ISSN: 2319-8753
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 3, Issue 5, May 2014
To Control Load Frequency by using Integral
Controller
Mohinder Pal 1, Palvee 2, Kamaljeet Kaur 3
Department of Electronics &Communication Engineering, IITT Engineering College, Pojewal, India2
Abstract: Many different power frequencies were used in the 19th century. Very early isolated AC generating schemes
used arbitrary frequencies based on convenience for steam engine, water turbine and electrical generator design.
Frequencies between 16⅔ Hz and 133⅓ Hz were used on different systems. In this paper frequency deviation problem
associated with load frequency control is evaluated. It is seen that Integral Controller is required to stable the frequency
by properly selecting control parameters of the dual mode controller. The primary reason for accurate frequency control
is to allow the flow of alternating current power from multiple generators through the network to be controlled. The
trend in system frequency is a measure of mismatch between demand and generation, and so is a necessary parameter
for load control in interconnected systems.
Keywords: Regulating system, Steady-state response, Dynamic response.
I. INTRODUCTION
Electric power is generated by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. The rotor mass, which contains
turbine and generator units, stores kinetic energy due to its rotation. This stored kinetic energy accounts for sudden
increase in the load. Let us denote the mechanical torque input by Tm and the output electrical torque by Te.
Neglecting the rotational losses, a generator unit is said to be operating in the steady state at a constant speed when the
difference between these two elements of torque is zero. In this case we say that the accelerating torque is zero.
Ta=Tm-Te
When the electric power demand increases suddenly, the electric torque increases. However, without any feedback
mechanism to alter the mechanical torque, Tm remains constant. Therefore the accelerating torque given by becomes
negative causing a deceleration of the rotor mass. As the rotor decelerates, kinetic energy is released to supply the
increase in the load. Also note that during this time, the system frequency, which is proportional to the rotor speed, also
decreases. We can thus infer that any deviation in the frequency for its nominal value of 50 or 60 Hz is indicative of the
imbalance between Tm and Te. The frequency drops when Tm < Te and rises when Tm > Te.
The steady state power-frequency relation is shown in Fig.1. In this figure the slope of the ΔPref line is negative and
is given by
-R=∆f / ∆ Pm
-
Where R is called the regulating constant
In [1], dynamic characteristics of frequency oscillation after a disturbance based on measurement analysed. In this work
author firstly observed the frequency oscillation sat each point and phase differences among them, global behaviours of
the power system are also investigated. It is considered that power flow varied in the power system just after the
disturbance. Secondly, transient behaviours are studied in detail through the Wavelet analysis. Some interesting
interactions among the local power systems can be observed and system performances originated from a Load
Frequency Control (LFC) can be extracted. Finally, frequency variation characteristics by the LFC
Copyright to IJIRSET [Link] 12502
ISSN: 2319-8753
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 3, Issue 5, May 2014
Fig1. A typical steady-state power-frequency curves.
are studied on a plane of frequency deviation versus phase difference. Then the stiffness and controlled behaviours of
the power system are carefully considered.
In [2] , author presented a new approach to study the area load frequency control (LFC) problem using fuzzy gain
scheduling of proportional-integral (PI) controllers. The control scheme adopts a formulation for the area control error
which always guarantees zero steady state time error and inadvertent interchange.
In [3], Load-frequency control service in a deregulated environment is discussed. The method assumes that load
frequency control is performed by an ISO based on parameters defined by the participating generating units. The
participating units comprise utility generators and independent power producers. The utilities define the units, which
will be under load-frequency control, while the independent power producers may or may not participate in the load
frequency control. For all the units, which participate in the load-frequency control, the generator owner defines a
generation limits, b rate of change and c economic participation factor. This information is transmitted to the ISO. This
scheme allows the utilities to economically dispatch their own system, while at the same time permit the ISO to control
the interconnected system operation
II. PRESENT WORK
A SIMULINK model is constructed for isolated uncontrolled power system as shown in Figure 2. SIMULINK model
with integral controller (single-area case) shown in Figure 3.
