Let B1 and B2 be magnetic fields at centre O due to coils X and Y respectively.

For coil X, I1=16 A, N1 =20, R1 = 16 cm =0.16 m

"
n0 N1 I1 4r×10 –7 # 20 # 16
∴ B1 = = = 4r×10 –4 T, towards east
2R1 2 # 0.16
For coil Y, I2 =18 A, N2 =25, R2 = 10 cm =0.10 m
n0 N2 I2 4r×10 –7 # 25 # 18
∴ B2 = = = 9r×10 – 4 T, towards west. Abhishek Sharma Classes
2R 2 2 # 0.10 # 9268012970
∴ Net magnetic field B = B2 – B1=9π × 10–4 – 4π ×10-4 = 5π × 10-4 T
= 5 × 3.14 × 10–4 = 15.7 × 10–4 T towards west.
Thus resultant magnetic field at centre has magnitude 15.7 × 10–4 T and is directed towards west.
Q. 6. A magnetic field of 100 G (1 G =10–4 T) is required which is uniform in a region of linear
dimension about 10 cm and area of cross-section about 10–3 m2. The maximum current
carrying capacity of a given coil of wire is 15 A and the number of turns per unit length
that can be wound round a core is at most 1000 turns m–1. Suggest some appropriate design
particulars of a solenoid for the required purpose. Assume the core is not ferromagnetic.
Ans. Given B=100 G=100×10–4 T=10–2 T, I = 15 A, n=1000 turns/m.
We have B= n0 nI
B 10 –2
∴ nI = n = = 8000
0 4r×10 –7
We may have I=10 A, n = 800
The length of solenoid may be about 50 cm, number of turns about 400, so that
N 400
n= = = 8000.
l 0 .5
The area of cross-section of solenoid may be 10–3 m2 or more; though these particulars are not
unique, slight adjustments are possible.

Magnetic field due to a Solenoid

Q. 7. A closely wound solenoid 80 cm long has 5 layers of windings of 400 turns each. The diameter
"
of the solenoid is 1.8 cm. If the current carried is 8.0 A, estimate the magnitude of B inside
the solenoid near its centre.
Ans. Given I = 80 cm = 0.80 m, N = 5 × 400 = 2000, I = 8.0 A
Magnetic field inside the solenoid
n0 NI 4r×10 –7 # 2000 # 8.0
B = n0 nI = =
l 0.80
–3 –2
= 8π ×10 T = 2.5 × 10 T
Q. 8. A toroid has a core (non-ferromagnetic) of inner radius 25 cm and outer radius 26 cm, around
which 3500 turns of a wire are wound. If the current in the wire is 11 A, what is the magnetic
field (a) outside the toroid, (b) inside the core of the toroid, and (c) in the empty space
surrounded by the toroid?
r1 + r2 25 + 26
Ans. Mean radius of toroid r = = = 25.5 cm = 25.5 × 10–2 m
2 2
Total number of turns N= 3500, current I=11A
N 3500
Number of turns per unit length, n = = turns/metre
2r r 2r # 25.5 # 10 –2
(a) Magnetic field outside the toroid is zero.
(b) Magnetic field inside the toroid =µ0nI
3500
= 4r # 10 –7 # d n # 11 = 3.0 # 10 T
–2
2r # 25.5 # 10 –2
(c) Magnetic field in empty space surrounded by toroid is zero.

> Moving Charges and Magnetism 171

@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 "
Abhishek Sharma Classes
Magnetic force and Torque # 9268012970
Q. 9. What is the magnitude of magnetic force per unit length on a wire carrying a current of 8 A
and making an angle of 30° with the direction of a uniform magnetic field of 0.15 T?
Ans. Magnetic force, F = BIl sin θ
Magnetic force per unit length,
F
f = = BI sin θ = 0.15 × 8 × sin 30° = 0.6 N/m
l
Q. 10. Two long and parallel straight wires A and B carrying currents of 8.0 A and 5.0 A in the same
direction are separated by a distance of 4.0 cm. Estimate the force on a 10 cm section of wire A.
Ans. Given I1 = 8.0 A, I2=5.0 A, r =4.0 cm = 4.0 × 10–2m
Currents in same direction attract each other; so magnetic force on l = 10 cm = 10 × 10–2 m
length of wire A is
n0 I1 I2 l 4r # 10 –7 # 8.0 # 5.0 # 10.0 # 10 –2
F= = = 2.0 # 10 –5 N
2r r 2r 4.0 10
# # –2

Q. 11. A square coil of side 10 cm consists of 20 turns and carries a current of 12 A. The coil is
suspended vertically and normal to the plane of the coil makes an angle of 30° with the
direction of uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 0.80 T. What is the magnitude of
the torque experienced by the coil?
Ans. Torque on coil τ = NIAB sin θ
Here N = 20; A = 10 cm × 10 cm = 100 cm2 = 100 × 10–4 m2
I = 12 A, θ = 30°, B = 0.80 T
1
∴ τ = (20) × (12) × (100 × 10–4) × 0.80 sin 30° = 24 × 0.8 × d n ×10 –1 = 0.96 Nm
2
Q. 12. (a) A circular coil of 30 turns and radius 8.0 cm carrying a current of 6.0 A is suspended
vertically in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 1.0 T. The field lines make
an angle of 60° with the normal of the coil. Calculate the magnitude of counter-torque that
must be applied to prevent the coil from turning.
(b) Would your answer change, if the circular coil in (a) were replaced by a planar coil of
some irregular shape that encloses the same area?
(All other particulars are also unaltered).
Ans. (a) Given N= 30, A =πr2 = π × (8.0 × 10–2)2 m2
I= 6.0 A, B=1.0 T, θ = 60°
Torque τ= NIAB sin θ = 30 × 6.0 × π × (8.0 × 10–2)2 × 1.0 × sin 60°

= 30 # 6.0 # 3.14 # 64 # 10 –4 # d n = 3.13 Nm

3
2
(b) As the expression for torque contains only area not the shape of coil, so torque on a planar loop
will remain the same provided magnitude of area is same.
Q. 13. A straight horizontal conducting rod of length 0.45 m and mass 60 g is suspended by two
vertical wires at its ends. A current of 5.0 A is set up in the rod through the wires.
(a) What magnetic field should be set up normal to the conductor in order that the tension in
the wires is zero?
(b) What will be the total tension in the wires if the direction of current is reversed, keeping
the magnetic field same as before? (Neglect the mass of wires, g = 9.8 m/s2).
Ans. (a) If tension in wires be zero, then the weight of rod and
magnetic force on rod must be equal and opposite.
Weight of rod acts vertically downward. For magnetic
force to act upward, the magnetic field should be
normal to length of current as shown in Fig. (a).
Magnetic force = weight of rod
BIL = Mg ...(i)

>
172 Xam idea Physics–XII
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 Mg
"
Magnetic field, B= Abhishek Sharma Classes
IL
Given M = 60 g = 60 × 10– 3 kg, I = 5.0 A, L = 0.45 m
# 9268012970
60 # 10 –3 # 9.8
∴ B= = 0.26 T
5.0 # 0.45
(b) When the direction of current is reversed, the
magnetic force also reverses the direction; so that
now weight Mg and magnetic force BIL act in the
same direction [Fig (b)].
∴ Total tension in wires T = ( T1 + T2) = Mg + BIL
= 2Mg
[since Mg = BIL from (i)] b
–3
= 2 × 60 × 10 × 9.8 = 1.176 N
Q. 14. The wires which connect the battery of an automobile to its starting motor carry a current of
300 A (for a short while). What is the force per unit length between the wires if they are 70 cm
long and 1.5 cm apart? Is the force attractive or repulsive?
F n0 I1 I2
Ans. Force per unit length f = = N/m
L 2 rr

Here, µ0 = 4π × 10–7 N/A2, I1 = I2 = 300 A,

r
r = 1.5 cm =1.5 × 10–2 m
4r×10 –7 # 300 # 300
` f= = 1.2 N/m
2r # 1.5 # 10 –2
Currents are in opposite directions, therefore the force is repulsive.
Remark: The answer is approximate because the formula is true for infinitely long wires.
Q. 15. A uniform magnetic field of 1.5 T exists in a cylindrical region of radius 10.0 cm, its direction
being parallel to the axis along east to west. A wire carrying a current of 7.0 A in the north to
south direction passes through the region. What is the magnitude and direction of the force
on the wire if:
(a) the wire intersects the axis
(b) the wire is turned from N-S to north-east and north-west direction.
(c) the wire in the N-S direction is lowered from the axis by a distance of 6.0 cm.
Ans. (a) In cylindrical region, length of wire = diameter of cylinder N
= 20 cm = 0.20 m
Angle between current and magnetic field = 90° B
∴ Magnetic force, Fm = BIl sin 90° = 1.5×7.0 × 0.20
E
= 2.1 N W I

By Fleming’s left hand rule, Fm is directed in vertically downward I

direction. S
(b) When wire is turned from N-S to N-E and N-W direction the wire
N
makes an angle 45° with the direction of field and its length
l B
also increases to l' =
sin 45°
W E
Magnetic force Fm=BIl′ sin 45° I

= BI c m × sin 45° = BIl

l
sin 45°
directed vertically downward. S

=> Moving Charges and Magnetism 173

@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 (c) When wire in NS direction is lowered vertically by 6 cm, then
new length of wire in the magnetic field is
l
= 2 × 8 cm = 16 cm =0.16 m <a = 102 –62F
2
∴ Fm = BIl=1.5 × 7.0 × 0.16 N
=1.68 N, vertically downward.
Q. 16. A uniform magnetic field of 3000 G is established along the
positive Z-direction. A rectangular loop of side 10 cm and 5 cm
carries a current of 12 A. What is the torque on the loop in the
different cases shown in figure (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) and (f).

"
Abhishek Sharma Classes
# 9268012970

Ans. Torgue x = I A # B = IAB sin i nt

Given B = 3000 G = 3000 × 10– 4 T = 0.3 T
A = lb = 10 × 5 = 50 cm2 = 50 × 10– 4 m2 , I = 12 A
(a) In fig. (a) angle between A and B is 90° (direction of A is normal to plane of loop); A is
directed along X-axis.
∴ x = 12 # (50 # 10 – 4 it) # 0.3 kt = – 1.8 # 10 –2 tj N – m
= 1.8 × 10– 2 N - m along negative Y-axis.
(b) In this case also angle between A and B is 90°; A is directed along X-axis.
∴ x = I A # B = 1.8 N-m along negative Y-axis.
(c) In this case direction of area is along negative Y-axis.
∴ x = I A # B = 12 # ( – 50 # 10 – 4 tj) # 0.3 kt = – 1.8 # 10 –2 it
Torque has magnitude 1.8 × 10– 2 N and is directed along negative X-axis.
(d) In this case

x = I A#B

x = x = IAB = 1.8 # 10 –2 N - m
But direction of torque makes an angle = 240° with positive X-axis.
(e) In this case, angle between directions of normal to plane of area and magnetic field is 0°; so
x=0
(f) In this case, angle between normal to plane of area and magnetic field is 180°, so x = 0

=>
174 Xam idea Physics–XII
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
Motion of a Charged Particle in Magnetic field
Q. 17. In a chamber a uniform magnetic field of 6.5 G (1 G =10–4 T) is maintained. An electron is shot
into the field with a speed of 4.8×106 ms–1 normal to the field. Explain why the path of electron
is a circle. Determine the radius of the circular orbit. (e=1.6×10–19 C, m = 9.1 × 10–31 kg).
Ans. The electron in transverse magnetic field experiences magnetic force Fm = qvB which is
perpendicular to v as well as B ; so magnetic force only changes the direction of path of
electron, without changing its speed. This is only possible in circular path; the magnetic force
provides the necessary centripetal force for circular path.
mv2
r = evB
mv 9.1×10 –31 ×4.8×106
∴ Radius r= =
eB 1.6×10 –19 ×6.5×10 –4
= 4.2 ×10–2 m = 4.2 cm
Q. 18. In Q. 17 above, obtain the frequency of revolution of the electron in its circular orbit. Does the
answer depend upon the speed of the electron? Explain.
2rr 2r mv 2r m
Ans. Time period of revolution of electron T = v = v . =
eB eB
1 eB
∴ Frequency o= =
T 2 rm
1.6×10 –19 ×6.5×10 –4
= = 18.2×106 Hz = 18.2 MHz
2×3.14×9.1×10 –31
The relation for frequency is independent of speed of electron, hence the frequency of revolution
of electron is independent of speed of electron.
Q. 19. An electron emitted by a heated cathode and accelerated through a potential difference of
2 kV, enters a region with a uniform magnetic field of 0.15 T. Determine the trajectory of the
electrons if the magnetic field (a) is transverse to its initial velocity. (b) makes an angle 30° with
the initial velocity.
Ans. Velocity of electron accelerated through a potential difference V is given by
1 2eV
mv2 = eV & v= m
2
Given V = 2.0 kV = 2.0 × 10 V, e = 1.6 × 10 –19 C, m = 9 × 10 – 31 kg
3

2 # 1.6 # 10 – 19 # 2.0 # 103 8

∴ v= = # 107 m/s
9 # 10 – 31 3
(a) When electron enters the transverse magnetic field, its path is a circle of radius r, given by
mv2 mv
r = evB or r = eB
Substituting given values

(9 # 10 – 31) # c
8
3
# 107 m
"
r= = 10 – 3 m = 1 mm Abhishek Sharma Classes
(1.6 # 10 – 19) # (0.15) # 9268012970
(b) When electron enters at an angle 30° with magnetic field, its path becomes helix of radius
mv sin 300
=c m # sin 300 = 1mm # (0.5) = 0.5 mm
mv
r=
eB eB
Velocity component along the field
3
v11 = v cos 300 = c # 107 m / s m #
8
= 2.3 # 107 m /s
3 2

