GRAVITY

The Quantum Connection

A New Model

John M Pease

For my wife Rose, my sons Thomas and Oliver

&
In memory of my father John W Pease
 Gravity, the Quantum Connection
Abstract
Experiments in CERN discovered that inside every nucleon in the Universe, there is a constant flux
of quarks, antiquarks and gluons appearing and disappearing at a tremendous rate and at such
extreme energy that its internal pressure is ten times greater than the internal pressure of a neutron
star. Where does that constant flow of enormous energy into every nucleon across the Universe
come from? This paper proposes that energy comes from the ‘Origin’, a vast turbulent dynamic
structure of eleven dimensions, five in forward time in which our Universe exists, five in reverse time
in which the Antiverse exists and one extra dimension affecting equally both our Universe and the
Antiverse. It postulates an Origin composed of an Antiquarks/Quark Gluon Plasma (AQGP) of
extreme energy, which flows into every nucleon in the Universe from higher dimensions. It proposes
that flow in the fourth dimension is the source of gravity, providing a gentle push against every
nucleon in the Universe. It further proposes that the Unified force which exists at the heart of the
Origin spreads out in lower energy zones into its three fundamental component forces, the
Electromagnetic Force, the Strong Force and the Weak Force, each expressed in three separate
dimensions of time, each orthogonal to the others. It further proposes a model to explain; the Big
Bang, what is physically warped in space to cause gravitational lensing, from where the extreme
pressure at the heart of every nucleon comes from, how the energy creating the force of gravity in
the Universe also acts on antinucleons in the Antiverse to create the gravitational effect of Dark
Matter, how the instantaneous transfer of entangled information occurs, and it suggests a cause of
Dark Energy. It proposes a test of this theory would be to send a space probe towards the sun with
a sensor to measure the Casimir Force and make as tight a pass as shielding allows. If this paper is
correct, measurements will show the Casimir force varies with the strength of gravity.

Introduction
This is a reworked paper from one prepared at the start of 2021 at the height of the Covid 19 pandemic.
It was incomplete but at that time it seemed sensible to forward it to researchers in the field in the
hope that it would not be lost and raise interest in the underlying idea, but there was no response.
Phenomena have been discovered without explanation. At the quantum level, the incredible pressure
at the heart of each nucleon is ten times greater than at the centre of a neutron stari yet they teem
with a never ending flow of transient quarks, antiquarks and gluons. Where do they come from? How
does quantum entanglement work? At the cosmological scale, what are the physical properties of
space warped by large masses? This paper suggests that we have to look to higher dimensions from
where the quantum effects originate.
However, the most significant reason in preparing this paper concerns the force of gravity. An
enormous amount of effort has been spent trying to discover the Graviton, the force carrying particle
for the force of Gravity, thought to be an attractive force between individual nucleons acting right
across the universe. With such intense efforts, over many years having failed to find the source of that
‘pull’ this paper proposes how a gentle ‘push’ from an unseen source of energy in higher dimensions
can explain the observed relativistic effects of gravity while at the same time explaining the above
phenomena.
This approach strengthens the Standard Model freeing it from the need to incorporate the fourth force
of gravity, leaving just three forces, the Strong Force, the Electromagnetic Force and the Weak force.

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Significantly it further strengthens the Standard Model by providing an explanation for the ‘baryon
asymmetry problem’ii
The suspicion that higher dimensions must be involved in these questions have existed for many years.
In April 1919 Theodor Kaluza found that Maxwell’s equations for electromagnetism emerged
spontaneously when he solved Einstein’s equation for General Relativity in 5 dimensionsiii. In 1926
Oskar Klein introduced a quantum interpretation to Kaluza’s classical 5 dimensional theoryiv which
subsequently became known as the Kaluza-Klein theoryv.
These theoretical pointers to five dimensions, the detection in 2000 at CERN of a Quark-Gluon Plasma
(QGP)vi, the statement by Dirac that there must be equal quantities of matter and antimatter, the fact
that the rest mass of quarks in nucleons is just 1% of their total mass yet nucleons form 99% of the
mass of the universe, all led to the idea central to this paper. Namely that, unseen but felt by us, an
eternal ‘Origin’ exists at extreme energy in 5 dimensions in forward time, 5 dimensions in reverse time
and one encompassing all time, the Unified Forcevii. In this, the 3D low energy bubble of our Universe,
forms a simple substructure.
Big Bangviii theory suggests the universe expanded at a colossal rate from an initial state of ultra-high
temperature and density. Dirac’s workix led to the discovery of antimatterx and the understanding that
equal amountsxi of matter and antimatter should have been created. It has been a mystery as to where
that antimatter went, though Dirac speculatedxii that there could be a mirror universe of antimatter.
As matter and antimatter mutually annihilate when they come together to create a vast amount of
energy it has also been suggested that slightly more matter than antimatter was created with the
remaining matter forming the universe that we see today. To the author that seems highly unlikely,
and he concludes that Dirac was correct. Dirac’s insight, which implies the creation of equal quantities
of matter and antimatter, taken together with the Kaluza-Klein theory, and the discovery of the Quark-
Gluon-Plasma(QGP), suggests the far more attractive possibility outlined in this paper.
The Quark-Gluon Plasmaxiii(QGP) was detected for the first time in CERN in the year 2000. It is the state
of matter that exists above the temperature where Hadrons melt, and where the Strong Force can no
longer prevent the free propagation of Quarks and Gluons. The discovery that there is a quantum foam
of transient quarks and antiquarks at the heart of protonsxiv, suggested the concept of this paper; that
an equal number of Quarks and Antiquarks form together with Gluons, the substance of the Origin,
namely the Antiquark/Quark-Gluon Plasma (AQGP).