DPd (s)
1 1 120
DPc (s)
0.08 s+1 0.3s+1 20 s+1
Speed Governor Turbine Generator Scope
simout
To Workspace
1/2.4
1/R
Fig. SIMULINK model for uncontrolled isolated area
Copyright to IJIRSET [Link] 12503
ISSN: 2319-8753
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 3, Issue 5, May 2014
DPd (s)=0.01
Integral Controller
1 1 1 120
-0.671
s 0.08 s+1 0.3s+1 20 s+1
Integrator Governor Turbine Generator Scope
Ki
simout
b 1/R
0.425 To Workspace
1/2.4
Figure 3 SIMULINK model with integral controller (single-area case)
The results of the SIMULINK model constructed for isolated uncontrolled power system are shown in Figure 4.
-0.005
-0.01
-0.015
Delta f (pu)
-0.02
-0.025
-0.03
-0.035
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)
Figure 4 SIMULINK dynamic response of change in frequency without controller
The MATLAB program written above for uncontrolled case is run and the results obtained are given in Figure 5.
Copyright to IJIRSET [Link] 12504
ISSN: 2319-8753
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 3, Issue 5, May 2014
dynamic response of change in frequency for step change in load
0
-0.005
-0.01
-0.015
Delta f (pu)
-0.02
-0.025
-0.03
-0.035
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time (sec.)
Figure 5 MATLAB command results for uncontrolled single-area
The results of the SIMULINK model constructed for isolated controlled power system are shown in Figure 6.
0.005
-0.005
-0.01
Delta f (pu)
-0.015
-0.02
-0.025
-0.03
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)
Figure 6 SIMULINK dynamic response of change in frequency with integral control action
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ISSN: 2319-8753
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 3, Issue 5, May 2014
The MATLAB program for controlled case is run and the results obtained are given in Figure 7.
dynamic response of change in frequency for step change in load
0.005
-0.005
-0.01
Delta f (pu)
-0.015
-0.02
-0.025
-0.03
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time (sec.)
Figure 7 Frequency deviation step response with MATLAB program
We observed that the both responses match with each other, also the steady-state frequency deviation ∆f (steady state)
is zero and frequency returns to its steady value in approximately 6 seconds.
III. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the above results depicts that we can stabilize the frequency by using integral controller. It is seen that
Integral Controller results a stable frequency. With the proper choice of control parameters of the dual mode controller,
frequency deviations and the tie line power can be effectively controlled. Due to disturbances in the power system, the
frequency is deviates. So Integral Controller is used to overcome this problem. By using the Integral Controller
frequency can be stable. Load-frequency control in a deregulated environment may result in free choice by units to
participator not in this operation.
REFERENCES
[1] Prasanth, B.V. and Kumar, S.V.J “ New Control Strategy for Load Frequency Problem of a Single Area Power System Using Fuzzy Logic
Control”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 2005-2008 JATIT.
[2] DeMello, F.P., Mills, R.J. and B’Rells, W.F. Automatic Generation Control: Part I. Process Modeling, Paper T72 598-1, 1972 IEEE-PES
Summer Meeting, San Francisco, CA, July 19972.
[3] Hojo, M., Ohnishi, K, and Ohnishi, T. The University of Tokushima, and Tokushima, Japan ‘Analysis of Load Frequency Control Dynamics
Based On Multiple Synchronized Phasor Measurements’15th PSCC, 22-26 August 2005.
[4] Chang, C.S and Fu, W., Department of Electrical Engineering, National university of Singapore, ‘Area load frequency control using fuzzy
gain scheduling of PI controllers’ 8 November 1996.
[5] Meliopoulos, A.P.S, Cokkinides, G.J. and Bakirtzis, A.G. ‘Load-frequency control service in a deregulated environment’ 1999.
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