> Moving Charges and Magnetism 175

@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
Q. 20. A magnetic field set up using Helmholtz coils is uniform in a small region and has a magnitude
of 0.75 T. In the same region, a uniform electrostatic field is maintained in a direction normal
to the common axis of the coils. A narrow beam of (single species) charged particles all
accelerated through the 15 kV enters this region in a direction perpendicular to both the axis
of the coils and the electrostatic field. If the beam remains undeflected when the electrostatic
field is 9 × 105 Vm– 1, make a simple guess as to what the beam contains. Why is the answer
not unique?
Ans. Given B = 0.75 T, E = 9 × 105 Vm– 1, V = 15 kV = 15000 V.
The velocity of electron v is given by
1
2
mv2 = eV

Substituting value of V, we get

or v =
2eV
m
"
Abhishek Sharma Classes
2e # 15000 # 9268012970
v= m = 3 # 10 4 (e / m)
If particles are undeflected in simultaneous transverse electric and magnetic field, eE = evB
E E
v= & 3 # 10 4 e / m =
B B
5 2
e E 2
1 (9 10 )
# 1 7
or m = B2 # 3 # 10 4 = (0.75) 2 # 3 # 10 4 = 4.8 # 10 C / kg

This gives the value of e/m of charged particle and not any particular particle; the charged particle
may be deuteron (D+ ), He+ + and Li+ + + ions etc. Hence, the answer is not unique.
Q. 21. A circular coil of 20 turns and radius 10 cm is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.10 T
normal to the plane of the coil. If the current in the coil is 5.0 A, what is the
(a) total torque on the coil?
(b) total force on the coil?
(c) average force on each electron in the coil due to the magnetic field?
[The coil is made of copper wire of cross-sectional area 10–5 m2 and the free electron
density in copper is given to be about 1029 m–3].
Ans. Given N=20, r = 10 cm =0.10 m, I=5.0 A, B = 0.10 T
Area of coil A= rr2 = 3.14× (0.10) 2 = 3.14×10 –2 m2
(a) Angle between normal to plane of coil and magnetic field is 0° i.e., x =NI A×B =0
(b) Total force on a current carrying coil in a magnetic field is always zero.
(c) Average (magnetic) force on an electron Fm = evdB
I
But vd =
neA

Fm = e c mB =
I IB 5.0×0.10
∴ = 29 = 5×10 –25 N
neA nA 10 ×10 –5

Q. 22. A solenoid 60 cm long and radius 4.0 cm has 3 layers of windings of 300 turns each. A 2.0 cm
long wire of mass 2.5 g lies inside the solenoid (near its centre) normal to its axis, both the
wire and the axis of solenoid are in the horizontal plane. The wire is connected through two
leads parallel to the axis of the solenoid to an external battery which supplies a current of 6.0 A in
the wire. What value of current (with appropriate sense of circulation) in the winding of the
solenoid can support the weight of the wire? g = 9.8 ms–2
Ans. For Solenoid, l1 = 60 cm = 0.60 m, N1 = 3 × 300 = 900, I1 = ?
For wire l2= 2.0 cm = 2.0 × 10– 2 m, m2 = 2.5 g = 2.5 × 10–3 kg,
I2 = 6.0 A
N1
Magnetic field produced by solenoid B1 = n0 f pI
l1 1

·
176 Xam idea Physics–XII
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 N1
Magnetic force on wire, F2 = I2 l2 B1 = I2 l2 n0 f p I1
l1
The weight of wire can be supported if this force acts vertically
upward
N1
i.e., mg = I2 l2 n0 f p I1
l1
mgl1 2.5 # 10 –3 # 9.8 # 0.60
⇒ I1 = =
n0 N1 l1 I2 4r # 10 –7 # 900 # 2.0 # 10 –2 # 6.0
= 108.3 A
Let length of solenoid be along Y-axis and length of wire along X-axis.
For upward magnetic force on wire the current in winding should be anticlockwise as seen from
origin; so that magnetic field is along Y-axis and the current in wire should be along positive
X-axis. Mathematically.
F = I l # B = Ilit # B tj = IlB kt
m
= IlB along positive Z-axis
Weight is vertically downward (along negative Z-axis)

Sensitivity of Galvanometer
Q. 23. Two moving coil meters M1 and M2 have the following particulars:
R1 = 10 W, N1 = 30, A1 = 3.6 × 10–3 m2, B1 = 0.25 T,
R2 = 14 W, N2 = 42, A2 = 1.8 × 10–3 m2, B2 = 0.50 T
(The spring constants are identical for the two meters).
Determine the ratio of (a) current sensitivity and (b) voltage sensitivity of M1 and M2.
NAB
Ans. Current sensitivity, SC =
C
NAB SC

"
and voltage sensitivity, SV = =
CR R
The spring constant C is same for two meters.
(SC) M2 N2 A2 B2 42 ×1.8 ×10 –3 × 0.50
(a) = = = 1.4
(SC) M1 N1 A1 B1 30 × 3.6 ×10 –3 ×0.25 Abhishek Sharma Classes
(SV ) M2 (SC) M2 R1 10 # 9268012970
(b) = × = 1.4 × =1
(SV ) M1 (SC) M1 R2 14
Conversion of Galvanometer into Ammeter and Voltmeter
Q. 24. A galvanometer coil has a resistance of 12 W and the meter shows full scale deflection for a
current of 3 mA. How will you convert the meter into a voltmeter of range 0 to 18 V?
Ans. For conversion of galvanometer into voltmeter a resistance R is connected in series with the coil.
V
Series resistance, R = –G
Ig
Given, V= 18 V, G = 12 W, Ig = 3 mA = 3×10–3 A
18 –12 = 6000 – 12 = 5988 X
∴ R=
3 # 10 –3
Q. 25. A galvanometer has a resistance of 15 W and the meter shows full scale deflection for a current
of 4 mA. How will you convert the meter into an ammeter of range 0 to 6 A?
Ans. For conversion of galvanometer into an ammeter a shunt (a small resistance in parallel with coil)
is connected. The value of shunt resistance ‘S’ is given by
Ig
S
Ig = I&S= G
S+G I–I g

=> -Moving Charges and Magnetism 177

@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 Given, Ig =4 mA = 4×10–3 A, I = 6 A, G = 15 W
"
4 # 10 –3 4 # 10 –3 Abhishek Sharma Classes
` S= # 15 . # 15 X = 10 # 10 –3 X = 10 mX # 9268012970
6 – (4 # 10 –3) 6

Multiple Choice Questions [1 mark]

Choose and write the correct option(s) in the following questions.
1. If a conducting wire carries a direct current through it, the magnetic field associated with the
current will be __________ .
(a) both inside and outside the conductor (b) neither inside nor outside the conductor
(c) only outside the conductor (d) only inside the conductor
2. A compass needle is placed above a straight conducting wire. If current passes through the
conducting wire from South to North. Then the deflection of the compass __________ .
(a) is towards West (b) is towards East
(c) keeps oscillating in East-West direction (d) no deflection
3. When a charged particle moving with velocity v is subjected to a magnetic field of induction
B , the force on it is non-zero.
This implies that
(a) angle between is either zero or 180°
(b) angle between is necessarily 90°
(c) angle between can have any value other than 90°
(d) angle between can have any value other than zero and 180°
4. Consider the following two statements about the Oersted's experiment.
Statement P: The magnetic field due to a straight current carrying conductor is in the form of
circular loops around it.
Statement Q: The magnetic field due to a current carrying conductor is weak at near points
from the conductor, compared to the far points.
(a) Both P and Q are true (b) Both P and Q are false
(c) P is true, but Q is false (d) P is false, but Q is true
5. Consider the following statements about the representation of the magnetic field
Statement P: The magnetic field emerging out of the plane of the paper is denoted by a dot .
Statement Q: The magnetic field going into the plane of the paper is denoted by a cross .
(a) Both P and Q are true (b) P is true, but Q is false
(c) P is false, but Q is true (d) Both P and Q are false
6. In a cyclotron, a charged particle [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) undergoes acceleration all the time
(b) speeds up between the dees because of the magnetic field
(c) speeds up in a dee
(d) slows down within a dee and speeds up between dees
7. Two charged particles traverse identical helical paths in a completely opposite sense in a
uniform magnetic field B = B0 kt . [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) They have equal z-components of momenta
(b) They must have equal charges
(c) They necessarily represent a particle, anti-particle pair

(d) The charge to mass ratio satisfy: b m l + b m l = 0

e e
1 2

=
178 Xam idea Physics–XII
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 8. A cyclotron’s oscillator frequency is 20 MHz. If the radius of its ‘dees’ is 40 cm, what is the
kinetic energy (in MeV) of the proton beam produced by the accelerator?
(a) 7 MeV (b) 13.25 MeV (c) 28 MeV (d) 3.5 MeV
9. Biot-Savart law indicates that the moving electrons (velocity v) produce a magnetic field B
such that [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) B is perpendicular to v
(b) B is parallel to v
(c) it obeys inverse cube law
(d) it is along the line joining the electron and point of observation
10. An electron is projected with uniform velocity along the axis of a current carrying long
solenoid. Which of the following is true? [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) The electron will be accelerated along the axis
(b) The electron path will be circular about the axis
(c) The electron will experience a force at 45° to the axis and hence execute a helical path
(d) The electron will continue to move with uniform velocity along the axis of the solenoid
11. A micro-ammeter has a resistance of 100 W and a full scale range of 50 µA. It can be used as a
higher range ammeter or voltmeter provided resistance is added to it. Pick the correct range
and resistance combinations.
(a) 50 V range and 10 kW resistance in series
(b) 10 V range and 200 kW resistance in series
(c) 5 mA range with 1 W resistance in parallel
"
Abhishek Sharma Classes
(d) 10 mA range with 1 W resistance in parallel. # 9268012970
12. A current carrying circular loop of radius R is placed in the x-y plane with centre at the origin.
Half of the loop with x > 0 is now bent so that it now lies in the y-z plane. [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) The magnitude of magnetic moment now diminishes.
(b) The magnetic moment does not change.
(c) The magnitude of B at (0,0, z), z>>R increases.
(d) The magnitude of B at (0,0, z), z>>R is unchanged.
13. A circular current loop of magnetic moment M is in an arbitrary orientation in an external
magnetic field B. The work done to rotate the loop by 30° about an axis perpendicular to its
plane is
MB MB
(a) MB (b) 3 (c) (d) zero
2 2
14. A current carrying loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field. The torque acting on it does not
depend upon the
(a) shape of the loop (b) area of the loop (c) value of current (d) magnetic field
15. A circular coil of 50 turns and radius 7 cm is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 4 T normal
to the plane of the coil. If the current in the coil is 6 A then total torque acting on the coil is
(a) 14.78 N (b) 0 N (c) 7.39 N (d) 3.69 N
16. The gyro-magnetic ratio of an electron in an H-atom, according to Bohr model, is
(a) independent of which orbit it is in (b) negative
(c) positive (d) increases with the quantum number n

17. The sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer increases with the decrease in:
(a) number of turns (b) area of coil (c) magnetic field (d) torsional rigidity

18. A voltmeter of range 2V and resistance 300 Ω cannot be converted to an ammeter of range:
(a) 5 mA (b) 8 mA (c) 1 A (d) 10 A

=> Moving Charges and Magnetism 179

@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 "
Abhishek Sharma Classes
# 9268012970
19. In an ammeter 4% of the mains current is passing through galvanometer. If the galvanometer
is shunted with a 5 Ω resistance, then resistance of galvanometer will be
(a) 116 W (b) 117 W (c) 118 W (d) 120 W
20. A rectangular coil of length 0.12 m and width 0.1 m having 50 turns of wire is suspended
vertically in a uniform magnetic field of strength 0.2 Weber/m2. The coil carries a current of 2
A. If the plane of the coil is inclined at an angle of 30° with the direction of the field, the torque
required to keep the coil in stable equilibrium will be
(a) 0.24 Nm (b) 0.12 Nm (c) 0.15 Nm (d) 0.20 Nm
Answers
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (a)
7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d) 11. (b, c) 12. (a)
13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (a, b) 17. (d) 18. (a)
19. (d) 20. (d)

Fill in the Blanks [1 mark]

1. To convert galvanometer into a voltmeter of given range, a suitable high resistance should be
connected in _______________ with the galvanometer.
2. When a magnetic dipole of moment M rotates freely about its axis from unstable equilibrium
to stable equilibrium in a magnetic field B , the rotational kinetic energy gained by it is
_______________.
3. An electron passes undeflected when passed through a region with electric and magnetic fields.
When electric field is switched off its path will change to _______________.
4. The ratio of angular momentum (L) to magnetic moment (M) of an electron revolving in a
circular orbit is _______________.
5. The path of charged particle moving perpendicularly with B is _______________.
6. There is no change in the _______________ as a charged particle moving in a magnetic field,
although magnetic force is acting on it.
7. Two linear parallel conductors carrying currents in the opposite direction _______________ each
other.
8. When a coil carrying current is set with its plane perpendicular to the direction of magnetic
field, then torque on the coil is _______________.
9. A linear conductor carrying current if placed parallel to the direction of magnetic field, then it
experiences ________________ force.
10. Torque on a current carrying rectangular coil inside a galvanometer is maximum and constant
irrespective of its orientation as it is suspended inside _______________ magnetic field.
Answers
L 2m
1. series 2. 2MB 3. circular 4. = 5. circular
M e
6. kinetic energy 7. repel 8. zero 9. zero [F = I/B sin θ and θ = 0°]
10. radial

Very Short Answer Questions [1 mark]

Q. 1. Write the expression, in a vector form, for the Lorentz magnetic force F due to a charge
moving with velocity v in a magnetic field B What is the direction of the magnetic force?
[CBSE Delhi 2014]
Ans. Force, F = q (v # B )
Obviously, the force on charged particle is perpendicular to both velocity v and magnetic field B .

