EDUNITE
CLASS-10
Chapter 7: Motion and Force
🔹 1. Gravitation and Universal Law of Gravitation
The force of attraction that exists between any two bodies in the
universe.
o Example: Fruits fall to the ground, Earth attracts the Moon,
etc.
Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation (1687)
o Every object attracts every other object with a force that is:
Directly proportional to the product of their masses.
Inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between their centers.
let the mass of the objects A and B be m1 and m2 respectively, the
distance between the centers of these two objects be d , and the
gravitational force produced between them be F.
According to Newton's law of gravity, the gravitational force (F) is
directly proportional to the product of the mass of these objects m, and
m That is,
F ∝ m1 m2...... (i)
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance d,
That is,
F ∝ 1/d² ….. (ii)
Combining (i) and (ii),
F∝m1m2/d²
F= G m1m2/d2……(iii)
Here, G is the proportionality constant and is also known as the
universal gravitational constant. the value of G was found to be 6.67 x
10-11.
Since its value remains the same regardless of the materials and the
medium between the bodies, it is called the universal gravitational
constant. Its SI unit is N m² /kg²
Using equation (iii), the gravitational force between any two objects
can be calculated.
Variation of Gravitational Force
From Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation:
F = G × (m₁ × m₂) / d² ……(i)
1. When the mass of one object is made double
Let m₁ = 2m
Then,
F = G × (2m × m₂) / d²
F = 2 × (G × m × m₂ / d²)
F = 2F
✅ Hence, when the mass of one object is doubled, the gravitational
force also becomes double.
2. When the mass of both objects is made double
Let m₁ = 2m and m₂ = 2m
Then,
F = G × (2m × 2m) / d²
F = 4 × (G × m × m / d²)
F = 4F
✅ Hence, when the mass of both objects is doubled, the gravitational
force becomes four times.
3. When the distance between the objects is made half
Let d = d/2
Then,
F = G × (m₁ × m₂) / (d/2)²
F = G × (m₁ × m₂) / (d²/4)
F = 4 × (G × m₁ × m₂ / d²)
F = 4F
✅ Hence, when the distance between objects is halved, the
gravitational force becomes four times greater.
4. When the distance between the objects is doubled
Let d = 2d
Then,
F = G × (m₁ × m₂) / (2d)²
F = G × (m₁ × m₂) / (4d²)
F = (1/4) × (G × m₁ × m₂ / d²)
F = F/4
✅ Hence, when the distance between objects is doubled, the
gravitational force becomes one-fourth.
2. Variation of Gravitational Force(SUMMARY)
1. If mass of one body is doubled → Force becomes 2F.
2. If masses of both bodies are doubled → Force becomes 4F.
3. If distance between them is doubled → Force becomes F/4.
4. If distance between them is halved → Force becomes 4F.
3. Consequences of Gravitational Force
1. Keeps planets revolving around the Sun.
2. Causes tides due to the Moon’s attraction.
3. Holds atmosphere around Earth.
4. Makes objects stick to Earth’s surface.
5. Responsible for falling of objects toward Earth.
🔹 4. Gravity
1. The force with which Earth attracts objects toward its center.
2. It gives weight to all objects.
3. Decreases with height and becomes negligible far from Earth.
4. Important effects of gravity:
o Objects have weight.
o Water flows downhill.
o Air and water remain close to Earth.
o Acceleration acts on falling bodies.
2. Acceleration Due to Gravity (g)
✳️Definition
The acceleration produced in a freely falling body due to Earth’s
gravitational pull is called acceleration due to gravity (g).
Key Characteristics of g
Value:
On the surface of the Earth, the standard value is
approximately 9.8 meters per second squared (m/s²).
For simplicity in many calculations, it is often rounded to 10
m/s².
Direction:
Its direction is always towards the center of the Earth, which
we refer to as vertically downward (↓).
Unit:
The SI unit is meters per second squared (m/s²).
Galileo’s Experiment
1. Aristotle’s idea: Heavier objects fall faster.
2. Galileo disproved it by dropping balls from the Leaning Tower of
Pisa.
3. Conclusion: All objects fall with the same acceleration (9.8 m/s²)
when air resistance is neglected.
Feather and Coin Experiment
1. In air → feather falls slower due to air resistance.
2. In vacuum → both fall together.
3. Hence, g is independent of mass and air resistance affects only
motion.
[Link] of acceleration due to gravity
Suppose a body of mass m is on the surface of a planet of mass M
and radius R.
The gravitational force of the planet on the body is:
F = G * M * m / R^2 (i)
According to Newton’s Second Law, this force also produces an
acceleration g on the mass m:
F = m * g (ii)
Equating (i) and (ii):
m * g = G * M * m / R^2
Simplifying, the acceleration due to gravity on the planet’s surface
is:
g = G * M / R^2 (iii)
According to equation (iii), the acceleration depends only on the
mass M and radius R of the planet.
Since the mass of the falling object is not included in the equation,
it confirms that all objects fall with the same acceleration, as
shown in Galileo’s experiments with different objects like feathers
and coins.
In non-spherical planets or satellites like Earth, the value of radius
R changes depending on the location. In equation (iii), both G and
M are constants.
In this case, the acceleration due to gravity is inversely
proportional to the square of the radius of the planet or satellite.
Summary:
Acceleration due to gravity depends on the mass and radius of the
planet or satellite.
For example, the mass of Jupiter is about 319 times the mass of
Earth, but its acceleration due to gravity is only 2.6 times that of
Earth.
The radius of Jupiter is 11 times that of Earth. Since g is inversely
proportional to the square of the radius, even with a very large
mass, the net effect on acceleration is moderated.
By substituting the mass of the Earth as 5.972 × 10^24 kg and the
radius as 6371 km into equation (iii):
g = G * M / R^2
g = (6.67 × 10^-11) * (5.972 × 10^24) / (6.371 × 10^6)^2
g = 9.81 m/s^2
Since the value of R changes at different places on Earth, the
acceleration due to gravity also varies slightly at different
locations.
6. Variation of g on Earth
g=9.81 m/s2 g = 9.81 m/s ²g=9.81m/s2 (average)
g=9.83 m/s2 g = 9.83 m/s ²g=9.83m/s2 (poles)
g=9.78 m/s2 g = 9.78 m/s² g=9.78m/s2 (equator)
g decreases slightly with height (e.g., Mt. Everest: 9.78 m/s²)
NUMERICAL
NUMERICAL
Free Fall
1. Object falls freely under gravity only (no air resistance).
2. Acceleration = g = 9.8 m/s²
3. Occurs only in vacuum.
4. Weight of object in free fall = 0 → weightlessness.
5. Example: Astronauts in satellites experience weightlessness.
Motion Type Equation 1 Equation 2 Equation 3
v=u+ v² = u² + s = ut +
Linear Motion
a*t 2as 0.5a*t²
Free Fall v=u+ v² = u² + h = ut +
(vertical) g*t 2gh 0.5g*t²
Weightlessness is the condition in which a body experiences no net
force of gravity, or the sensation of having no weight. It occurs when
there is free fall, like in satellites orbiting the Earth or in a falling
elevator. In this state, objects appear to float because there is no
contact force supporting them.
Difference between Mass and Weight:
Property Mass Weight
The amount of matter in The gravitational force acting
Definition
a body on a body
Symbol m W
Unit Kilogram (kg) Newton (N)
Constant, independent of
Dependence Depends on local gravity (g)
location
Formula — W=m*g