AIRFORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KADUNA

Mechanical Engineering
Department
GET 203 - Engineering Drawing I

COURSE PARTICULARS
Course Code: GET 203
Course Title: Engineering Drawing I
No. of Units: 2
Course Duration: One hour of theory and three hours of practical per week
Status: Compulsory
Prerequisite: GET 111

COURSE INSTRUCTORS
Engr. (Dr.) M. T. Abba
Mechanical Engineering Department,
Airforce Institute of Technology, Kaduna, Nigeria.
E-mail: [Link]@[Link]

Engr. O. S. Bamisaye
Mechanical Engineering Department,
Airforce Institute of Technology, Kaduna, Nigeria.
E-mail: bamisayesylvester1988@[Link]

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course is designed mainly for all engineering students and students of engineering related
courses. It provides a comprehensive knowledge and insight into engineering drawing as a basic
tool of engineering. Topics to be covered include: Slider crank mechanism, Construction of
threads, Springs (Round helical spring & Conical spring), theory of projections (First and third
angle projections), Multiview representations (orthographic, Isometric), Dimensioning, Sections,
Conventional representations.

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 COURSE OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this course are to:

 Introduce students to details of engineering drawing as the engineers’ language.

 Provide students with opportunities to interpret drawings for various applications.

GRADING SYSTEM FOR THE COURSE

Class work 20%

Test and Assignment 20%

Final Examination 60%

TOTAL 100%

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

Attendance: It is expected that every student will be in class for lectures and also take part in all
class works. Attendance records will be kept and used to determine each person’s qualification to
sit for the final examination. In case of illness or unforeseen contingencies, the student must
communicate as soon as possible with any of the instructors, indicating the reason for the
absence.
Academic Integrity: Violations of academic integrity, including dishonesty in assignments,
examinations, or other academic performances are prohibited. You are not allowed to make
copies of another person’s work and submit it as your own; that is plagiarism. All cases of
academic dishonesty will be reported to the AFIT University Management for appropriate
sanctions in accordance with the University guidelines for handling students’ misconduct as spelt
out in the Students’ Handbook.
Assignments and Group Work: Students are expected to submit assignments as scheduled.
Failure to submit an assignment as at when due will earn you zero for that assignment. Only

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under justifying circumstances, for which a student has notified any of the instructors in advance,
will late submission of assignments be permitted.
Code of Conduct in Lecture Rooms: Students should turn off their cell phones during lectures.
Students are prohibited from engaging in other activities (such as texting, chatting on phone,
watching videos, etc.) during lectures.

READING LIST
1. Textbook of Engineering Drawing by K.V. Reddy
2. Engineering Drawing 1 with worked examples by M. A. Parker and F. Pickup
3. Engineering Drawing 2 with worked examples by M. A. Parker and F. Pickup
4. Geometrical and Engineering Drawing by K. Morling

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 1. SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM
The slider crank mechanism is one of the simplest mechanisms and it is used in internal
combustion engine, sewing-machine and printing press etc. The piston travels in a straight line;
the crank rotates. The connecting rod, which links these two, follows a path that is somewhere in
between these two, the exact shape being dependent on the point of the rod being considered.
The end A of the connecting rod AB in Figure 1 is connected to the crank OA which rotates
about 0. The other end B is attached to a slider which slides along a straight line. The locus of A
will be a circle and that of the end B will be a straight line. The locus of any other point, say P,
on the connecting rod will be neither a circle nor a straight line and may be determined:

(i) by assuming various positions of the crank-end A,

(ii) by obtaining the corresponding positions of the end B and finally

(iii) by locating the positions of P on the lines joining the first two positions.

Example 1
In a simple slider crank mechanism in Figure 1, the connecting rod AB is 120 mm long and the
crank OA is 40 mm long. The end B moves along a straight line passing through O. Trace the
focus of a point P, 50 mm from A along the rod, for one revolution of OA

Steps
i. Divide the circle (path of A) into 12 equal parts.
ii. With centre 1 and radius AB, cut the path of B at a point B1.

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iii. Draw a line joining 1 and 81. Again, with centre 1 and radius PA, cut the line 1B1 at a point
P1.
iv. Obtain other points in similar manner and draw a smooth curve through these points. Then
this curve is the locus of the point P.

2. CONSTRUCTION OF THREAD (SCREW THREAD)

A screw thread, is a helical structure used to convert between rotational and linear movement or
force. It is a ridge wrapped around a cylinder in the form of a helix. It may be a straight thread or
a tapered thread.

Screw Threads Have Several Applications:

 Fasteners such as wood screws, machine screws, nuts, and bolts.