>
180 Xam idea Physics–XII
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
Q. 2. When a charged particle moving with velocity v is subjected to magnetic field B , the force
acting on it is non-zero. Would the particle gain any energy? [CBSE (F) 2013]
Ans. No. (i) This is because the charge particle moves on a circular path.
(ii) F = q(v # B )
and power dissipated P = F $ v
= q (v ×B ) .v
The particle does not gain any energy.
Q. 3. A long straight wire carries a steady current I along the positive Y-axis in a coordinate system.
A particle of charge +Q is moving with a velocity v along the X-axis. In which direction will
the particle experience a force? [CBSE (F) 2013]
^ ^
Ans. From relation F = qvB [ i # (– k)] = + qvB(tj)

Magnetic force F along + Y axis.

or
From Fleming’s left hand rule, thumb points along+Y direction,
so the direction of magnetic force will be along + Y axis (or in the
direction of flow of current).
Q. 4. What can be the cause of helical motion of a charged particle? [CBSE North 2016]
Ans. Charge particle moves inclined to the magnetic field. When there is an angle between velocity of
charged particle and magnetic field, then the vertical component of velocity (v sin θ) will rotate
the charge particle on circular path, but horizontal component (v cos θ) will move the charged
particle in straight line. Hence path of the charge particle becomes helical.
" "
Q. 5. In a certain region of space, electric field E and magnetic field B are perpendicular to each
" "
other. An electron enters in the region perpendicular to the directions of both B and E and
moves undeflected. Find the velocity of the electron. [HOTS] [CBSE (F) 2013]
" "
Ans. Net force on electron moving in the combined electric field E and magnetic field B is
" " " "
F= –e [E + v # B]
"
Since electron moves undeflected then F= 0.
" " "
E+ v # B = 0
"
" " " " |E |
& | E | = | v |# | B | & | v |= "
|B |
Q. 6. A narrow beam of protons and deuterons, each having the same momentum, enters a region of
uniform magnetic field directed perpendicular to their direction of momentum. What would
be the ratio of the circular paths described by them? [CBSE (F) 2011]
OR
A proton and a deuteron having equal momenta enter in a region of uniform magnetic field at
right angle to the direction of the field. Find the ratio of the radii of curvature of the path of
the particle. [CBSE Delhi 2013]
Ans. Charge on deutron (qd) = charge on proton (qp)
qd = qp
Radius of circular path (r) =
1
P
Bq
c ` qvB = mv m

r ? q [for constant momentum (P)]

r
2
"
Abhishek Sharma Classes
rp qd qp # 9268012970
So, r = q = q =1
d p p
Hence, rp : rd = 1 : 1

> Moving Charges and Magnetism 181

@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 Q. 7. Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined within the core of a toroid, but not within a
straight solenoid. Why? [CBSE Delhi 2009]
Ans. Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined within the core of a toroid because toroid has no
ends. A solenoid is open ended and the field lines inside it which are parallel to the length of the
solenoid, cannot form closed curves inside the solenoid.
Q. 8. An electron does not suffer any deflection while passing through a region of uniform magnetic
field. What is the direction of the magnetic field? [CBSE (AI) 2009]
Ans. Magnetic field is parallel or antiparallel to velocity of electron i.e., angle between v and B is 0°
or 180°.
Q. 9. A beam of α particles projected along + x-axis, experiences a force
due to a magnetic field along the + y-axis. What is the direction of the
magnetic field? [CBSE (AI) 2010]
Ans. By Fleming’s left hand rule magnetic field must be along negative z-axis. α

Q. 10. Why should an ammeter have a low resistance?

Ans. An ammeter is connected in series with the circuit to read the current.
If it had large resistance, it will change the current in circuit which it has
to measure correctly; hence ammeter reading will have significant error; so for correct reading
an ammeter should have a very low resistance.
Q. 11. Why should a voltmeter have high resistance?
Ans. A voltmeter is connected in parallel. When connected in parallel, it should draw least current
otherwise, the potential difference which it has to measure, will change.
Q. 12. What is the value of magnetic field at point O due to current
flowing in the wires? [HOTS]
Ans. Zero, because the upper and lower current carrying conductors
are identical and so the magnetic fields caused by them at the
centre O will be equal and opposite.
Q. 13. What is the magnetic field at point O due to current carrying
wires shown in figure? [HOTS]
Ans. The magnetic field due to straight wires AB and CD is zero since
either θ = 0° or 180° and that due to a semi-circular arc are
equal and opposite; hence net field at O is zero.
Q. 14. An electron, passing through a region is not deflected. Are you sure that there is no magnetic
field in that region? [HOTS]
Ans. No, if an electron enters parallel to a magnetic field, no force acts and the electron remains
undeflected.
Q. 15. A proton and an electron travelling along parallel paths enter a reion of uniform magnetic
field, acting perpendicular to their paths. Which of them will move in a circular path with
higher frequency? [CBSE 2018]
Ans. Electron
Reason: When the charge particle enters perpendicular to the magnetic field it traces circular
path.
mv2

#
r = q vB
mv
r=
qB
m (~r)
r= (a v = ~r)
qB Abhishek Sharma Classes
# 9268012970
182 Xam idea Physics–XII
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 qB

"
~= m

qB
2ry = m

qB Abhishek Sharma Classes

y=
2 rm # 9268012970
q
y\ m

Since, electron has less mass, so it will move with high frequency.

Short Answer Questions–I [2 marks]

Q. 1. A particle of charge q is moving with velocity v in the presence of crossed Electric field E
and Magnetic field B as shown. Write the condition under which the particle will continue
moving along x-axis. How would the trajectory of the particle be affected if the electric field is
switched off? [CBSE Sample Paper 2018]
y

x
v
B
z

Ans. Consider a charge q moving with velocity v in the presence of electric and magnetic fields. The
force on an electric charge q due to both of them is Y
F=q[E(r)+v×B(r)]
⇒ F = Felectric+ Fmagnetic ...(i)
where, v = velocity of the charge
r = location of the charge at a given time t
E(r) = Electric field
B(r) = Magnetic field
Let us consider a simple case in which electric and
magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other and
also perpendicular to the velocity of the particle.
FE = qE = qEjt
FB = qv×B = q (vit×Bkt) = – qvBjt
∴ F=q(E – vB) tj
Thus, electric and magnetic forces are in opposite directions.
Suppose we adjust the values of E and B such that magnitudes of the two forces are equal, then
the total force on the charge is zero and the charge will move in the fields undeflected. This
happens when
E
qE = qvB or v =
B
This condition can be used to select charged particles of a particular velocity out of a beam
containing charges moving with different speeds (irrespective of their charge and mass). The
crossed E and B fields therefore serve as a velocity selector.
Trajectory becomes helical about the direction of magnetic field.

=> Moving Charges and Magnetism 183

@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 Q. 2. (i) Write the expression for the magnetic force acting on a charged particle moving with velocity
v in the presence of magnetic field B.
(ii) A neutron, an electron and an alpha particle moving
with equal velocities, enter a uniform magnetic field
going into the plane of the paper as shown. Trace
their paths in the field and justify your answer.
[CBSE Delhi 2016]
" " "
Ans. (i) F = q (v # B)
(ii) Force on alpha particle and electron are opposite to each other, magnitude of mass per
m
charge ratio of alpha particle is more than electron (i.e., r ? q ) hence radius of alpha particle
is more than radius of electron.

"
Abhishek Sharma Classes
# 9268012970

Q. 3. State the underlying principle of a cyclotron. Write briefly how this machine is used to
accelerate charged particles to high energies. [CBSE Delhi 2014]
Ans. A cyclotron makes use of the principle that the energy of the charged particles can be increased
to a high value by making it pass through an electric field repeatedly.
The magnetic field acts on the charged particle and makes them move in a circular path inside
the dee. Every time the particle moves from one dee to another it is acted upon by the alternating
electric field, and is accelerated by this field, which increases the energy of the particle.
Uses: (i) It is used to bombard nuclei with high energetic particles accelerated by cyclotron and
study the resulting nuclear reaction.
(ii) It is used to implant ions into solids and modify their properties or even synthesize new materials.
Q. 4. Write the expression for Lorentz magnetic force on a particle of charge ‘q’ moving with velocity
" "
v in a magnetic field B. Show that no work is done by this force on the charged particle.
" " " [CBSE (AI) 2011]
Ans. Lorentz magnetic force, Fm = qv # B
" " " " " " "
Work done, W = Fm S = y Fm vdt = y q (v # B) .v dt
" " "
As (v # B) .v= 0 [a v # B = v ]
∴ Work, W = 0
Q. 5. A charged particle enters perpendicularly a region having either (i) magnetic field or (ii) an
electric field. How can the trajectory followed by the charged particle help us to know whether
the region has an electric field or a magnetic field? Explain briefly.
Ans. The path of the charged particle will be circular in a magnetic field. This is due to the reason that
the force acting on the particle will be at right angles to the field as well as direction of motion,
resulting in a circular trajectory.
In the case of electric field, the trajectory of the particle will be determined by the equation
1 qE
s = ut + c m m t2 c a s = ut + at2 m
1
2 2
Where q and m are charge and mass of the particle, E is the electric field and s is the distance
travelled by the particle in time t. Thus, the trajectory will be a parabolic path.

>
184 Xam idea Physics–XII
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
Q. 6. A long straight wire AB carries a current of 4 A. A proton P travels at 4 × 106 ms–1 parallel to
the wire 0.2 m from it and in a direction opposite to the current as shown
in the figure. Calculate the force which the magnetic field due to the current
carrying wire exerts on the proton. Also specify its direction. 4A
0.2 m
[CBSE 2019 (55/4/1)]
Ans. Given, I = 4 A, r = 0.2 m, v = 4×106 m/s
Magnetic field at Point P due current carrying straight wire AB
4 × 10 6 m/s
n I
B= ° r
2r

"
Force acting on the moving proton in the magnetic field
F = Bqv Sinθ
n I
Therefore F = ° r ×qv sin i
2r Abhishek Sharma Classes
2×10 –7 ×4×1.6×10 –19 ×4×106 sin 90 # 9268012970
=
0.2
= 2.56 × 10–18 N
Direction of force at point P is towards right. (away from AB)
Q. 7. Two long and parallel straight wires carrying currents of 2 A and 5 A in the opposite directions
are separated by a distance of 1 cm. Find the nature and magnitude of the magnetic force
between them. [CBSE (F) 2011]
Ans. I1=2 A, I2 =5 A, a=1 cm =1 × 10–2 m
Force between two parallel wires per unit length is given by
n0 I1 I2 2#5
F= . = 2 # 10 –7 # = 20 # 10 –5 N (Repulsive)
2r a 1 # 10 –2
Q. 8. A short bar magnet of magnetic moment 0.9 J/T is placed with its axis at 30° to a uniform
magnetic field. It experiences a torque of 0.063 J.
(i) Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field.
(ii) In which orientation will the bar magnet be in stable equilibrium in the magnetic field?
[CBSE (F) 2012]
" " "
Ans. (i) We know x = M # B
or τ = M B sin θ
0.063 = 0.9 × B × sin 30°
or B = 0.14 T
(ii) The position of minimum energy corresponds to position of stable equilibrium.
The energy (U) = –MB cos θ
When θ = 0° ⇒ U = – MB = Minimum energy
Hence, when the bar magnet is placed parallel to the magnetic field, it is the state of stable
equilibrium.
Q. 9. A magnetised needle of magnetic moment 4.8 × 10–2 J T–1 is placed at 30° with the direction
of uniform magnetic field of magnitude 3 × 10–2 T. Calculate the torque acting on the needle.
[CBSE (F) 2012]
Ans. We have, τ = M B sin θ
where τ → Torque acting on magnetic needle
M → Magnetic moment
B → Magnetic field strength
1
Then τ = 4.8 × 10–2 × 3 × 10–2 sin 300 = 4.8 × 10–2 × 3 × 10–2 ×
2
τ = 7.2 × 10–4 Nm

>
- Moving Charges and Magnetism 185
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
Q. 10. State two reasons why a galvanometer can not be used as such to measure current in a given
circuit. [CBSE Delhi 2010]
OR
Can a galvanometer as such be used for measuring the current? Explain.
Ans. A galvanometer cannot be used as such to measure current due to following two reasons.
(i) A galvanometer has a finite large resistance and is connected in series in the circuit, so it will
increase the resistance of circuit and hence change the value of current in the circuit.
(ii) A galvanometer is a very sensitive device, it gives a full scale deflection for the current of the order of
microampere, hence if connected as such it will not measure current of the order of ampere.
Q. 11. An α–particle and a proton are moving in the plane of paper in a region where there is a
"
uniform magnetic field B directed normal to the plane of the paper. If the particles have
equal linear momenta, what would be the ratio of the radii of their trajectories in the field?
mv P
Ans. Radius of circular path of a charged particle, r = = .
qB qB
For same linear momentum and magnetic field B,
1
r? q
ra qp +e 1
∴ rp = qa = + 2e = 2
Q. 12. An electron in the ground state of Hydrogen atom is revolving in a circular orbit of radius R.
Obtain the expression for the orbital magnetic moment of the electron in terms of fundamental
constants. [CBSE Sample Paper 2018]
nh
Ans. Using the condition mvr =
2r

"
h
For H-atom n = 1, v =
2rmr
2rr
Time period T =
v

∴ T=
4r2 mr2
,I=
Q
=
eh Abhishek Sharma Classes
h T 4r2 mr2 # 9268012970
The orbital magnetic moment, M = IA
eh eh
⇒ M = ( 2 2 ) ( r r 2) ⇒ M=
4r mr 4rm

Short Answer Questions–II [3 marks]

Q. 1. Write any two important points of similarities and differences each between Coulomb’s law for
the electrostatic field and Biot-Savart’s law for the magnetic field. [CBSE (F) 2015]
Ans. Similarities:
Both electrostatic field and magnetic field:
(i) follows the principle of superposition.
(ii) depends inversely on the square of distance from source to the point of interest.
Differences:
(i) Electrostatic field
"
is produced by a scalar source (q) and the magnetic field is produced by a
vector source (Idl) .
(ii) Electrostatic field is along the displacement vector between source and point of interest;
while magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane, containing the displacement vector and
vector source.
(iii) Electrostatic field is angle independent, while magnetic field is angle dependent between
source vector and displacement vector.