Overview
The extreme pressure and continuous flux of quarks, antiquarks and gluons at the heart of every
nucleon in the Universe suggests there must be a connection to the source of such energy, namely as
suggested here the Origin, and that it must exist in higher dimensions beyond our sight and
measurements. Similarly, the Casimir effect also suggests that forces must act on this Universe from
higher unseen dimensions.

The current view, described in Quantum Field Theoryxv, is that the vacuum is not empty but filled with
fluctuating electromagnetic fields formed by the spontaneous production of ‘virtual particle-
antiparticle pairs’ xvi which momentarily come into existence only to self-annihilate creating a medium
that can be polarised and allowing magnetic fields to propagate in a vacuum. Such a view with no

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explanation to explain how and where the ‘virtual particle-antiparticle pairs’ come from, also fails to
address the source of the huge energy of the quantum foam at the heart of each nucleon.

The non-zero values of vacuum permittivityxvii and vacuum permeabilityxviii that establish the speed of
light in free space plus the fact that light bends, or more accurately refracts around massive
gravitational objects in space suggests that electromagnetic waves must also travel in higher
dimensions (see Fig. 7) as pointed to by Kaluza-Klein. That medium in higher dimensions is compressed
near massive astronomical objects and is proposed here to be the element of space that Einstein said
is warped by gravity. It is the medium carrying that energy to every nucleon.

Dirac’s insight that there must have been equal amounts of matter and antimatter created is supported
by the continuous appearance and disappearance of antiquarks in nucleons, so it should be no surprise
that the Antiverse, composed of the equal amount of antimatter to that existing in our Universe, is
unseen as it operates in reverse time dimensions.

The author originally sought to use pilot waves and Bohmian mechanicsxix to build an explanation to
connect each nucleon to the Origin. However, he realised that many questions, regarding time and
distance to connection with nuclei, could be answered by considering that the three fundamental
forces, the e.m. force, the Weak force and the Strong force, operate in different dimensions of time,
each orthogonal to the other (Fig.1). At that point, with extremely energetic particles travelling at the
speed of light, he realised he no longer needed Bohmian mechanics and that what he had formally
considered ‘virtual particles’ were in fact real particles with real effects, not least that of gravity.

Fig. 1

Importantly quarks and antiquarks are the only fundamental particles that interact with all three
fundamental forcesxx.

The Origin
Dirac’s insight that there must be equal quantities of matter and antimatter is a key element of this
paper. It proposes that the Origin is a vast entity in 11 dimensions, constrained at its’ ‘Core’ by the
Unified force which exists at energies far above its lowest energy of 1016 GeVxxi. At that energy level
the three fundamental forces, the Strong Force, The Weak force and the Electromagnetic (e.m.) force
merge into the Unified force which radiates from the Core into lower energy zones of the Origin.

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Below 1016 GeV, the Origin changes state and the Unified force diverges into the Electroweak (E.W.)
force and the Strong force. This Zone exists between the extreme energy levels of the Core and the
much lower energy level of 246GeV, the Lower Zone , where it changes state again with the E.W. force
diverging into the e.m. force and the Weak force.
It is proposed that the state of matter in this Lower Zone of the Origin is an Antiquark, Quark Gluon
Plasma (AQGP), a perfect liquid with energies between of 20 to 200 GeV, energised by the Unified
Force radiating from the Core. It interacts and energises the antiquarks, quarks and gluons which at
that energy have great freedom of movement.

