Introduction to

Microprocessor
CE 311
 Ref : The Intel Microprocessors 8086/8088,
80186/80188, 80286,80386,80486,Pentium, and
Pentium Pro Processor
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing

Fourth Edition
BARRY B. BREY
DeVry Institute of Technology
Hrs /wk Grading, Tests, and Exams Hours

Credit Class
Final Final
Lecture Tutorial Lab Summery and Lab Tests
Exam Exam
HW

4 4 1 1 6 10% 10% 20% 60% 3H

 CE311 : Course Contains
Chapter 1 : An Introduction To
Microprocessor And Computer.

A Historical Background
The Microprocessor Age
The Microprocessor-Based Personal
computer System
What is the Microprocessor
Chapter 2 : The Microprocessor
Architecture
.
Internal Microprocessor Architecture

The Programming Modes

Real Mode Memory Addressing

Segments and Offsets

Default Segment and Offset Registers

Chapter 3 : Addressing Modes .
Register Addressing
Immediate Addressing
Direct Data Addressing
Register Indirect Addressing
Base-Plus-index Addressing
Register Relative Addressing
Base Relative-Plus-index Addressing
Program memory Addressing Modes
Memory Organization
Chapter 4 :Data Movement Instructions
MOV Revisited
PUSH/POP
String Data Transfers

Chapter 5 : Arithmetic And Logic Instructions

Addition, Subtraction, and Comparison
Multiplication and Division
Basic Logic Instructions
Shift and Rotate
String Comparisons
Chapter 6: Program Control Instructions
The Jump Group
Unconditional Jump (JMP)
Conditional Jumps and Conditional Sets
Loop
Procedures
CALL
RET
Chapter 7: Assembly Language
Programming

- Consideration and Applications

Chapter 1
An Introduction to
Microprocessor and
Computer
prepared by
Dr. Reda El-Sheshtawy mohamed
[Link]@[Link]
 Chapter Overview
A Historical Background

The Microprocessor Age

The Microprocessor-Based
Personal computer System
 What is the Microprocessor

1
 A Historical Background
 80X86, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium III,
Pentium 4, Core2 , and Itanium (I3, I5, and I7)
microprocessors.
 The Mechanical Age :
Idea of computing system not new.
Calculating with a machine dates to 500 BC.
Ancient people invented the abacus, which
is the first mechanical calculator
 Prof Pascal invented a calculator.
2
 A Historical Background
 The Electrical Age :
 The first electronic calculator appeared in 1970s.
 Calculating by machine used in US gov.
 After a number of mergers, Tabulating Machine Co was
formed into International Business Machines (IBM)
Corporation.
 German Prof Konrad Zuse, invented the first modern
electromechanical computer (Z3) .
 Z3 a relay logic machine clocked at 5.33 Hz. 3
The Zuse Z3, 1941
4
 A Historical Background
 The Electrical Age :
 Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Calculator
(ENIAC),
a huge machine.
* over 17,000 vacuum tubes,
500 miles of wires and
weighed over 30 tons
* about 100,000 operations
per second

The ENIAC 1946

5
 A Historical Background
 The Electrical Age :
 the first electronic computers were developed
in the mid – 20th century (1940–1945).
 the size were large as a room.
 December 1947, John Bardeen, William Shockley,
and Walter Brattain develop the transistor at Bell
Labs.
 Followed by 1958 invention of the integrated circuit
(IC ) by Jack Kilby . Ic,s leads to development of
digital integrated circuits in the 1960s.
 First microprocessor developed at Intel Corporation
in 1971. 6
 NASA Computer

EDSAC, 1948
Intel 80486DX2 microprocessor
(actual size: 12×6.75 mm). 7
 A Historical Background
 Programming Advancements:
 Once programmable machines developed,
programs and programming languages began
to appear.
 computer languages began to appear in order
to control the computer.
 The first, machine language, was constructed of
ones and zeros using binary codes, which stored
in the computer memory system as groups of
instructions called a program.

8
 A Historical Background
 Once systems such as UNIVAC became available in
early 1950s, assembly language was used to simplify
entering binary code.
 Assembler allows programmer to use codes… such as
ADD for addition In place of a binary number ,
finally Assembly language an aid to programming.
 Some common modern programming languages are
BASIC, C/C++, Java, and PASCAL.
9
simple Computer

10
 Block Diagram of a simple Computer or a Microcomputer.

Data Bus

Input
device
Control Control
Bus Bus
Central Memory
I/O Processing
Ports (RAM &
Unit ROM)
Output
device

11
Address Bus
 Memory
The memory usually consists of RAM ,ROM,
magnetic floppy disks, magnetic hard disks or
laser option disks.

Magnetic core memory 1960 Hard disk drives

1
 Memory
Memory has two purposes.
(1) To store the binary codes
for the sequence of instructions, you want
the computer to carry out.
(2) To store the binary-coded data
which the computer is going to be working.

