Exact Solution of Stokes' Second Problem for Hybrid

Nanofluid Flow
Honors Final Year Project-2024

Course Code: MTH-490

Submitted by

Roll: FH-049

Registration No: 2019-717-436

Session: 2019-20

Department of Mathematics

University of Dhaka
 Contents
Title Page No.

Abstract 1

Nomenclature 1

Chapter One Exact Solution of Stokes' Second Problem for Hybrid 4

Nanofluid Flow with a Heat Source and Magnetic
Field
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Preliminaries 7
1.3 Mathematical Formulation 12
1.4 Transformation of governing Equations 15
1.5 Physical Quantities 21
1.6 Results and Discussion 22
1.7 Conclusions 38
Chapter Two Stokes' Second Problem with Sinusoidal Surface 40
Temperature Variations for Hybrid Nanofluid Flow
Associated with a Heat Source and Magnetic Field
2.1 Introduction 40
2.2 Formulation of the Problem 40
2.3 Conversion of Governing Equations 41
2.4 Quantities to be Investigated 45
2.5 Results and Discussion 52
2.6 Conclusion 54
References 73
Abstract

The Stokes’ second problem for Al₂O₃, Cu, and Ag/water hybrid nanofluids is examined in the
presence of a magnetic field, buoyancy forces, and a heat source. Using Laplace transforms,
closed-form expressions for temperature, transient velocity, skin friction coefficients, and the
local Nusselt number are derived, involving exponentials and error functions. As shown in
Chapter 1, the results reveal that increasing the volume fractions of alumina, copper, and silver
nanoparticles leads to higher temperatures and local Nusselt numbers, while reducing velocity
and skin friction coefficients. The heat source parameter significantly raises both temperature
and the local Nusselt number. An increase in the magnetic field and mixed convection
parameters leads to higher fluid velocity and skin friction coefficients. In contrast, temperature
and local Nusselt number decrease with lower Prandtl number and suction parameters, while
velocity and skin friction coefficients increase. Chapter 2 discusses the Stokes’ second problem
with sinusoidal temperature variations, where higher heat source parameters enhance heat
transfer due to sinusoidal oscillations. Increasing the temperature oscillation frequency notably
increases the number of oscillations in the heat transfer coefficients.

Keywords: Stokes’ second problem, hybrid nanofluid, magnetic field, heat source, skin friction
coefficients, heat transfer.

Nomenclature

B Magnitude of applied magnetic field

B0 Constant magnetic strength

c Heat capacity with constant pressure

Cf Skin friction coefficients

f ( η) Dimensionless stream function

1
g Gravitational acceleration

k Thermal conductivity

k
¿ Mean absorption coefficients

m,n Frequency of sinusoidal oscillation

M Magnetic field parameter

Nux Nusselt number

Pr Prandtl number

q Heat flux

ℜx Local Reynolds number

Ri Mixed convective parameter (Richardson’s number)

sw Suction parameter

~ Temperature of the fluid

T

T0 Reference temperature of the sheet

T∞ Ambient temperature

Tw Stretching/ shrinking surface temperature

~
u,~
v Velocities along x-direction and y-direction

uev Local boundary edge velocity

uw Velocity of the stretching/ shrinking sheet

v∞ Free stream velocity

v Reference velocity

2
vw Mass flux velocity

x Distanced along the plate

y Distance normal to the plate

Greek symbols

α Thermal diffusivity

β Viscosity ratio parameter

τ Shear stress

θ Dimensionless temperature

μ Dynamic viscosity

ν Kinematic viscosity

ρ Density of the fluid

φ Volume fraction

σ Electrical conductivity

σ
¿
Stefan-Boltzmann constant

ψ Stream function

Subscripts

f Base fluid

hnf Hybrid nanofluid

np Nanoparticle

1 Property of Al2O3 nanoparticles

3
 2 Property of Ag nanoparticles

3 Property of Cu nanoparticles

Superscripts

' Differentiation with respect to y

Chapter One
Exact Solution of Stokes' Second Problem for Hybrid
Nanofluid Flow with a Heat Source and Magnetic Field

1.1 Introduction

Stokes' second problem involves studying the flow of a viscous fluid around an oscillating flat
plate. As a fundamental problem in engineering and technology, it has attracted significant
interest from researchers working on various types of fluids, including Newtonian fluids [1-3],
non-Newtonian fluids [4], Maxwell fluids [5], Rivlin-Ericksen fluids [6], power law fluids [7],
dipolar fluids [8], and micropolar fluids [9]. The problem also arises in contexts such as acoustic
streaming around oscillating bodies, boundary layers with free-stream fluctuations [3],
geophysical applications like earthquake dynamics and ice sheet fractures [10], and flows within
vibrating media [11]. These studies provide exact solutions for Stokes’ second problem in
different scenarios, and the analytical solutions can be used to form initial approximations for
many complex problems. This can significantly reduce the time required to reach steady-state
temperature and velocity fluctuations, leading to savings in both time and cost [11].

Nanofluids have a notable role in the study of Stokes’ second problem. The term "nanofluid" was
introduced by Choi [12] in 1995, and Masuda et al. [13] observed an increase in thermal

4
conductivity in nanofluids. Although nanofluids offer enhanced thermal properties over base
fluids, they have limitations. To overcome these, hybrid nanofluids were developed by
combining different types of nanoparticles in base fluids. Suneetha et al. [14] highlighted the
improved stability, thermal conductivity, viscosity, pH control, and ultrasound intensity of
hybrid nanofluids.

Historically, Panton [3] provided the first exact solution for the motion of a semi-infinite
incompressible fluid with sinusoidal oscillation of a flat plate. It was later recognized that Stokes'
well-known steady-state solution must be supplemented by a transient solution when the plate
begins at rest in a still fluid. Following this, numerous researchers studied the problem under
various conditions.

Fetecau et al. applied Laplace transforms to solve the Stokes' second problem for both
Newtonian fluids [2] and Maxwell fluids [5], presenting the exact solution as a sum of exact and
transient components. Using Fourier sine transforms, velocity profiles for certain unstable
second-grade fluid flows were expressed as integral forms or infinite sums [25]. Roy and Pop
[19] derived a transient exact solution using Laplace transforms, and Erdogan [26] developed a
closed-form transient solution for sine and cosine oscillations of the plate.

This study aims to derive transient exact solutions for the Stokes’ second problem involving
hybrid nanofluid flow around an oscillating flat plate, considering the effects of buoyancy force,
a magnetic field, and a heat source. Using Laplace transforms, the governing partial differential
equations are solved, with transient velocity and temperature expressed in terms of error
functions and exponentials. Additionally, the local Nusselt number and skin friction coefficients
are calculated, and their thermo-physical properties are analyzed.

1.2 Preliminaries

Fluid
5
A fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress, regardless
of how small the applied stress is. Fluids include liquids, gases, and plasmas [38].

Newtonian Fluids

Newtonian fluids have a constant viscosity that does not change with the rate of shear. The shear
stress in a Newtonian fluid is directly proportional to the rate of strain, meaning they obey
du
Newton's law of viscosity, where shear stress (τ ) is proportional to the velocity gradient ( )
dy
[39].

Non-Newtonian Fluids

Non-Newtonian fluids do not have a constant viscosity; instead, their viscosity varies with the
applied shear rate. Non-Newtonian behavior is common in many biological fluids, slurries, and
polymers. These fluids are categorized by how their viscosity changes with shear rate, including
pseudoplastic, dilatant, Bingham plastic, and thixotropic fluids [40].

Maxwell Fluids

Maxwell fluids are viscoelastic fluids characterized by both viscous and elastic properties. The
Maxwell model describes a fluid with a single relaxation time, meaning the fluid will exhibit
elastic (solid-like) behavior over short timescales and viscous (liquid-like) behavior over longer
timescales [41].

Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles are particles between 1 and 100 nanometers in size. They exhibit unique physical
and chemical properties compared to their bulk counterparts due to their high surface area to
volume ratio and quantum effects. These properties make nanoparticles useful in a variety of
applications, including medicine, electronics, and materials science [12].

Nanofluid

A nanofluid is a fluid containing nanometer-sized particles, called nanoparticles. These fluids are
engineered colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in a base fluid. Nanofluids exhibit enhanced
thermal properties such as increased thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer
coefficients compared to the base fluid [12].

6
Hybrid Nanofluid

Hybrid nanofluid is a new class of nanofluid that contains two or more types of nanoparticles
suspended in a base fluid. This combination enhances the thermal conductivity, viscosity, and
heat transfer capabilities of the base fluid more effectively than single nanoparticle-based
nanofluids [46].

Stream Function

The stream function is a scalar function denoted by ψ used in fluid dynamics to describe the flow
of incompressible fluids. The velocity components of the flow can be derived from the stream
function, ensuring continuity is automatically satisfied [47].

Volume Fraction

Volume fraction refers to the ratio of the volume of a specific phase to the total volume of the
mixture. It is denoted by φ . It is a key parameter in multiphase flow and is often used to describe
the composition of phases in a mixture [48].

Free Stream Velocity

Free stream velocity is the velocity of the fluid (usually air or water) far away from any objects
or disturbances in the flow. It is denoted by v ∞ and serves as a reference velocity for boundary
layer and aerodynamic analysis [49].

Mass Flux Velocity

Mass flux velocity refers to the flow rate of mass per unit area in a given direction which is
indicated by v w. It is a fundamental concept in fluid dynamics, representing how much mass is
transported across a surface per unit of time [38].

Dynamic viscosity

Dynamic viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow under an applied force. It is

denoted by μ and quantifies the internal friction within the fluid as layers move relative to one
another [50].

Thermal Conductivity

7
Thermal conductivity is a physical property of a material that defines its ability to conduct heat.
It represents the amount of heat transferred per unit time, per unit area, and per unit temperature
gradient and denoted by k [56].

Mean Absorption Coefficients

The mean absorption coefficients describe the average ability of a medium to absorb radiation
over a range of wavelengths. It is denoted by k ¿. It is crucial in radiative heat transfer and is
defined as the amount of radiation absorbed per unit length of the medium [57].

Momentum Diffusivity

Momentum diffusivity, also known as kinematic viscosity, is a measure of a fluid's ability to

diffuse momentum. It is defined as the dynamic viscosity of the fluid divided by its density [58].