Fig. 2
After a number of interactions at these relatively low energy levels, the fundamental components of
the Unified force are released to express itself in the three fundamental forces, the e.m. force, the
Strong force and the Weak force; each expressed in three separate dimensions of time, each
orthogonal to the other, each having forward and reverse time dimensions, each still an integral part
of the others, inseparable in the same way as we view the two elements of the electromagnetic force.
Below 19.6 GeV,xxii there is a further partial change of state where the lower density reduces the
interactions between quarks and gluons leading to a more gaseous state. This results in an increase of
the relative strength of the e.m. force, further weakening the quark gluon interactions.
In the AQGP, a constant flux of quarks, antiquarks and gluons interact with the three orthogonal
component arms of the Unified Force. Quarks briefly attach to each of the three component forces in
forward time to be linked by gluons across the different time axes till they are knocked away by the
next energetic quark which releases the connecting energy of the gluon. Similarly for anti-quarks and
their connection to the reverse time axes of the Unified force. As will be discussed later, this paper
proposes this is the same flux that exists at the heart of every nucleon and antinucleon through direct
connection with the Origin.
To meet Dirac’s insight that equal amounts of matter and antimatter were created, this paper proposes
that Unified force wavefunctions have an equal number of quarks and antiquarks plus gluons encoded
with them which are released at lower energies, enabling its three diverging forces to remain
connected in zones of lower energy. Consequently, the AQGP which derives from the Unified force
particles has equal number of quarks and antiquarks, constantly interacting with the three
components of the Unified force.

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The Big Bang
This paper proposes that in the vast turbulent AQGP of the Origin a much lower energy zone
developed, akin to a tornado, where pressure and density continued to fall, increasing the distance
between the quarks and antiquarks till they were too far apart for the gluons to maintain their web of
interconnections. Without sufficient energy to sustain them across that zone the web collapsed leaving
disconnected, one dimensional, point-like fundamental particles of the lowest energy, up-quarks and
anti-up-quarks, in a zero energy ‘Void’. On that collapse the walls of this Void violently recoiled and
then under the immense pressure of the Origin slammed back, imploding, flattening the Void to create
a 2D fracture in the 11D Origin (see Fig. 3 below).

Fig. 3
Into the zero energy Void of the 2D fracture, the flattened 2D disc of up-quarks and anti-up-quarks,
under the colossal pressure of the Origin, exploded outwards without restraint, far faster than the
speed of light and far faster than the Origin could react, creating the Cosmic Inflationxxiii. The author
proposes this explosion can explain the energy of the Big Bang with the up-quarks and the anti-up-
quarks exploding into the Void at superluminal speeds in two opposing time-frames. This process may
have happened several times.
The Unified force reacted to the implosion at the speed of light, but very slowly in comparison to the
superluminal expanding quarks and antiquarks. The Unified force comprises both forward and reverse
time components which resolves into one or the other on meeting quarks or antiquarks. While the
following describes how its forward time element reacts, the same holds when considering its reverse
time.
The passage of the 5D Strong force component of the Unified force stopped at the zero energy Void
where its’ range of action was too limitedxxiv, however with energy far above the symmetry breaking
level of 246GeV the 4D E.W. photons were massless and experienced no barrier. Still connected with
their 5D Strong force component at the boundary, the massless 4D E.W. photons flooded through at
the speed of light.
By wave particle duality, the 4D E.W. photon is also a 4D E.W. wavefunction incorporating the combined
e.m. and Weak forces. This paper proposes that this E.W. wavefunction radiating from the point on
the edge of the Void where the Strong force stays, remained connected to that Strong force till the 4D
E.W. wavefunction collapses.
By this time, the 2D sheets of up-quarks and anti-up-quarks had expanded an enormous distance
across the 2D fracture. On contact with the up-quarks the 4D E.W. wavefunction collapsed. For the 5D
Strong force in its orthogonal time-frame no time had passed, nor distance increased between the 5D
Strong force and the collapsed E.W. waveform. On that collapse the Strong force enveloped the up-

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quarks connecting them directly to the Origin, each one drawing two further quarks , another up-quark
and a down-quark, to create a proton.
The collapse of the E.W. wavefunction and the creation of protons released the e.m. force to operate
in the third dimension and create the 3D envelope (Fig. 4) of our Universe. Meanwhile the 4D Weak
force with its mediating particles remained directly connected to the 5D Strong force.
For the 5D Strong force in its orthogonal time-frame no time had passed. It sensed no distance apart
from the proton which with its Strong force element and extra quarks had now become part of, or
rather connected to, the Origin. Equally the 4D E.W. photon travelling at the speed of light experienced
no passage of time or distance. Then as now, essentially in the 4th dimension it remained at the edge
of the former Void, it does not experience the vast distances in the 3D world of the e.m. force.
This reconnection of the low energy up-quarks to the Strong force, quarks and gluons of the Origin to
form protons, resulted in the permanent connection and continual flow of energy, between the Origin
and each proton. No sooner had the E.W. wavefunction collapsed re-energising the proton it was
replaced by another radiating from the same point on the edge of the Void. Similarly, where the E.W.
force interacted with antiquarks, antiprotons were created, which also resulted in their permanent
connection to the Origin.
The Timeline of the Strong force experienced no separation from the E.W. force and once it was
connected to each proton, from its viewpoint, bulged out into the former Void, held there by the
Strong force on the boundary.