(3) Memory divided into 4 parts :

(Code segment, Data segment , Stack segment
,Extra segment ). each part = 256 k bit
13
 Input / Output
 IT allows the computer to take in or send
data from the outside world.

 such as
keyboards, video display , printers and modems.

 The ports is the actual devices used to interface

the computer buses to external systems.

14
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

15
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 The CPU controls the operation of the
computer.
 It fetches the binary-coded instructions from
(Memory) , and decodes it into a series of simple
actions and carries out these instructions.

 The CPU contains an arithmetic and logic unit

or ALU ( used for arithmetical and logical
calculations “add, subtract, AND, OR, etc.)

 The CPU also contains an address counter

which is used to hold the address of the next
instruction to be fetched from the memory
16
 3 buses in all computer systems.
A bus is a common group of wires that
interconnect components in a computer system.
The buses that interconnect the sections of a
computer system transfer address, data, and
control information between the µP and its
memory and I/O systems.
1) The address bus requests a memory
location from the memory or an I/O location
from the I/O devices.(16, 20, 24, 32, 40 signal lines)
EX: If I/O is addressed, the address bus
contains a 16-bit I/O address from 0000H
through FFFFH.
- address 2 16 = 65, 536 memory locations 17
3 buses in all computer systems.
• 2)The data bus transfers information
between the µP and its memory and I/O
address space. Data transfers vary in size,
from 8 bits wide to 64 bits wide (8, 16, 32,
64 signal lines) in various members of the
Intel µP family.
• The data bus lines are bi-directional.
• 3)The control bus contains lines that
select the memory or I/O and cause them to
perform a read or write operation.
• 4 - 10 parallel signal lines.
18
 What is a Microprocessor ?

 The Microprocessor is the entire CPU

with timing and control functions on a
single chip.

 Therefore the µP is an integrated circuit

that contains many processing
capabilities of a large computer.

19
 The Microprocessor Age-1
(a) 1970s Processors

4004 8008 8080 8086 8088

Introduced year 71 72 74 78 79

Clock speeds 108 KHz 108 KHz 2 MHz 5–10 MHz 5–8 MHz

Bus width 4 bits 8 bits 8 bits 16 bits 8 bits

No. of transistors 2300 3500 6000 29000 29000

Addressable
640 bytes 16 KB 64 KB 1 MB 1 MB
memory

Virtual memory — — — — —
20
 The Microprocessor Age-2
(b) 1980s Processors
80286 386TMDX 386TMSX 486TM DX

Introduced year 82 85 88 89

Clock speeds 6-12MHz 16-33 MHz 16-33 MHz 25-50 MHz

Bus width 16 bits 32 bits 16 bits 32 bits

No. of transistors 134000 275000 275000 1.2 million

Addressable memory 16 megabytes 4 gigabytes 4 gigabytes 4 gigabytes

64 64 64
Virtual memory 1 gigabyte
terabytes terabytes terabytes
21
 The Microprocessor Age-3
(c) 1990s Processors
486TMSX Pentium Pentium Pro Pentium II

Introduced year 91 93 95 97

16-133 60-166 150-200 266-450

Clock speeds
MHz MHz MHz MHz

Bus width 32 bits 32 bits 64 bits 64 bits

1.2
No. of transistors 3.1 million 5.5 million 7.5 million
million

Addressable 64 64
4 gigabytes 4 gigabytes
memory gigabytes gigabytes

Virtual memory 64 terabytes 22

 The Microprocessor Age-4
(d) Recent Processors

Pentium III Pentium 4

Introduced year 99 11/2000
Clock speeds 500-1000 MHz 2.4-3.2 GHz
Bus width 64 bits 64 bits
No. of transistors 95 million 42 million
Addressable
64 gigabytes 64 gigabytes
memory
Virtual memory 64 terabytes 64 terabytes
23
The block diagram of a computer system.

24
 The purpose of the µP in a microprocessor-
based computer system
The heart of the µP -based computer
system is the µP integrated circuit.

 the µP, sometimes referred to as the CPU

(central processing unit), is the controlling
element in a computer system.

 the µP controls memory and I/O through

a series of connections called buses. 25
The purpose of the µP in a microprocessor-
based computer system

 The µP performs three main tasks for the

computer system:
1) data transfer between itself and the
memory or I/O systems.
2) program flow via simple decisions
3) simple arithmetic and logic operations.
(control program flow).

26
Block diagram of a computer system
showing (address, data and control ) bus.

27
 The microprocessor bus and memory sizes
Address Memory
Microprocessor Data Bus
Bus Size
8086 16 20 1M
8088 8 20 1M
80186 16 20 1M
80188 8 20 1M
80286 16 20 16M
80386 32 32 4G
80486 32 32 4G
Pentium Pro 64 36 64G
Pentium II 64 36 64G
Pentium II, III, 4 64 36 64G 28
The physical memory systems of the 8086
through 80486

29
The physical memory systems of the 8086
through 80486

30
The physical memory systems of the
Pentium II through Pentium IV

512 M bytes

31
The End