Thermal Diffusivity

Thermal diffusivity is a measure of how quickly heat is conducted through a material relative to
k
its storage of thermal energy. It is defined as α = , where α is thermal diffusivity, k is
ρ Cp
thermal conductivity, ρ is fluid density, C p is the specific heat capacity at constant pressure [59].

Suction Parameter

The suction parameter, often denoted as s, is a dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics to
describe the effect of mass suction or injection through a boundary surface on the flow
characteristics. It is a measure of the strength of the mass transfer at the boundary [60].

Magnetic Field Parameter

The magnetic field parameter, often denoted by M, is a dimensionless number in

magnetohydrodynamics that represents the influence of a magnetic field on the fluid flow. It is
( B0 )2 σ f
defined as M = which is the ratio of the magnetic force to the inertial force in the fluid
v
[61].

Stefan-Boltzmann Constant

The Stefan-Boltzmann constant is a physical constant that represents the total energy radiated per
unit surface area of a black body per unit time. It is defined as σ ¿=5.670 ×10−8 W /m2 K 4 [62].

8
Nusselt Number

The Nusselt number is a dimensionless number representing the ratio of convective to

conductive heat transfer across a boundary. It is used to characterize the efficiency of heat
hx x
transfer in fluid systems. It is defined as Nux = , where Nux is Nusselt number, h x is
k
convective heat transfer co-efficient, k is thermal conductivity and x is local point [47].

Prandtl Number

The Prandtl number is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of momentum diffusivity to
v
thermal diffusivity. It is given by Pr= , where ν is the kinematic viscosity andα is the thermal
α
diffusivity [63].

Reynolds Number

The Reynolds number is a dimensionless number that describes the ratio of inertial forces to
viscous forces within a fluid flow. It is used to predict the flow patterns in different fluid flow
ρul
situations. It is defined as ℜ= , where ρ is the fluid density, u is the fluid velocity, l is the
μ
characteristic length and μ is the dynamic viscosity [64].

Local Reynolds Number

The local Reynolds number is a Reynolds number calculated using a local length scale or local
velocity. It is used to analyze the flow characteristics at a specific point within the flow field. It is
denoted by R e x , where x is the local point [47].

Richardson’s Number

Richardson’s number is a dimensionless number that expresses the ratio of buoyancy to inertial
forces within a flow. It is used to predict the stability of stratified flows and is defined as

Ri=
(
gβ
∂z)
∂θ

, where g is the acceleration due to gravity, β is a representative vertical convective

(∂z)
2
∂u

9
 ∂θ ∂u
stability, is the vertical gradient of potential temperature and is the vertical shear of
∂z ∂z
horizontal velocity [58].

Skin Friction Coefficients

The skin friction coefficients is a dimensionless number that quantifies the drag force exerted by
τ
fluid friction along the surface of an object moving through a fluid. It is defined as C f = 2
ρ f uw
which is the ratio of the wall shear stress to the dynamic pressure of the fluid [65].

1.3 Mathematical Formulation

Assume a viscous, incompressible, unsteady, laminar flow of a hybrid nanofluid over a flat plate.
Initially, the fluid is kept at rest. When ~t → 0+¿ ¿, The plate begins to move at a velocity

~v=v ∞ sin (n ~t), where ~t is time, n is the oscillation frequency of the free stream velocity, v is the
∞

free stream velocity outside boundary layer. Consequently, a fluid flow is created, and its
velocity changes as time and distance from the plate varies. The following are the governing
equations for a hybrid nanofluid's mass, momentum, and energy:

∂~u ∂ ~v
+ =0 , (1.1)
∂ x̌ ∂ ~y
~ k h nf ∂2 ~ ~
∂T T ∂T Q ~
= + s
∂ ť ( ρc )h nf ∂2 ~y w ∂ ~
+
y (ρc) f
( T −T 0 ) , (1.2)

∂ ~u μ hnf ∂ ~ ∂~ kf ~
2 2
v g ( ρβ )hnf ~
2
u σ B0 L v (1.3)
= 2~
∂ ť ρ hnf ∂ y
+s w ~
∂y
+
ρhnf
( T −T ∞ ) −(
ρv
+ 2i Ω+ )
k hnf v ∞

subject to the boundary conditions

~v=v d sin (n ~t),~
∞ T =T at ~
y =0 ,
w

~v → 0 , T →T , as y → ∞, (1.4)
∞

when ~t >0,

10
where ( ~
x ,~
y ) are distances along and normal to the surface,( ~ u , v̌ ) are corresponding velocities
along ~
x and ~y directions, T w is the temperature of the fluid and T ∞is the ambient temperature of
the hybrid nanofluid.

Necessary quantities of hybrid nanofluids are presented in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1: Necessary quantities of hybrid nanofluids

φ hnf =φ1 +φ 2 +φ 3 ,

ρnp 1 ρnp 2 ρnp 3

ρ 1= , ρ 2= , ρ 3= ,
ρf ρf ρf

βnp 1 βnp2 β np3

β 1= , β 2= , β 3= ,
βf βf βf

k np 1 k np 2 k np 3
k 1= , k 2= , k 3= ,
kf kf kf

σ np 1 σ np 2 σ np 3
σ 1= , σ 2= , σ 3= ,
σf σf σf

ρnp 1 c np1 ρnp 2 c np 2 ρ np3 c np 3

(ρc)1= , (ρc)2= , (ρc)3 = ,
ρ f cf ρ f cf ρf c f

σ hnf =σ 1 φ1 +σ 2 φ2 +σ 3 φ 3

ρhnf
=(1−φ¿¿ hnf )+ ρ1 φ1 + ρ2 φ2 + ρ3 φ3 ¿ ,
ρf

( ρc)hnf
=(1−φ ¿¿ hnf )+(ρc)1 φ1 +( ρc)2 φ 2 +(ρc)3 φ3 ¿ ,
(ρc)f

(ρβ)hnf =(ρβ) f (1−φ¿¿ hnf )+( ρβ)np1 φ1 +( ρβ)np 2 φ 2 +( ρβ)np 3 φ 3 ¿ ,

k hnf
=k 1 φ1 +k 2 φ2 +k 3 φ 3
kf

11
 σ hnf σ hnf ( 1+2 φhnf ) +2 φ hnf (1−φ hnf )
=
σf σ hnf ( 1−φ hnf ) + φhnf (2+ φhnf )

μnf 1 φ1 + μnf 2 φ2 + μ nf 3 φ3 μ nf 1 2
μhnf = , =1+2.5 φ hnf + 6.2 φhnf ,
φ hnf μf

μ nf 2 2 μnf 3 2
=1+ 13.5 φhnf +904.4 φhnf , =1+37.1 φhnf +612.6 φ hnf ,
μ bf μf

Here, φ h nf , μh nf , ρh nf ,σ h nf ,k h nf ,( ρβ )h nf ,(ρc)h nf are volume fraction, dynamic viscosity, density,

electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, volumetric thermal expansion coefficients and heat
capacity of the hybrid nanofluid. Subscripts h nf and f stands for hybrid nanofluid and base fluid,

np 1 , np 2 , np3 indicates nanoparticles and nf 1 , nf 2 , nf 3 are the nanofluids containing

corresponding nanoparticles. Al2O3, Cu and Ag are the nanoparticles and their thermal properties
are presented below in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2: Thermal and physical properties of base fluid and nanoparticles
Properties Fluid (H2O) Al2O3 Cu Ag

−1 −1 4179 756 385 235

c (J Kg K )

−1 997.1 3970 8933 10500

ρ( kg m )

−1 −1 0.613 40 401 429

k (W m K )

21×10−5 0.85×10−5 1.67×10−5 1.89×10−5

β ( K −1 )

−1 0.05 3.69×107 5.69×107 3.60×107

σ (Ω/ m)

The values are taken from the references [66,67].

Denoting v f as the dynamic viscosity of the base fluid, we establish the dimensionless variables
for time, normal distance to the surface, velocity and temperature of the hybrid nanofluid,

12
 ~
~ ~
t=t , y= y
w v= ~v
vf
,
v∞ √
, θ=
T −T ∞
T w −T ∞
(1.5)

Using (1.5), we obtain from (1.1) - (1.4)

2
∂ϴ A ∂ ϴ ∂ϴ
= 2
+ sw + Hθ (1.6)
∂ t Pr ∂ y ∂y

( )
2
∂v ∂ v ∂v 1
=B 2 + s w − M + +2 iΩ v+ Riθ (1.7)
∂t ∂y ∂ y k

Subject to the boundary condition,

θ=0 , v=0 at t=0

(1.8)
y=0 :θ=1 , v=dsin(nt )
y → ∞ :θ=0 , v=0 } , when t >0

Here,θ is the temperature of the fluid, v is the velocity of the fluid, sw is suction parameter, Pr is
Prandtl number, Ri is Richardson’s number, H is the heat source parameter, M is magnetic field
parameter and k is thermal conductivity of the fluid.

The physical quantities as ratios are,

μhnf
A=κ hnf ¿ ¿, B=
ρhnf
Mixed convective parameter (Richardson’s number), heat source parameter, magnetic field
parameter and Prandtl number are defined by
2
gβ f T 0 Q ( B0 ) σ f ν f ν f ( ρc )f
Ri= , H= ,M= , Pr= =
v
2
( ρc)f v αf kf

1.4 Transformation of Governing Equations

Define Laplace transform,

∞
U ( s , y )={ u ( t , y ) } =∫ e (1.9)
−st
u ( t , y ) dt , s >0
0

13
 ∞
Θ ( s , y ) ={ θ ( t , y ) }=∫ e (1.10)
−st
θ ( t , y ) dt , s >0
0

We will use (1.9) - (1.10) to solve the governing equations (1.6) - (1.8) and then find the exact
solutions.

We have
2
∂ϴ A ∂ ϴ ∂ϴ
= 2
+ sw + Hθ (1.11)
∂ t Pr ∂ y ∂y

with boundary conditions,

θ(0 , y )=0 ,θ(t , 0)=1 ,θ (t , ∞)=0 (1.12)

Applying Laplace transform in (1.12), we get,

1 (1.13)
Θ(0 , y )=0 , Θ(s , 0)= , Θ(s , ∞)=0
s

Applying Laplace transform in (1.11)

A
s Θ(s , y)−Θ(0 , y)= Θ (s , y )+s w Θ y (s , y )+ H Θ(s , y)
Pr yy

A (1.14)
Θ (s , y)+ s w Θ y (s , y)+(H−s)Θ(s , y)=0
Pr yy

We get the auxiliary equation as,

A 2
m + s w m+( H−s)=0
Pr

m=−s w ± √ ¿ ¿ ¿(say)
(1.15)

We get,

αy
Θ(s , y )=c 1 e +c 2 e
−αy (1.16)

Wherec 1 and c 2 are any constants.

