School of Engineering

Dept. of Mathematics
Course Name: Calculus and Differential Equations
Course Code: MAT2301
Academic Year 2025-26 ODD SEMESTER
Module 1:
Differential Calculus:
Introduction, Application, Limit, continuity, Rolle’s theorem, Lagrange’s Mean Value
𝟎
Theorem, Indeterminate Forms (𝟎 , 𝟎 × ∞, ∞ − ∞, 𝟏∞ ) and L'Hospital's rule; Partial
derivatives, total derivative, Taylor’s and Maclaurin (self-study) theorems, Euler’s
Theorem, Jacobians, Maxima, minima and saddle points; Method of Lagrange multipliers
(self-study).
Questions:
Limits:
1. Evaluate the limits
𝑥 10 +𝑥 5 +1 cos 𝑥 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 √𝑥+√3
a. lim b. lim 𝜋−𝑥 c. lim . d. lim .
𝑥→−1 𝑥−1 𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑐𝑥+1 𝑥→3 𝑥+3
2. Evaluate the limits
3𝑥 2 −4𝑥+1 𝑥 2 −9
a. lim b. lim .
𝑥→2 2𝑥 2 +5𝑥+3 𝑥→3 𝑥+2

Continuity:
𝑥+1
3. Discuss the continuity of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2+1 at 𝑥 = 1.
𝑥 2 −1
, 𝑥 ≠ −1
4. If 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥+1 . Test the continuity of the function at 𝑥 = −1.
−2, 𝑥 = −1
5. Test the continuity of the function defined as follows at 𝑥 = 1.
3𝑥 − 5, 𝑥 ≠ 1
𝑓(𝑥) = {
2, 𝑥 = 1.
6. Show that 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|, is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
Rolle’s theorem:
7. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2 in [−2, 2].
8. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8 in [−4, 2].
9. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5 in [0, 6].
sin 𝑥
10. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = in [0, 𝜋].
𝑒𝑥

Lagrange’s mean value theorem:

11. Verify Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 in [2, 4].
12. Verify the mean value theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 3 in [1, 4].
 13. Verify the mean value theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) in [1, 2].
14. Verify Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1 in [1, 2].
𝟎
Indeterminate forms ( 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎):
𝟎

Applications: Finite Element Analysis growth rate comparisons and control systems.
𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3 0
15. Evaluate lim 𝑥 2−3𝑥+2. (0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚).
𝑥→1
𝑒 𝑥 −cos 𝑥 0
16. Evaluate lim . ( 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚).
𝑥→0 𝑥 0
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 −2 cos 𝑥 0
17. Evaluate lim . (0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚).
𝑥→0 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 −log (1+𝑥) 0
18. Evaluate lim . (0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚).
𝑥→0 𝑥2

Indeterminate forms (𝟎 × ∞ 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎):

Applications: Integral transforms and probability distributions.
19. Evaluate lim𝜋(1 − sin 𝑥) tan 𝑥 . (0 × ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚).
𝑥→
2
𝜋
20. Evaluate lim sec (2𝑥) log 𝑥 . (0 × ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚).
𝑥→1
21. Evaluate lim(𝑥 log(tan 𝑥) . (0 × ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚).
𝑥→0
𝜋𝑥
22. Evaluate lim(1 − 𝑥 2 ) tan . (0 × ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚).
𝑥→1 2

Indeterminate forms (∞ − ∞ 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎):

Applications: Improper integrals, signal processing, and series convergence test.
23. Evaluate lim𝜋 (sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥) . (∞ − ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚).
𝑥→
2
1 1
24. Evaluate lim (𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 −1) . (∞ − ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚).
𝑥→0
1 1
25. Evaluate lim (sin 𝑥 − 𝑥) . (∞ − ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚).
𝑥→0
26. Evaluate lim (cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥) . (∞ − ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚).
𝑥→0

Indeterminate forms (𝟏∞ 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎):

Applications: Compound interest models, population growth, limit calculations,
power series, algorithmic complexity, and asymptotic analysis.

27. Evaluate lim𝜋 (sin 𝑥)tan 𝑥 . (1∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚).

𝑥→
2
28. Evaluate lim (1 + sin 𝑥)cot 𝑥 . (1∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚).
𝑥→0
1
29. Evaluate lim(cos 𝑥)𝑥2 . (1∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚).
𝑥→0
2
30. Evaluate lim(cos 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 . (1∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚).
𝑥→0
Euler’s Theorem:
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 5
31. If 𝑢 = , then prove that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2 𝑢.
√𝑥+𝑦
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
32. If 𝑧 = tan−1 , then prove that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = sin 2𝑧.
𝑥+𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3
33. Show that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2𝑢 log 𝑢, where log 𝑢 = 3𝑥+4𝑦.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝑥+𝑦
34. Show that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2 tan 𝑢, where 𝑢 = sin−1 .
√𝑥+√𝑦

Total derivative:
𝑥 𝑑𝑢
35. If 𝑢 = sin (𝑦) , where 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑡^2, find as a function of 𝑡.
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧
36. If 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦, where 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 2 and 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡, find 𝑑𝑡 . Verify the result by direct
substitution.
𝑑𝑢
37. If 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 , where 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 cos 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 sin 𝑡, find .
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
38. If 𝑢 = sin 𝑥𝑦 2 , where 𝑥 = log 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 , find .
𝑑𝑡

Jacobians:
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣)
39. If 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦 and 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃, then find 𝜕(𝑟,𝜃).
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥2
40. If 𝑦1 = , 𝑦2 = , 𝑦3 = , then show that the Jacobian of 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 with
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
respect to 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 is 4.
41. In spherical polar coordinates 𝑥 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos ∅, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin ∅, 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, show
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
that 𝜕(𝑟,𝜃,∅) = 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃.
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤)
42. If 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 − 𝑧 3 , 𝑣 = 4𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧, 𝑤 = 2𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦, then evaluate at (1, −1, 0).
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)

Taylors’s theorem:
43. Expand 𝑒 𝑥 log(1 + 𝑦) in the power of 𝑥 and 𝑦 up to the terms of the second degree.
44. Expand 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑦 − 2 in the power of 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑦 + 2 using Taylor’s theorem.
45. Expand sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 in powers of 𝑥 and 𝑦 as far as terms of the third degree.
𝜋
46. Expand 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 about the point (1, 4) up to second-degree terms, by using Taylor’s
theorem.
Maxima, minima and saddle points:
47. Find the extreme values of the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 − 12𝑦 + 20.
48. Find the maximum and minimum values of the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 −
15𝑥 2 − 15𝑦 2 + 72𝑥.
49. Examine the function 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 3𝑎𝑥𝑦 for maxima and minima.
50. Examine the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1 + sin(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) for extremum.