Fig. 4
The newly created nucleons and antinucleons had become discrete tiny balls of energy of the Origin,
held tightly by the Strong force, in the vastness of 3D space defined by the e.m. force, under the gentle
pressure from the constant illumination of high energy E.W. photons in the 4th dimension. In the 5th
dimension of the Strong force, with no time or distance separation seen, the protons seemingly are
part of the Origin again with the 4D E.W. wavefunctions from the Origin forming a kind of wormhole
to each nucleon and antinucleon.
From that time, the extreme energy at the heart of every nucleon and antinucleon has been sustained
by a continuous flood of high energy E.W. photons connecting them directly to the Strong force in the
Origin. It is important to restate that with the E.W force and Strong Force seeing no separation in time
or distance from each proton, each proton in the universe is surrounded by the Origin in the 4th and
5th dimensions.

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The distinction between the AQGP in the Origin and that in the proton, is that the Strong force in the
proton is fully extended to its max to constrain its quarks and gluons, whereas in the AQGP the extreme
pressure is such that the Strong force is greatly compressed and weakened allowing freedom of
movement to the quarks, antiquarks and gluons.
The following Fig.5 shows 5 forward dimensions in the proton in which three quarks form a 2
dimensional plane attached to the 3 orthogonal forward time dimensions of the e.m. force, the Weak
force and the Strong force. It also shows the anti-proton, the protons’ mirror image with 5 reverse time
dimensions. These 10 dimensions with the additional one of the Unified Force radiating through both,
makes the total of 11 dimensions postulated by this paper.

Fig. 5
Initially the Void of the 2D fracture had zero energy and was populated by disconnected low energy
up-quarks and anti-up-quarks. When the high energy 4D E.W. wavefunctions flooded through, filling
the Void, its energy suddenly rose far above 246 GeV, that energy where the e.m. force and Weak
force combine to form the E.W. force. That extreme energy filling the Void, forms a 4D ‘Quantum
Interface’ between the Origin and each nucleon and antinucleon.
From the time of their formation, the separation and measurement between protons in the 3D low
energy bubble of our Universe was determined by the interaction of the e.m. force, released when the
protons were formed with their positive charge. It is proposed that balancing this creation of positive
charge in the Universe, the same rapidly expanding quarks and antiquarks interacted forming virtual
photons which decayed into either electrons in the Universe or positrons in the Antiverse.
In the e.m. time frame of the 3rd dimension, distances between protons can span the Universe
separated by billions of light years, yet according to this paper, where the E.W. force and the Strong

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force connect to these protons, they experience no separation of time. It appears that our universe is
the virtual one.

Quantum Interface
The E.W. wavefunctions flooding into the Universe and Antiverse from the Origin, maintain a
continuous connection between the Origin, nucleons and antinucleons to form the ‘Quantum
Interface’ covering all 11 dimensions. It is that flood of E.W. wavefunctions which enables the constant
flow of energetic quarks, antiquarks and gluons into each nucleon enabling instant quantum exchange
between them in the 4th and 5th dimensions. Similarly, for anti-nucleons.
Neither the E.W. wavefunctions in the 4th dimension, nor the Strong Force in the 5th dimension
experience any passage of time prior to connection with the nucleons. From the viewpoint of those
forces in the 4th and 5th dimensions they and the Origin are directly next to each nucleon via the
Quantum Interface which envelops it.
As occurred earlier with the low energy up-quarks and anti-up-quarks in the Void, both nucleons and
antinucleons occupy the same space in the Quantum Interface but from our 3D viewpoint they remain
invisible to each other save for a few hints to be discussed later. The 4D E.W. wavefunction only
assumes its’ time direction on collapsing after encountering either a nucleon or an antinucleon.
The Quantum Interface is an incredibly fine 11D web of E.W. wave-functions whose density is low in
deep space but increases substantially near very large masses. It is the unseen fabric of space , the
medium that carries the e.m. waves, locally and across the universe, existing from extreme
compression in a neutron star to barely existing in deep starless zones of space. It is characterised by
its values of vacuum permittivity and permeability.
The thrust of this paper runs counter to the generally accepted idea that the speed of light in space is
constant, so it is important to note that Einsteinxxv concluded in 1915 that ‘the speed of light cannot be
constant in a gravitational field of varying strength’ xxvi. Robert Dickexxvii went one step further and
assumed frequencies and wavelengths of light near large astronomical masses changed and that the
resulting refractive index was consistent with the observed light deflection.
A recent paperxxviii has suggested, that our 3D Universe is a 3D projection of a 2D hologram. This paper
provides support to the concept that the Universe is a hologram ‘illuminated’ by two beams, the E.W.
wavefunctions in the 4th dimension and the e.m. radiation in the 3rd dimensions with mass delivered
by the Strong force in the 5th dimension.