14
Applying boundary conditions in equation (1.16)

1
c 1=0∧c 2= (1.17)
s

Now,

1 −αy
Θ(s , y )= e
s

1 −s − √¿ ¿¿¿
= e w

(( )√ )
−sw Pr . sw2 1 1
− 2
+ . s− .H y
A 4A A A
2
1 Pr Pr Pr
¿ e
s

1 (1.18)
¿ e−(a +k √ s+ b) y
s

√
2
1 Pr sw −s w
k= ,b= −H , a=
Where, A 4A
2
2 A / Pr
Pr
1
θ ( t , y )= ⅇ−((a+ √b k ) y) (1+erf [ς 1 ]+ ⅇ 2 √b ky erfc [ς 2 ]) (1.19)
2

Applying inverse Laplace transformation in (1.18) we get

Where,

2 √ b t−ky 2 √ b t+ ky
ς 1= , ς 2=
2 √t 2 √t

The governing equation for velocity is,

( )
2
∂v ∂ v ∂v 1
=B 2 + s w − M + +2 iΩ v+ Riθ (1.20)
∂t ∂y ∂y k

v ( 0 , y )=0 , v ( t , 0 )=dsin ( nt ) , v (t , ∞ )=0 (1.21)

With boundary conditions,

15
Applying Laplace transformation of in (1.21), we get,

dn
v̅ (0 , y )=0 , v̅ (s ,0)= 2 2
, v̅ (s , ∞ )=0 (1.22)
s +n

Applying Laplace transform in the equation (1.20),

1
( )
s v ( s , y )−v ( 0 , y )=B v yy ( s , y ) +s w v̅ y (s , y )− M + +2 iΩ v (s , y )+ Ri Θ
k

B v̅ yy
1
k ( )
( s , y ) +s w v̅ y ( s , y )− M + +2 iΩ+ s v ( s , y )=−Ri e(−a−k √ s+ b) y (1.23)

1
(
B m2 + s w m− M + +2 iΩ+s =0
k )

m=
√
2B
1
−sw ± s w2 + 4 B M + + 2iΩ+s
k (
=λ ,− λ
) (1.24)

The complementary function,

λy
v ( s , y )=c 3 e + c 4 e
−λ y
(1.25)

We get,

where c 3 and c 4 are any constants.

Now applying boundary condition, we get

c 3=0 (1.26)

√ 1
(
−sw − sw2+ 4 B M + +2 iΩ+ s
k
y
)
v c ( s , y )=c 4 e 2B

−¿¿
¿ c4 e (1.27)

Now,

16
Where,

√
2
c=
sw
4B
1
( '
+ M + +2 i Ω , a =
k
sw '
2B
,k =
1
B )
For particular integral,

−¿ ¿
v p ( s , y )=−Ri e ¿
(1.28)

−¿ ¿
v p ( s , y )=−Ri e ¿

−¿ ¿
v p ( s , y )=−Ri e ¿
(1.29)

Simplifying,

Here,

1
p= ( 2 a2 B−2 c 0+ 2bB k 2+ 2 a2 B2 k 2 +2 B c 0 k 2−2 b B2 k 4 −2 a s w−2 aB k 2 s w +k 2 s w2−k ( 2 aB−s w
2 ( 1−2 B k + B k )
2 2 4

1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2
q= (2a B−2 c 0 +2 bB k +2 a B k +2 B c 0 k −2 b B k −2 a sw −2 aB k s w + k s w + k (2 aB−sc )
2 ( 1−2 B k + B k )
2 2 4

Now,

v ( s , y )=c 4 v c + v p (1.30)

−¿ ¿
v ( s , y )=c 4 e

dn
Applying boundary condition v̅ (s , 0)= 2 2 , we get,
s +n

Ri dn
c4= + 2 2
s (s− p)(s−q) n + s (1.31)

17
 v ( s , y )=
( Ri
+
dn
s ( s−p ) ( s−q ) n2 + s2
e
)
− ( a ՚+k ՚ √ c+ s) y
−
Ri e−( a+ k √ s+b ) y
s (s−p)(s−q)
(1.32)

Now,

Applying inverse Laplace transform in (1.32), we get,

1
v (t , y )= ¿
4 m(m−n)n

(1.33)

Where,

2 √ b t ± ky 2 √ b+ mt ± ky 2 √ b+n t ±ky 2 √ct ± k' y

γ 1 ,2= , γ 3 , 4= , γ 5 ,6 = ,γ 7 ,8 = ,
2 √t 2 √t 2 √t 2 √t
χ 1 , 2= √
2 c +mt ± k ' y
,
2 √t

2 √ c+ nt ± k ' y 2 √c− ⅈ n t ± k ' y 2 √ c + ⅈ nt ± k ' y

χ 3 , 4= , χ 5 , 6= , χ 7 , 8=
2 √t 2 √t 2 √t

1.5 Physical Quantities

18
The volume friction of Al2O3, Cu and Ag areφ 1, φ 2 and φ 3 respectively. The skin friction C f and
the local Nusselt number Nux defined as
τ xq (1.34)
Cf = 2 and
Nux =
ρ f uw k f (T w −T ∞) .

where τ is share stress and q is the heat flux defined by

τ =μhnf ( ∂∂ uy ) y=0
, q=−k hnf ( ∂T∂y ) y=0
.
(1.35)

Combining (1.34) and (1.35), we have,

1 /2 μhnf ' −1/ 2 −k hnf (1.36)
ℜx C f = v ( 0 )and ℜx Nu x = θ ' (0) ,
μf kf

uw x
where ℜx = is the local Reynold’s number.
νf
Differentiating (1.33) with respect to y and putting y=0, we obtain the skin friction coefficients
for v ( t ,0 )=dsin(nt ),
1 /2 μhnf
ℜx C f = ¿
μf

Here,

ξ 1=√ b+ m √ t , ξ 2=√ c +m √ t , ξ 3=√ b+ n √ t ,ξ 4 =√ c+ n √t , ξ 5 ,6 =√ c ± ⅈ n,

ξ 7 ,8 =√ c ± ⅈ n √ t

(1.37)

19
 −1/ 2 −k hnf
ℜx Nu x = ¿
kf

(1.38)
Again, differentiating (1.13) with respect to y and putting y=0, we have,

1.6 Results and Discussion

A. Changes in velocity and temperature

In this study, we will observe the changes of velocity ( v ) and temperature( θ ) of fluid with heat
source and magnetic source with respect to spatial parameter y . For this we will apply Laplace
transform method with initial assumption of parameters Pr=6 , sc=2.5, φ 1=0.02, φ 2=0.01,

φ 3=0.01, i=0.02 , Ω=0.02, H=0.1, M =0.1 , Ri=3,d=0.05,n=1. Now we will plot the values

π
of v ( ) and θ
2
π
2 ()
obtained by Laplace transform along y-axis and values of y along x-axis in

π
different frames and analyze them and will observe the changes in v ( ) and θ
2
π
2 ()
for different

values of one parameter keeping all other fixed.

(i) Variation ofφ 1

To observe the effect of volume fraction of Al 2O3 nanoparticles we have considered φ 1=0.02,
π
0.05 and 0.10. The changes of v ( ) and θ
2
π
2 ()
with the effect of φ 1 are displayed in Figures

π
1.1(a) and 1.1(b) respectively. According to the figures v ( ) first increases from 0.05 with the
2

increase of y to critical value and then decreases to 0 for every φ 1 . But θ ( π2 ) is decreasing from
maximum temperature to 0 as y is increasing for allφ 1 . Now for any fixed y say y=0.2, the values

20
of v ( π2 ) are 0.0715134, 0.0903574, 0.126394 and values of θ ( π2 ) are 3.15202, 3.05519,

2.89163 for φ 1=0.02, 0.05 and 0.10 respectively. So, velocity is slightly decreasing and
temperature is increasing with the increment ofφ 1. These are stable solutions of velocity and
temperature. It can be seen that temperature attains its maximum value near the surface. The
fluid thermal capacity is inflated by the higher volume fraction of alumina nanoparticles
therefore, temperature increases for higher values of φ 1.

π
()
Fig. 1.1 (a) v ( ) and (b) θ
2
π
2
for different values ofφ 1

(ii) Variation ofφ 2

Here we have taken the valuesφ 2=0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 as the volume fraction of Cu. The
π
influences on v ( )
2 ( π2 ) are presented with graph in Figures 1.2(a) and 1.2(b)
and θ

respectively. The values of v ( ) is increasing with the increase of y to the critical value and
π
2

then decreasing but θ ( ) is decreasing from maximum temperature to 0 as y is increasing for all
π
2

φ . At y=0.2, the values of v ( ) are 3.15202, 2.80687, 2.62107 and values of θ ( ) are
π π
2
2 2
0.0715134, 0.0965413, 0.132894 for φ 2=0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 respectively. It indicates that

21
velocity is decreasing but temperature is increasing with increasing φ 2. The inclusion of copper
nanoparticles changes the thermophysical properties of the hybrid nanofluid therefore, the
temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness increase with the increment of φ 2.

π
()
Fig. 1.2 (a) v ( ) and (b) θ
2
π
2
for different values ofφ 2

(iii) Variation ofφ 3

Again, with the target to observe the effect of φ 3on v( π2 ) and θ ( π2 ) the values of φ =0.01, 0.05
3

and 0.10 is taken as the volume fraction of Ag. The influences on v ( ) and θ ( ) are presented
π π
2 2

with graph in Figures 1.3(a) and 1.4(b). The changes of v ( ) and θ ( ) with respect to y are the
π π
2 2

same as explained before which means v ( ) is increasing with the increase of y to the critical
π
2

value and then decreasing but θ ( ) is decreasing from maximum temperature to 0 as y is

π
2

decreasing for allφ . At y=0.2, the values of v ( ) are 3.15202, 2.78711, 2.60347 and values of
π
3
2

θ ( ) are 0.0715134, 0.0987235, 0.138837 for φ 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 respectively. So, velocity
π
3=
2

22
is decreasing, whereas temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness is increasing with the
increment of φ 3 due to the thermophysical properties of silver nanoparticles.