>
186 Xam idea Physics–XII
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
Q. 2. A proton, a deuteron and an alpha particle, are accelerated through the same potential
difference and then subjected to a uniform magnetic field B , perpendicular to the direction
of their motions. Compare (i) their kinetic energies, and (ii) if the radius of the circular path
described by proton is 5 cm, determine the radii of the paths described by deuteron and alpha
particle. [CBSE 2019 (55/4/1)]
1 2
Ans. (i) Since qV = mv
2
1
For proton m v 2 = qV
2 p 1
1
For deuteron m v 2 = qV
2 d 2
1
For alpha particle m v 2 = 2qV
2 a 3
Abhishek Sharma Classes
(K.E.)p : (K.E.)d : (K.E.)α = 1 : 1 : 2 # 9268012970
mv2
(ii) We have, Bqv = r
mv
So r= = 5 cm;
Bq
r1 : r2 : r3 = v1 : v2 : v3 = 5 : 5 2 : 5 2
Q. 3. An electron and a proton enter a region of uniform magnetic field B with uniform speed v in
a perpendicular direction (fig.).
(i) Show the trajectories followed by two particles.
(ii) What is the ratio of the radii of the circular paths of electron to
proton? [CBSE (F) 2010]
Ans. (i) Trajectories are shown in figure.
mv
(ii) As r = "r?m
qB
Ratio of radii of electron path and proton path.
re me
rp = mp
As mass of proton mp ≈ 1840× mass of electron (me)
me 1 re 1
∴ m p . 1840 and rp = 1840

Q. 4. (i) A point charge q moving with speed v enters a uniform magnetic

field B that is acting into the plane of the paper as shown. What is
the path followed by the charge q and in which plane does it move?
(ii) How does the path followed by the charge get affected if its
"
velocity has a component parallel to B ?
"
(iii) If an electric field E is also applied such that the particle
continues moving along the original straight line path, what "
should be the magnitude and direction of the electric field E?
[CBSE (F) 2016]
"
Ans. (i) The force experienced by the charge particle is given by F = q (v # B ) when v is
"
perpendicular to B, the force on the charge particle acts as the centripetal force and makes
it move along a circular path. Path followed by charge is anticlockwise in X-Y plane. The
" "
point charge moves in the plane perpendicular to both v and B.

=> Moving Charges and Magnetism 187

@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram >
-
 (ii) A component of velocity of charge particle is parallel to the direction of the magnetic field,
the force experienced due to that component will be zero. This is because F = qvB sin 0° = 0.
Thus, particle will move in straight line.
"
Also, the force experienced by the component perpendicular to B moves the particle in a circular
path. The combined effect of both the components will move the particle in a helical path.
(iii) Magnetic force on the charge, q
^ ^
F B = q (v # B ) = q (v (– i ) # B (– k)) = qvB (–tj)
Hence, for moving charge, q in its original path
FE+FB = 0
"
F E = qvB (tj) ` E = vB (tj)
Taking magnitude both sides
vB
E = q q = vB
"
Direction of Lorentz magnetic force is (–ve) y-axis. Therefore, direction of E is along (+ve)
y-axis.
Q. 5. Derive an expression for the axial magnetic field of a finite solenoid of length 2l and radius r
carrying current I. Under what condition does the field become equivalent to that produced
by a bar magnet? [CBSE South 2016]
Ans. Consider a solenoid of length 2l, radius r and
carrying a current I and having n turns per
unit length.
Consider a point P at a distance a from the
centre O of solenoid. Consider an element of
solenoid of length dx at a distance x from its
centre. This element is a circular current loop
having (ndx) turns. The magnetic field at axial
point P due to this current loop is
n0 (ndx) Ir2
dB =
2 {r2 + (a – x) 2} 3/2
The total magnetic field due to entire solenoid is

"
+l n0 (ndx) Ir2
∴ B= y– l
2 {r2 + (a – x) 2} 3/2
For a>>x and a>>r, we have {r2+(a – x)2}3/2=a3
n0 nIr2 + n0 nIr2 (2l) Abhishek Sharma Classes
∴ B= y– l l dx = # 9268012970
2a 3 2a 3
The magnetic moment of solenoid m (= NIA) = (n2l)I . πr2
n0 2m
∴ B=
4r a 3
This is also the far axial magnetic field of a bar magnet. Hence, the magnetic field, due to current
carrying solenoid along its axial line is similar to that of a bar magnet for far off axial points.

Q. 6. A cyclotron’s oscillator frequency is 10 MHz. What should be the operating magnetic field for
accelerating protons? If the radius of its ‘dees’ is 60 cm, calculate the kinetic energy (in MeV)
of the proton beam produced by the accelerator. [CBSE Ajmer 2015]
Ans. The oscillator frequency should be same as proton cyclotron frequency, then
Magnetic field,

·
188 Xam idea Physics–XII
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 B=

=
2r mo
q
2 3.14 # 1.67 # 10 –27 # 107
#
= 0.66 T
"
1.6 # 10 –19 Abhishek Sharma Classes
# 9268012970
v = rω = r × 2πν
= 0.6 × 2 × 3.14 ×107= 3.77 ×107 m/s
1
So, Kinetic energy, KE = mv2
2
1
= # 1.67 # 10 –27 # (3.77 # 107) 2 J
2
–27 14
1 1.67 # 10 # 14.2 # 10
= # MeV = 7.4 MeV
2 1.6 # 10 –19 # 106
Q. 7. A circular coil of ‘N’ turns and diameter ‘d’ carries a current ‘I’. It is unwound and rewound
to make another coil of diameter ‘2d’, current ‘I’ remaining the same. Calculate the ratio of the
magnetic moments of the new coil and the original coil. [CBSE (AI) 2012]
Ans. We know,
magnetic moment (m) = NIA
where N = Number of turns
Then, length of wire remains same
2d
Thus, N # ;2r c mE = N' ;2r c mE
d
2 2
N
& N' =
2
1
Now, m A = NIA A = NI (r r A2) = NIrd2
4
NI 1
Similarly mB = N'I AB = _r r B2 i = (NIrd2)
2 2
1
mB 2 2 mB 2
mA = 1 = 1 & mA = 1
4
Q. 8. Answer the following:
(a) Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined within the core of a toroid, but not within a
straight solenoid. Why?
(b) Does a bar magnet exert a torque on itself due to its own field? Justify your answer.
(c) When an electron revolves around a nucleus, obtain the expression for the magnetic
moment associated with it.
Ans. (a) If field lines were extremely confined between two ends of a straight solenoid, the flux
through the cross section at each end would be non zero. But the
e–
flux of field B through any closed surface must always be zero,
For a toroid this difficulty is absent.
r
(b) No, there is no force or torque on an element due to the field ⊗
produced by that element itself. µl
e 2rr +Ze
(c) I = , T = v
T
ev evr
I= , n = Irr2 =
2 rr l 2

> Moving Charges and Magnetism 189

@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 Q. 9. Two small identical circular loops, marked (1) and (2), carrying
equal currents, are placed with the geometrical axes perpendicular
to each other as shown in the figure. Find the magnitude and I
direction of the net magnetic field produced at the point O.
[CBSE (F) 2013, 2014]
Ans. Magnetic field due to coil 1 at point O
n0 IR2
B1 = along OC 1
2 (R2 + x2) 3/2
Magnetic field due to coil 2 at point O
n0 IR2 I
B2 = along C2 O
2 (R2 + x2) 3/2
Both B 1 and B 2 are mutually perpendicular, so the net magnetic field at O is
B= B12 + B22 = 2 B1 (as B1 = B2)
n0 IR2
= 2
2 (R2 + x2) 3/2
As R<< x I
2 n0 IR2 n 0 2 2 . I ( r R 2)
B= = .
2.x 3 4r x3
n0 2 2 . I A

"
=
4r x3
2
where A= πR is area of loop.
B2
tan i = & tan i = 1 (a B2 = B1) Abhishek Sharma Classes
B1 I
r # 9268012970
& i=
4
r "
∴ B is directed at an angle with the direction of magnetic field B1. .
4
Q. 10. Two identical coils P and Q each of radius R are lying in perpendicular planes such that they
have a common centre. Find the magnitude and direction of magnetic field at the common
centre of the two coils, if they carry currents equal to I and 3 I respectively.
[CBSE (F) 2016, 2019 (55/5/1)] [HOTS]
Ans. Given that two identical coils are lying in perpendicular planes and having common centre. P
and Q carry current I and 3 I respectively.
Now, magnetic field at the centre of P due to its current, I
n0 I
BP =
2R
And, magnetic field at centre of Q, due to its current 3 I
n0 3 I
BQ =
2R
∴ Bnet = B 2 + B 2
P Q

2 2
n0I n0 3 I n0I n0I
∴ = e o +f p = # 2=
2R 2R 2R R
JK n I NO
KK 0 OO
BP KK 2R OO
∴ tan i = = KK OO = 1 & i = tan –1 d
1
n = 30°
BQ KK n 3 I OO 3 3
KK 0 OO
K 2R O

>
L P

190 Xam idea Physics–XII

@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
Q. 11. Two identical circular loops, P and Q, each of radius
r and carrying currents I and 2I respectively are lying
in parallel planes such that they have a common axis.
The direction of current in both the loops is clockwise
as seen from O which is equidistant from the both
loops. Find the magnitude of the net magnetic field at
point O. [CBSE (Delhi) 2012] [HOTS]
Ans.

BP =
n0r2I

2 (r 2 + r 2)
3
2
=
n0I
4 2r
Pointing towards P "
n 0 ^2I h r 2 n 0 2I Abhishek Sharma Classes
BQ = 3
= Pointing towards Q # 9268012970
2 (r 2 + r 2) 2 4 2r
n0I
|B |= BQ – B P =
4 2r n0I
So, magnetic field at point O has a magnitude .
4 2r
Q. 12. (a) An electron moving horizontally with a velocity of
4 × 104 m/s enters a region of uniform magnetic field of 10–5 T
acting vertically upward as shown in the figure. Draw its
trajectory and find out the time it takes to come out of the
region of magnetic field.
(b) A straight wire of mass 200 g and length 1.5 m carries a current
of 2A. It is suspended in mid air by a uniform magnetic field B.
What is the magnitude of the magnetic field?
[CBSE (F) 2015] [HOTS]
Ans. (a) From Flemings left hand rule, the electron deflects in
anticlockwise direction.
As the electron comes out the magnetic field region, it will
describe a semi-circular path.
Magnetic force provides a centripetal force. So,
mv 2 mv v
evB = r or eB = r
rr rm
Time taken, T = v =
eB
3.14 # 9.1 # 10 –31
T=
1.6 # 10 –19 # 10 –5
3.14 # 9.1 # 10 –7
= = 1.78 # 10 –6 s
1.6
(b) If Ampere’s force acts in upward direction and
balances the weight, that is,
Fm=mg
mg 0.2 # 10 2
BIl = mg B= = = = 0.67 T
Il 2 1. 5
# 3

= Moving Charges and Magnetism 191

@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 "
Q. 13. A uniform magnetic field B is set up along the positive x-axis. A particle of charge ‘q’ and
"
mass ‘m’ moving with a velocity v enters the field at the origin in X-Y plane such that it has
"
velocity components both along and perpendicular to the magnetic field B. Trace, giving
reason, the trajectory followed by the particle. Find out the expression for the distance moved
by the particle along the magnetic field in one rotation. [CBSE Allahabad 2015] [HOTS]
Ans. If component vx of the velocity vector is along the magnetic field, and remain constant, the
charge particle will follow a helical trajectory; as shown in fig.
If the velocity component vy is perpendicular to the magnetic field B, the magnetic force acts like
a centripetal force qvy B.
mv 2y qBr
So, qv y B = r & vy = m
Since tangent velocity vy = rω
qBr qB
& r~ = m & ~= m
2 r 2 rm
Time taken for one revolution, T = ~ =
qB
and the distance moved along the magnetic field in the helical path is
2rm
x = vx . T = vx .
qB
Q. 14. (a) In what respect is a toroid different from a solenoid? Draw and compare the pattern of the
magnetic field lines in the two cases.
(b) How is the magnetic field inside a given solenoid made strong? [CBSE (AI) 2011]
Ans. (a) A toroid is a solenoid bent into the form of a closed ring. The magnetic field lines of solenoid
are straight lines parallel to the axis inside the solenoid.

