Exact Solution of Stokes' Second Problem for Hybrid

Nanofluid Flow
Honors Final Year Project-2024

Course Code: MTH-490

Submitted by

Roll: FH-049

Registration No: 2019-717-436

Session: 2019-20

Department of Mathematics

University of Dhaka
 Contents
Title Page No.

Abstract 1

Nomenclature 1

Chapter One Exact Solution of Stokes' Second Problem for Hybrid 4

Nanofluid Flow with a Heat Source and Magnetic
Field
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Preliminaries 7
1.3 Mathematical Formulation 12
1.4 Transformation of governing Equations 15
1.5 Physical Quantities 21
1.6 Results and Discussion 22
1.7 Conclusions 38
Chapter Two Stokes' Second Problem with Sinusoidal Surface 40
Temperature Variations for Hybrid Nanofluid Flow
Associated with a Heat Source and Magnetic Field
2.1 Introduction 40
2.2 Formulation of the Problem 40
2.3 Conversion of Governing Equations 41
2.4 Quantities to be Investigated 45
2.5 Results and Discussion 52
2.6 Conclusion 54
References 73
Abstract

The Stokes’ second problem for Al₂O₃, Cu, and Ag/water hybrid nanofluids is examined in the
presence of a magnetic field, buoyancy forces, and a heat source. Using Laplace transforms,
closed-form expressions for temperature, transient velocity, skin friction coefficients, and the local
Nusselt number are derived, involving exponentials and error functions. As shown in Chapter 1,
the results reveal that increasing the volume fractions of alumina, copper, and silver nanoparticles
leads to higher temperatures and local Nusselt numbers, while reducing velocity and skin friction
coefficients. The heat source parameter significantly raises both temperature and the local Nusselt
number. An increase in the magnetic field and mixed convection parameters leads to higher fluid
velocity and skin friction coefficients. In contrast, temperature and local Nusselt number decrease
with lower Prandtl number and suction parameters, while velocity and skin friction coefficients
increase. Chapter 2 discusses the Stokes’ second problem with sinusoidal temperature variations,
where higher heat source parameters enhance heat transfer due to sinusoidal oscillations.
Increasing the temperature oscillation frequency notably increases the number of oscillations in
the heat transfer coefficients.

Keywords: Stokes’ second problem, hybrid nanofluid, magnetic field, heat source, skin friction
coefficients, heat transfer.

Nomenclature

𝐵 Magnitude of applied magnetic field

𝐵0 Constant magnetic strength

𝑐 Heat capacity with constant pressure

𝐶𝑓 Skin friction coefficients

𝑓 (𝜂 ) Dimensionless stream function

𝑔 Gravitational acceleration

1
𝑘 Thermal conductivity

𝑘∗ Mean absorption coefficients

𝑚, 𝑛 Frequency of sinusoidal oscillation

𝑀 Magnetic field parameter

𝑁𝑢𝑥 Nusselt number

𝑃𝑟 Prandtl number

𝑞 Heat flux

𝑅𝑒𝑥 Local Reynolds number

𝑅𝑖 Mixed convective parameter (Richardson’s number)

𝑠𝑤 Suction parameter

𝑇̃ Temperature of the fluid

𝑇0 Reference temperature of the sheet

𝑇∞ Ambient temperature

𝑇𝑤 Stretching/ shrinking surface temperature

𝑢̃, 𝑣̃ Velocities along x-direction and y-direction

𝑢𝑒𝑣 Local boundary edge velocity

𝑢𝑤 Velocity of the stretching/ shrinking sheet

𝑣∞ Free stream velocity

𝑣 Reference velocity

𝑣𝑤 Mass flux velocity

𝑥 Distanced along the plate

𝑦 Distance normal to the plate

2
Greek symbols

𝛼 Thermal diffusivity

𝛽 Viscosity ratio parameter

𝜏 Shear stress

𝜃 Dimensionless temperature

𝜇 Dynamic viscosity

𝜈 Kinematic viscosity

𝜌 Density of the fluid

𝜑 Volume fraction

𝜎 Electrical conductivity

𝜎∗ Stefan-Boltzmann constant

𝜓 Stream function

Subscripts

𝑓 Base fluid

ℎ𝑛𝑓 Hybrid nanofluid

𝑛𝑝 Nanoparticle

1 Property of Al2O3 nanoparticles

2 Property of Ag nanoparticles

3 Property of Cu nanoparticles

Superscripts
′ Differentiation with respect to 𝑦

3
 Chapter One
Exact Solution of Stokes' Second Problem for Hybrid
Nanofluid Flow with a Heat Source and Magnetic Field

1.1 Introduction

Stokes' second problem involves studying the flow of a viscous fluid around an oscillating flat
plate. As a fundamental problem in engineering and technology, it has attracted significant interest
from researchers working on various types of fluids, including Newtonian fluids [1-3], non-
Newtonian fluids [4], Maxwell fluids [5], Rivlin-Ericksen fluids [6], power law fluids [7], dipolar
fluids [8], and micropolar fluids [9]. The problem also arises in contexts such as acoustic streaming
around oscillating bodies, boundary layers with free-stream fluctuations [3], geophysical
applications like earthquake dynamics and ice sheet fractures [10], and flows within vibrating
media [11]. These studies provide exact solutions for Stokes’ second problem in different
scenarios, and the analytical solutions can be used to form initial approximations for many
complex problems. This can significantly reduce the time required to reach steady-state
temperature and velocity fluctuations, leading to savings in both time and cost [11].

Nanofluids have a notable role in the study of Stokes’ second problem. The term "nanofluid" was
introduced by Choi [12] in 1995, and Masuda et al. [13] observed an increase in thermal
conductivity in nanofluids. Although nanofluids offer enhanced thermal properties over base
fluids, they have limitations. To overcome these, hybrid nanofluids were developed by combining
different types of nanoparticles in base fluids. Suneetha et al. [14] highlighted the improved
stability, thermal conductivity, viscosity, pH control, and ultrasound intensity of hybrid nanofluids.