π
()
Fig. 1.3 (a) v ( ) and (b) θ
2
π
2
for different values ofφ 3

(iv) Variation of M

π
In order to observe the effect of M on v 2( ) and θ ( π2 ) have taken M =0.00, 0.10 and 0.20 as the
values of magnetic field parameter. The influences on v ( ) and θ ( ) are presented with graph
π π
2 2

in Figures 1.4(a) and 1.4(b). The values of v ( ) is increasing with the increase of y to the
π
2

critical value and then decreasing but θ ( ) is decreasing from maximum temperature to 0 as y is
π
2

increasing for all M . The effect of on v ( ) and θ ( ) are equivalent with M . At y=0.2, the
π π
2 2

values of v ( ) are 2.62111, 3.15202, 3.77969 and values of θ ( ) are 0.0715134, 0.0715134,
π π
2 2
0.0715134 for M =0.00, 0.10 and 0.20 respectively. The maximum velocity is increasing notably
with the increase of magnetic source parameter but it has no effect on temperature. If M ≠0.00,
velocity continuously becomes stronger due to the magnetic source.

23
 π
Fig. 1.4 (a) v ( ) and (b) θ
2 ()
π
2
for different values of M

(v) Variation of sw

The effect of sw as suction parameter on v ( π2 ) and θ ( π2 ) is observed by taking the values s =

w

2.50, 2.80 and 3.00. The influences on v ( ) and θ ( ) are presented with graph in Figures
π π
2 2

1.5(a) and 1.5(b) which are equivalent with s . The values of v ( ) is increasing with the increase
π
w
2

of y to the critical value and then decreasing but θ ( ) is decreasing from maximum temperature
π
2

to 0 as y is increasing for all s At y =0.2 the values of v ( ) are 3.15202, 3.4215, 3.61713 and
π
w
2

values of θ ( ) are 0.0715134, 0.0520997, 0.042183 for s =2.50, 2.80 and 3.00 respectively. So,
π
w
2
the maximum velocity is increasing and temperature is decreasing with the increment of sw .

24
 π
()
Fig. 1.5 (a) v ( ) and (b) θ
2
π
2
for different values of sw

(vi) Variation of H

The effect of H as heat source parameter on v ( π2 ) and θ ( π2 ) is observed by taking the values H
=0.00, 0.50 and 0.90 and θ ( π2 ) is observed by taking the values H =0.00, 1.50 and 4.00. The
influences on v ( ) and θ ( ) are presented with graph in Figures 1.6(a) and 1.6(b) which are
π π
2 2

equivalent with H . The values of v ( ) is increasing with the increase of y to the critical value
π
2

and then decreasing but θ ( ) is decreasing from maximum temperature to 0 as y is increasing

π
2

for all H . At y =0.2 the values of v ( ) are 2.34443, 10.5895, 35.9483 for H =0.10, 0.50 and 0.90
π
2

respectively and values of θ ( ) are 0.0714562, 0.0810529, 0.103717 for H =0.00, 1.50 and 4.00
π
2
respectively. It indicates that, when heat source is increased, velocity is significantly increased
and temperature is increased slightly. It is because higher value of H produces higher heat which
stimulates the increase in velocity and temperature.

25
 π
()
Fig. 1.6 (a) v ( ) and (b) θ
2
π
2
for different values of H

(vii) Variation of Pr

The influences of Pr as Prandtl number on v ( π2 ) and θ ( π2 ) is observed by taking the values Pr

=6.00, 7.00 and 8.00. The changes are presented with graphs in Figures 1.7(a) and 1.7(b). The

effect of on v ( π2 ) ( π2 ) are equivalent with Pr. The values of v ( π2 ) is increasing with the
and θ

increase of y to the critical value and then decreasing but θ ( ) is decreasing from maximum
π
2

temperature to 0 as y is increasing for all Pr . At y =0.2 the values of v ( ) are 3.15202, 3.21369,
π
2

3.24446 and values of θ ( ) are 0.0715134, 0.0460674, 0.0296757 for Pr =6.00, 7.00 and 8.00
π
2
respectively. So, maximum velocity slightly increases but temperature decreases with the
increment of Pr .

26
 π
Fig. 1.7 (a) v ( ) and (b) θ
2
π
2()
for different values of Pr

(viii) Variation of Ri

With the variation of Richardson number, we will observe the change of v ( π2 ) and θ ( π2 ). The
change is presented in Figures 1.8(a) and 1.8(b) where Ri=3.00, 5.00 and 7.00 are taken. At y

=0.2 the values of v ( π2 ) are 3.15202, 5.23475, 7.31748 and values of θ ( π2 ) are 0.0715134,

0.0715134, 0.0715134 for Ri=3.00, 5.00 and 7.00 respectively. We observe that maximum
velocity is significantly increased by the increment of Ri whether there is no change in
temperature.

27
 π
Fig. 1.8 (a) v ( ) and (b) θ
2 ()
π
2
for different values of Ri

B. Changes in skin friction and local Nusselt number

We will observe the changes of v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) of fluid with heat source and magnetic source
with respect to t . For this we will start with initial assumption of parameters Pr=6 , sc=2.5,
φ 1=0.02, φ 2=0.01, φ 3=0.01, i=0.02 ,Ω=0.02, H=0.1, M =0.1, Ri=3,d=0.05,n=1. Now we

will plot the values of v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) obtained by Laplace transform along y-axis and values
of t along x-axis in different frames and analyze them and will observe the changes in v ' ( 0 ) and

−θ ' ( 0 ) for different values of one parameter keeping all other fixed.

(i)Variation ofφ 1

To observe the effect of volume fraction of Al 2O3 nanoparticles we have considered φ 1=0.02,
0.05 and 0.10. The changes of v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) with the effect of φ 1 are displayed in Figures
1.9(a) and 1.9(b) respectively. According to the figures v ' ( 0 ) is increasing with the increase of t
for everyφ 1 . But −θ ' ( 0 ) is decreasing initially and then approaches infinity as t is increasing for
allφ 1 . Now for any fixedt say t =1.0 the values of v ' ( 0 ) are 21.3456, 19.0191, 15.7669 and values
of −θ ' ( 0 ) are 13.1533, 11.9838, 10.3057 for φ 1=0.02, 0.05 and 0.10 respectively. The skin
friction coefficients is decreasing but the heat transfer coefficients is increasing with the
increment ofφ 1.
28
 Fig. 1.9 (a) v ' ( 0 ) and (b) −θ ' ( 0 ) for different values ofφ 1

(ii) Variation ofφ 2

Here we have taken the valuesφ 2=0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 as the volume fraction of Cu. The
influences on v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) are presented with graph in Figures 1.10(a) and 1.10(b)
respectively. The values of v ' ( 0 ) is increasing with the increase of t to a certain position but

−θ ' ( 0 ) is decreasing to a certain point and then approaches to infinity as t is increasing for allφ 2 .

At t =1.0 the values of v ' ( 0 ) are 21.3456, 17.7093, 14.4613 and values of −θ ' ( 0 ) are 13.1533,
11.6528, 10.055 for φ 2=0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 respectively. As higher value of volume fraction of
copper nanoparticles generates higher density and thermal conductivity, the skin friction
coefficients get smaller but the heat transfer coefficients becomes stronger with increasingφ 2.

29
 Fig. 1.10 (a) v ' ( 0 ) and (b) −θ ' ( 0 ) for different values ofφ 2

(iii) Variation ofφ 3

Again, with the target to observe the effect of φ 3on v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) the values of φ 3=0.01, 0.05
and 0.10 is taken as the volume fraction of Ag. The influences on v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) are
presented with graph in Figures 1.4(a) and 1.4(b). The changes of v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) with respect
to t are the same as explained before which means v ' ( 0 ) is increasing with the increase of t to a
certain position but −θ ' ( 0 ) is decreasing to a certain point and then approaches to infinity as t is
decreasing for allφ 3. Att =1.0 the values of v ' ( 0 ) are 21.3456, 17.4585, 13.9731 and values of

−θ ' ( 0 ) are 13.1533, 11.5411, 9.83626 for φ 3=0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 respectively. Inclusion of silver
nanoparticles effects to decrease skin friction coefficients and enhancing heat transfer
coefficients.

30
 Fig. 1.11 (a) v ' ( 0 ) and (b) −θ ' ( 0 ) for different values ofφ 3

(iv) Variation of M

In order to observe the effect of M on v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) have taken M =¿ 0.00, 0.10 and 0.20 as
the values of magnetic field parameter. The influences on v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) are presented with
graph in Figures 1.12(a) and 1.12(b). The values of v ' ( 0 ) is increasing with the increase of t to a
certain position but −θ ' ( 0 ) is decreasing to a certain point and then approaches to infinity as t is
increasing for all M . At t =1.0 the values of v ' ( 0 ) are 19.485, 21.3456, 23.3708 and values of

−θ ' ( 0 ) are 13.1533, 13.1533, 13.1533 for M =¿ 0.00, 0.10 and 0.20 respectively. The existence
of a magnetic source enhances the skin friction coefficients however doesn’t affect the heat
transfer coefficients.

31
 Fig. 1.12 (a) v ' ( 0 ) and (b) −θ ' ( 0 ) for different values of M

(v) Variation of sw

The effect of sw as suction parameter on v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) is observed by taking the values sw =
2.50, 2.80 and 3.00. The influences on v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) are presented with graph in Figures
1.7(a) and 1.7(b) which are equivalent with sw . The values of v ' ( 0 ) is increasing with the increase
of t to a certain position but −θ ' ( 0 ) is decreasing to a certain point and then approaches to
infinity as t is increasing for all sw . At t =1.0 the values of v ' ( 0 ) are 21.3456, 25.063, 27.8038 and
values of −θ ' ( 0 ) are 13.1533, 14.7408, 15.7986 for sw =2.50, 2.80 and 3.00 respectively. So,
increment of suction parameter enhances the skin friction coefficients slightly but the heat
transfer coefficients become smaller.