Solenoid
"
Abhishek Sharma Classes
Toroid
# 9268012970
(b) The magnetic field lines of toroid are circular having common centre.
Inside a given solenoid, the magnetic field may be made strong by (i) passing large current
and (ii) using laminated coil of soft iron.
"
Q. 15. (a) (i) A circular loop of area A, carrying a current I is placed in a uniform magnetic field
" "
B. Write the expression for the torque x acting on it in a vector form.
(ii) If the loop is free to turn, what would be its orientation of stable equilibrium? Show
that in this orientation, the flux of net field (external field + the field produced by the
loop) is maximum.
(b) Find out the expression for the magnetic field due to a long solenoid carrying a current I
and having n number of turns per unit length. [CBSE (F) 2013] [HOTS]

>
192 Xam idea Physics–XII
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 " " " " "
Ans. (a) (i) Torque acting on the current loop x = m # B = I (A # B)
" "
(ii) If magnetic moment m = IA is in the direction of external
magnetic field i.e., θ=0°.
" "
Magnetic flux z B = (Bext + B C) $ A
n0 I
z max = <| Bext |+ F | A |cos 0°
"

2r
where r is radius of the loop.
" "
(b) On applying Ampere’s circuital law y [Link] = n0 [Total current]
" " " " " " " "
& y [Link] + y [Link] + y [Link] + y [Link] = n0 [n,I]
PQ QR RS SP

As no magnetic field exists in direction QR, RS and SP, so

l "
y |B |dl +0 +0 +0 = n0 n,I
"
0 Abhishek Sharma Classes
&
"
| B |, = n0 n,I & B = n0 nI
# 9268012970

Q. 16. The figure shows three infinitely long straight parallel

current carrying conductors. Find the
(i) magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field at
point A lying on conductor 1,
(ii) magnetic force on conductor 2.
[CBSE (F) 2017]

n0 2 (3I) n0 (6I)
Ans. (i) B2 = = into the plane of the paper.
4r r 4rr
n0 2 (4I) n 0 8I
B3 = = c m out of the plane of the paper.
4r 3r 4r 3r
A
BA = B2 – B3 into the paper. I
n0 10I
= into the paper. 3I
4r 3r
(ii) Magnetic force per unit length on wire (2)
n0 n0 12I2
F= .3I 2 –
2 rr 2r (2r)
4I
2 2
3 n0 I n0 I2 3 n0 I
= – 3 rr = –
2 rr 2 rr
2
3 n0 I
Hence, F = in the direction of wire1.
2 rr

> Moving Charges and Magnetism 193

@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
Q. 17. (a) State the condition under which a charged particle moving with velocity v goes undeflected
in a magnetic field B.
(b) An electron, after being accelerated through a potential difference of 104 V, enter a uniform
magnetic field of 0.04 T, perpendicular to its direction of motion. Calculate the radius of
curvature of its trajectory. [CBSE (AI) 2017]
Ans. (a) Force in magnetic field on a charged particle
F = q (v × B ) & F = qvB sin i
If F = 0,
⇒ 0 = qvB sin θ
⇒ sin θ = 0 θ = ± nπ
So, magnetic field will be parallel or antiparallel to the velocity of charged particle.
(b) For a charged particle moving in a constant magnetic field and v = B
mv2 mv p
r = qvB & r=
qB
=
qB
...(i)

If e is accelerated through a potential difference of 104 V, then

K. E of electron = eV
p2
= eV & p = 2meV ...(ii)

"
&
2m
From (i) & (ii)
2meV
& r=
qB Abhishek Sharma Classes
2×9.1×10 –31
×1.6×10 –19
×10 4 # 9268012970
= –19
1.6×10 ×0.04
5.39 ×10 –23
= m = 8.4×10 –3 m
6.4×10 –21
Q. 18. A wire AB is carrying a steady current of 12 A and is lying on the table. Another wire CD
carrying 5 A is held directly above AB at a height of 1 mm. Find the mass per unit length of
the wire CD so that it remains suspended at its position when left free. Give the direction of
the current flowing in CD with respect to that in AB. [Take the value of g = 10 ms–2]
[CBSE (AI) 2013]
Ans. Current carrying conductors repel each other, if current flows in the opposite direction.

Current carrying conductors attract each other if current flows in the same direction.
If wire CD remain suspended above AB then
Frepulsion = Weight
n0 I1 I2 l
= mg
2 rr
where r = Separation between the wires

·
194 Xam idea Physics–XII
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 m
l
=
n0 I1 I2
2rrg
"
Abhishek Sharma Classes
2 # 10 –7 # 12 # 5 # 9268012970
=
1 # 10 – 3 # 10
= 1.2 × 10– 3 kg / m
Current in CD should be in opposite direction to that in AB.
Q. 19. A rectangular loop of wire of size 2.5 cm × 4 cm carries a steady current
of 1 A. A straight wire carrying 2 A current is kept near the loop as
2.5 cm
shown. If the loop and the wire are coplanar, find the (i) torque acting
on the loop and (ii) the magnitude and direction of the force on the
loop due to the current carrying wire. [CBSE Delhi 2012] 1A
Ans. (i) Torque on the loop ‘τ’ = MB sin θ = M # B
4cm
τ=0 [∴ M and B are parallel]
(ii) Magnitude of force
n0 I1 I2 l 1 1
F = dr – r n
2r 1 2

1 1
= 2 ×10 –7 ×2×1×4×10 –2 = – G
2×10 –2 4.5 ×10 –2
4.5 – 2 8 # 5 # 10 – 7
= 16 # 10 – 7 # < F= = 4.44 # 10 – 7 N
2 # 4. 5 9
Direction of force is towards conductor (attractive).
Q. 20. Write the expression for the magnetic moment (M ) due to a planar square
loop of side ‘l’ carrying a steady current I in a vector form.
In the given figure this loop is placed in a horizontal plane near a long
straight conductor carrying a steady current I1 at a distance l as shown.
Give reasons to explain that the loop will experience a net force but no
torque. Write the expression for this force acting on the loop.
[HOTS][CBSE Delhi 2010]
Ans. Magnetic moment due to a planar square loop of side l carrying current I is
" "
m=IA
For square loop A = l2
"
∴ m = I l 2 nt
where nt is unit vector normal to loop.
Magnetic field due to current carrying wire at the location of loop is directed downward
perpendicular to plane of loop. Since the magnetic moment is parallel to area vector hence
torque is zero.
Force on QR and SP are equal and opposite, so net force on these sides is zero.
"
Force on side PQ, F PQ = I vl × B
v
1

n0 I1 n0 II1
= Ilit # (– kt) = tj ;
2 rl 2r
" n 0 I1
Force on side RS, FRS = I l (–it) × (– kt)
2r (2l)
n0 II1
= tj
4r

> Moving Charges and Magnetism 195

@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 " " " n 0 II1
tj ;
"
Net force F = FPQ – FRS =
4r Abhishek Sharma Classes
That is loop experiences a repulsive force but no torque.
# 9268012970
Q. 21. The magnitude F of the force between two straight parallel current carrying conductors kept
at a distance d apart in air is given by
n0 I1 I2
F=
2rd
where I1 and I2 are the currents flowing through the two wires.
Use this expression, and the sign convention that the:
“Force of attraction is assigned a negative sign and force of repulsion is assigned a positive sign”.
Draw graphs showing dependence of F on
(i) I1 I2 when d is kept constant
(ii) d when the product I1 I2 is maintained at a constant positive value.
(iii) d when the product I1 I2 is maintained at a constant negative value.
[CBSE Sample Paper] [HOTS]
Ans. We know that F is an attractive (–ve) force when the currents I1 and I2 are ‘like’ currents i.e.,
when the product I1 I2 is positive.
Similarly F is a repulsive (+ve) force when the currents I1 and I2 are ‘unlike’ currents, i.e., when
the product I1 I2 is negative.
1
Now F∝ (I1I2), when d is kept constant and F ? when I1I2 is kept constant.
d
The required graphs, therefore, have the forms shown below:

(i) (ii) (iii)

Q. 22. (a) Briefly explain how a galvanometer is converted into an ammeter.
(b) A galvanometer coil has a resistance of 15 W and it shows full scale deflection for a current
of 4 mA. Convert it into an ammeter of range 0 to 6 A. [CBSE 2019 (55/4/1)]
Ans. (a) By connecting a small resistance called shunt (S) in parallel to coil of the galvanometer. The
Ig G
value of S is related to the maximum current (I) to be measured as S = .
I – Ig
(b) Given, G = 15 X
I g = 4×10 –3 A
I=6A ( – )
a I g G = (I – I g) S
Ig G
4×10 –3 ×15
S= =
I – Ig 6 – 4×10 –3
= 0.01 X
The galvanometer can be converted into ammeter of given range by connecting a shunt resistance
of 0.01 W in parallel.

>
196 Xam idea Physics–XII
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
Q. 23. (a) Briefly explain how a galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter.
(b) A voltmeter of a certain range is constructed by connecting a resistance of 980 W in series
with a galvanometer. When the resistance of 470 W is connected in series, the range gets
halved. Find the resistance of the galvanometer. [CBSE 2019 (55/4/1)]
Ans. (a) A galvanometer may be converted into voltmeter by connecting a high value resistance R
in series with coil of the galvanometer. The value of (R) is related to the maximum voltage
V
(V) to be measured as R = – G.
Ig
R R
V
(b) Ig =
Rg + R
Voltmeter
V V
& R g + 980
=
2 (R g + 470)

& 2R g + 940 = R g + 980

& Rg = 40 X

Q. 24. A multirange voltmeter can be constructed by using a galvanometer circuit as shown in

the figure. We want to construct a voltmeter that can measure 2 V, 20 V and 200 V using a
galvanometer of resistance 10 W and that produces maximum deflection for current of 1 mA.
Find the value of R1, R2 and R3 that have to be used.
[NCERT Exemplar, CBSE Sample Paper 2018]
R1 R2 R3
G

2V 20V 200V

Ans. Here, G=10 W, Ig = 1 mA = 10–3 A

Case (i), V=2V
V 2
R1 = – G = – 3 – 10 = 1990 X c 2 k X
Ig 10

Case (ii) V = 20 V
20

"
^ R1 + R2 h = – 10 = 20, 000 – 10 . 20 kX
10 –3
∴ R2 = 20 kW – 2 kW = 18 k X

Case (iii) V = 200 V

Abhishek Sharma Classes
200 # 9268012970
∴ R1 + R2 + R3 = – 10 . 200 kX
10 – 3
∴ R3 = 200 kX – 20 kX c 180 k X

=> Moving Charges and Magnetism 197

@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
Long Answer Questions [5 marks]
Q. 1. State and explain Biot-Savart law. Use it to derive an expression for the magnetic field
produced at a point near a long current carrying wire. [CBSE 2019 (55/3/1)]
Ans. Biot-Savart law: Suppose the current I is flowing in a conductor and there is a small current
element ‘ab’ of length ∆l. According to Biot-Savart the magnetic field (∆B) produced due to this
current element at a point P distant r from the element is given by
IT l sini n I Tl sini
TB ? or TB = ...(i)
r 2 4 r r2
n
where is a constant of proportionality. It depends on
4r
the medium between the current element and point of
observation (P). µ is called the permeability of medium.
Equation (i) is called Biot-Savart law. The product of current
(I) and length element (∆l) (i.e., I ∆l) is called the current
element. Current element is a vector quantity, its direction
is along the direction of current. If the conductor be placed
in vacuum (or air), then µ is replaced by µ0; where µ0 is called the permeability of free space (or
air). In S.I. system µ0= 4π ×10 –7 weber/ampere-metre (or newton/ampere2).
n0
Thus = 10 –7 weber/ampere × metre
4r
As in most cases the medium surrounding the conductor is air, therefore, in general, Biot-Savart
law is written as
n0 ITl sini
TB =
4r r2
The direction of magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane containing current element and
the line joining point of observation to current element. So in vector form the expression for
magnetic field takes the form
" "
" n0 IT l # r
TB =
4r r3
Derivation of formula for magnetic field due to
a current carrying wire using Biot-Savart law:
Consider a wire EF carrying current I in upward
direction. The point of observation is P at a finite
distance R from the wire. If PM is perpendicular
dropped from P on wire; then PM = R. The wire
may be supposed to be formed of a large number of
small current elements. Consider a small element I
CD of length δl at a distance l from M.
Let ∠CPM = φ
and ∠CPD = δ φ, ∠ PDM = θ
The length δl is very small, so that ∠PCM may also be taken equal to θ.
The perpendicular dropped from C on PD is CN. The angle formed between element
" " "
I dI and r (= CP) is (π – θ). Therefore according to Biot-Savart law, the magnetic field due to
"

r
current element I dI at P is
n0 I dl sin(r – i) n0 I dl sini
dB = = ...(i)
4r r 2 4r r2
2

