Research- method of inquiry for the purpose of obtaining facts in response
to question we raised. Mode of finding answers.
Kerlinger(1973) – define research as systematic, controlled, empirical, and
critical investigation of hypothetical.
• Systematic-process, organized and follow steps
• Controlled- every step is planned that fancy and guess work do not set in.
The problem is defined thoroughly, variables identified and selected,
instrument carefully selected or constructed.
• Empirical- As soon as the data collected evidence are now.
-based on actual observation not opinions.
• Critical- it evaluates all the information carefully to avoid mistakes or bias.
Roles of research in various discipline
• Medicine and health- test of medicine
• Humanities and social science- Describing human behaviors
•Teacher education- all related to education and learning
• Business and industry- related to economic
Characteristic of Research
1. Empirical- based on direct experiences or observations
2. Logical- based on valid procedure and principles
3. Cyclical- based on cyclical process because it starts with the problem
and ends with the problem
4. Analytical- research utilities proven analytical procedure in gathering
data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental and case study.
5. Critical- exhibits carefully and precise judgment.
6. Methodical- conducted in a methodical manner without bias using
systematic methods and procedure.
7. Replicability- the research design and procedures are replicated or
repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive
results.
Research as scientific process
Step 1. Develop a research question
Step 2. Gather data about the problem
Step 3. Construct a research hypothesis
Step 4. Test the hypothesis
Step 5. Presentation, analysis of the data
Step 6. Draw a conclusion
Step 7. Communicate the result
Purpose of educational research
1. Improve practice- can suggest ways of improving practice that
have been verified with Manny different type of people, which is
difficult for practitioners
2. Add to knowledge- can add to know what we know about how
people learn and what we can do help facilitate the learning
process.
3. Address gaps and knowledge- can address areas which little is
know.
4. Expand knowledge- can allow us to extent what we know
5. Replicate knowledge- research can act as a test to verify
previous findings
6. Add voices of individuals to knowledge- can add important
perspective for different learning types.
Classification of educational research
I. Types of information
1. Historical research- examine the past events impact in education
2. Descriptive “ – explaining the situation or events
3. Correlational”-relationship between two variables or two factors
4. Causal”-examine the cause and effect relationship
5. Experimental- testing, experimenting
6. Case study-focus only in one case or specific problem
7. Ethnographic- research is all about ethnic group ( norms, ritual)
8. Research and development research- discover something new
II. Educational research as to objectives
1. Basic research- aim to develop new theory
2. Applied- aim to test a theory to test that determine it’s usefulness
3. Evaluative- evaluate the quality, effectiveness, value of education
4. Action – conducted to solve immediate classroom problem
5. Creative- to create something
The thesis proposal
-detailed plan and blueprint
-includes process and intensive conceptualization
-it can also mean as working proposals
3 major requirements for thesis proposal
1. Introduction of the problem
2. Theoretical framework
3. Research methodology
Arboleda (2003) cited following reasons why students find great
difficulty in selecting a research problem:
1. Too many research problems that the student is considering.
2. The needed data are difficult to obtain.
3. Not all social problems are empirically testable. Students of educational
4. The student does not know how to specify a research course may find it
difficult to find and select a research problem. research problem.
5. The student may not know the sources of research problems.
6. The students may not have enough interest and special qualification to
conduct the study.
Criteria in formulating a research problem
I. External criteria
1. Novelty- practical value of the problem due to its newness
2. Ethical consideration- avoidance of research problem that pose
unethical demands
3. Availability and adequacy of facilities and equipment- device
such as computer, internet, lab, ect used in research
4. Availability of subject- availability of the respondents
5. Administrative support- willingness of the Institution in gathering
data
II. Internal criteria
1. Time factor- students must be pursued in given time frame
2. Experience, training, and professional qualifications- constitutes
the researchers knowledge and expertise
3. Cost and return- refers to the funding needed
4. Motivation, intellectual curiosity and Perceptiveness of
researchers- essential attitudes that bring satisfaction and enjoyment
5. Hazards, penalties and handicaps- depend upon the researcher
physical and intellectual capacity and moral judgement.