32
 Fig. 1.13 (a) v ' ( 0 ) and (b) −θ ' ( 0 ) for different values of sw

(vi) Variation of H

The effect of H as suction parameter on v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) is observed by taking the values H =
0.00, 0.50 and 0.90. The influences on v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) are presented with graph in Figures
1.7(a) and 1.7(b) which are equivalent with H . The values of v ' ( 0 ) is increasing with the increase
of t to a certain position but −θ ' ( 0 ) is decreasing to a certain point and then approaches to
infinity as t is increasing for all H At t =1.0 the values of v ' ( 0 ) are 18.1856, 41.1763, 80.8622 and
values of −θ ' ( 0 ) are 13.1934, 12.9903, 12.823 for H =0.00, 0.50 and 0.90 respectively. The skin
friction coefficients increase significantly with the increment of H . On the other hand, when H
=0.00, the heat transfer happens equally by conduction and convection and when H ≠0.00, it
continuously becomes stronger due to the source of heat.

(vii) Variation of Pr

The influences of Pr as Prandtl number on v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) is observed by taking the values Pr
=6.00, 7.00 and 8.00. The changes are presented with graphs in Figures 1.9(a) and 1.9(b). The
effect of on v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) are equivalent with Pr . The values of v ' ( 0 ) is increasing with the
increase of t to a certain position but −θ ' ( 0 ) is decreasing to a certain point and then approaches
to infinity as t is increasing for all Pr . At t =1.0 the values of v ' ( 0 ) are 21.3456, 25.4538,
29.5655 and values of −θ ' ( 0 ) are 13.1533, 15.3521, 17.551 for Pr =6.00, 7.00 and 8.00

33
respectively. The skin friction coefficients get increased by increment of Pr but it significantly
weaken heat transfer.

Fig. 1.14 (a) v ' ( 0 ) and (b) −θ ' ( 0 ) for different values of H

.
Fig. 1.15 (a) v ' ( 0 ) and (b) −θ ' ( 0 ) for different values of Pr

(viii) Variation of Ri

With the variation of Richardson number v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) also change. The change is presented
in Figures 1.16(a) and 1.16(b) where Ri=3.00, 5.00 and 7.00 are taken. The effect of on v ' ( 0 ) and

34
−θ ' ( 0 ) are equivalent with M . At t =1.0 the values of v ' ( 0 ) are 21.3456, 49.3637, 69.1619 and

values of −θ ' ( 0 ) are 13.1533, 13.1533, 13.1533 for Ri=3.00, 5.00 and 7.00 respectively. It can
be seen that increasing mixed convective parameter significantly increases the skin friction
coefficient but doesn’t affect the heat transfer.

Fig. 1.16 (a) v ' ( 0 ) and (b) −θ ' ( 0 ) for different values of Ri

1.7 Conclusions

The Stokes’ second problem for hybrid nanofluid is analytically and theoretically investigated.
We solve the dimensionless partial differential equation by applying Laplace transform and
express the transient exact solution with exponentials and error functions. The stable solution is
illustrated with graphs. Analyzing the numerical solutions and graphs, we observe that different
parameters have different effect on the velocity and temperature of the nanofluid. Similarly,
different parameters projects distinct influence on skin friction coefficients and heat transfer
coefficients.

(i) Higher volume fractions of alumina, copper and silver nanoparticles cause notable
increment in the temperature and decrement in the velocity.
(ii) Increase in the suction parameter and Prandtl number cause decrease in temperature
and increase in velocity.

35
(iii) Increase of the heat source parameter leads to significant increase in the temperature
and velocity.
(iv) The magnetic source parameter and Richardson’s number has no effect on the
temperature and heat transfer coefficients.
(v) The velocity increases when there is a magnetic source and with increasing mixed
convective parameter.
(vi) The skin friction coefficients become smaller in magnitude but the heat transfer
coefficients increase significantly with the increase of volume fractions of alumina,
copper and silver nanoparticles.
(vii) With increasing heat source parameter, both the skin friction coefficients and the heat
transfer coefficients become larger in value.
(viii) Increase in the Prandtl number and suction parameter cause increment in skin friction
coefficients and weakens the heat transfer.
(ix) The existence of a magnetic source increases skin friction coefficients.
(x) The increment of Richardson’s number gives rise to the numerical value of skin
friction coefficients.
(xi)

36
 Chapter Two
Stokes' Second Problem with Sinusoidal Surface
Temperature Variations for Hybrid Nanofluid Associated
with a Heat Source and Magnetic Field

2.1 Introduction

The study of the flow of a viscous fluid around an oscillating flat plate is known as Stokes'
second problem. Because of its applications in modern engineering and industrial fields, it has
been attracting researchers for quite some time. Researchers analyzed this problem for different
type of fluids such as Newtonian fluids [1-3], non-Newtonian fluids [4], Maxwell fluids [5],
Rivlin-Ericksen fluids [6], power law fluids [7], dipolar fluids [8] and micropolar fluids [9] and
in various phenomena such as acoustic streaming around oscillating body and boundary layers
with free-stream fluctuation [3], geophysical applications such as earthquake dynamics and ice
sheet fractures [10], as well as flows within vibrating media [11].

Nanofluids were introduced by Choi [12] in 1995 with great thermal conductivity, stability ,

viscosity, ultrasound intensity etc. Xuan and Li [68] described a preparation method of nanofluid
and observed the improvement of thermo-physical properties. Later, Timofeeva et al. [69]
summarized the thermal properties and ensured the enhancement of heat transfer rate by
comparing with base fluids.

While working with nanofluid researchers were also interested in hybridization process and
observed that a suitable combination of dissimilar nanoparticles can result a great enhancement
in heat transfer rate. Sarkar et al. [27] worked on the development and application of hybrid
nanofluid. Muneeshwaran et al. [70] reviewed the influence of hybrid nanofluid in heat transfer
enhancement compared to nanofluid. Scott et al. [71] examined hybrid nanofluid in cavity to
observe heat transfer enhancement. Verma et al. [72] observed heat transfer of hybrid nanofluid
in converging/diverging channel.

37
Bhavnani et al. [73] investigated the properties of natural convection heat transfer of sinusoidally
wavy surfaces on vertical plates kept at a constant temperature. In the presence of effective
electrical conductivity, Aly et al. [74] examined the effects of velocity slip on the flow and heat
transfer of four nanofluids across a non-linear stretched sheet while accounting for thermal
radiation and magnetic fields. They found that the considered parameters affect significantly
velocity and skin friction profiles. Hakeem et al. [75] analyzed the effect of a magnetic field on a
water based nanofluid having a steady laminar flow over a shrinking sheet with second order slip
boundary condition.

2.2 Formulation of the Problem

Assume a viscous, incompressible, unsteady, laminar flow of a hybrid nanofluid over a flat plate.
Initially, the fluid is kept at rest. When ~t → 0+¿ ¿, The plate begins to move at a velocity

~v=v ∞ b sin(n ~t), where ~t is time, n is the oscillation frequency of the free stream velocity, v is
∞

the free stream velocity outside boundary layer. Consequently, a fluid flow is created, and its
velocity changes as time and distance from the flat plate varies. The following are the governing
equations for a hybrid nanofluid's mass, momentum, and energy:

∂~u ∂ ~v
+ =0 , (2.1)
∂ x̌ ∂ ~y
~ k h nf ∂2 ~ ~
∂T T ∂T Q ~
= + s
∂ ť ( ρc )h nf ∂2 ~y w ∂ ~
+
y (ρc) f
( T −T 0 ) , (2.2)

∂ ~u μ hnf ∂ u~ ∂~ kf ~
2 2
v g ( ρβ )hnf ~
2
σ B0 L v (2.3)
= 2~
∂ ť ρ hnf ∂ y
+s w ~
∂y
+
ρhnf
( T −T ∞) −(
ρv
+ 2i Ω+ )
k hnf v ∞

subject to the boundary conditions

~v=v ∞ b sin(n ~t),~ πm ~
x
T =T ∞ +(T ¿ ¿ w−T ∞ )(1+asin ⁡( ))at ~
y=0 ,¿
L

~v → 0 , T →T , as y → ∞, (2.4)
∞

when ~t >0,

38
where ( ~
x ,~
y ) are distances along and normal to the surface,( ~
u , v̌ ) are corresponding velocities
along ~
x and ~y directions, a is the relative amplitude of the oscillation, m is the oscillation
frequency of sinusoidal temperature,n is the oscillation frequency of the free stream velocity, 2 L
is the wave length, T w is the temperature of the fluid and T ∞is the ambient temperature of the
hybrid nanofluid.

Necessary quantities of hybrid nanofluids are presented in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1: Necessary quantities of hybrid nanofluids

φ hnf =φ1 +φ 2 +φ 3 ,

ρnp 1 ρnp 2 ρnp 3

ρ 1= , ρ 2= , ρ 3= ,
ρf ρf ρf

βnp 1 βnp2 β np3

β 1= , β 2= , β 3= ,
βf βf βf

k np 1 k np 2 k np 3
k 1= , k 2= , k 3= ,
kf kf kf

σ np 1 σ np 2 σ np 3
σ 1= , σ 2= , σ 3= ,
σf σf σf

ρnp 1 c np1 ρnp 2 c np 2 ρ np3 c np 3

(ρc)1= , (ρc)2= , (ρc)3 = ,
ρ f cf ρ f cf ρf c f

σ hnf =σ 1 φ1 +σ 2 φ2 +σ 3 φ 3

ρhnf
=(1−φ¿¿ hnf )+ ρ1 φ1 + ρ2 φ2 + ρ3 φ3 ¿ ,
ρf

( ρc)hnf
=(1−φ ¿¿ hnf )+(ρc)1 φ1 +( ρc)2 φ 2 +(ρc)3 φ3 ¿ ,
(ρc)f

(ρβ)hnf =(ρβ) f (1−φ¿¿ hnf )+( ρβ)np1 φ1 +( ρβ)np 2 φ 2 +( ρβ)np 3 φ 3 ¿ ,

39
 k hnf
=k 1 φ1 +k 2 φ2 +k 3 φ 3
kf

σ hnf σ hnf ( 1+2 φhnf ) +2 φ hnf (1−φ hnf )

=
σf σ hnf ( 1−φ hnf ) + φhnf (2+ φhnf )

μnf 1 φ1 + μnf 2 φ2 + μ nf 3 φ3 μ nf 1 2
μhnf = , =1+2.5 φ hnf + 6.2 φhnf ,
φ hnf μf

μ nf 2 2 μnf 3 2
=1+ 13.5 φhnf +904.4 φhnf , =1+37.1 φhnf +612.6 φ hnf ,
μ bf μf

Here, φ h nf , μh nf , ρh nf ,σ h nf ,k h nf ,( ρβ )h nf ,(ρc)h nf are volume fraction, dynamic viscosity, density,

electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, volumetric thermal expansion coefficients and heat
capacity of the hybrid nanofluid. Subscripts h nf and f stands for hybrid nanofluid and base fluid,

np 1 , np 2 , np3 indicates nanoparticles and nf 1 , nf 2 , nf 3 are the nanofluids containing

corresponding nanoparticles. Al2O3, Cu and Ag are the nanoparticles and their thermal properties
are presented below in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2: Thermal and physical properties of base fluid and nanoparticles
Properties Fluid (H2O) Al2O3 Cu Ag

−1 −1 4179 756 385 235

c (J Kg K )

−1 997.1 3970 8933 10500

ρ( kg m )

−1 −1 0.613 40 401 429

k (W m K )

21×10−5 0.85×10−5 1.67×10−5 1.89×10−5

β ( K −1 )

−1 0.05 3.69×107 5.69×107 3.60×107

σ (Ω/ m)

The values are taken from the references [72,73].