Abhishek Sharma Classes

198 Xam idea Physics–XII # 9268012970
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 But in ∆ CND, sin i = sin(+CDN) =
CN
CD
=
r dz
dl
"
Abhishek Sharma Classes
or δl sin θ = r δφ # 9268012970
∴ From equation (i)
n0 I r d z n0 I d z ...(ii)
dB = =
4r r 2 4r r
Again from fig.
R R
cos z = r & r =
cos z
From equation (ii)
n0 I cos z dz
dB= ...(iii)
4r R
If the wire is of finite length and its ends make angles α and β with line MP, then net magnetic
field (B) at P is obtained by summing over magnetic fields due to all current elements, i.e.,
n0 I cos z dz n0 I a
B= y–ab = y cos z dz
4r R 4rR –b
n0 I n0 I
6sin z@–b = 6sin a – sin(–b)@
a
4r R 4r R
n0 I
i.e., B= (sin a + sinb)
4r R
This is expression for magnetic field due to current carrying wire of finite length.
If the wire is of infinite length (or very long), then α= β ⇒ π/2
n0 I n0 I n0 I
asin + sin k = 61 + 1@ or B =
r r
∴ B=
4r R 2 2 4r R 2 rR
Q. 2. (i) State Biot-Savart Law. Using this law, find an expression for the magnetic field at the
centre of a circular coil of N-turns, radius R, carrying current I. [CBSE 2019 (55/3/1)]
(ii) Sketch the magnetic field for a circular current loop, clearly indicating the direction of
the field. [CBSE (F) 2010, Central 2016]
Ans. (i) Biot-Savart Law: Refer to above question
Magnetic field at the centre of circular loop: Consider a circular coil
of radius R carrying current I in anticlockwise direction. Say, O is the
centre of coil, at which magnetic field is to be computed. The coil may
be supposed to be formed of a large number of current elements.
Consider a small current element ‘ab’ of length ∆l. According to Biot
Savart law the magnetic field due to current element ‘ab’ at centre O is
n0 I Tl sin i
TB =
4r R2
where θ is angle between current element ab and the line joining the element to the centre
O. Here θ =90° because current element at each point of circular path is perpendicular to
the radius. Therefore magnetic field produced at O, due to current element ab is
n 0 I Tl
TB =
4r R 2
According to Maxwell’s right hand rule, the direction of magnetic field at O is upward,
perpendicular to the plane of coil. The direction of magnetic field due to all current elements
is the same. Therefore the resultant magnetic field at the centre will be the sum of magnetic
fields due to all current elements. Thus

- Moving Charges and Magnetism 199

@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 n 0 I Tl n0 I
B = /TB = / = / Tl
4r R 2 4r R 2
But ∑∆l = total length of circular coil =2πR (for one-turn)
n0 I n0 I
∴ B= .2r R or B =
4r R 2 2R
If the coil contains N–turns, then ∑ ∆l =N. 2π R
n0 I n0 NI
B= . N. 2 r R or B =
4r R 2 2R
Here current in the coil is anticlockwise and the direction of magnetic field is perpendicular
to the plane of coil upward; but if the current in the coil is clockwise, then the direction of
magnetic field will be perpendicular to the plane of coil downward.
(ii) Magnetic field lines due to a circular current loop:

"
Abhishek Sharma Classes
# 9268012970

Q. 3. (i) Derive an expression for the magnetic field at a point on the axis of a current carrying
circular loop. [CBSE (AI) 2013; (F) 2010; 2019 (55/3/1)]
(ii) Two co-axial circular loops L1 and L2 of radii 3 cm and
4 cm are placed as shown. What should be the magnitude
and direction of the current in the loop L2 so that the net
magnetic field at the point O be zero?
Ans. (i) Magnetic field at the axis of a circular loop: Consider a
circular loop of radius R carrying current I, with its plane
perpendicular to the plane of paper. Let P be a point of
observation on the axis of this circular loop at a distance
x from its centre O. Consider a small element of length
dl of the coil" at point A. The magnitude of the magnetic
induction dB at point P due to this element is given by
n0 I dl sin a
dB = ...(i)
4r r2
The direction of dB is perpendicular to the plane
containing dl and r and is given by right hand screw rule. As the angle between I dl and
r and is 90°, the magnitude of the magnetic induction dB is given by,
n0 I dl sin90o n0 I dl
dB = = . ...(ii)
4r r2 4r r 2
If we consider the magnetic induction produced by the whole of the circular coil, then by
symmetry the components of magnetic induction perpendicular to the axis will be cancelled
out, while those parallel to the axis will be added up. Thus the resultant magnetic induction
B at axial point P is along the axis and may be evaluated as follows:

>
200 Xam idea Physics–XII
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 The component of dB along the axis,
n0 I dl
dB x = sin a ...(iii)
4r r 2
R
But sin a = r and r = (R 2 + x 2)1/2
n0 I dl R n0 IR n0 IR
` dB x = . =
2 r 3
dl = dl ..(iv)
4r r 4r r 4r (R 2 + x 2) 3/2
Therefore the magnitude of resultant magnetic induction at axial point P due to the whole
circular coil is given by
n0 IR n0 IR
B=y 2 2 3/2
dl = y dl
4r (R + x ) 4r (R 2 + x 2) 3/2
But y dl =length of the loop = 2πR ...(v)
n0 IR
Therefore, B= (2rR)
4r (R 2 + x 2) 3/2
n0 IR2 n0 I
it. <At centre, x = 0, B = F
"
B = Bx it = 2
2 (R + x ) 2 3/2 2R

If the coil contains N turns, then

n0 NIR2
B= tesla. ...(vi)
2 (R 2 + x 2) 3/2
n0 NIa2
(ii) The magnetic field B =
2 (a 2 + x 2) 3/2
Here N= 1, a1 = 3 cm, x1 = 4 cm, I1 =1 A
∴ Magnetic field at O due to coil L1 is
n0 # 1 # (3 # 10 –2) 2 n0 (9 # 10 –4)
B1 = =
2 7(3 # 10 –2) 2 + (4 # 10 –2) 2A 2 # 125 # 10 –6
3/2

Magnetic field at O due to coil L2 is

Here a2 = 4cm
B2 =
n0 # I2 (4 # 10 –2) 2

2 7(4 # 10 –2) 2 + (3 # 10 –2) 2A

3/2
"
x2 =3 cm Abhishek Sharma Classes
# 9268012970
n0 I2 # 16 # 10 –4
=
2 # 125 # 10 –6
For zero magnetic field at O, the currents I1 and I2 should be in same direction, so current
I2 should be in opposite directions and satisfy the condition B1 =B2
n0 # 9 # 10 – 4 n0 I2 # 16 # 10 – 4 9
i.e., = = & I2 = A
2 # 125 # 10 – 4 2 # 125 # 10 – 4 16
Q. 4. (a) A straight thick long wire of uniform circular cross-section of radius ‘a’ is carrying a steady
current I. The current is uniformly distributed across the cross-section. Use Ampere’s
circuital law to obtain a relation showing the variation of the magnetic field (Br) inside and
outside the wire with distance r, (r ≤ a) and (r > a) of the field point from the centre of its
cross-section. What is the magnetic field at the surface of this wire? Plot a graph showing
the nature of this variation.

=> Moving Charges and Magnetism 201

@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 a
(b) Calculate the ratio of magnetic field at a point above the surface of the wire to that at a
a 2
point below its surface. What is the maximum value of the field of this wire?
2
[CBSE Delhi 2010; Chennai 2015]
Ans. (a) Magnetic field due to a straight thick wire of uniform cross-section: Consider an infinitely
long cylindrical wire of radius a, carrying current I. Suppose that the current is uniformly
distributed over whole cross-section of the wire. The cross-section of wire is circular. Current
per unit cross-sectional area.
I
i= 2 …(i)
ra
Magnetic field at external points (r > a): We consider
a circular path of radius r (> a) passing through
external point P concentric with circular cross-section
of wire. By symmetry the strength of magnetic field at
every point of circular path is same and the direction
of magnetic field is tangential to path at every point. So
"
line integral of magnetic field B around the circular
path
" "
y B .dl= y B dl cos 0o = B 2rr
Current enclosed by path = Total current on circular
cross-section of cylinder = I
By Ampere’s circuital law
" "
y B .dl= n ×current enclosed by path
n0 I
& B 2 rr = n 0 × I & B =
2 rr
This expression is same as the magnetic field due to a long current
carrying straight wire.
This shows that for external points the current flowing in wire may be supposed to be concerned at the
axis of cylinder.
Magnetic Field at Internal Points (r < a) : Consider a circular path of radius r (<a), passing
through internal point Q concentric with circular cross-section of the wire. In this case the
assumed circular path encloses only a path of current carrying circular cross-section of the
wire.
∴ Current enclosed by path = current per unit cross-section × cross Q
section of assumed circular path r
R
O a

"
I Ir2
= i #r r 2 = d 2 n ×r r 2 = 2
ra a
∴ By Ampere’s circuital law
" " Abhishek Sharma Classes
y B .dl = n # current closed by path
0 # 9268012970
Ir 2 n0 Ir
& B .2rr = n0 # & B=
a2 2 ra 2
Clearly, magnetic field strength inside the current carrying
wire is directly proportional to distance of the point from
the axis of wire.
At surface of cylinder r = a, so magnetic field at surface of wire
n0 I
BS = (maximum value)
2 ra
The variation of magnetic field strength (B) with distance
(r) from the axis of wire for internal and external points is shown in figure.

>
202 Xam idea Physics–XII
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 (b) B Outside =
n0 I
2rr
=
n0 I

2r a a +
a
2
k
=
n0 I
3 ra
"
Abhishek Sharma Classes
n0 Ir n0 I (a/2) n0 I # 9268012970
B inside = = =
2 ra 2 2 ra 2 4 ra
B outside 4
∴ =
B inside 3
n0 I
Maximum value of magnetic field is at the surface given by BS = .
2 ra
Q. 5. Using Ampere’s circuital law find an expression for the magnetic field at a point on the axis
of a long solenoid with closely wound turns. [CBSE (F) 2010, 2019(55/2/1)]
Ans. Magnetic field due to a current carrying long solenoid:
A solenoid is a long wire wound in the form of a close-
packed helix, carrying current. To construct a solenoid a
large number of closely packed turns of insulated copper
wire are wound on a cylindrical tube of card-board or
china clay. When an electric current is passed through the
solenoid, a magnetic field is produced within the solenoid.
If the solenoid is long and the successive insulated copper
turns have no gaps, then the magnetic field within the solenoid is uniform; with practically no
magnetic field outside it. The reason is that the solenoid may be supposed to be formed of a large
number of circular current elements. The magnetic field due to a circular loop is along its axis
and the current in upper and lower straight parts of solenoid is equal and opposite. Due to this
the magnetic field in a direction perpendicular to the axis of solenoid is zero and so the resultant
magnetic field is along the axis of the solenoid.
If there are ‘n’ number of turns per metre length of solenoid and I amperes is the current
flowing, then magnetic field at axis of long solenoid
B = µ0 nI
If there are N turns in length l of wire, then
N n0 NI
n= or B =
l l
Derivation: Consider a symmetrical long solenoid having
number of turns per unit length equal to n.
Let I be the current flowing in the solenoid, then by right
hand rule, the magnetic field is parallel to the axis of the
solenoid.

Field outside the solenoid: Consider a closed path abcd. Applying Ampere’s law to this path
" "
y B. dl = n × 0 (since net current enclosed by path is zero)
As dl ≠ 0 ∴ B = 0
This means that the magnetic field outside the solenoid is zero.
"
Field inside the solenoid: Consider a closed path pqrs The line integral of magnetic field B
along path pqrs is
" " " " " " " " " "
ypqrs B. dl = ypq [Link]+ yqr [Link] + yrs [Link] + ysp [Link] ...(i)
" "
For path pq, B and dl are along the same direction,
" "
` ypq [Link]= y B dl = Bl (pq = l say)
" "
For paths qr and sp, B and d l are mutually perpendicular.

> Moving Charges and Magnetism 203

@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 `
" " " "
yqr [Link] = ysp B. d l = y B dl cos 90 = 0
o
"
Abhishek Sharma Classes
For path rs, B = 0 (since field is zero outside a solenoid) # 9268012970
" "
` yrs [Link] =0
In view of these, equation (i) gives
" " " "
` ypqrs [Link] = ypq [Link] = Bl
& ...(ii)
" "
By Ampere’s law y [Link] = n0 # net current enclosed by path
∴ Bl = µ0 (nl I) ∴ B = µ0 nI
This is the well known result.
Q. 6. Using Ampere’s circuital law, derive an expression for the magnetic field along the axis of a
toroidal solenoid. [CBSE (AI) 2013]
OR
(a) State Ampere’s circuital law. Use this law to obtain the expression for the magnetic field
inside an air cored toroid of average radius ‘r’, having ‘n’ turns per unit length and
carrying a steady current I.
(b) An observer to the left of a solenoid of N turns each of cross section area ‘A’ observes that
a steady current I in it flows in the clockwise direction. Depict the magnetic field lines due
to the solenoid specifying its polarity and show that it acts as a bar magnet of magnetic
moment m = NIA. [CBSE Delhi 2015]

Ans. Magnetic field due to a toroidal solenoid: A long solenoid shaped in the form of closed ring is
called a toroidal solenoid (or endless solenoid).
Let n be the number of turns per unit length of toroid and I the current flowing through it. The
current causes the magnetic field inside the turns of the solenoid. The magnetic lines of force
inside the toroid are in the form of concentric circles. By symmetry the magnetic field has the
same magnitude at each point of circle and is along the tangent at every point on the circle.
(i) For points inside the core of toroid
Consider a circle of radius r in the region enclosed by turns of toroid. Now we apply Ampere’s
circuital law to this circular path, i.e.,
" "
y B . d l = n0 I ...(i)
" "
y B.d l = y Bdl cos 0 =B.2rr
Length of toroid = 2πr
N = Number of turns in toroid = n(2πr) and current in one-turn=I
∴ Current enclosed by circular path =(n 2πr). I
∴ Equation (i) gives
B 2πr=µ0 (n 2πrI) ⇒ B= µ0 nI
(ii) For points in the open space inside the toroid: No current flows
through the Amperian loop, so I = 0
" "
y [Link]= n0 I = 0 & B inside = 0
(iii) For points in the open space exterior to the toroid : The net current
entering the plane of the toroid is exactly cancelled by the net
current leaving the plane of the toroid.
" "
y [Link]= 0 & B exterior = 0
For observer, current is flowing in clockwise direction hence we will see magnetic field lines