SMART
Specific – it should be specifically stated General Considerations
Measurable – it is easy to measure using of a Good research instruments in
collecting data.
Achievable- the data are achievable using Problem Correct statistical tools.
Realistic – real results are not manipulated
Time-Bound the investigations can be completed within the required time.
Source of problems
1. Personal interests, observations and experiences
2. Books, research and professional journals
3. Problems in the Work Environment Sources of
4. Classroom Discussions
5. Technological and Scientific Advancement. Problems
6. Undergraduate and graduate theses and dissertations
7. Suggestions from friends and ' administrators
8. Specialization
9. Relevant Issues and Problems
10.0rganizational and Managerial problems
Research Instruments - are tools use in gathering data.
Questionnaire - Most common instrument or tools for research for
obtaining the data.
2 form of Questionnaire
1. Close ended
2. Open ended
Advantages
1. Less time consuming that interview and observations
Disadvantage
1. Response rate maybe low
Interview- oral questionnaire
- Purpose: verify information
Types of interview
1. Structured
2. Unstructured
3. Telephone interview
Rating scale- involves qualitative description of limited number of aspects
of a thing
Forms of rating scale
1. Thurstone technique
2. Liked the method
3. Semantic differential
Checklist- the simplest of the devices, consists of a prepared list of items
Sociometry- technique for describing the social relationship among
individual or groups
Document- use as a main tool of research a subsidiary tool. Main tool in
historical research
Scorecard- a rating that may yield a total weighted score that can be used
in evaluating communities, building, sites and school
Teacher or research-made tools- very popular in research. Combined with
other standardized test in the assessment of individuals operation and
situation
Tape recorded data- observe through the ear as through the eye and also
video tape.
Opinionnair- information form that attempts to measure the attitude of
belief of individual. Also known as attitude scale
Observation- gathering data through senses. Direct way used in studying
individual’s behavior
Types of observation
1. Participant and non-participant observation
2. Structured and unstructured observation
3. Controlled and uncontrolled observation
Validity - measure what intends to measure
Types of validity
1. Content validity
A. Expert judgement
B. TOS
2. Criterion validity
3. Construct validity
Reliability - maintaining consistent measurement in a test administered
twice
- Test-retest method
- Alternative or parallel form
- Split-half method
- Rationale equivalence method
Research design - is the framework of research methods and techniques
chosen by a researcher. Purpose of research design is to provide a clear plan
of the research, based on independent and dependent variables, and to
consider the cause and effect evoked by these variables.
Parts of research design
1. Sample design- methods of selecting items to be observed for the
study
2. Observation design- which relates to the condition under which the
observation is to be create. Explains how data will be collected
3. Statistical design- concern the question: how the information and
date gathered are to be analyzed?
4. Operational design- deals with techniques which the procedures
satisfied in sampling.
Respondents of the study - this section of a research paper provides a
profile of the people who participated in the study.
Subject - can be individual or group to which intervention or processes are
applied
Participants - participate and answer questions in qualitative study
Respondents - answer (respond/reply to) questionnaire.
Population - total number
Sample - small portion of population
Sampling - procedure of getting a small portion of the population.
Probability Sampling - every member of population has a probability of
being selected.
Probability sampling method
1. Simple random sampling - all members of the population have an
equal chance of being selected.
2. Stratified random sampling - population is split into different
groups. People from each group will be randomly chosen to represent
the whole population
3. Systematic random sampling - the sample is drawn by randomly
selecting a starting number
4. Cluster sampling - researchers divide a population into smaller
groups known as clusters. They then randomly select among these
clusters to form a sample.
Non-probability sampling method
Convenience Sampling - Participants are selected based on their easy
availability.
Expert sampling- individual with specialized knowledge or expertise in
particular field are selected
Quota Sampling - The researcher aims to create a sample with a specific
proportion of participants from different subgroups, based on predetermined
characteristics.
Snowball sampling - participants are recruited through referrals from
existing participants, often used to find individuals within hard-to-reach
populations.