40
Denoting v f as the dynamic viscosity of the base fluid, we establish the dimensionless variables
for time, normal distance to the surface, velocity and temperature of the hybrid nanofluid,
~
~ ~
t=t , y= y
vf
,
√
w v= ~v
v∞
, θ=
T −T ∞
T w −T ∞
(2.5)

Using (2.5), we obtain from (2.1) - (2.4)

2
∂ϴ A ∂ ϴ ∂ϴ
= 2
+ sw + Hθ (2.6)
∂ t Pr ∂ y ∂y

( )
2
∂v ∂ v ∂v 1
=B 2 + s w − M + +2 iΩ v+ Riθ (2.7)
∂t ∂y ∂y k

Subject to the boundary condition,

θ=0 , v=0 at t=0

(2.8)
y=0 :θ=1+asin ⁡( mt) , v =bsin(nt)
y → ∞:θ=0 , v=0 } , when t >0

Here,θ is the temperature of the fluid, v is the velocity of the fluid, sw is suction parameter, Pr is
Prandtl number, Ri is Richardson’s number, H is the heat source parameter, M is magnetic field
parameter and k is thermal conductivity of the fluid.

The physical quantities as ratios are,

μhnf
A=κ hnf ¿ ¿, B=
ρhnf
Mixed convective parameter (Richardson’s number), heat source parameter, magnetic field
parameter and Prandtl number are defined by
2
gβ f T 0 Q ( B0 ) σ f ν f ν f ( ρc )f
Ri= , H= ,M= , Pr= =
v
2
( ρc)f v αf kf

2.3 Conversions of Governing Equations

Define Laplace transform,

41
 ∞
U ( s , y )={ u ( t , y ) } =∫ e (2.9)
−st
u ( t , y ) dt , s >0
0

∞
Θ ( s , y ) ={ θ ( t , y ) }=∫ e (2.10)
−st
θ ( t , y ) dt , s >0
0

We will use (2.9) - (2.10) to solve the governing equations (2.6) - (2.8) and then find the exact
solutions.

We have

2
∂ϴ A ∂ ϴ ∂ϴ
= 2
+ sw + Hθ (2.11)
∂ t Pr ∂ y ∂y

with boundary conditions,

θ(0 , y )=0 ,θ(t , 0)=1+asin ( mt ) , θ(t ,∞ )=0

Applying Laplace transform in boundary conditions, we get,

1 am (2.12)
Θ ( 0 , y )=0 , Θ ( s , 0 ) = + 2 2 ,Θ(s , ∞ )=0
s m +s

Applying Laplace transform in (2.11),

A
s Θ(s , y)−Θ(0 , y)= Θ (s , y )+s w Θ y (s , y )+ H Θ(s , y)
Pr yy

A (2.13)
Θ (s , y)+ s w Θ y (s , y)+(H−s)Θ(s , y)=0
Pr yy

We get the auxiliary equation as,

A 2
m + s w m+( H−s)=0
Pr

m=−s w ± √ ¿ ¿ ¿(say)
(2.14)

Solving we get,

42
 βy
Θ(s , y )=c 1 e +c 2 e
−βy
(2.15)

Wherec 1 and c 2 are any constants.

Applying boundary conditions in equation (2.15)

1 am
c 1=0∧c 2= + 2 2 (2.16)
s m +s

So now

1 am −βy
Θ(s , y )=( + 2 2 ) e
s m +s

1 am −s − √ ¿¿ ¿¿
=( + 2 2 ¿ e
w

s m +s

1 am ¿¿
¿( + 2 2 )e
s m +s

1 am ¿¿
¿( + 2 2 )e
s m +s

1 am (2.17)
¿( + 2 2 )e−( j+k √ s +w) y
s m +s

√
2
1 Pr . sw −s w
k= , w= −H , j=
Where, A 4A
2
2 A / Pr
Pr
1 − jy
θ ( t , y )= (2 ⅇ−(( j +√ w k) y) erf [ λ2 ]+ ⅇ (2 ⅇ−√ w ky + ⅈa ⅇ−ⅈmt −k √ w− ⅈm y + ⅈa ⅇ−ⅈmt +k √ w− ⅈm y − ⅈa ⅇ ⅈmt(2.18)
−k √ w+ ⅈm y
− ⅈa ⅇ ⅈmt + k √ w+
4

Here,

, λ 3 ,4 = , λ 5 ,6=¿
2 √ w t ± ky 2 √ w− ⅈm t ± ky 2 √w + ⅈm t ± ky
λ 1, 2=
2 √t 2 √t 2 √t
Applying inverse Laplace transformation in (2.17), we get,

The governing equation for velocity is,

43
 ( )
2
∂v ∂ v ∂v 1
=B 2 + s w − M + +2 iΩ v+ Riθ (2.19)
∂t ∂y ∂ y k

v ( 0 , y )=0 , v ( t , 0 )=bsin ( nt ) , v (t , ∞ )=0 (2.20)

With boundary conditions,

Applying Laplace transform in (2.20),

bn
v̅ (0 , y )=0 , v̅ (s ,0)= 22
, v̅ (s , ∞ )=0 (2.21)
s +n

( 1
)
s v ( s , y )−v ( 0 , y )=B v yy ( s , y ) +s w v̅ y (s , y )− M + +2 iΩ v (s , y )+ Ri Θ
k

1
( )
s v̅ (s , y) ‒ sw v̅ y (s , y)−B v yy ( s , y ) + M + +2 iΩ v ( s , y )=Ri e(− j−k √ s+ w) y
k

B v̅ yy ( 1
k )
( s , y ) +s w v̅ y ( s , y )− M + +2 iΩ+ s v ( s , y )=−Ri e(− j−k √ s +w) y (2.22)

Applying Laplace transform in the equation (2.12),

The complementary function,

1
(
B m2 + s w m− M + +2 iΩ+s =0
k ) (2.23)

m=
√2B
1
k (
−sw ± s w2 + 4 B M + + 2iΩ+s
=ϵ ,−ϵ
) (2.24)

We get

ϵy
v ( s , y )=c 3 e + c 4 e
−ϵ y
(2.25)

where c 3 and c 4 are any constants

Now applying boundary condition, we get

44
 c 3=0 (2.26)

√ 1
(
−sw − sw2+ 4 B M + +2 iΩ+ s
k
y
)
v c ( s , y )=c 4 e 2B

−¿¿
¿ c4 e (2.27)

Now,

Where,

√
2
'
w=
sw
4B
1
k ( '
+ M + + 2i Ω , j =
sw '
2B
,k =
1
B )
For particular integral,

−¿ ¿
v p ( s , y )=−Ri e ¿
(2.28)

−¿ ¿
v p ( s , y )=−Ri e ¿

−¿ ¿
v p ( s , y )=−Ri e ¿
(2.29)

Simplifying,

Here,

1
p= ( 2 a2 B−2 c 0+ 2bB k 2+ 2 a2 B2 k 2 +2 B c 0 k 2−2 b B2 k 4 −2 a s w−2 aB k 2 s w +k 2 s w2−k ( 2 aB−s w
2 ( 1−2 B k + B k )
2 2 4

1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2
q= (2a B−2 c 0 +2 bB k +2 a B k +2 B c 0 k −2 b B k −2 a sw −2 aB k s w + k s w + k (2 aB−sc )
2 ( 1−2 B k + B k )
2 2 4

Now,

45
 v ( s , y )=c 4 v c + v p (2.30)

−¿ ¿
v ( s , y )=c 4 e

bn
Applying boundary condition v̅ (t , 0)= 2 2 ,we get,
s +n

Ri bn (2.31)
c4= + 2 2
s (s− p)(s−q) n + s

v ( s , y )=
( Ri bn
+ 2 2 e
s ( s−p ) ( s−q ) n + s )
− ( j ՚+k ՚ √ w ' + s) y
−
Ri e−( j+ k √ s +w ) y
s (s−p)(s−q)
(2.32)

Now,

Applying inverse Laplace transform in (2.32) we get,

1
v (t , y )= ¿
4
+1
2 ⅇ r ( ⅇ− yk √ w p(1+ ⅇ 2 y k √ w + erf [κ 2 ]−ⅇ 2 y k √ w erf [κ 1])+ ⅇ− y k √ w q(−1−ⅇ2 y k √ w −erf [κ 2 ]+ ⅇ 2 yk √ w erf
'
−y j ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '

p ( p−q)q

46
 (2.33)
Here,

γ 1 ,2= pt ± k √ p+w y , γ 3 , 4=qt ± k √ q +w y , γ 5 ,6 =− ⅈmt ± k √ − ⅈm +w y , γ 7 ,8 = ⅈmt ± k √ ⅈm +w y ,