Historically, Panton [3] provided the first exact solution for the motion of a semi-infinite
incompressible fluid with sinusoidal oscillation of a flat plate. It was later recognized that Stokes'

4
well-known steady-state solution must be supplemented by a transient solution when the plate
begins at rest in a still fluid. Following this, numerous researchers studied the problem under
various conditions.

Fetecau et al. applied Laplace transforms to solve the Stokes' second problem for both Newtonian
fluids [2] and Maxwell fluids [5], presenting the exact solution as a sum of exact and transient
components. Using Fourier sine transforms, velocity profiles for certain unstable second-grade
fluid flows were expressed as integral forms or infinite sums [25]. Roy and Pop [19] derived a
transient exact solution using Laplace transforms, and Erdogan [26] developed a closed-form
transient solution for sine and cosine oscillations of the plate.

This study aims to derive transient exact solutions for the Stokes’ second problem involving hybrid
nanofluid flow around an oscillating flat plate, considering the effects of buoyancy force, a
magnetic field, and a heat source. Using Laplace transforms, the governing partial differential
equations are solved, with transient velocity and temperature expressed in terms of error functions
and exponentials. Additionally, the local Nusselt number and skin friction coefficients are
calculated, and their thermo-physical properties are analyzed.

1.2 Preliminaries

Fluid

A fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress, regardless of
how small the applied stress is. Fluids include liquids, gases, and plasmas [38].

Newtonian Fluids

Newtonian fluids have a constant viscosity that does not change with the rate of shear. The shear
stress in a Newtonian fluid is directly proportional to the rate of strain, meaning they obey
𝑑𝑢
Newton's law of viscosity, where shear stress (𝜏) is proportional to the velocity gradient (𝑑𝑦 ) [39].

Non-Newtonian Fluids
5
Non-Newtonian fluids do not have a constant viscosity; instead, their viscosity varies with the
applied shear rate. Non-Newtonian behavior is common in many biological fluids, slurries, and
polymers. These fluids are categorized by how their viscosity changes with shear rate, including
pseudoplastic, dilatant, Bingham plastic, and thixotropic fluids [40].

Maxwell Fluids

Maxwell fluids are viscoelastic fluids characterized by both viscous and elastic properties. The
Maxwell model describes a fluid with a single relaxation time, meaning the fluid will exhibit elastic
(solid-like) behavior over short timescales and viscous (liquid-like) behavior over longer
timescales [41].

Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles are particles between 1 and 100 nanometers in size. They exhibit unique physical
and chemical properties compared to their bulk counterparts due to their high surface area to
volume ratio and quantum effects. These properties make nanoparticles useful in a variety of
applications, including medicine, electronics, and materials science [12].

Nanofluid

A nanofluid is a fluid containing nanometer-sized particles, called nanoparticles. These fluids are
engineered colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in a base fluid. Nanofluids exhibit enhanced
thermal properties such as increased thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer coefficients
compared to the base fluid [12].

Hybrid Nanofluid

Hybrid nanofluid is a new class of nanofluid that contains two or more types of nanoparticles
suspended in a base fluid. This combination enhances the thermal conductivity, viscosity, and heat
transfer capabilities of the base fluid more effectively than single nanoparticle-based nanofluids
[46].

Stream Function

The stream function is a scalar function denoted by 𝜓 used in fluid dynamics to describe the flow
of incompressible fluids. The velocity components of the flow can be derived from the stream
function, ensuring continuity is automatically satisfied [47].

6
Volume Fraction

Volume fraction refers to the ratio of the volume of a specific phase to the total volume of the
mixture. It is denoted by 𝜑. It is a key parameter in multiphase flow and is often used to describe
the composition of phases in a mixture [48].

Free Stream Velocity

Free stream velocity is the velocity of the fluid (usually air or water) far away from any objects or
disturbances in the flow. It is denoted by 𝑣∞ and serves as a reference velocity for boundary layer
and aerodynamic analysis [49].

Mass Flux Velocity

Mass flux velocity refers to the flow rate of mass per unit area in a given direction which is
indicated by 𝑣𝑤 . It is a fundamental concept in fluid dynamics, representing how much mass is
transported across a surface per unit of time [38].

Dynamic viscosity

Dynamic viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow under an applied force. It is denoted
by 𝜇 and quantifies the internal friction within the fluid as layers move relative to one another [50].

Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity is a physical property of a material that defines its ability to conduct heat. It
represents the amount of heat transferred per unit time, per unit area, and per unit temperature
gradient and denoted by 𝑘 [56].

Mean Absorption Coefficients

The mean absorption coefficients describe the average ability of a medium to absorb radiation over
a range of wavelengths. It is denoted by 𝑘 ∗. It is crucial in radiative heat transfer and is defined as
the amount of radiation absorbed per unit length of the medium [57].

Momentum Diffusivity

Momentum diffusivity, also known as kinematic viscosity, is a measure of a fluid's ability to

diffuse momentum. It is defined as the dynamic viscosity of the fluid divided by its density [58].

Thermal Diffusivity

7
Thermal diffusivity is a measure of how quickly heat is conducted through a material relative to
𝑘
its storage of thermal energy. It is defined as 𝛼 = 𝜌𝐶 , where 𝛼 is thermal diffusivity, 𝑘 is thermal
𝑝

conductivity, 𝜌 is fluid density, 𝐶𝑝 is the specific heat capacity at constant pressure [59].

Suction Parameter

The suction parameter, often denoted as 𝑠, is a dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics to
describe the effect of mass suction or injection through a boundary surface on the flow
characteristics. It is a measure of the strength of the mass transfer at the boundary [60].