 Connecting of threaded pipes and hoses to each other and to caps and fixtures.
 Gear reduction via worm drives.
 Moving objects linearly by converting rotary motion to linear motion, as in the leadscrew
of a jack.
 Measuring by correlating linear motion to rotary motion (and simultaneously amplifying
it), as in a micrometer.
 Moving objects linearly and simultaneously measuring the movement, combining the two
aforementioned functions, as in a leadscrew of a lathe.

In all of these applications, the screw thread has two main functions:

 It converts rotary motion into linear motion.

 It prevents linear motion without the corresponding rotation.

Terms used in a screw thread

 External Thread - Threads located on the outside of a part, such as a bolt or screw.

 Internal Thread – Threads located on the inside of a part such as nuts, or threaded holes.

 Axis – A longitudinal centerline of the thread.

 Major Diameter – The largest diameter of a screw thread both external and internal.
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  Minor Diameter – The smallest diameter of a screw thread both external end internal.

 Pitch – The distance from a point on a screw thread to a corresponding point on the next
thread as measured parallel to the axis.

 Lead – Lead is the distance a screw thread advances axially in one full turn (360
degrees).

Lead and pitch are closely related concepts and can be confused because they are the same for
most screws. Because the vast majority of screw thread-forms are single-start thread-forms, their
lead and pitch are the same.

 Single-start means that there is only one "ridge" wrapped around the cylinder of the
screw's body. Each time that the screw's body rotates one turn (360°), it has advanced
axially by the width of one ridge.

 Double-start means that there are two "ridges" wrapped around the cylinder of the screw's
body. Each time that the screw's body rotates one turn (360°), it has advanced axially by
the width of two ridges.

If L = Lead

p = pitch

n = number of starts

W = thread width

L=nxp

p
W=
2

p p
For a single and a double-start thread, W = . And for a triple-start or 3-start thread, W =
2 3

Example

Construct a single-start thread of major diameter 80mm, minor diameter 60mm with pitch
120mm. The thread should have two Leads.

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 Using L=n× p

L=1 ×120 mm = 120 mm

p
Since, the thread is a single-start: W =
2

Pitch, p = 120 mm

120
W=
2

W = 60 mm

Steps

i. Draw center lines (vertical and horizontal).

ii. Place your compass at the intersection of the center lines, draw the major semi-circle using
radius 40 mm and minor semi-circle using radius 30 mm.
iii. Divide the semi circles into six equal halves.
iv. Draw horizontal lines of length 240 mm on the major and minor semi-circle.
v. Since, Lead (L) is 120 mm, measure 120 mm and divide into 12 equal parts.
vi. For the second lead, measure 120 mm and divide into 12 equal parts.
vii. At point 0 on the major semi-circle and point 0 on the lead line, mark the first point.
viii. Since width, W = 60 mm. At point 6 on the lead line, transfer all the points in step 7 and end
it at point 12. Hence, this makes one complete lead.
ix. For the second lead, start locating the points at number 12 and ending it at number 24.
x. Use French curve to join the points.
xi. From the minor semi-circle, locate all the required points.
xii. Use French curve to join the points.
xiii. From the second lead locate the required points.
xiv. Locate the remaining points and use French curve to join the lines

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3. SPRING

A spring is an elastic body which function is to distort when loaded and to recover its original
shape when load is removed. It obeys Hooke’s law provided the elastic limit of the spring is not
exceeded, the spring will return to its original shape or size when the load is removed. Types of
spring are round helical spring and conical spring. A round helical spring is made up of a wire
coiled in the form of a helix which are intended for compressive or tensile load. In a closely
coiled helical spring, the helix angle is usually less than 10 o. A conical spring is made up of a
wire in the form of a helix wound round to form a conical shape.

Example
A conical spring of a bicycle's seat has following specifications. Draw the front view and the top
view of the spring. Only one-turn is sufficient.

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 i. Outer diameter of the coil at the bottom ................. 72 mm
ii. Outer diameter of the coil at the top ..................... 42 mm
iii. Wire diameter ................. 10 mm
iv. Pitch ......................... 60 mm.

Steps

(a) Draw a circle of mean diameter of 72 mm in the top view.

(b) Divide the circle into 12 divisions. Mark the divisions 1, 2, 3 etc. as shown in fig. 6-73.

(c) Draw the front view of the cone with the base length 72 mm.

(d) Draw pitch length 60 mm along the line parallel to the axis of the cone. Divide this pitch
length into 12 divisions and number them as 1', 2', 3' etc.

(e) Draw the vertical projectors from these points 1, 2, 3 etc. to intersect the horizontal lines from
the points 1 ', 2', 3' etc. With the intersection point as centre and radius equal to 5 mm, draw the

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circles and the smooth curve touching to the top and bottom of the circles as shown in figure
below.

4 Theory of Projections
As per the optical physics, an object is seen when the light rays called visual rays coming from
the object strike the observer's eye. The size of the image formed in the retina depends on the
distance of the observer from the object. If an imaginary transparent plane is introduced such that
the object is in between the observer and the plane, the image obtained on the screen is as shown
in Figure below. This is called perspective view of the object. Here, straight lines (rays) are
drawn from various points on the contour of the object to meet the transparent plane, thus the
object is said to be projected on that plane.