-
204 Xam idea Physics–XII
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 going towards south pole.
"
Abhishek Sharma Classes
# 9268012970

The solenoid can be regarded as a combination of circular

loops placed side by side, each behaving like a magnet of
magnetic moment IA, where I is the current and A area of
the loop.
These magnets neutralise each other except at the ends
where south and north poles appear.
Magnetic moment of bar magnet = NIA
Q. 7. (a) Explain with the help of a labelled diagram construction, principle and working of a
cyclotron stating clearly the functions of electric and magnetic fields on a charged particle.
Derive an expression for time period of revolution and cyclotron frequency. Show that it
is independent of the speed of the charged particles and radius of the circular path.
[CBSE (AI) 2009, CBSE Delhi 2011, 2014, CBSE 2019 (55/2/1)]
(b) What is resonance condition? How is it used to accelerated charged particles?
(c) Also find the total KE attained by the charged particle.
OR
(a) Draw a schematic sketch of a cyclotron. Explain clearly the role of crossed electric and
magnetic field in accelerating the charge. Hence derive the expression for the kinetic
energy acquired by the particles.
(b) An α–particle and a proton are released from the centre of the cyclotron and made to
accelerate.
(i) Can both be accelerated at the same cyclotron frequency? Give reason to justify your
answer.
(ii) When they are accelerated in turn, which of the two will have higher velocity at the exit
slit of the dees? [CBSE (AI) 2013]
Ans. (a) Cyclotron: The cyclotron, devised by Lawrence and
Livingston, is a device for accelerating charged particles
to high speed by the repeated application of accelerating
potentials.
Construction: The cyclotron consists of two flat semi - circular
metal boxes called ‘dees’ and are arranged with a small gap
between them. A source of ions is located near the mid-point
of the gap between the dees (fig.). The dees are connected to
the terminals of a radio frequency oscillator, so that a high frequency alternating potential
of several million cycles per second exists between the dees. Thus dees act as electrodes.
The dees are enclosed in an insulated metal box containing gas at low pressure. The whole
apparatus is placed between the poles of a strong electromagnet which provides a magnetic
field perpendicular to the plane of the dees.
Working: The principle of action of the apparatus is shown in figure. The positive ions
produced from a source S at the centre are accelerated by a dee which is at negative potential
at that moment. Due to the presence of perpendicular magnetic field the ion will move in a
circular path inside the dees. The magnetic field and the frequency of the applied voltages
are so chosen that as the ion comes out of a dee, the dees change their polarity (positive
becoming negative and vice-versa) and the ion is further accelerated and moves with higher
velocity along a circular path of greater radius. The phenomenon is continued till the ion
reaches at the periphery of the dees where an auxiliary negative electrode (deflecting plate)
deflects the accelerated ion on the target to be bombarded

> Moving Charges and Magnetism 205

@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 Role of electric field.
Electric field accelerates
the charge particle passing
through the gap.
Role of magnetic field
As the accelerated charge
particle enters normally to
the uniform magnetic field,
it exerts a magnetic force in
the form of centripetal force
and charge particle moves
on a semicircular path of
increasing radii in each dee
(D1 or D2) alternatively.
Expression for period of
revolution and frequency:
Suppose the positive ion with
charge q moves in a dee with a
velocity v then,
mv2
qvB = r
mv
or r= ...(i)
qB
where m is the mass and r the radius of the path of ion in the dee and B is the strength of the
magnetic field.
The angular velocity ω of the ion is given by,
v qB
~ = r = m [from (i)] ...(ii)

The time taken by the ion in describing a semi-circle, i.e., in turning through an angle π is,
r rm
t= ~ = ...(iii)
Bq
Thus the time is independent of the speed of the ion i.e., although the speed of the ion goes
on increasing with increase in the radius (from eq. i) when it moves from one dee to the
other, yet it takes the same time in each dee.
m
From eq. (iii) it is clear that for a particular ion, q being known, B can be calculated for

producing resonance with the high frequency alternating potential.

Significance: The applied voltage is adjusted so that the polarity of dees is reversed in the
same time that it takes the ion to complete one half of the revolution.
Now for the cyclotron to work, the applied alternating potential should also have the same
semi-periodic time (T/2) as that taken by the ion to cross either dee, i.e.,
T rm
=t= ...(iv)
2 qB
2rm
or T= ...(v)
qB
This is the expression for period of revolution.
Obviously, period of revolution is independent of speed of charged particle and radius of
circular path.

·
∴ Frequency of revolution of particles
1 qB
o= =

&
T 2 rm #

206 Xam idea Physics–XII Abhishek Sharma Classes

# 9268012970
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 This frequency is called the cyclotron frequency. Clearly the cyclotron frequency is independent
of speed of particle.
(b) Resonance condition: The condition of working of cyclotron is that the frequency of radio
frequency alternating potential must be equal to the frequency of revolution of charged
particles within the dees. This is called resonance condition.
(c) Expression for KE attained
If R be the radius of the path and vmax the velocity of the ion when it leaves the periphery,
then in accordance with eq. (ii)
qBR
vmax = m ...(vi)
The kinetic energy of the ion when it leaves the apparatus is,
1 2
q2 B2 R2
KE = mvmax = ...(vii)
2 2m
When charged particle crosses the gap between dees it gains KE = qV
In one revolution, it crosses the gap twice, therefore if it completes n-revolutions before
emerging the dees,
the kinetic energy gained = 2nqV ...(viii)
q2 B2 R2
Thus KE = = 2nqV
2m
Q. 8. (a) Consider a beam of charged particles moving with varying speeds. Show how crossed
electric and magnetic fields can be used to select charged particles of a particular velocity?
(b) Name another device/machine which uses crossed electric and magnetic fields. What does
this machine do and what are the functions of magnetic and electric fields in this machine?
Where do these field exist in this machine? Write about their natures. [CBSE South 2016]
" "
Ans. (a) If we adjust the value of E and B such that magnitude of the two forces are equal, then
total force on the charge is zero and the charge will move in the fields undeflected. This
happen when
E
qE = Bqv or v=
B

"
(b) Name of the device: Cyclotron
It accelerates charged particles or ions.
l Electric field accelerates the charged particles.

Magnetic field makes particles to move in circle.

Abhishek Sharma Classes
l Electric field exists between the Dees.
# 9268012970
Magnetic field exists both inside and outside the dees.
l Magnetic field is uniform.

Electric field is alternating in nature.

Q. 9. Derive an expression for the force experienced by a current carrying straight conductor
placed in a magnetic field. Under what condition is this force maximum?
Ans. Force on a current carrying conductor on the basis of force on a
moving charge: Consider a metallic conductor of length L, cross-
sectional area A placed in a uniform magnetic field B and its
length makes an angle θ with the direction of magnetic field B. The
current in the conductor is I.
According to free electron model of metals, the current in a
metal is due to the motion of free electrons. When a conductor
is placed in a magnetic field, the magnetic field exerts a force on
every free-electron. The sum of forces acting on all electrons is
the net force acting on the conductor. If vd is the drift velocity of free electrons, then
current I = neAvd ...(i)

=> - -
Moving Charges and Magnetism 207
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 where n is number of free electrons per unit volume.
magnetic force on each electron =evd B sin θ ...(ii)
" "
Its direction is perpendicular to both vd and B
Volume of conductor V = AL
Therefore, the total number of free electrons in the conductor = nAL
Net magnetic force on each conductor
"
F = (force on one electron) × (number of electrons) Abhishek Sharma Classes
= (evdB sin θ) . (nAL) = (neAvd). BL sin θ # 9268012970
Using equation (i) F=IBL sin θ ...(iii)
∴ F=ILB sin θ
This is the general formula for the force acting on a current carrying conductor.
" " "
In vector form F = I L # B ...(iv)
Force will be maximum when sin θ = 1 or θ = 90°. That is when length of conductor is
perpendicular to magnetic field.
Q. 10. Two long straight parallel conductors carry steady current I1 and I2 separated by a distance d.
If the currents are flowing in the same direction, show how the magnetic field set up in one
produces an attractive force on the other. Obtain the expression for this force. Hence define
one ampere. [CBSE Delhi 2016]
OR
Derive an expression for the force per unit length between two long straight parallel current
carrying conductors. Hence define SI unit of current (ampere).
[CBSE (AI) 2009, 2010, 2012, Patna 2015]
Ans. Suppose two long thin straight conductors (or wires) PQ and RS are placed parallel to each other
in vacuum (or air) carrying currents I1 and I2 respectively. It has been observed experimentally
that when the currents in the wire are in the same direction, they experience an attractive force
(fig. a) and when they carry currents in opposite directions, they experience a repulsive force (fig. b).
Let the conductors PQ and RS carry currents I1 and I2 in same direction and placed at separation r.
Consider a current–element ‘ab’ of length ∆L of wire RS. The magnetic field produced by
current-carrying conductor PQ at the location of other wire RS
n0 I1
B1 = ...(i)
2r r
According to Maxwell’s right hand rule or right hand palm rule number 1, the direction of B1 will
be perpendicular to the plane of paper and directed downward. Due to this magnetic field, each
element of other wire experiences a force. The direction of current element is perpendicular to
the magnetic field; therefore the magnetic force on element ab of length ∆L
n0 I1
TF = B1 I2 TL sin 90 o = I TL
2r r 2
∴ The total force on conductor of length L
will be
n0 I1 I2 n0 I1 I2
F= / TL = L
2r r 2r r
∴ Force acting per unit length of conductor
F n0 I1 I2 ...(ii)
f= = N/m
L 2r r
According to Fleming’s left hand rule, the
direction of magnetic force will be towards
(a) (b)
PQ i.e., the force will be attractive.

=>>
208 Xam idea Physics–XII
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 On the other hand if the currents I1 and I2 in wires are in opposite directions, the force will be
repulsive. The magnitude of force in each case remains the same.
Definition of SI unit of Current (ampere): In SI system of fundamental unit of current ‘ampere'
is defined assuming the force between the two current carrying wires as standard.
The force between two parallel current carrying conductors of separation r is

"
F n0 I1 I2
f= = N/m
L 2 rr
If I1 =I2 = 1 A, r = 1 m, then
n0
f= = 2×10 –7 N/m Abhishek Sharma Classes
2r # 9268012970
Thus 1 ampere is the current which when flowing in each of parallel conductors placed at
separation 1 m in vacuum exert a force of 2× 10–7 on 1 m length of either wire.
Q. 11. Derive an expression for torque acting on a rectangular current carrying loop kept in a
uniform magnetic field B. Indicate the direction of torque acting on the loop.
[CBSE Delhi 2013; (F) 2009, 2019 (55/1/1)]
OR
" "
Deduce the expression for the torque x acting on a planar loop of area A and carrying
"
current I placed in a uniform magnetic field B.
If the loop is free to rotate, what would be its orientation in stable equilibrium?
[CBSE Ajmer 2015]
Ans. Torque on a current carrying loop: Consider a rectangular loop PQRS of length l, breadth b
suspended in a uniform magnetic field B . The length of loop = PQ = RS= l and breadth QR
= SP = b. Let at any instant the normal to the plane of
loop make an angle θ with the direction of magnetic
field B and I be the current in the loop. We know that
a force acts on a current carrying wire placed in a
magnetic field. Therefore, each side of the loop will
experience a force. The net force and torque acting on
the loop will be determined by the forces acting on all
sides of the loop. Suppose that the forces on sides PQ,
QR, RS and SP are F 1 , F 2 , F 3 and F 4 respectively. The
sides QR and SP make angle (90°– θ) with the direction
of magnetic field. Therefore each of the forces
F 2 and F 4 acting on these sides has same magnitude F′
= Blb sin (90°– θ) = Blb cos θ. " According
" to Fleming’s
left hand rule the forces F2 and F4 are equal and
opposite but their line of action is same. Therefore these
forces cancel each other i.e., the resultant of F 2 and F 4
is zero.
The sides PQ and RS of current loop are perpendicular
to the magnetic field, therefore the magnitude of each
of forces F 1 and F 3 is F=IlB sin 90°=IlB
According to Fleming’s left hand rule the forces
F 1 and F 3 acting on sides PQ and RS are equal and
opposite, but their lines of action are different; therefore
the resultant force of F 1 and F 3 is zero, but they form a
couple called the deflecting couple. When the normal to plane of loop makes an angle with the
direction of magnetic field the perpendicular distance between F1 and F3 is b sin θ.
∴ Moment of couple or Torque,
τ = (Magnitude of one force F) × perpendicular distance =(BIl). (b sin θ)=I (lb) B sin θ
But lb = area of loop =A (say)