Magnetic Field Parameter

The magnetic field parameter, often denoted by M, is a dimensionless number in

magnetohydrodynamics that represents the influence of a magnetic field on the fluid flow. It is
(𝐵0 )2𝜎𝑓
defined as 𝑀 = which is the ratio of the magnetic force to the inertial force in the fluid
𝑣

[61].

Stefan-Boltzmann Constant

The Stefan-Boltzmann constant is a physical constant that represents the total energy radiated per
unit surface area of a black body per unit time. It is defined as 𝜎 ∗ = 5.670 × 10−8 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 4 [62].

Nusselt Number

The Nusselt number is a dimensionless number representing the ratio of convective to conductive
heat transfer across a boundary. It is used to characterize the efficiency of heat transfer in fluid
ℎ𝑥 𝑥
systems. It is defined as 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = , where 𝑁𝑢𝑥 is Nusselt number, ℎ𝑥 is convective heat transfer
𝑘

co-efficient, 𝑘 is thermal conductivity and 𝑥 is local point [47].

Prandtl Number

The Prandtl number is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of momentum diffusivity to
𝑣
thermal diffusivity. It is given by 𝑃𝑟 = 𝛼 , where 𝜈 is the kinematic viscosity and 𝛼 is the thermal

diffusivity [63].

Reynolds Number

8
The Reynolds number is a dimensionless number that describes the ratio of inertial forces to
viscous forces within a fluid flow. It is used to predict the flow patterns in different fluid flow
𝜌𝑢𝑙
situations. It is defined as 𝑅𝑒 = , where 𝜌 is the fluid density, 𝑢 is the fluid velocity, 𝑙 is the
𝜇

characteristic length and μ is the dynamic viscosity [64].

Local Reynolds Number

The local Reynolds number is a Reynolds number calculated using a local length scale or local
velocity. It is used to analyze the flow characteristics at a specific point within the flow field. It is
denoted by 𝑅𝑒𝑥 , where 𝑥 is the local point [47].

Richardson’s Number

Richardson’s number is a dimensionless number that expresses the ratio of buoyancy to inertial
forces within a flow. It is used to predict the stability of stratified flows and is defined as 𝑅𝑖 =
∂θ
gβ( )
∂z
∂u 2
, where 𝑔 is the acceleration due to gravity, 𝛽 is a representative vertical convective stability,
( )
∂z

∂θ ∂u
is the vertical gradient of potential temperature and ∂z is the vertical shear of horizontal velocity
∂z

[58].

Skin Friction Coefficients

The skin friction coefficients is a dimensionless number that quantifies the drag force exerted by
fluid friction along the surface of an object moving through a fluid. It is defined as 𝐶𝑓 =
𝜏
which is the ratio of the wall shear stress to the dynamic pressure of the fluid [65].
𝜌 𝑓 𝑢𝑤 2

1.3 Mathematical Formulation

Assume a viscous, incompressible, unsteady, laminar flow of a hybrid nanofluid over a flat plate.
Initially, the fluid is kept at rest. When 𝑡̃ → 0+ , The plate begins to move at a velocity 𝑣̃ =
𝑣∞ sin(𝑛𝑡̃), where 𝑡̃ is time, 𝑛 is the oscillation frequency of the free stream velocity, 𝑣∞ is the free
stream velocity outside boundary layer. Consequently, a fluid flow is created, and its velocity
changes as time and distance from the plate varies. The following are the governing equations for
a hybrid nanofluid's mass, momentum, and energy:

9
 𝜕𝑢
̃ 𝜕𝑣̃
+ 𝜕𝑦̃ = 0, (1.1)
𝜕𝑥̌

𝜕𝑇̃ 𝑘ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜕 2𝑇̃ 𝜕𝑇̃ 𝑄

= + 𝑠𝑤 + (𝑇̃ − 𝑇0 ), (1.2)
𝜕𝑡̌ (𝜌𝑐)ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜕 2 𝑦̃ 𝜕𝑦̃ (𝜌𝑐)𝑓

𝜕𝑢
̃ 𝜇 𝜕2𝑢
̃ 𝜕𝑣̃ 𝑔(𝜌𝛽)ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜎𝐵 2 𝐿2 𝑘𝑓 𝑣̃
= 𝜌ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜕2 𝑦̃ + 𝑠𝑤 𝜕𝑦̃ + (𝑇̃ − 𝑇∞ ) − ( 0 + 2𝑖Ω + 𝑘 )𝑣 (1.3)
𝜕𝑡̌ ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜌ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜌𝑣 ℎ𝑛𝑓 ∞

subject to the boundary conditions

𝑣̃ = 𝑣∞ 𝑑sin(𝑛𝑡̃), 𝑇̃ = 𝑇𝑤 𝑎𝑡 𝑦̃ = 0,

𝑣̃ → 0, 𝑇 → 𝑇∞ , 𝑎𝑠 𝑦 → ∞, (1.4)

when 𝑡̃ > 0,

where (𝑥̃, 𝑦̃) are distances along and normal to the surface,(𝑢̃, 𝑣̌) are corresponding velocities
along 𝑥̃ and 𝑦̃ directions, 𝑇𝑤 is the temperature of the fluid and 𝑇∞ is the ambient temperature of
the hybrid nanofluid.