2 t √ p+w ± ky 2 t √ q+ w ± ky 2t √ w+ ⅈm ± ky 2t √ w− ⅈm ± ky
χ 1 , 2= , χ 3 , 4= , χ 5 , 6= , χ 7 , 8= ,
2 √t 2 √t 2 √t 2√ t
χ 9 , 0= √
2t w ± ky
, ς 1 ,2= pt ± k √ p+ w y , ς 3 ,4 =qt ± k √ q+ w y , ς 5 ,6= ⅈmt ± k √ ⅈm +w y ,
' ' ' ' ' '
2 √t
2 t √w ± y k 2t √ p+ w ± y k 2 t √ q+ w ± y k
' ' ' ' ' '
ς 7 ,8=− ⅈmt ± k ' √− ⅈm w ' y , κ 1 ,2= , κ 3 , 4= , κ 5 ,6 = ,
2√ t 2 √t 2 √t

κ 7 ,8 = √
2 t ⅈm + w ' ± k ' y 2 t √− ⅈm+ w' ± k ' y 2t √ ⅈn +w ' ± k ' y
κ
, 9 ,0 = ζ
, 1, 2 = ,
2 √t 2 √t 2 √t

ζ 3, 4= √
2 t − ⅈn + w ' ± k ' y
2 √t

47
2.4 Quantities to be Investigated

The volume friction of Al2O3, Cu and Ag areφ 1, φ 2 and φ 3 respectively. The skin friction C f and
the local Nusselt number Nux defined as
τ xq (2.34)
Cf = 2 and
Nux =
ρ f uw k f (T w −T ∞) .

where τ is share stress and q is the heat flux defined by

τ =μhnf ( ∂∂ uy ) y=0
, q=−k hnf ( ∂T∂y ) y=0
.
(2.35)

Combining (2.34) and (2.35) we have

1 /2 μhnf ' −1/ 2 −k hnf (2.36)
ℜx C f = v ( 0 )and ℜx Nu x = θ ' (0) ,
μf kf

uw x
where ℜx = is the local Reynold’s number.
νf
Differentiating (2.33) with respect to y and putting y=0, we obtain the skin friction coefficients
for v ( t ,0 )=dsin(nt ),

48
 μhnf 1 − ⅈnt 2 ⅈnt
( ⅈb ⅇ (−1+ ⅇ )( j'+ k '( √ c− ⅈn + √ c + ⅈn )) p( m + p )( p−q)q (m +
1 /2 2 2 2
ℜx C f = [
μf 2 p ( m2+ p2 ) ( p−q ) q ( m2 +q 2 )

Here,

ξ 1 ,0= √ wt ,ξ 1 ,1= √ w ' t , ξ 2 ,0 =√ w+ p √ t ,ξ 2 ,1= √ w' + p √ t ,ξ 2 ,2= √ w' − p √t , ξ 3 ,0 =√ w+q √ t

, ξ 3 ,1= √ w '+q √ t , ξ 5 ,6 =√ w ± ⅈm √ t , ξ 7 ,0 =√ w+ ⅈn √ t , ξ 7 ,1= √ w' − ⅈn √ t ,
ξ 7 ,2= √ w' − ⅈm √ t

(2.37)

Again, differentiating (2.18) with respect to y and putting y=0, we have,

−k hnf 1
(
−wt
− ⅈmt ⅈmt 2ⅇ k (
− j+ √ w k ) erf [ ζ 1 ]− ⅈa ⅇ
− ⅈmt
[ − j− ⅈja ⅇ + ⅈja ⅇ −√ w k− k √ w− ⅈm erf [ ζ 3 ] + ⅈa ⅇ
−1/ 2
ℜx Nu x =
kf 2 √ π √t

(2.38)
Here,
ζ 1 =√ wt , ζ 2, 3=√ w ± ⅈm √ t

2.5 Results and Discussion

49
A. Effects on velocity and temperature

In this study, we will observe the changes of velocity ( v ) and temperature( θ ) of fluid with heat
source and magnetic source with respect to spatial parameter y . For this we will apply Laplace
transform method with initial assumption of parameters Pr=6 , sw =2.5, φ 1=0.02, φ 2=0.01,

φ 3=0.01, i=0.02 , Ω=0.02, H=0.1, M =0.1 , Ri=3, a=b=0.05, m=n=1. Now we will plot the

π
values of v ( ) and θ
2
π
2 ()
obtained by Laplace transform along y-axis and values of y along x-

π
axis in different frames and analyze them and will observe the changes in v ( ) and θ
2
π
2
for ()
different values of one parameter keeping all other fixed.

(i) Variation ofφ 1

To observe the effect of volume fraction of Al 2O3 nanoparticles we have considered φ 1=0.02,
π
0.05 and 0.10. The changes of v ( ) and θ
2
π
2 ()
with the effect of φ 1 are displayed in Figures

π
1.1(a) and 1.1(b) respectively. According to the figures v ( ) first increases from 0.05 with the
2

increase of y to critical value and then decreases to 0 for every φ 1 . But θ ( π2 ) is decreasing from
maximum temperature to 0 as y is increasing for allφ 1 . Now for any fixed y say y=0.2, the values

of v ( π2 ) are 3.15202, 3.05519, 2.89163 and values of θ ( π2 ) are 0.0715134, 0.0903574,

0.126394 for φ 1=0.02, 0.05 and 0.10 respectively. So, velocity is slightly decreasing and
temperature is increasing with the increment ofφ 1. These are stable solutions of velocity and
temperature. It can be seen that temperature attains its maximum value near the surface. The
fluid thermal capacity is inflated by the higher volume fraction of alumina nanoparticles
therefore, temperature increases for higher values of φ 1.

50
 π
()
Fig. 2.1 (a) v ( ) and (b) θ
2
π
2
for different values ofφ 1

(ii) Variation ofφ 2

Here we have taken the valuesφ 2=0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 as the volume fraction of Cu. The
π
influences on v ( )
2
and θ( π2 ) are presented with graph in Figures 1.2(a) and 1.2(b)
respectively. The values of v ( ) is increasing with the increase of y to the critical value and
π
2

then decreasing but θ ( ) is decreasing from maximum temperature to 0 as y is increasing for all
π
2

φ . At y=0.2, the values of v ( ) are 3.15202, 2.80687, 2.62107 and values of θ ( ) are
π π
2
2 2
0.0715134, 0.0965413, 0.132894 for φ 2=0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 respectively. It indicates that
velocity is decreasing but temperature is increasing with increasing φ 2. The inclusion of copper
nanoparticles changes the thermophysical properties of the hybrid nanofluid therefore, the
temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness increase with the increment of φ 2.

51
 π
()
Fig. 2.2 (a) v ( ) and (b) θ
2
π
2
for different values ofφ 2

(iii) Variation ofφ 3

Again, with the target to observe the effect of φ 3on v( π2 ) and θ ( π2 ) the values of φ =0.01, 0.05
3

and 0.10 is taken as the volume fraction of Ag. The influences on v ( ) and θ ( ) are presented
π π
2 2

with graph in Figures 1.3(a) and 1.4(b). The changes of v ( ) and θ ( ) with respect to y are the
π π
2 2

same as explained before which means v ( ) is increasing with the increase of y to the critical
π
2

value and then decreasing but θ ( ) is decreasing from maximum temperature to 0 as y is

π
2

decreasing for allφ . At y=0.2, the values of v ( ) are 3.15202, 2.78711, 2.60347 and values of
π
3
2

θ ( ) are 0.0715134, 0.0987235, 0.138837 for φ 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 respectively. So, velocity
π
3=
2
is decreasing, whereas temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness is increasing with the
increment of φ 3 due to the thermophysical properties of silver nanoparticles.

52
 π
Fig. 2.3 (a) v ( ) and (b) θ
2 ()
π
2
for different values ofφ 3

(iv) Variation of M

In order to observe the effect of M on v ( π2 ) and θ ( π2 ) have taken M =0.00, 0.10 and 0.20 as the
values of magnetic field parameter. The influences on v ( ) and θ ( ) are presented with graph
π π
2 2

in Figures 1.4(a) and 1.4(b). The values of v ( ) is increasing with the increase of y to the
π
2

critical value and then decreasing but θ ( ) is decreasing from maximum temperature to 0 as y is
π
2

increasing for all M . The effect of on v ( ) and θ ( ) are equivalent with M . At y=0.2, the
π π
2 2

values of v ( ) are 2.62111, 3.15202, 3.77969 and values of θ ( ) are 0.0715134, 0.0715134,
π π
2 2
0.0715134 for M =0.00, 0.10 and 0.20 respectively. The maximum velocity is increasing notably
with the increase of magnetic source parameter but it has no effect on temperature. If M ≠0.00,
velocity continuously becomes stronger due to the magnetic source.

53
 π
Fig. 2.4 (a) v ( ) and (b) θ
2 ()
π
2
for different values of M

(v) Variation of sw

The effect of sw as suction parameter on v ( π2 ) and θ ( π2 ) is observed by taking the values s =

w

2.50, 2.80 and 3.00. The influences on v ( ) and θ ( ) are presented with graph in Figures
π π
2 2

1.5(a) and 1.5(b) which are equivalent with s . The values of v ( ) is increasing with the increase
π
w
2

of y to the critical value and then decreasing but θ ( ) is decreasing from maximum temperature
π
2

to 0 as y is increasing for all s At y =0.2 the values of v ( ) are 3.15202, 3.4215, 3.61713 and
π
w
2

values of θ ( ) are 0.0715134, 0.0520997, 0.042183 for s =2.50, 2.80 and 3.00 respectively. So,
π
w
2
the maximum velocity is increasing and temperature is decreasing with the increment of sw .

54
 π
()
Fig. 2.5 (a) v ( ) and (b) θ
2
π
2
for different values of sw

(vi) Variation of H

The effect of H as heat source parameter on v ( π2 ) and θ ( π2 ) is observed by taking the values H
=0.00, 0.50 and 0.90 and θ ( π2 ) is observed by taking the values H =0.00, 1.50 and 4.00. The
influences on v ( ) and θ ( ) are presented with graph in Figures 1.6(a) and 1.6(b) which are
π π
2 2

equivalent with H . The values of v ( ) is increasing with the increase of y to the critical value
π
2

and then decreasing but θ ( ) is decreasing from maximum temperature to 0 as y is increasing

π
2

for all H . At y =0.2 the values of v ( ) are 2.34443, 10.5895, 35.9483 for H =0.10, 0.50 and 0.90
π
2

respectively and values of θ ( ) are 0.0714562, 0.0810529, 0.103717 for H =0.00, 1.50 and 4.00
π
2
respectively. It indicates that, when heat source is increased, velocity is significantly increased
and temperature is increased slightly. It is because higher value of H produces higher heat which
stimulates the increase in velocity and temperature.