Mass
A core proposal of this paper is that mass is sustained by the continuous flow of energy from the Origin
to every nucleon in the Universe. Protons and Neutrons provide 99% of the mass of our 3D Universe,
have very similar masses and combinations of them form the nuclei at the heart of all atoms. Nuclei
volumes are about 1/100,000 times* smaller than that of their atoms.
Protons are composed of three quarks, 2 up quarks and one down quark, total mass 938.3 MeV/c2
while Neutrons are composed of 1 up quark and 2 down quarks, total mass 939.6 MeV/c2 xxix. The rest
mass of the three quarks in a Proton is 9 MeV/c2 xxx, just 1% of the total Proton’s mass, however nearly
all its mass comes from the huge binding energyxxxi of high energy gluons transmitting the ‘Strong
Force’ that holds the quarks together. The Strong Force is unusual in that as quarks are pushed further

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apart, its binding strength, mediated by the high energy gluons increases. The huge energy involved is
indicated by pressure near the centre of a Protonxxxii, which is 10 times greater than in the centre of a
Neutron Star. From where does this extreme energy originate?
This paper suggests this extreme energy, the ‘Quantum Foam’xxxiii of high energy gluons, quarks and
antiquarks that continually appear and disappearxxxiv in nucleons is due to the constant flow of extreme
energy from the Origin. As indicated earlier (see Fig.5) the huge energy in each nucleon comes from
the binding energy of gluons from the Strong force holding together three quarks, each terminating
the three connected orthogonal forces, the e.m. force, the Strong force and the weak force. That
immense binding energy from the gluons provides nearly all the mass of the Universe.

Gravity
This paper proposes that Gravity is the force created by the momentum of 4D E.W. photons interacting
with a nucleon or antinucleon in 11 dimensions. Gravityxxxv is 1036 times weaker than the e.m. force
and 1029 times weaker than the Weak force, but above 246GeV these forces merge into the
Electroweak (E.W.) force with a strength between the e.m. force and the Weak force. Still massively
stronger than Gravity it is proposed that the overwhelming proportion of the huge energy carried by
the 4D E.W. photons is absorbed by the quantum foam of quarks, antiquarks and gluons, constrained
by the Strong force to maintain the massive internal pressure in nucleons and antinucleons.
As with the distinction between the Strong force and the Nuclear force, this paper proposes that
Gravity is the tiny residual force of that impact on the quarks in each nucleon and on antiquarks in
antinucleons in the Antiverse. It can be likened to a large river flowing past the pillars of a bridge. While
the vast proportion of the river passes through unaffected, its margins hitting the pillars form eddies
upstream of the bridge placing a gentle downstream pressure on the pillars.
The proposal in this paper, where the E.W. Wavefunctions flow in 11 dimensions, has parallels with the
Large Extra Dimensions (LED) modelxxxvi insofar as it postulates that gravity is so weak because it is
spread across many spatial dimensions.
Since their formation, each nucleon and antinucleon has been in constant connection with the Origin
and under constant pressure from a flow of high energy E.W. photons in the 4 th dimension. In deep
space, this pressure on a nucleon is almost equal in all 4D directions so it barely moves, but when near
a large mass that shields it from the 4D E.W. photons coming from the far side, the lack of pressure
from that direction creates a push towards the large mass, giving the appearance that the large mass
is exerting a force of attraction, a shielding attractor.
To the flow of 4D E.W. photons, 3D objects appear as 2D objects do to us, as if all the pages of a solid
book are separated and laid side by side. Throughout all masses, large or small, the 4D E.W. photons
impact nucleons. The larger the mass, the larger the number of nucleons which increases the density
of the surrounding Quantum Interface and the ‘4D Quantum Pressure’, or force of gravity, from the 4D
E.W. photons impacting them. That pressure, which acts on nucleons throughout the vast empty
spaces of every atom*, increases towards the centre of that large mass in each dimension.
On Earth the 4D Quantum Pressure surrounding each atom can be seen in the Casimir Forcexxxvii where
two closely situated, perfectly parallel conducting mirrors experience an increasing external force
drawing them together as they are moved closer to exclude longer wavelengths of the 4D E.W.

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wavefunctions. Confirmed by experiment this attraction continues to increase as the distance between
the mirrors continues to decrease .
Though Casimir forces are extremely weak they are of the same order of strength as Gravity which
operates over astronomical distances. There are parallels with the electromagnetic force and the
Casimir force; both drop off very rapidly in the near field. In the far field the magnitude of the
electromagnetic field drops off as the square of the distance.
The total Quantum Pressure integrated over the surface of the Earth is the same total pressure over
the surface of any imaginary sphere centred on the Earth at any distance from it. As the area of a
sphere is 4πR2 the force of this Quantum Pressure declines as the square of the distance away from
the centre, exactly as we experience Gravity.
The flow of high energy E.W. photons in the 4D Quantum interface is constant across lines of equal
gravitational potential towards the centre of mass. Around a single planet this potential is spherical
but in more dynamic systems it will vary at any point according to where the centre of mass is at that
time. At any time, the line of equal density in the Quantum Interface is always perpendicular to the
centre of mass and its Quantum Pressure of 4D E.W. photons directs any mass towards it, applying to
it the force of Gravity.
What is the alternative: a messenger particle, the Graviton mediating the ‘Force of Gravity’ drawing
individual nucleons together over astronomical distances? An enormous effort has gone into looking
for the Graviton and though the Standard Model with its three other forces has been continually
strengthened, so far, no evidence for the Graviton has been found.