Necessary quantities of hybrid nanofluids are presented in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1: Necessary quantities of hybrid nanofluids

𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 = 𝜑1 +𝜑2 +𝜑3 ,

𝜌𝑛𝑝1 𝜌𝑛𝑝2 𝜌𝑛𝑝3

𝜌1 = , 𝜌2 = , 𝜌3 = ,
𝜌𝑓 𝜌𝑓 𝜌𝑓

𝛽𝑛𝑝1 𝛽𝑛𝑝2 𝛽𝑛𝑝3

𝛽1 = 𝛽𝑓
, 𝛽2 = 𝛽𝑓
, 𝛽3 = 𝛽𝑓
,

𝑘𝑛𝑝1 𝑘𝑛𝑝2 𝑘𝑛𝑝3

𝑘1 = , 𝑘2 = , 𝑘3 = ,
𝑘𝑓 𝑘𝑓 𝑘𝑓

𝜎𝑛𝑝1 𝜎𝑛𝑝2 𝜎𝑛𝑝3

𝜎1 = , 𝜎2 = , 𝜎3 = ,
𝜎𝑓 𝜎𝑓 𝜎𝑓

𝜌𝑛𝑝1 𝑐𝑛𝑝1 𝜌𝑛𝑝2 𝑐𝑛𝑝2 𝜌𝑛𝑝3 𝑐𝑛𝑝3

(𝜌𝑐)1 = , (𝜌𝑐)2 = , (𝜌𝑐)3 = ,
𝜌 𝑓 𝑐𝑓 𝜌 𝑓 𝑐𝑓 𝜌 𝑓 𝑐𝑓

𝜎ℎ𝑛𝑓 = 𝜎1 𝜑1 +𝜎2 𝜑2 +𝜎3 𝜑3

𝜌ℎ𝑛𝑓
= (1 − 𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 ) + 𝜌1 𝜑1 +𝜌2 𝜑2 +𝜌3 𝜑3 ,
𝜌𝑓

10
 (𝜌𝑐)ℎ𝑛𝑓
= (1 − 𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 ) + (𝜌𝑐)1 𝜑1 +(𝜌𝑐)2 𝜑2 +(𝜌𝑐)3 𝜑3 ,
(𝜌𝑐)𝑓

(𝜌𝛽)ℎ𝑛𝑓 = (𝜌𝛽)𝑓 (1 − 𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 ) + (𝜌𝛽)𝑛𝑝1 𝜑1 +(𝜌𝛽)𝑛𝑝2 𝜑2 +(𝜌𝛽)𝑛𝑝3 𝜑3 ,

𝑘ℎ𝑛𝑓
= 𝑘1 𝜑1 +𝑘2 𝜑2 +𝑘3 𝜑3
𝑘𝑓

𝜎ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜎ℎ𝑛𝑓 (1 + 2𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 ) + 2𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 (1 − 𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 )

=
𝜎𝑓 𝜎ℎ𝑛𝑓 (1 − 𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 ) + 𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 (2 + 𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 )

𝜇𝑛𝑓1 𝜑1 +𝜇𝑛𝑓2 𝜑2 +𝜇𝑛𝑓3 𝜑3 𝜇𝑛𝑓1 2

𝜇ℎ𝑛𝑓 = , = 1 + 2.5𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 + 6.2𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 ,
𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜇𝑓

𝜇𝑛𝑓2 2 𝜇𝑛𝑓3 2
= 1 + 13.5𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 + 904.4𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 , = 1 + 37.1𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 + 612.6 𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 ,
𝜇𝑏𝑓 𝜇𝑓

Here, 𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 , 𝜇ℎ𝑛𝑓 , 𝜌ℎ𝑛𝑓 , 𝜎ℎ𝑛𝑓 , 𝑘ℎ𝑛𝑓 , (𝜌𝛽 )ℎ𝑛𝑓 , (𝜌𝑐)ℎ𝑛𝑓 are volume fraction, dynamic viscosity,
density, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, volumetric thermal expansion coefficients
and heat capacity of the hybrid nanofluid. Subscripts ℎ𝑛𝑓 and 𝑓 stands for hybrid nanofluid and
base fluid, 𝑛𝑝1, 𝑛𝑝2, 𝑛𝑝3 indicates nanoparticles and 𝑛𝑓1, 𝑛𝑓2, 𝑛𝑓3 are the nanofluids containing
corresponding nanoparticles. Al2O3, Cu and Ag are the nanoparticles and their thermal properties
are presented below in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2: Thermal and physical properties of base fluid and nanoparticles
Properties Fluid (H2O) Al2O3 Cu Ag

4179 756 385 235

𝑐(𝐽𝐾𝑔−1 𝐾 −1 )
997.1 3970 8933 10500
𝜌(𝑘𝑔𝑚−1 )
0.613 40 401 429
𝑘(𝑊𝑚−1 𝐾 −1 )

𝛽(𝐾 −1 ) 21×10−5 0.85×10−5 1.67×10−5 1.89×10−5

0.05 3.69×107 5.69×107 3.60×107

𝜎(𝛺/𝑚)−1

The values are taken from the references [66,67].

11
Denoting 𝑣𝑓 as the dynamic viscosity of the base fluid, we establish the dimensionless variables
for time, normal distance to the surface, velocity and temperature of the hybrid nanofluid,
𝑤 𝑣̃ 𝑇 −𝑇 ̃
𝑡 = 𝑡̃, 𝑦 = 𝑦̃√𝑣 , 𝑣 = 𝑣 , 𝜃 = 𝑇 −𝑇∞ (1.5)
𝑓 ∞ 𝑤 ∞

Using (1.5), we obtain from (1.1) - (1.4)

𝜕𝛳 𝐴 𝜕2𝛳 𝜕𝛳
= 2
+ 𝑠𝑤 + 𝐻𝜃 (1.6)
𝜕𝑡 𝑃𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑣 𝜕2𝑣 𝜕𝑣 1
= 𝐵 2 + 𝑠𝑤 − (𝑀 + + 2𝑖𝛺) 𝑣 + 𝑅𝑖𝜃 (1.7)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑘

Subject to the boundary condition,

𝜃 = 0 , 𝑣 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0
(1.8)
𝑦 = 0 ∶ 𝜃 = 1 , 𝑣 = 𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝑡)
} , when 𝑡 > 0
𝑦 → ∞ ∶ 𝜃 = 0, 𝑣 = 0

Here,𝜃 is the temperature of the fluid, 𝑣 is the velocity of the fluid, 𝑠𝑤 is suction parameter, 𝑃𝑟 is
Prandtl number, 𝑅𝑖 is Richardson’s number, 𝐻 is the heat source parameter, 𝑀 is magnetic field
parameter and 𝑘 is thermal conductivity of the fluid.