55
 π
()
Fig. 2.6 (a) v ( ) and (b) θ
2
π
2
for different values of H

(vii) Variation of Pr

The influences of Pr as Prandtl number on v ( π2 ) and θ ( π2 ) is observed by taking the values Pr

=6.00, 7.00 and 8.00. The changes are presented with graphs in Figures 1.7(a) and 1.7(b). The

effect of on v ( π2 ) ( π2 ) are equivalent with Pr. The values of v ( π2 ) is increasing with the
and θ

increase of y to the critical value and then decreasing but θ ( ) is decreasing from maximum
π
2

temperature to 0 as y is increasing for all Pr . At y =0.2 the values of v ( ) are 3.15202, 3.21369,
π
2

3.24446 and values of θ ( ) are 0.0715134, 0.0460674, 0.0296757 for Pr =6.00, 7.00 and 8.00
π
2
respectively. So, maximum velocity slightly increases but temperature and thermal boundary
layer thickness decreases with the increment of Pr .

(viii) Variation of Ri

With the variation of Richardson number (mixed convective parameter), we will observe the

change of v ( π2 ) and θ ( π2 ). The change is presented in Figures 1.8(a) and 1.8(b) where Ri=3.00,
56
5.00 and 7.00 are taken. At y =0.2 the values of v ( π2 ) are 3.15202, 5.23475, 7.31748 and values
of θ ( π2 ) are 0.0715134, 0.0715134, 0.0715134 for Ri=3.00, 5.00 and 7.00 respectively. We

observe that maximum velocity is significantly increased by the increment of Ri whether there is
no change in temperature.

π
()
Fig. 2.7 (a) v ( ) and (b) θ
2
π
2
for different values of Pr

57
 π
Fig. 2.8 (a) v ( ) and (b) θ
2
π
2()
for different values of Ri

B. Changes in skin friction and local Nusselt number

We will observe the changes of v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) of fluid with heat source and magnetic source
with respect to t . For this we will start with initial assumption of parameters Pr=6 , sw =2.5,

φ 1=0.02, φ 2=0.01, φ 3=0.01, i=0.02 , Ω=0.02, H=0.1, M =0.1, Ri=3, a=b=0.05, m=n=1.

Now we will plot the values of v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) obtained by Laplace transform along y-axis and
values of t along x-axis in different frames and analyze them and will observe the changes in

v ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) for different values of one parameter keeping all other fixed.
'

(i)Variation ofφ 1

To observe the effect of volume fraction of Al 2O3 nanoparticles we have considered φ 1=0.02,
0.10 and 0.10. The changes of v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) with the effect of φ 1 are displayed in Figures
1.9(a) and 1.9(b) respectively. Now for any fixed t say t =1.0 the values of v ' ( 0 ) are 13.718,
12.4994, 10.7508 and values of −θ ' ( 0 ) are 13.1533, 11.9838, 10.3057 for φ 1=0.02, 0.05 and 0.10
respectively. The thermophysical properties of alumina effects heat transfer strongly. So, the skin
friction coefficients become smaller but the heat transfer coefficients gets higher with the
increment ofφ 1.

58
 Fig. 2.11 (a) v ' ( 0 ) and (b) −θ ' ( 0 ) for different values ofφ 2

(ii) Variation ofφ 2

Here we have taken the valuesφ 2=0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 as the volume fraction of Cu. The
influences on v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) are presented with graph in Figures 1.10(a) and 1.10(b)
respectively. At t =1.0 the values of v ' ( 0 ) are 21.6558, 17.9663, 14.6686 and values of −θ ' ( 0 )
are 13.718, 12.1546, 10.4896 for φ 2=0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 respectively. As higher value of volume
fraction of copper nanoparticles generates higher density and thermal conductivity, skin friction
coefficients gets smaller & heat transfer coefficients gets stronger with increasingφ 2.

59
 Fig. 2.12 (a) v ' ( 0 ) and (b) −θ ' ( 0 ) for different values ofφ 2

(iii) Variation ofφ 3

Again, with the target to observe the effect of φ 3on v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) the values of φ 3=0.01, 0.05
and 0.10 is taken as the volume fraction of Ag. The influences on v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) are
presented with graph in Figures 1.4(a) and 1.4(b). At t =1.0 the values of v ' ( 0 ) are 21.6558,
17.7107, 14.171 and values of −θ ' ( 0 ) are 13.718, 12.0381, 10.2617 for φ 3=0.01, 0.05 and 0.10
respectively. Inclusion of silver nanoparticles effects to decrease skin friction coefficients &
increase heat transfer coefficients with the increment of φ 3. Silver nanoparticles thermophysical
properties enhances heat transfer.

60
 Fig. 2.13 (a) v ' ( 0 ) and (b) −θ ' ( 0 ) for different values ofφ 3

(iv) Variation of M

In order to observe the effect of M on v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) have taken M =¿ 0.00, 0.10 and 0.20 as
the values of magnetic field parameter. The influences on v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) are presented with
graph in Figures 1.12(a) and 1.12(b). At t =1.0 the values of v ' ( 0 ) are 19.7772, 21.6558, 23.7.
The existence of a magnetic source enhances the skin friction coefficients however doesn’t affect
heat transfer coefficients.

Fig. 2.14 (a) v ' ( 0 ) and (b) −θ ' ( 0 ) for different values of M
61
(v) Variation of sw

The effect of sw as suction parameter on v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) is observed by taking the values sw =
2.50, 2.80 and 3.00. The influences on v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) are presented with graph in Figures
1.7(a) and 1.7(b) which are equivalent with sw . At t =1.0 the values of v ' ( 0 ) are 21.6558, 25.4199,
28.1942 and values of −θ ' ( 0 ) are 13.718, 15.371, 16.4727 for sw =2.50, 2.80 and 3.00
respectively. So, both v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) are increasing with the increment of sw .

Fig. 2.15 (a) v ' ( 0 ) and (b) −θ ' ( 0 ) for different values of sw

(vi) Variation of H

The effect of H as suction parameter on v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) is observed by taking the values H =
0.00, 0.50 and 0.90. The influences on v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) are presented with graph in Figures
1.7(a) and 1.7(b) which are equivalent with H . At t =1.0 the values of v ' ( 0 ) are 18.463, 41.6727,
81.6838 and values of −θ ' ( 0 ) are 13.7598, 13.5485, 13.3745 for H =0.00, 0.50 and 0.90
respectively. The skin friction coefficients increase significantly with the increment of H . On the
other hand, when H =0.00, the heat transfer happens equally by conduction and convection and
when H ≠0.00, it continuously becomes stronger due to the source of heat and sinusoidal
oscillation.

62
 Fig. 2.16 (a) v ' ( 0 ) and (b) −θ ' ( 0 ) for different values of H

(vii) Variation of Pr

The influences of Pr as Prandtl number on v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) is observed by taking the values Pr
=6.00, 7.00 and 8.00. The changes are presented with graphs in Figures 1.9(a) and 1.9(b). The
effect of on v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) are equivalent with Pr . It is evident from the graph that increasing

Pr enhances skin friction coefficients but reduces heat transfer coefficients.

Fig. 2.17 (a) v ' ( 0 ) and (b) −θ ' ( 0 ) for different values of Pr

63
(viii) Variation of Ri

With the variation of Richardson number v ' ( 0 ) and −θ ' ( 0 ) also change. The change is presented
in Figures 1.16(a) and 1.16(b) where Ri=3.00, 5.00 and 7.00 are taken. The effect of on v ' ( 0 ) and

−θ ' ( 0 ) are equivalent with M . At t =1.0 the values of v ' ( 0 ) are 21.6558, 36.1808, 50.705 and
values of −θ ' ( 0 ) are 13.718, 13.718, 13.718 for Ri=3.00, 5.00 and 7.00 respectively. So mixed
convective parameter gives a raise to the skin friction coefficients but doesn’t affect heat
transfer.

Fig. 2.18 (a) v ' ( 0 ) and (b) −θ ' ( 0 ) for different values of Pr

(ix) Variation ofm

The frequency of sinusoidal oscillation of the temperature has no effect on skin friction
coefficients. But it significantly raises the number of oscillations of −θ ' ( 0 ) at the time interval t =
[0,20].

64
 Fig. 2.19 (a) v ' ( 0 ) and (b) −θ ' ( 0 ) for different values ofm

(x) Variation of n

The number of waves of velocity function n increases v ' (0) slightly while it has no effect on

−θ ' ( 0 ).

Fig. 2.20 (a) v ' ( 0 ) and (b) −θ ' ( 0 ) for different values ofn

65
2.6 Conclusions

The Stokes’ second problem for hybrid nanofluid with sinusoidal temperature variations is
studied both analytically and theoretically. The dimensionless partial differential equation is
solved using Laplace transforms, and the transient exact solution is expressed in terms of
exponentials and error functions. The stable solution is illustrated through graphical
representations. By analyzing the numerical results and graphs, it is observed that various
parameters influence the velocity and temperature of the nanofluid in different ways. Similarly,
different parameters have distinct effects on skin friction coefficients and heat transfer
coefficients. Key findings include:

(i) Higher volume fractions of alumina, copper, and silver nanoparticles lead to a significant
increase in temperature and a decrease in velocity.

(ii) An increase in the suction parameter and Prandtl number results in a decrease in temperature
and a slight increase in velocity.

(iii) A higher heat source parameter causes a substantial increase in both temperature and
velocity.

(iv) The magnetic source parameter and mixed convective parameter do not affect the
temperature or heat transfer coefficients.

(v) Fluid velocity increases notably with the presence of a magnetic source and as the mixed
convective parameter rises.

(vi) As the volume fractions of alumina, copper, and silver nanoparticles increase, skin friction
coefficients decrease, while heat transfer coefficients increase.

(vii) Increasing the heat source parameter leads to a significant rise in skin friction coefficients
and a stronger heat transfer coefficient.

(viii) Higher Prandtl number and suction parameter result in a notable increase in skin friction
coefficients and a decrease in heat transfer coefficients.

(ix) The presence of a magnetic source raises skin friction coefficients.

(x) An increase in the mixed convective parameter raises the value of skin friction coefficients.

66
(xi) An increase in the temperature oscillation frequency leads to a significant rise in the number
of oscillations in the heat transfer coefficients.

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