Dark Matter
The critical point here is that 4D E.W. wavefunctions flowing in the Quantum Interface flow through
both the Universe and the Antiverse. Inhabitants of a two dimensional universe shaped like a sheet of
paper cannot see another one right on top of it, yet both are affected by external radiation passing
through from a source in the three-dimensional universe that surrounds them, and each will be aware
of any shadow created by 3D matter on the neighbouring two-dimensional sheet.
Similarly, we cannot see a neighbouring 3D Antimatter-Universe, but we are aware of its effect on the
4D Quantum Interface which, especially with large antimatter masses, increases the Quantum Pressure
surrounding it. We can’t see either the Antimatter or the 4D Quantum Interface, but we do feel its
gravitational effect, the increase in Quantum Pressure with no visible cause.
We describe it as Dark Matter. Best measurements from the European Space Agency suggest that the
matter we can observexxxviii is only 4.9 % of the universes’ total, versus 26.8% for Dark Matter, which
suggests that the process by which this Universe was formed may have occurred before.
Dirac’s Mirror Universexxxix, the Antiverse proposed here, is held in the same Quantum Interface, but
its time flows in the opposite direction which is why we do not see it.
Researchers in many locationsxl are now searching for an explanation for the different unexplained
values measured for Neutron decay which it is thought may be due to detecting Neutrons from a mirror
universe. Anatoli Serebrov of Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute in Russia postulated thisxli in 2009.
If experimental proof of this from the data of physicist Leah Broussard’s experiments at Oak Ridge
National Laboratoryxlii could be found it would provide significant support for this paper.

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Gravitational Lensing and the physical structure of space
This paper proposes that the 4D Quantum Interface provides the unseen medium in space that
transmits 3D electromagnetic waves. Classically the vacuum in space is thought to carry
electromagnetic waves without a transmission medium, yet that ignores that fact that space has
measured values of vacuum permittivity and vacuum permeability which are greater than zero, define
both its physical nature and the speed of light and show that though we can’t see it there must be an
unseen medium.
As noted earlier in the ‘Overview’, the current view that the vacuum is not empty but filled with self-
annihilating ‘virtual particle-antiparticle pairs’ that create a polarising medium that allows magnetic
fields to propagate in a vacuum. That is not tenable, it fails to address where the virtual particle-
antiparticle pairs come from.
This paper suggests that 3D electromagnetic waves in space oscillate not just from electrical to
magnetic phase at 900 to each other (Fig.6) but that a mirror image of these, 1800 in opposition, is
carried unseen in the 4D Quantum Interface (Fig. 7) in waves of the same frequency. That incredibly
fine web of energy of 4D Electroweak wavefunctions at all frequencies carry 3D electromagnetic waves
in space and both on, and in Earth.

Fig. 6
Classical e.m. wave representation
The density of interstellar space averages 1 H2 atom per cubic centimetrexliii. There the density of the
4D E.W. wavefunctions exhibits the fundamental characteristics of the 4D Quantum Interface, its values
of vacuum permittivity, vacuum permeability, the resulting speed of light , 300,000,000 m/s, and the
rate that time passes in the 3D e.m. time dimension.

Fig. 7
Classical e.m. wave with mirror image of electric and magnetic fields in the 3rd and 4th dimension.

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 Gravity, the Quantum Connection
As mass and its number of nucleons in space increases, so does the density in the surrounding mesh
of the Quantum Interface. Similarly, the 4D Quantum Pressure on those nucleons increases directly in
line with their number. Both the density of the 4D Quantum Interface and the 4D Quantum Pressure
are directly proportional to the number of nucleons in that mass.
Near relatively small planets the effect on the density of the surrounding 4D Quantum Interface is not
marked. However, close to exceptionally large masses, where the 4D Quantum Pressure is huge and
the flow of 4D E.W. photons driving their nuclei becomes a torrent, the increase in density of the 4D
Quantum Interface results in a significant increase in the values of vacuum permittivity and vacuum
permeability. This slows the speed of light and causes its refraction around such large masses as seen
in the phenomena of Gravitational Lensing. This paper proposes this physical process underlies the
‘warping of space’ described by Einstein.

Dark Energy
Around 5 to 6 million years ago, the gradual slowing of the Universe’s expansion ceased, and it began
to acceleratexliv. This paper suggests that based on the above explanation for the warping or
compression of space, the opposite may hold in deep space where intergalactic space has been swept
clear of almost all hydrogen by the 4D Quantum Pressure of the E.W. photons.
This would have reduced the density of the Quantum Interface and lowered the values of vacuum
permittivity and permeability in that region, so increasing the standard speed of light and passage of
time and stretching space. As a result, we observe the increasing rate of separationxlv of galaxies. This
paper proposes that this stretching of space is the source of Dark Energy.