>
=
sides
Moving Charges and Magnetism 209
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 ∴ Torque, τ = IAB sin θ
If the loop contains N-turns, then τ = NI AB sin θ
" " "
In vector form x = NIA # B
The magnetic dipole moment of rectangular current loop = M = NIA
" " "
∴ x=M#B
Direction of torque is perpendicular
" " to direction of area of loop as well as the direction of
magnetic field i.e., along IA # B.
The current loop would " be in stable equilibrium, if magnetic dipole moment is in the direction
of the magnetic field (B) .
Q. 12. (i) What is the relationship between the current and the magnetic moment of a current
carrying circular loop?
(ii) Deduce an expression for magnetic dipole moment of an electron revolving around a
nucleus in a circular orbit. Indicate the direction of magnetic dipole moment. Use the
expression to derive the relation between the magnetic moment of an electron moving in
a circle and its related angular momentum. [CBSE (AI) 2010; (F) 2009]
(iii) A muon is a particle that has the same charge as an electron but is 200 times heavier than
it. If we had an atom in which the muon revolves around a proton instead of an electron,
what would be the magnetic moment of the muon in the ground state of such an atom?
Ans. (i) Relation between current and magnetic moment:
Magnetic moment, for a current carrying coil is M = IA
For circular coil of radius r, A=πr2
M= I. πr2
(ii) Magnetic moment of an electron moving in a circle:
Consider an electron revolving around a nucleus (N) in circular path of radius r with speed v.
The revolving electron is equivalent to electric current
e
I=
T
where T is period of revolution = 2r r
v
e ev
I= = ...(i)
2rr/v 2rr
2
Area of current loop (electron orbit), A = πr
Magnetic moment due to orbital motion,
ev evr
Ml = IA = (2rr2) = ...(ii)
2 rr 2
This equation gives the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. The direction of
magnetic moment is along the axis.
Relation between magnetic moment and angular momentum
Orbital angular momentum of electron

"
L = mevr ...(iii)
where me is mass of electron,
Dividing (ii) by (iii), we get
Ml evr/2 e
= m vr = Abhishek Sharma Classes
L 2 m
e
e
e # 9268012970
Magnetic moment Ml = L …(iv)
2m e
This is expression of magnetic moment of revolving electron in terms of angular momentum
of electron. " e "
In vector form Ml = – L ...(v)
2m e
(iii) Magnetic moment of muon in the ground state:
e
Ml = – . L
2mn

>
210 Xam idea Physics–XII
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 h
In Bohr’s theory, value of angular momentum L in ground state is L =
2r
e h eh
∴ Ml = # =
2mn 2r 4rmn
eh 1 eh 1 1.6 # 10 –19 # 6.63 # 10 –34
= = = #
4r (200 me) 200 4rme 200 4 # 3.14 # 9.1 # 10 –31
= 4.64 # 10 –26 Am2
Q. 13. Draw the labelled diagram of a moving coil galvanometer. Prove that in a radial magnetic field, the
deflection of the coil is directly proportional to the current flowing in the coil. [CBSE (F) 2012]
OR
(a) Draw a labelled diagram of a moving coil galvanometer. Describe briefly its principle and
working.
(b) Answer the following:
(i) Why is it necessary to introduce a cylindrical soft iron core inside the coil of a
galvanometer?
(ii) Increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer may not necessarily increase its
voltage sensitivity. Explain, giving reason. [CBSE (AI) 2014]
OR
Explain, using a labelled diagram, the principle and working of a moving coil galvanometer.
What is the function of (i) uniform radial magnetic field, (ii) soft iron core?
Define the terms (i) current sensitivity and (ii) voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer. Why does
increasing the current sensitivity not necessarily increase voltage sensitivity?
[CBSE Allahabad 2015]
Ans. • Moving coil galvanometer: A galvanometer is used to detect current in a circuit.
Construction: It consists of a rectangular coil wound on a non-conducting metallic frame
and is suspended by phosphor bronze strip between the pole-pieces (N and S) of a strong
permanent magnet.
A soft iron core in cylindrical form is placed between the coil.
One end of coil is attached to suspension wire which also serves as one terminal (T1) of
galvanometer. The other end of coil is connected to a loosely coiled strip, which serves as the
other terminal (T2). The other end of the suspension is attached to a torsion head which can
be rotated to set the coil in zero position. A mirror (M) is fixed on the phosphor bronze strip
by means of which the deflection of the coil is measured by the lamp and scale arrangement.
The levelling screws are also provided at the base of the instrument.
The pole pieces of the permanent magnet are cylindrical so that the magnetic field is radial

"
at any position of the coil.

Abhishek Sharma Classes

# 9268012970

=> Moving Charges and Magnetism 211

@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 Principle and working: When current (I) is passed in the coil, torque τ acts on the coil, given by
τ =NIAB sin θ
where θ is the angle between the normal to plane of coil and the magnetic field of strength
B, N is the number of turns in a coil.
A current carrying coil, in the presence of a magnetic field, experiences a torque, which
produces proportionate deflection.
i.e., Deflection, θ ∝ τ (Torque)
When the magnetic field is radial, as in the case of cylindrical pole pieces and soft iron core,
then in every position of coil the plane of the coil, is parallel to the magnetic field lines, so
that θ =90° and sin 90°=1. The coil experiences a uniform coupler.
Deflecting torque, τ = NIAB
If C is the torsional rigidity of the wire and is the twist of suspension strip, then restoring
torque = C θ
For equilibrium, deflecting torque = restoring torque
i.e.
∴
NIAB = C θ

i=
NAB
C
I
" ...(i)
Abhishek Sharma Classes
i.e. θ∝I # 9268012970
Deflection of coil is directly proportional to current flowing in the coil and hence we can
construct a linear scale.
Importance (or function) of uniform radial magnetic field: Torque for current carrying coil
in a magnetic field is τ = NIAB sin θ
In radial magnetic field sinθ = 1, so torque is τ = NIAB
This makes the deflection (θ) proportional to current. In other words, the radial magnetic
field makes the scale linear.
• The cylindrical, soft iron core makes the field radial and increases the strength of the
magnetic field, i.e., the magnitude of the torque.
Sensitivity of galvanometer :
Current sensitivity: It is defined as the deflection of coil per unit current flowing in it.

Sensitivity, SI = c m =
i NAB
...(ii)
I C
Voltage sensitivity: It is defined as the deflection of coil per unit potential difference across
its ends
i NAB
i.e., SV = = , ...(iii)
V R g .C
where Rg is resistance of galvanometer.
Clearly for greater sensitivity number of turns N, area A and magnetic field strength B
should be large and torsional rigidity C of suspension should be small.
Dividing (iii) by (ii)
SV 1 1
= & SV = SI
SI G G
Clearly the voltage sensitivity depends on current sensitivity and the resistance of
galvanometer. If we increase current sensitivity then it is not certain that voltage sensitivity
will be increased. Thus, the increase of current sensitivity does not imply the increase of
voltage sensitivity.
Q. 14. With the help of a circuit, show how a moving coil galvanometer can be converted into an
ammeter of a given range. Write the necessary mathematical formula.
Ans. Conversion of galvanometer into ammeter
An ammeter is a low resistance galvanometer and is connected in series in a circuit to read
current directly.

>
212 Xam idea Physics–XII
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 The resistance of an ammeter is to be made as low as possible so that it may read current without
any appreciable error. Therefore to convert a galvanometer into ammeter a shunt resistance. (i.e.,
small resistance in parallel) is connected across the coil of galvanometer.
Let G be the resistance of galvanometer and Ig the current required for full scale deflection.
Suppose this galvanometer is to converted into ammeter of range I ampere and the value of
shunt required is S. If Is is current in shunt, then from fig.
I = Ig +IS ⇒ IS =(I – Ig) ...(i)
Also potential difference across A and B
(VAB)=IS. S = Ig . G
Substituting value of IS from (i), we get
or (I – Ig) S = Ig G
or IS – Ig S = Ig G or IS = Ig (S+G)
S
or Ig = I ...(ii)
S+G
GI g
i.e. required shunt, S = ...(iii)
I–I g
This is the working equation of conversion of galvanometer into ammeter.
The resistance (RA) of ammeter so formed is given by
1 1 1 1 S+G SG
= + or = & RA =
RA S G RA SG S+G
If k is figure of merit of the galvanometer and n is the number of scale divisions, then Ig= nk.
Out of the total main current I amperes, only a small permissible value Ig flows through the
galvanometer and the rest IS = (I – Ig) passes through the shunt.
Remark: An ideal ammeter has zero resistance.
Q. 15. A galvanometer of resistance G is converted into a voltmeter to measure upto V volts by
connecting a resistance R1 in series with the coil. If a resistance R2 is connected in series with
it, then it can measure upto V/2 volts. Find the resistance, in terms of R1 and R2, required to
be connected to convert it into a voltmeter that can read upto 2 V. Also find the resistance G of
the galvanometer in terms of R1 and R2. [CBSE Delhi 2015]
Ans. Let Ig be the current through galvanometer at full deflection
To measure V volts, V = Ig (G + R1) ...(i)
V V
volts, = I g (G + R2) ...(ii)
2 2
2 V volts, 2 V = Ig (G + R3) ...(iii)
To measure for conversion of range dividing (i) by (ii),
G + R1

"
2= & G = R1 –2R 2
G + R2
Putting the value of G in (i), we have
V V
Ig = & Ig =
+
R1 – 2R 2 R1 2R1 –2R 2 Abhishek Sharma Classes
Substituting the value of G and Ig in equation (iii), we have
# 9268012970

V
2V = ( R – 2 R 2 + R 3)
2R1 –2R 2 1

4R1 – 4R2 = R1 – 2R2 + R3

R3 = 3R1 – 2R2

> Moving Charges and Magnetism 213

@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
Self-Assessment Test
Time allowed: 1 hour Max. marks: 30

1. Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. (3 × 1 = 3)

(i) A current loop in a magnetic field
(a) can be in equilibrium in two orientations, both the equilibrium states are unstable.
(b) can be in equilibrium in two orientations, one stable while the other is unstable.
(c) experiences a torque whether the field is uniform or non uniform in all orientations.
(d) can be in equilibrium in one orientation.
(ii) Two circular coils 1 and 2 are made from the same wire but the radius of the first coil is twice
that of the second coil. What ratio of the potential difference (in volt) should be applied
across them, so that the magnetic field at their centres is the same?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
(iii) Current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer is 5 div/mA and its voltage sensitivity
(angular deflection per unit voltage applied) is 20 div/V. The resistance of the galvanometer is
(a) 40 W (b) 25 W (c) 250 W (d) 500 W

2. Fill in the blanks. (2 × 1 = 2)

(i) Ampere's law is to Biot-Savart law, what Gauss's law is to ______________.
(ii) In reality the turns of the toroidal coil form a ______________ and there is always a small
magnetic field external to the toroid.
3. Using the concept of force between two infinitely long parallel current carrying conductors,
define one ampere of current 1
4. Define one tesla using the expression for the magnetic force acting on a particle of charge 'q'
moving with velocity v in a magnetic field B . 1
5. A beam of electrons projected along +x-axis, experiences a force due to a magnetic field along
the +y-axis. What is the direction of the magnetic field? 1

"
e Abhishek Sharma Classes
z
# 9268012970

6. A point charge is moving with a constant velocity perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field as
shown in the figure. What should be the magnitude and direction of the electric field so that the
particle moves undeviated along the same path? 2
Y
B

+q
v
X

=>
214 Xam idea Physics–XII
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 7. (a) Obtain the conditions under which an electron does not suffer any deflection while passing
through a magnetic field.
(b) Two protons P and Q moving with the same speed pass through the magnetic fields B 1
and B 2 respectively, at right angles to the field directions. If B 2 > B 1 , which of the two
protons will describe the circular path of smaller radius? Explain. 2
8. Two identical coils P and Q each of radius R are lying in perpendicular planes such that they
have a common centre. Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at the common
centre when they carry currents equal to I and 3 I respectively. 2

√3
"
Abhishek Sharma Classes
# 9268012970

9. (a) Derive the expression for the torque on a rectangular current carrying loop suspended in a
uniform magnetic field.
(b) A proton and a deuteron having equal momenta enter in a region of uniform magnetic field
at right angle to the direction of the field. Depict their trajectories in the field. 2
10. (a) Depict the magnetic field lines due to a circular current carrying loop showing the direction
of field lines.
(b) A current I is flowing in a conductor placed along the x-axis as shown in the figure. Find the
magnitude and direction of the magnetic field due to a small current element dl lying at
the origin at points (i) (0, d, 0) and (ii) (0, 0, d). 3

I
x
O
dl

z-axis

11. A proton, a deuteron and an alpha particle, are accelerated through the same potential difference
and then subjected to a uniform magnetic field B , perpendicular to the direction of their
motions. Compare (i) their kinetic energies, and (ii) if the radius of the circular path described
by proton is 5 cm, determine the radii of the paths described by deuteron and alpha particle. 3
12. State the principle of a moving coil galvanometer. Explain its working and obtain the expression for
the deflection produced due to the current passed through the coil. Define current sensitivity. 3
13. (a) State and explain the law used to determine magnetic field at a point due to a current
element. Derive the expression for the magnetic field due to a circular current carrying loop
of radius r at its centre.

=> Moving Charges and Magnetism 215

@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram
 (b) A long wire with a small current element of length 1 cm is placed at the origin and carries a
current of 10 A along the X-axis. Find out the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field
due to the element on the Y-axis at a distance 0.5 m from it.
OR
(a) Derive the expression for the magnetic field due to a current carrying coil of radius r at a
distance x from the centre along the X-axis.
(b) A straight wire carrying a current of 5 A is bent into a
semicircular arc of radius 2 cm as shown in the figure. Find
the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at the
centre of the arc. 5

Answers

"
1. (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (c)
2. (i) Coulomb's law (ii) helix
11. (i) 1 : 1 : 2 (ii) 5 2 cm, 5 2 cm
13. (b) 4 × 108 T OR (b) 7.85 × 10–5 T Abhishek Sharma Classes
# 9268012970 zzz

&

&

>
216 Xam idea Physics–XII
@Cbsebookshub - Join Us on Telegram