The physical quantities as ratios are,

𝜅
ℎ𝑛𝑓 (𝜌𝑐)𝑓 𝜇
𝐴 = (𝜌𝑐) , 𝐵 = 𝜌ℎ𝑛𝑓
ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜅𝑓 ℎ𝑛𝑓

Mixed convective parameter (Richardson’s number), heat source parameter, magnetic field
parameter and Prandtl number are defined by
𝑔𝛽𝑓 𝑇0 𝑄 (𝐵0 )2𝜎𝑓 𝜈 𝜈𝑓 (𝜌𝑐)𝑓
𝑅𝑖 = , 𝐻 = (𝜌𝑐) , 𝑀 = , 𝑃𝑟 = 𝛼𝑓 =
𝑣2 𝑓 𝑣 𝑓 𝑘𝑓

1.4 Transformation of Governing Equations

Define Laplace transform,

∞
𝑈(𝑠, 𝑦) = {𝑢(𝑡, 𝑦)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑢(𝑡, 𝑦)𝑑𝑡 ,𝑠 > 0 (1.9)
0

12
 ∞
Θ(𝑠, 𝑦) = {𝜃 (𝑡, 𝑦)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝜃 (𝑡, 𝑦)𝑑𝑡 ,𝑠 > 0 (1.10)
0

We will use (1.9) - (1.10) to solve the governing equations (1.6) - (1.8) and then find the exact
solutions.

We have

𝜕𝛳 𝐴 𝜕2 𝛳 𝜕𝛳
𝜕𝑡
= 𝑃𝑟 𝜕𝑦2 + 𝑠𝑤 𝜕𝑦 + 𝐻𝜃
(1.11)

with boundary conditions,

𝜃(0, 𝑦) = 0, 𝜃(𝑡, 0) = 1, 𝜃(𝑡, ∞) = 0 (1.12)

Applying Laplace transform in (1.12), we get,

1 (1.13)
Θ(0, 𝑦) = 0, Θ(𝑠, 0) = 𝑠 , Θ(𝑠, ∞) = 0

Applying Laplace transform in (1.11)

𝐴
𝑠Θ(𝑠, 𝑦) − Θ(0, 𝑦) = 𝑃𝑟 Θ𝑦𝑦 (𝑠, 𝑦) + 𝑠𝑤 Θ𝑦 (𝑠, 𝑦) + 𝐻Θ(𝑠, 𝑦)

𝐴
Θ𝑦𝑦 (𝑠, 𝑦) + 𝑠𝑤 Θ 𝑦 (𝑠, 𝑦) + (𝐻 − 𝑠)Θ(𝑠, 𝑦) = 0 (1.14)
𝑃𝑟

We get the auxiliary equation as,

𝐴 2
𝑚 + 𝑠𝑤 𝑚 + (𝐻 − 𝑠) = 0
𝑃𝑟

𝐴
−𝑠𝑤 ±√(𝑠𝑤)2 −4( )(𝐻−𝑠)
Pr
𝑚= 𝐴 = 𝛼, −𝛼(say) (1.15)
2( )
Pr

We get,

Θ(𝑠, 𝑦) = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝛼𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝛼𝑦 (1.16)

Where 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are any constants.

Applying boundary conditions in equation (1.16)

13
 1
𝑐1 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐2 = (1.17)
𝑠

Now,

1
Θ(𝑠, 𝑦) = 𝑠 𝑒 −𝛼𝑦

𝐴
−𝑠𝑤 −√(𝑠𝑤 )2 −4( )(𝐻−𝑠)
Pr
𝐴 𝑦
1 2( )
= 𝑒 Pr
𝑠

−𝑠𝑤 2 1
( 𝐴 −
√𝑃𝑟.𝑠𝑤 1
+ 𝐴 .𝑠− 𝐴 .𝐻)𝑦
1 2( ) 4𝐴2
= 𝑒 Pr 𝑃𝑟 𝑃𝑟
𝑠

1 (1.18)
= 𝑠 𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑘√𝑠+𝑏 )𝑦

1 𝑃𝑟 𝑠𝑤 2 𝑠𝑤
Where, 𝑘 = √ 𝐴 , 𝑏 = − 𝐻, 𝑎 = − 2𝐴/𝑃𝑟
4𝐴2
𝑃𝑟

Applying inverse Laplace transformation in (1.18) we get

1 −((𝑎+√𝑏𝑘)𝑦)
𝜃 (𝑡, 𝑦) = 𝑒 (1 + erf[𝜍1 ] + 𝑒 2√𝑏𝑘𝑦 erfc[𝜍2 ]) (1.19)
2

Where,

2√𝑏𝑡−𝑘𝑦 2√𝑏𝑡+𝑘𝑦
𝜍1 = , 𝜍2 =
2 √𝑡 2 √𝑡

The governing equation for velocity is,

𝜕𝑣 𝜕2𝑣 𝜕𝑣 1
= 𝐵 2 + 𝑠𝑤 − (𝑀 + + 2𝑖𝛺) 𝑣 + 𝑅𝑖𝜃 (1.20)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑘

With boundary conditions,

𝑣 (0, 𝑦) = 0, 𝑣 (𝑡, 0) = 𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝑡), 𝑣(𝑡, ∞) = 0 (1.21)