The figure or view formed by joining, in correct sequence, the points at which these lines meet
the plane is called the projection of the object. The lines or rays drawn from the object to the
plane are called projectors. The transparent plane on which the projections are drawn is known as
plane of projection.

When the object is situated in First Quadrant, that is, in front of Vertical Plane (V.P) and above
Horizontal Plane (H.P), the projections obtained on these planes is called First angle projection.

(i) The object lies in between the observer and the plane of projection.

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 (ii) The front view is drawn above the xy line and the top view below xy. (above xy line
is v.p and below xy line is H.P).
(iii) In the front view, H.P coincides with xy line and in top view v.p coincides with xy
line.
(iv) Front view shows the length (L) and height (H) of the object and Top view shows the
length (L) and breadth (B) or width (W) or thickness (T) of it.

In the Third Angle Projection, the object is situated in Third Quadrant. The Planes of projection
lie between the object and the observer. The front view comes below the xy line and the top view
about it.

4.1 Types of Projections

1. Pictorial projections: The Projections in which the description of the object is completely
understood in one view is known as pictorial projection. They have the advantage of conveying
an immediate impression of the general shape and details of the object, but not its true
dimensions or sizes. They are classified as perspective projection, isometric projection, and
oblique projection

2. Orthographic Projections: 'ORTHO' means right angle and orthographic means right
angled drawing. When the projectors are perpendicular to the plane on which the projection is
obtained, it is known as orthographic projection.

4.1.1 Isometric Projection

Isometric projection is a type of pictorial projection in which the three dimensions of a solid are
not only shown in one view, but their actual sizes can be measured directly from it.

Example:
The orthographic projections of the casting object shown below. Draw the isometric view of the
casting object.

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4.1.2 Orthographic Projection
Orthographic projection is the solution to the biggest problem that a draughtsperson has to solve
on how to draw, with sufficient clarity, a three-dimensional object on a two- dimensional plane.
The drawing must show quite clearly the detailed outlines of all the faces and these outlines must
be fully dimensioned. If the object is very simple, this may be achieved with a freehand sketch.
A less simple object could be drawn in either isometric or oblique projections, although both
these systems have their disadvantages. Circles and curves are difficult to draw in either system
and neither shows more than three sides of an object in any one view. Orthographic projection,
because of its flexibility in allowing any number of views of the same object, has none of these
drawbacks. Orthographic projection has two forms: first angle and third angle.

In the first angle projection, the object lies between the observer and the plane of projection. In
this method, when the views are drawn in their relative positions, the top view comes below the
front view. In other words, the view seen from above is placed on the other side of (i.e. below)
the front view. Each projection shows the view of that surface (of the object) which is remote
from the plane on which it is projected and which is nearest to the observer. In the third angle
projection, the object is assumed to be situated in the third quadrant as shown in the figure
below.

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The planes of projection are assumed to be transparent. They lie between the object and the
observer. When the observer views the object from the front, the rays of sight intersect the
vertical plane. The figure formed by joining the points of intersection in correct sequence is the
front view of the object. The top view is obtained in a similar manner by looking from above.
When the two planes are brought in line with each other, the views will be seen as shown above.
The top view in this case comes above the front view.

Example
A pictorial view of a machine bracket is shown in the figure. Draw using the first angle
projection method front view, top view and right end side view.

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Assume that you are viewing the object in the direction of the arrow towards the imaginary V.P.
What will you see? It is a rectangle of height 70 mm and width 100 mm on V.P. This will be the
front view. To draw this view:

i. Draw a Reference line xy, which represents the intersecting line of the Vertical Plane
(V.P.) and Horizontal Plane (H.P.)
ii. Draw rectangular block of size 100 x 70 and the thickness is 15 mm each on the two
parallel portions of the slot.
iii. Now on the top of this rectangular block draw a rectangle of size 60 mm x 20 mm. This
rectangle represents a boss of Ø60 on the rectangular block.
iv. Draw a hole of Ø50 in the above boss. Note carefully that the lines are dashed lines as
they are invisible from the front side. The Ø30 hole is in the rectangular block.
v. Draw the two holes on the parallel edges of the rectangular block. These holes are
represented by dotted lines in the front view as they are hidden. This completes the front
view construction.
vi. To draw the top view, project all the details from front view.
vii. Draw a vertical centre line form the centre of the rectangular block. (viii) The top view of
the rectangular block appears as a rectangle of size 100 x 80.
viii. Draw the holes in the centre of the rectangle. These holes are drawn taking the common
centre point on vertical centre line.
ix. The two holes of 040 on the lobes are not visible, so they are projected as dashed lines.
This completes the top view.
x. To draw the side view, draw projectors from all the points in front view and top view to
side view. Join the intersection points. This completes the side view.