How can we define Time?

The Quantum interface is an extremely fine mesh of 4D E.W. wavefunctions surrounding every 3D
nucleon in the fourth dimension. Close to extremely large astronomical masses, the density of
wavefunctions in the Quantum Interface are extremely compressed, increasing its magnetic
permeability and electric permittivity, so slowing 3D e.m. waves travelling through them and
shortening their wavelength.
There, counterintuitively in the e.m. timeline, time slows while in contrast, in deep starless space
where the Quantum Interface its component wavelengths are very long, time passes more quickly.
What metric could provide this result?
The author suggests the explanation is that we sense the orthogonal timeline of the Weak force, (see
Fig.1) which has fixed frequencies from which the rate of passage of time is monitored by its number
of cycles per 3D e.m. wavelength. Consequently, for large masses, fewer cycles of the Weak force
timeline occur per cycle of the shorter 3D e.m. wavelength slowing the passage of time, compared to
deep space where there are many more, giving a faster passage of time.

Black Holes and the Quantum Interface

In regions close to astronomically large masses the flux density of 4D E.W. wave-function, the Quantum
Interface, increases massively which compresses space, causes Time to contract and light to slow. This

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 Gravity, the Quantum Connection
paper suggests the passage of Time is at its maximum in normal1 deep space where there is almost no
mass, and the 4D E.W. waveform flux of the Quantum Interface is at a minimum.

Fig. 8

Space varies from the environment containing the densest matter, such as the core of a neutron star
where it is incredibly compressed by an intense density of E.W. Particles, to empty, deep space. At the
centre of a Neutron star, Time moves incredibly slowly compared to deep space.
The pressure in a nucleon is 10 times greater than that at the centre of a neutron star. A neutron star
collapses to form a Black Holexlvi when its mass exceeds the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) limit,
that is 2 to 3 solar masses. At that level of external pressure, the neutron degeneracy pressure
maintaining its integrity is overcome, the neutron being compressed to the point where the Strong
force, which limits how far quarks can move away from each other, no longer limits movements of
quarks which then are free to move in, which is what is described in this paper as an AQGP, an
Antiquark/ Quark-Gluon-Plasma.
This suggests that the point where time stops at the event horizon of a black hole, leads directly into
the AQGP of the Origin. The author did consider whether the Dark Matter of the Antiverse could be
swept into Black Holes in the Universe but concluded that with it operating in reverse time it would
be unlikely.

Calculations and Experiment

The possibility of Black Holes vanishing when all the matter has been swept up in their zone of
attraction raises the question; could a series of such events have led to the sudden expansion of the
Universe 5-6 billion years ago. Hopefully the Euclid space telescope launched in 2023 will be able to
shed some light on that question.
Calculation of the gravitational lensing effect on the permittivity and permeability of the Quantum
Interface near different sized, large astronomical masses, will characterise the properties of the
Quantum interface related to mass and its relationship between Time, vacuum permittivity and
vacuum permeability.

1
Normal space excludes deep, deep space where Galaxies are separating from each other at increasing speeds. In
deep, deep space time and light flow faster than normal space.

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 Gravity, the Quantum Connection
Experimental proof of the Casimir effect was reported by Decca et al. in 2007 to an accuracy of 0.2%
at a separation of 160 nmxlvii. A test of the theory in this article would be to place such an experiment
in a space probe and send it, suitably shielded from heat and high energy particles, towards the sun to
make as tight a pass as shielding would [Link] It would then be flung into the far solar system.
Measurements of the Casimir force would be first made relatively close to Earth, then near the Sun
and then in deep space far from the Sun. While not conclusive, any increase in the Casimir effect close
to the Sun and decrease in deep space should support further investigation of this idea.

Conclusions
This paper was initiated by the author’s conviction that the extreme energy and continuous flow of
fundamental particles at the heart of every nucleon must come from an external source in higher
unseen dimensions and further, that the pressure of this flow of energy to nucleons, which accounts
for 99% of the mass of the Universe, must be a key element in the explanation the force of gravity
and the Casimir force.
This led inexorably to the solutions presented in this paper with its ‘Origin’ in 11 dimensions, its
Antiquark/Quark Gluon Plasma, the implosion of quarks and antiquarks with the resulting Big Bang,
their capture by the ‘4DQuantum Interface’, the maintenance of mass by the flow of 4D E.W.
wavefunctions and the proposal that Gravity is caused by the Quantum Pressure of the 4D Electroweak
photons from the Origin.
The author was encouraged when developing his model as step by step it seemed to meet the
requirements of Einstein’s theory of General Relativity however he was uncomfortable when using
Bohmian mechanics to explain how energy is transmitted from the Origin to each nucleon. That was
until he realised he didn’t need it due to possibly his most important proposal in this paper, namely
that the three fundamental forces, the e.m. force, the Weak force and the Strong force each act in
separate dimensions of time, each one orthogonal to each other.
As an electrical engineer the author finds the e.m. transmission medium of the 4D Quantum Interface
provides a more satisfactory, tangible, intuitive explanation for the transmission of electromagnetic
waves in free space and for the appearance and disappearance of quantum particles.
He hopes that those who are concerned that the successes of the Standard Model do not explain key
features of the universe, such as the dominance of matter over antimatter, dark matter and dark
energy and most importantly, gravity may find some interesting answers in this paper.
This paper is a substantial departure from what the author has read on this subject area, but he
believes its logic is sound and hopes that some readers this will think it is it worth their time and energy
to see how it stands up to mathematical modelling. He thanks you for taking the time to read it.
Finally, his thanks also to Wikipedia and many other Journals online, which provided information on
the endless questions that were raised in the development of the ideas in this paper and the references
to support them. Without them he would never been able to wite this paper. On a personal note, he
expresses my thanks to Dr. Mel Vecsey for his kind comments and encouragement.