Applying Laplace transformation of in (1.21), we get,

𝑑𝑛
𝑣(0, 𝑦) = 0, 𝑣(𝑠, 0) = , 𝑣(𝑠, ∞) = 0 (1.22)
𝑠2 + 𝑛2

14
Applying Laplace transform in the equation (1.20),

1
𝑠 𝑣 (𝑠, 𝑦) − 𝑣 (0, 𝑦) = 𝐵𝑣𝑦𝑦 (𝑠, 𝑦) + 𝑠𝑤 𝑣𝑦 (𝑠, 𝑦) − (𝑀 + + 2𝑖Ω) 𝑣 (𝑠, 𝑦) + 𝑅𝑖Θ
𝑘

1
𝐵𝑣𝑦𝑦 (𝑠, 𝑦) + 𝑠𝑤 𝑣𝑦 (𝑠, 𝑦) − (𝑀 + + 2𝑖Ω + 𝑠) 𝑣(𝑠, 𝑦) = −𝑅𝑖𝑒 (−𝑎−𝑘√𝑠+𝑏 )𝑦 (1.23)
𝑘

The complementary function,

1
B𝑚2 + 𝑠𝑤 𝑚 − (𝑀 + 𝑘 + 2𝑖Ω + 𝑠) = 0

1
−𝑠𝑤 ±√𝑠𝑤 2+4𝐵(𝑀+ +2𝑖Ω+𝑠)
𝑘 (1.24)
𝑚= = 𝜆, −𝜆
2𝐵

We get,
𝑣 (𝑠, 𝑦) = 𝑐3 𝑒 𝜆𝑦 + 𝑐4 𝑒 −𝜆𝑦 (1.25)

where 𝑐3 and 𝑐4 are any constants.

Now applying boundary condition, we get

𝑐3 = 0 (1.26)

Now,

1
−𝑠𝑤 −√𝑠𝑤 2 +4𝐵(𝑀+ +2𝑖Ω+𝑠)
𝑘
𝑦
𝑣𝑐 (𝑠, 𝑦) = 𝑐4 𝑒 2𝐵

= 𝑐4 𝑒 −(𝑎՚+𝑘՚√𝑐+𝑠)𝑦 (1.27)

Where,

𝑠𝑤 2 1 𝑠𝑤 1
𝑐= + (𝑀 + + 2𝑖Ω) , 𝑎′ = , 𝑘′ = √
4𝐵 𝑘 2𝐵 𝐵

For particular integral,

15
 −𝑅𝑖𝑒−(𝑎+𝑘√𝑠+𝑏)𝑦
𝑣𝑝 (s, y) = (1.28)
𝑠(𝐵𝐷2 + 𝑠𝑤 𝐷 + 𝑐0 − 𝑠)

−𝑅𝑖𝑒−(𝑎+𝑘√𝑠+𝑏)𝑦
𝑣𝑝 (s, y) = 2
𝑠(𝐵(−𝑎 − 𝑘√𝑠 + 𝑏) + 𝑠𝑤 (−𝑎 − 𝑘√𝑠 + 𝑏) + 𝑐0 − 𝑠)

Simplifying,

−𝑅𝑖𝑒−(𝑎+𝑘√𝑠+𝑏)𝑦 (1.29)
𝑣𝑝 (𝑠, 𝑦) =
𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑝)(𝑠 − 𝑞)

Here,

1
𝑝= (2𝑎2 𝐵 − 2𝑐0 + 2𝑏𝐵𝑘 2 + 2𝑎2 𝐵2 𝑘 2 + 2𝐵c0𝑘 2 − 2𝑏𝐵2 𝑘 4 − 2𝑎𝑠𝑤
2(1 − 2𝐵𝑘 2 + 𝐵2 𝑘 4 )
− 2𝑎𝐵𝑘 2 𝑠𝑤 + 𝑘 2 𝑠𝑤 2

− 𝑘(2𝑎𝐵 − 𝑠𝑤 )√4𝑏 + 4𝑎2 𝐵 − 4𝑐0 − 4𝑏𝐵𝑘 2 + 4𝐵𝑐0 𝑘 2 − 4𝑎𝑠𝑤 + 𝑘 2 𝑠𝑤 2 ),

1
𝑞= (2𝑎2 𝐵 − 2𝑐0 + 2𝑏𝐵𝑘 2 + 2𝑎2 𝐵2 𝑘 2 + 2𝐵c0 𝑘 2 − 2𝑏𝐵2 𝑘 4 − 2𝑎𝑠𝑤
2(1 − 2𝐵𝑘 2 + 𝐵2 𝑘 4 )
− 2𝑎𝐵𝑘 2 𝑠𝑤 + 𝑘 2 𝑠𝑤 2 + 𝑘(2𝑎𝐵

− 𝑠𝑐)√4𝑏 + 4𝑎2 𝐵 − 4c0 − 4𝑏𝐵𝑘 2 + 4𝐵𝑐0 𝑘 2 − 4𝑎𝑠𝑤 + 𝑘 2 𝑠𝑤 2 )

Now,

𝑣 (s, y) = 𝑐4 𝑣c + 𝑣p (1.30)

−𝑅𝑖𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑘√𝑠+𝑏)𝑦
𝑣 (𝑠, 𝑦) = 𝑐4 𝑒 −(𝑎՚+𝑘՚√𝑐+𝑠)𝑦 +
𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑝)(𝑠 − 𝑞)

𝑑𝑛
Applying boundary condition 𝑣(𝑠, 0) = 𝑠 2 +𝑛2 , we get,

16
 𝑅𝑖 𝑑𝑛
𝑐4 = +
𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑝)(𝑠 − 𝑞) 𝑛2 + 𝑠2 (1.31)

