joint

M. Steel Structure
Structural Carbon Steel
Structural Low Alloy Steel
Structural H.S. Steel
Steel Casting
A - 307 Fasteners
M - 164 Fasteners
F-1554 Fasteners
Shop Assembling
Notch Toughness Requirements
Application of Paint - Color No.
Steel Erection

N. Timber Structures
Untreated
Creosote treated
Salt treated
Glulam deck panels
Type and grade of timber
Fire prevention requirement needed

DOT Form 230-037 EF

Revised 07/2011

O. Signing and Lighting

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Quantities, Costs, and Specifications Chapter 12

DOT Form 230-037 EF

Revised 07/2011

O. Signing and Lighting

Navigation lighting system
Temporary navigation light
Sign bridge on structure
Cantilever sign structure on bridge
Bridge mounted sign brackets

P. Drainage System
Special bridge drains
Bridge grate inlets
Downspout

Q. Surface Finish
Fractured fin finish
Sandblast finish
Variable depth random board finish
3/4 inch random board finish
Pigmented sealer

R. Special Classes of Concrete

Concrete Class EA
Concrete Class HE

S. Bridge Widening or Replacement

Complete removal of existing structure
Removing portions of existing structure
Salvage Materials, storage site , salvage item
Coating contrete surface with epoxy resin
Drilling holes
Core drilled holes
Set rebar with epoxy
Use of rockbolts or rock anchors
Grout, comp. strength psi at day, location
As built Plans of existing structure available for bidder's inspection
HMA overlay
LMC overlay
Polyester concrete overlay
Bridge deck repair
Further deck preparation
Explosive prohibited
Explosives allowed

DOT Form 230-037 EF

Revised 07/2011

T. Waterproofing

U. Miscellaneous Items

WSDOT Bridge Design Manual M 23-50.24 Page 12-37

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Chapter 12 Quantities, Costs, and Specifications

DOT Form 230-037 EF

Revised 07/2011

T. Waterproofing
Membrane waterproofing (Deck Seal)

U. Miscellaneous Items
Temporary oak blocks
Poured rubber
Expaned polstyrene
Plastic waterstops
Expanded rubber
Butyl rubber sheeting
Grout, comp. strength psi at day, location
Electrical conduit

V. Metal Bridge Railing

Bridge Railing Type BP
Bridge Railing Type

W. Repair Work
Epoxy Crack Sealing
Timber Redecking
Concrete Deck Repair

X. Other Items
Ceramic Tiles
Sturctural Earth Wall
Tieback Wall
Noise Barrier Wall
Winter Conditions
Work Access
Work hours or seasonal restrition
Work Bridge
Detour Bridge

DOT Form 230-037 EF

Revised 07/2011

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Quantities, Costs, and Specifications Chapter 12

Appendix 12.4-A2 Structural Estimating Aids

Construction Time Rates
Operation Units** Min. Output Ave. Output Max. Output
Substructure
Structure Exc. & Shoring CY/DAY 20 80 150
*Seals CY/DAY 10 15 20
*Footings CY/DAY 6 10 14
*Abutment Walls CY/DAY 4 7 19
*Wingwalls CY/DAY 1 1.5 2
*Retaining Walls with Footings CY/DAY 4 11 17
*Columns CY/DAY 3 4 8
Falsework for X-beams CY/DAY 4 10 13
*X-beams CY/DAY 16 18 20
Furnishing Piles
Precast Concrete DAYS 40 30 20
Cast-in-Place Concrete DAYS 15 5 2
Steel DAYS 30 10 2
Timber DAYS 20 5 2
Driving Piles
Driving Test Piles EACH/DAY 1 1 2
Concrete LF/DAY 100 150 200
Steel LF/DAY 100 150 200
Timber LF/DAY 100 150 200
Shafts DAYS 2 3 4
Soldier Pile Walls
Driving Soldier Pile DAYS 2 3 4
Permanent Ground Anchor EACH 1 4 10
Timber Lagging MBM/DAY 1 2 4
Concrete Fascia Panel SF/DAY 100 800 1500
Soil Nail Walls
Soil Nail EACH 1 4 10
Shotcrete Facing SF/DAY 1200 3000 6000
Superstructure
Prestressed Girders
Girder Fabrication DAYS 70 45 35
Set Girders LF/DAY 200 550 1,450
*Slab & Diaphragms CY/DAY 6 11 18
*Concrete
**All times are based on a single crew with 8-hour work DAYS

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Chapter 12 Quantities, Costs, and Specifications

Operation Units** Min. Output Ave. Output Max. Output

Box Girders
Span Falsework SF/DAY 150 700 900
*Bottom Slab CY/DAY 3 8 11
*Webs, Diaphragms, and X-beams CY/DAY 5 18 25
*Top Slab CY/DAY 7 9 12
Stress and Grout Strands LBS/DAY 4,500 6,000 8,000
Strip Falsework SF/DAY 1,500 2,200 3,000
T-Beam
Span Falsework SF/DAY 500 700 1,000
*Girders, Diaphragms, and Slab CY/DAY 6 10 15
Strip Falsework SF/DAY 1,000 1,500 2,000
Flat Slab
Span Falsework SF/DAY 100 250 600
*Slab and X-beams CY/DAY 6 10 15
Strip Falsework SF/DAY 300 500 1,000
Steel Girder
Girder Fabrication DAYS 200 150 110
Girder Erection LF/DAY 50 100 200
*Slab CY/DAY 6 10 15
Painting SF/DAY 1,000 2,000 3,000
Miscellaneous
*Traffic Barrier LF/DAY 20 40 80
*Traffic Railing & Sidewalk LF/DAY 15 35 60
*SEW Traffic Barrier LF/DAY 15 35 60
*Concrete Deck Overlay SY/DAY 200 250 300
Expansion Joint Replacement DAYS/LANE 8 6 4
CLOSURE
Bridge Rail Retrofit LF/DAY 50 100 200

* Concrete
** All times are based on a single crew with 8-hour work DAYS

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Quantities, Costs, and Specifications Chapter 12

Appendix 12.4-B1 Construction Working Day Schedule

Appendix 12.4-B1 Construction Working Day Schedule

WSDOT
BridgeBridge
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