i
Protons Contain 10 Times More Pressure Than a Neutron Star, [Link]
used-to-measure-pressure-inside-proton-first-time
ii
Baryon asymmetry problem’, [Link]
iii
Theodor Kaluza, [Link]

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 Gravity, the Quantum Connection

iv
Kaluza-Klein Theory, [Link]
v
§15.1 The Road to Reality, ISBN978 0 099 44068 0 by Roger Penrose.P-326
vi
Quark-Gluon-Plasma, [Link]
vii
Unified Force, [Link]
viii
Big Bang, [Link]
ix
Paul Dirac 1928, “The Quantum Theory of the Electron” Proceedings of the Royal Society.
x
Antimatter, [Link]
xi
Dirac's equation predicts antiparticles; [Link]
xii
Mirror Universe; [Link]
xiii
Quark-Gluon Plasma ; [Link]
xiv
Protons inner Antimatter, [Link]
inner-antimatter-20210224
xv
Quantum Field Theory, [Link]
xvi
Vacuum Polarisation, [Link]
xvii
Vacuum permittivity, [Link] › wiki › Vacuum permittivity
xviii
Vacuum permeability, [Link]
xix
Bohmian Mechanics, [Link]
xx
Quark, [Link]
xxi
‘Grand Unified Theories’ by Graham Ross
xxii
Low energy off switch for Quark-Gluon Plasma, htpps://[Link]/doescience/a-low-energy-off-switch-
for-quark-gluon-plasma
xxiii
Cosmic Inflation, [Link]
xvii Griffiths, D.J. (2008). Introduction to Elementary Particles (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 65. ISBN 978-3-527-
40601-2.
xxv
Einstein, Albert (1961). Relativity - The Special And The General Theory (15th reprint from 1952 ed.). New York:
Bonanza. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-517-029619.
xxvi
Variable speed of light, [Link]
xxvii
R. Dicke (1957). "Gravitation without a Principle of Equivalence". Reviews of Modern Physics. 29 (3): 363–
376. Bibcode:1957RvMP...29..363D. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.29.363
xxviii
Niavesh Afshordi, Claudio Corianò, Luigi Delle Rose, Elizabeh Gould, Kostas Skenderis. “From Planck Data to
Planck Era: Observational Tests of Holographic Cosmology” Physical Review Letters, 2017
xxix
Nucleons, Mass of Neutron and Proton; [Link]
xxx
Rest mass of a proton’s three valence quarks; [Link]
xxxi
Mass due to binding Gluons; [Link]
xxxii
The pressure distribution inside the proton; [Link]
xxxiii
Quantum Foam, termed so by John Wheeler; ‘The Elegant Universe’ Brian Greene ISBN 978-0-393-33810-2, p178
xxxiv
Inside protons quantum foam of Gluons; [Link]
basics/the-structure-of-matter/protons-and-neutrons/
xxxv
Gravity, [Link]
xxxvi
Large Extra Dimensions (LED) model; N. Arkani-Hamed; S. Dimopoulos; G. Dvali (1998
xxxvii
Casimir Force, [Link]
xxxviii
Dark Matter; [Link]
xxxix
§24.8 The Road to Reality, ISBN978 0 099 44068 0 by Roger Penrose. P-625
xl
Neutron lifetime, [Link]
lifetime/
xli
Mirror Universe, [Link]
backwards/
xlii
Neutron Lifetime puzzle, [Link]
xliii
Density of Outer Space, [Link]
xliv
Accelerating expansion of the Universe, [Link]
xlv
Measuring universe expansion reveals mystery; [Link]
mystery
xlvi
Neutron Star, [Link]
xlvii
R.S. Decca, D. Lopez, E. Fischbach et al, Phys.; Physics Research Publications, Purdue University 2007, Tests of
new physics from precise measurements of the Casimir pressure between two gold-coated plates;
[Link]
xlviii
Casimir forces on a silicon micromechanical chip [Link]

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