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5. DIMENSIONING
Every drawing, whether a scale drawing or a freehand drawing, besides showing the true shape
of an object, must supply its exact length, breadth, height, sizes and positions of holes, grooves
etc. and such other details relating to the manufacture of that object. Providing this information
on a drawing is called dimensioning. Lines, figures, numerals, symbols, notes etc. are used for
this purpose.

5.1 Dimensioning Terms and Notations

1. Dimension line: Dimension line is a thin continuous line. It is terminated by arrowheads

touching the outlines, extension lines or centre lines.
2. Extension line: An extension line is also a thin continuous line drawn in extension of an
outline.
3. Arrowhead: An arrowhead is placed at each end of a dimension line. Its pointed end touches
an outline, an extension line or a centre line. The size of an arrowhead should be proportional
to the thickness of the outlines. The length of the arrowhead should be about three times its

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 maximum width. It is drawn freehand with two strokes made in the direction of its pointed
end. The space between them is neatly filled up.
4. Note: A note gives information regarding specific operation relating to a feature. It is placed
outside a view but adjacent to the feature concerned. It is so written that it may be read when
the drawing is viewed from the bottom edge.
5. Leader: A leader or a pointer is a thin continuous line connecting a note or a dimension
figure with the feature to which it applies. One end of the leader terminates either in an
arrowhead or a dot. The arrowhead touches the outline, while the dot is placed within the
outline of the object. The other end of the leader is terminated in a horizontal line at the
bottom level of the first or the last letter of the note. The leader is never drawn vertical or
horizontal or curved. It is drawn at a convenient angle of not less than 30° to the line to
which it touches. When pointing to a circle or an arc it is drawn radially. Use of common
leaders for more than one feature should never be made.

5.2 General Rules for Dimensioning

1. Dimensioning should be done so completely that further calculation or assumption of any
dimension, or direct measurement from the drawing is not necessary.
2. Every dimension must be given, but none should be given more than once.
3. A dimension should be placed on the view where its use is shown more clearly.
4. Dimensions should be placed outside the views, unless they are clearer and more easily read
inside.

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5. Mutual crossing of dimension lines and dimensioning between hidden lines should be
avoided. Dimension lines should not cross any other line of the drawing.
6. An outline or a centre line should never be used as a dimension line. A centre line may be
extended to serve as an extension line

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5.3 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN DIMENSIONING

Diameter (placed before the dimension) ø

Diameter (placed in a note) DIA
Radius (placed before the dimension) R
Chamfered CHAM
Millimeter mm
Centimeter cm
Meter m
Countersunk CSK
Countersunk head CSK HD
Center line
Number NO
Square (placed before the dimension)
Square (placed in a note) SQ
Outside diameter O/D
Inside diameter I/D
Threads per inch TPI
Hexagon HEX
Hexagonal head HEX HD
Across flat A/F
Round head RD HD
Right hand RH
Left hand LH
Pitch Circle Diameter PCD
Counterbore C’BORE
Figure FIG
Drawing DRG
Material MATL

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Centres CRS
Full stops are not used unless the abbreviation makes a word, e.g. FIG.

6. SECTIONING
Sections and sectional views are used to show hidden detail more clearly. They are created by
using a cutting plane to cut the object. A section is a view of no thickness and shows the outline
of the object at the cutting plane. Visible outlines beyond the cutting plane are not drawn. A
sectional view, displays the outline of the cutting plane and all visible outlines which can be seen
beyond the cutting plane. Improve visualization of interior features. Section views are used when
important hidden details are in the interior of an object. These details appear as hidden lines in
one of the orthographic principal views; therefore, their shapes are not very well described by
pure orthographic projection. Types of section views are; full sections, half sections, offset
sections, revolved sections, removed sections, broken-out sections.

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Cutting Plane: Section views show how an object would look if a cutting plane (or saw) cut
through the object and the material in front of the cutting plane was discarded.

Hatching: On sections and sectional views solid area should be hatched to indicate this fact.
Hatching is drawn with a thin continuous line, equally spaced (preferably about 4mm apart,
though never less than 1mm) and preferably at an angle of 45 degrees.

Hatching a single object: When you are hatching an object, but the objects has areas that are
separated. all areas of the object should be hatched in the same direction and with the same
spacing.

Hatching Adjacent objects: When hatching assembled parts, the direction of the hatching
should ideally be reversed on adjacent parts. If more than two parts are adjacent, then the
hatching should be staggered to emphasize the fact that these parts are separate.

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SOURCES
 Textbook of Engineering Drawing by K.V. Reddy
 Geometrical and Engineering Drawing by K. Morling
 Engineering Drawing by N.D. Bhatt

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