Now,
−(𝑎+𝑘√𝑠+𝑏)𝑦
𝑅𝑖 𝑑𝑛 −(𝑎՚+𝑘՚√𝑐+𝑠)𝑦 − 𝑅𝑖𝑒
𝑣(𝑠, 𝑦) = ( + 2 ) 𝑒 (1.32)
𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑝)(𝑠 − 𝑞) 𝑛 + 𝑠 2 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑝)(𝑠 − 𝑞)

Applying inverse Laplace transform in (1.32), we get,

1
𝑣 (𝑡, 𝑦) = (−2𝑒 −𝑎𝑦 𝑅𝑖(𝑒 −√𝑏𝑘𝑦 𝑚(1 + 𝑒 2√𝑏𝑘𝑦 + erf[𝛾2 ]
4𝑚(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑛
− 𝑒 2√𝑏𝑘𝑦 erf[𝛾1 ]) + 𝑒 −√𝑏𝑘𝑦 𝑛(−1 − 𝑒 2√𝑏𝑘𝑦 − erf[𝛾2 ]
+ 𝑒 2√𝑏𝑘𝑦 erf[𝛾1 ]) − 𝑒 𝑚𝑡−𝑘√𝑏+𝑚𝑦 𝑛(−1 − 𝑒 2𝑘√𝑏+𝑚𝑦 − erf[𝛾4 ]
+ 𝑒 2𝑘√𝑏+𝑚𝑦 erf[𝛾3 ]) + 𝑒 𝑛𝑡−𝑘√𝑏+𝑛𝑦 𝑚(−1 − 𝑒 2𝑘√𝑏+𝑛𝑦 − erf[𝛾6 ]
+ 𝑒 2𝑘√𝑏+𝑛𝑦 erf[𝛾5 ])) + 2𝑒 −a҆𝑦 𝑅𝑖(𝑒 −√𝑐k′𝑦 𝑚(1 + 𝑒 2√𝑐k′𝑦 + Erf[𝛾8 ]
− 𝑒 2√𝑐k′𝑦 erf[𝛾7 ]) + 𝑒 −√𝑐k′𝑦 𝑛(−1 − 𝑒 2√𝑐k′𝑦 − erf[𝛾8 ]
+ 𝑒 2√𝑐k′𝑦 erf[𝛾7 ]) − 𝑒 𝑚𝑡−k′√𝑐+𝑚𝑦 𝑛(−1 − 𝑒 2k′√𝑐+𝑚𝑦 − erf[𝜒2 ]
+ 𝑒 2k′√𝑐+𝑚𝑦 erf[𝜒1 ]) + 𝑒 𝑛𝑡−k′√𝑐+𝑛𝑦 𝑚(−1 − 𝑒 2k′√𝑐+𝑛𝑦 − erf[𝜒4 ]
+ 𝑒 2k′√𝑐+𝑛𝑦 erf[𝜒3 ])) + 𝑖𝑑𝑒 −𝑖n𝑡−(a′+k′(√𝑐−𝑖n+√𝑐+𝑖n))𝑦 𝑚(𝑚
− 𝑛)𝑛(𝑒 k′(2√𝑐−𝑖n+√𝑐+𝑖n)𝑦 + 𝑒 k′√𝑐+𝑖n𝑦 − 𝑒 2𝑖n𝑡+k′(√𝑐−𝑖n+2√𝑐+𝑖n)𝑦
− 𝑒 2𝑖n𝑡+k′√𝑐−𝑖n𝑦 + 𝑒 k′√𝑐+𝑖n𝑦 erf[𝜒4 ] − 𝑒 2𝑖n𝑡+k′√𝑐−𝑖n𝑦 erf[𝜒8 ]
− 𝑒 k′(2√𝑐−𝑖n+√𝑐+𝑖n)𝑦 erf[𝜒5 ] + 𝑒 2𝑖n𝑡+k′(√𝑐−𝑖n+2√𝑐+𝑖n)𝑦 erf[𝜒7 ])) (1.33)

Where,

2√𝑏𝑡±𝑘𝑦 2√𝑏+𝑚𝑡±𝑘𝑦 2√𝑏+𝑛𝑡±𝑘𝑦 2√𝑐𝑡±k′𝑦 2√𝑐+𝑚𝑡±k′𝑦

𝛾1,2 = , 𝛾3,4 = , 𝛾5,6 = , 𝛾7,8 = , 𝜒1,2 = ,
2√𝑡 2 √𝑡 2 √𝑡 2 √𝑡 2 √𝑡

2√𝑐+𝑛𝑡±k′𝑦 2√𝑐−𝑖n𝑡±k′𝑦 2√𝑐+𝑖n𝑡±k′𝑦

𝜒3,4 = , 𝜒5,6 = , 𝜒7,8 =
2√𝑡 2 √𝑡 2 √𝑡

1.5 Physical Quantities

The volume friction of Al2O3, Cu and Ag are 𝜑1 , 𝜑2 and 𝜑3 respectively. The skin friction 𝐶𝑓 and
the local Nusselt number 𝑁𝑢𝑥 defined as
17
 𝜏 𝑥𝑞
𝐶𝑓 = 𝜌 2 and 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 𝑘 . (1.34)
𝑓 𝑢𝑤 𝑓 (𝑇𝑤−𝑇∞ )

where 𝜏 is share stress and 𝑞 is the heat flux defined by

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑇 (1.35)
𝜏 = 𝜇ℎ𝑛𝑓 (𝜕𝑦 ) , 𝑞 = −𝑘ℎ𝑛𝑓 (𝜕𝑦) .
𝑦=0 𝑦=0

Combining (1.34) and (1.35), we have,

1/2 𝜇ℎ𝑛𝑓 −1/2 𝑘ℎ𝑛𝑓 (1.36)
𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝐶𝑓 = 𝑣 ′ (0) and 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = − 𝜃′(0) ,
𝜇𝑓 𝑘𝑓

