Module 7.4+7.

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B1.1
Avionic General Test
Equipment

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 7.3
 Current measurements are different from other measurements made with a multimeter in
that current is measured in series.
 The display rate of a digital multimeter is: the number of time per second that the meter
takes a measurement.
 A 3½-digit meter, can display three full digits ranging from 0 to 9, and one half digit
which displays a 1 or is left blank For example 1,999
 the largest allowable error that occurs under specific operating conditions is accuracy
 Checked AC circuit if it’s open or live AC circuit by using Multimeter when set to AC volt.
 Measurement of electrical current, voltage using digital multimeter the indication is: RMS
values

Bryans Leak Tester

 This type of leak tester is used for checking low-pressure pipelines as used on aircraft
manometric instrument systems including engine pressure ratio systems.

It comprises of three elements:

 A control valve
 An indicator
 A hand pump
 If the covers and blanks not remove from pitot probes and static ports before flight may
cause Error in: airspeed and altitude - sensing

On a static leak tester pressure is released by a bleed valve in the tester

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Using an Ohmmeter - Open Circuit Fault

This type of open circuit malfunction can also be traced by using an ohmmeter. When an
ohmmeter is used, the circuit component to be tested must be isolated and the power source
removed from the circuit. These requirements can be met by opening the circuit switch.

Continuity test carried out using an Ohmmeter

Measuring voltage or current by Digital Multimeter (DMM)

The waveforms associated with AC voltages are either sinusoidal (sine waves) or non-sinusoidal
(saw tooth, square, ripple, etc.). DMMs display the root-mean-square, or RMS value of these
voltage waveforms or current.

The RMS value is the effective or equivalent DC value of the AC voltmeter reads average value
.responding, give accurate RMS readings if the AC voltage signal is a pure sine wave. Averaging
meters are not capable of measuring non-sinusoidal signals accurately. Special DMMs, called
true-RMS DMMs, accurately measure the correct RMS value, regardless of the waveform, and
should be used for non-sinusoidal signals.

Measuring voltage

Checked AC circuit if it’s open or live AC circuit by using Multimeter when set to AC volt.

Voltmeters

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A resistor that is placed in series with the meter movement is called a multiplier resistor

Resistance of Ammeter

An ammeter, its coil has relatively few turns of heavy wire (low Resistance to prevent volt drop
across it).

Conductor ‘Knuckling Through'

Some earlier cable constructions tended to exhibit ‘knuckling of conductors which could be
severe enough to penetrate the insulation. This was induced by applying excessive pull through
forces

Continuity testing to find a high resistance or open circuit carries out.

Continuity check

Voltage Measurement

Voltage (E) = Current (I) x Resistance (R)

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For example; given a 1 mA current flow through a meter with a coil resistance of 1,000 ohms, the
voltage drop is:

E=IxR

= 0.001 x 1,000

= 1 volt

Insulation Testing

Insulation testing is not simply a matter of measuring the resistance, in ohms, between two
points that are reputedly not in electrical contact.

Any ohmmeter used for measuring insulation resistance must be used in association with a
source of supply having an output voltage that is at least equal to or higher than the working
voltage.

Electrical Wiring Interconnection Systems EWIS

Insulation Testing

Precautions

Aircraft equipment which contains voltage sensitive devices will have CAUTION notices indicating
that the equipment must not be subjected to:

 An insulation test under any circumstances

 An insulation test voltage in excess of a specific value

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Electrical Bonding -Operation

Ensure that the equipment or conductor to be tested is de-energized before connecting the
instrument.

Before using a bonding tester the 6 foot leads has the two prongs shorted together what would
the indicator read? Full scale right

The Moving Iron or Iron Vane Type Meter

This type of movement is its cheapness and it may be used in both AC and DC.

7.7 Electrical Wiring Interconnection Systems EWIS

Bonding

Bonding: is the electrical interconnection of all metal parts of an aircraft, provided for the
following reasons:

Bonding is the electrical interconnection of all metal parts of an aircraft to: Reduces radio

Megger

Battery Operated device

Hand-Operated Crimping Tools

The special tool used for crimping AMP terminals has four important design features to ensure a
constant quality of completed crimp joint

 Crimping checked for mechanical security by pull-off checks

Color and Dot Coding

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 • Color Size/Range Dot Code

Red 22-16 One

Blue 16-14 Two

Yellow 12-10 One

Cable Clamps

Cable troughs and conduits are other methods used to enclose and protect cable looms,
particularly large looms.

Note: When using conduits drainage holes should exist at low points to relieve moisture caused
by condensation to allow for drainage of moisture

What is Wet Arc Tracking?

A requirement has now been formulated to assess the 'resistance to failure' of cables when
subjected to a combination of insulation damage and fluid contamination.

A HEAT SHRINK GUN

When using a heat shrink gun; the temperature of the gun should be set to 100 degree above the
heat shrink temperature.

Selection of Heat Shrinkable Sleeving

There are several different material types available and the types applied depend on the
application for which it will be used.

The criteria for selection depends on: Flexibility required Vibration suffered

Blind Spot

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 COAXIAL CABLE

The impedance of coaxial cable is not affected by the length of the cable

Co-axial cable is preferred to airframe cable in witch application?

Where the diameter of cable is not important

Locking Mechanisms

There are two types of locking mechanism, namely FRONT and REAR release. Front release is the
earlier type which has been superseded to some extent by the rear release type.

With a rear release connector the pin will be released from the rear and extracted

From the rear

Insulation Testing

Insulation tests should be carried out after circuit installation and where specified in the
Maintenance Manual. The test should be carried out with a 250 V tester. The output of the
tester should be controlled so that the testing voltage cannot exceed 300 V.

Wiring Protection Techniques

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The risk of mechanical damage and of damage by fluids or vapors, to cables must be minimized.
Where possible, cables are so routed as to avoid such risks; otherwise, adequate protection must
be provided for the cables above the fluid line

Display rate

It tells you how fast the measurement is being made. Usually three to five measurements per
second are made. If the measurements are made much faster than 5 per second, the eye cannot
follow the changes in the digits.

The Display rate of a digital multimeter is the number of time per second that the meter takes
measurement

Resolution

Digital multimeter is grouped by the number of counts or digits they display. A 3½-digit meter,
for example, can display three full digits ranging from 0 to 9, and one half digit which displays a 1
or is left blank (0). Therefore, a 3½-digit meter displays up to 1,999 counts of resolution.

Digital multimeter has a display Resolution of 3½ this means that it can display

Three Full digits 1-9 and another digit 1 or blank for example 1,999

Accuracy
Accuracy for a meter is usually expressed as a percent of reading. An accuracy of ±1 percent
means that for a displayed reading of

100.0 volts, the actual value of the voltage could be anywhere between 99.0 volts to 101.0 volts.
Therefore, an accuracy of ± (1 percent + 2) indicates that for a display reading of 100.0 volts the
actual voltage is between 98.8 volts and101.2 volts

Meter ratings and terms

Many multi-meters have a sensitivity of 20,000 ohms per volt. These meters require 50 micro
amps of current to move the pointer full scale

Tin plated copper maximum continuous temperature is 260 degrees centigrade

Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR) Pulse Widths

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Note: Even when testing very long lengths of coaxial cable, always start the fault finding
procedure in the shortest pulse width

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