𝑢𝑤 𝑥
where 𝑅𝑒𝑥 = is the local Reynold’s number.
𝜈𝑓

Differentiating (1.33) with respect to y and putting y=0, we obtain the skin friction coefficients for
𝑣 (𝑡, 0) = 𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝑡),

1/2 𝜇ℎ𝑛𝑓 1
𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝐶𝑓 = [ (−2𝑒 −𝑎𝑦 𝑅𝑖 (𝑒 −√𝑏𝑘𝑦 𝑚 (1 + 𝑒 2√𝑏𝑘𝑦 + erf[𝛾2 ]
𝜇𝑓 4𝑚(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑛
− 𝑒 2√𝑏𝑘𝑦 erf[𝛾1 ])
+ 𝑒 −√𝑏𝑘𝑦 𝑛 (−1 − 𝑒 2√𝑏𝑘𝑦 − erf[𝛾2 ] + 𝑒 2√𝑏𝑘𝑦 erf[𝛾1 ])
− 𝑒 𝑚𝑡−𝑘√𝑏+𝑚𝑦 𝑛 (−1 − 𝑒 2𝑘√𝑏+𝑚𝑦 − erf[𝛾4 ] + 𝑒 2𝑘√𝑏+𝑚𝑦 erf[𝛾3 ])

+ 𝑒 𝑛𝑡−𝑘√𝑏+𝑛𝑦 𝑚 (−1 − 𝑒 2𝑘√𝑏+𝑛𝑦 − erf[𝛾6 ] + 𝑒 2𝑘√𝑏+𝑛𝑦 erf[𝛾5 ]))

′ ′ ′
+ 2𝑒 −a҆𝑦 𝑅𝑖 (𝑒 −√𝑐k 𝑦 𝑚(1 + 𝑒 2√𝑐k 𝑦 + Erf[𝛾8 ] − 𝑒 2√𝑐k 𝑦 erf[𝛾7 ])
′ ′ ′
+ 𝑒 −√𝑐k 𝑦 𝑛(−1 − 𝑒 2√𝑐k 𝑦 − erf[𝛾8 ] + 𝑒 2√𝑐k 𝑦 erf[𝛾7 ])
′√𝑐+𝑚𝑦 ′√𝑐+𝑚𝑦 ′√𝑐+𝑚𝑦
− 𝑒 𝑚𝑡−k 𝑛 (−1 − 𝑒 2k − erf[𝜒2 ] + 𝑒 2k erf[𝜒1 ])
′√𝑐+𝑛 𝑦 ′√𝑐+𝑛 𝑦 ′√𝑐+𝑛 𝑦
+ 𝑒 𝑛𝑡−k 𝑚 (−1 − 𝑒 2k − erf[𝜒4 ] + 𝑒 2k erf[𝜒3 ]))
′
+ 𝑖𝑑𝑒 −𝑖n𝑡−(a′+k′(√𝑐−𝑖n+√𝑐+𝑖n))𝑦 𝑚(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑛 (𝑒 k (2√𝑐−𝑖n+√𝑐+𝑖n)𝑦
′√𝑐+ⅈn 𝑦 ′ ′√𝑐−ⅈn 𝑦
+ 𝑒k − 𝑒 2𝑖n𝑡+k (√𝑐−𝑖n+2√𝑐+𝑖n)𝑦 − 𝑒 2𝑖n𝑡+k
′√𝑐+ⅈn 𝑦 ′√𝑐−ⅈn 𝑦 ′
+ 𝑒k erf[𝜒4 ] − 𝑒 2𝑖n𝑡+k erf[𝜒8 ] − 𝑒 k (2√𝑐−𝑖n+√𝑐+𝑖n)𝑦 erf[𝜒5 ]
′
+ 𝑒 2𝑖n𝑡+k (√𝑐−𝑖n+2√𝑐+𝑖n)𝑦 erf[𝜒7 ]))] (1.37)

Here,

𝜉1 = √𝑏 + 𝑚√𝑡 , 𝜉2 = √𝑐 + 𝑚√𝑡, 𝜉3 = √𝑏 + 𝑛√𝑡 , 𝜉4 = √𝑐 + 𝑛√𝑡, 𝜉5,6 = √𝑐 ± 𝑖n,

18
 𝜉7,8 = √𝑐 ± 𝑖n√𝑡

Again, differentiating (1.13) with respect to y and putting y=0, we have,

−1/2 𝑘ℎ𝑛𝑓 1
𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = − [( (−𝑎 − √𝑏𝑘)(1 + erf[√𝑏√𝑡] + erfc[√𝑏√𝑡])
𝑘𝑓 2
1 2𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 𝑘
+ (− + 2√𝑏𝑘erfc[√𝑏√𝑡])] (1.38)
2 √𝜋 √𝑡

1.6 Results and Discussion

A. Changes in velocity and temperature

In this study, we will observe the changes of velocity(𝑣) and temperature(𝜃) of fluid with heat
source and magnetic source with respect to spatial parameter 𝑦. For this we will apply Laplace
transform method with initial assumption of parameters 𝑃𝑟 = 6, 𝑠𝑐 = 2.5, 𝜑1 = 0.02, 𝜑2 = 0.01,
𝜑3 = 0.01, 𝑖 = 0.02, Ω = 0.02, 𝐻 = 0.1, 𝑀 = 0.1, 𝑅𝑖 = 3,𝑑 = 0.05,𝑛 = 1. Now we will plot
𝜋 𝜋
the values of 𝑣( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) obtained by Laplace transform along y-axis and values of 𝑦 along
𝜋 𝜋
x-axis in different frames and analyze them and will observe the changes in 𝑣( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) for

different values of one parameter keeping all other fixed.

(i) Variation of 𝜑1

To observe the effect of volume fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles we have considered 𝜑1 =0.02, 0.05
𝜋 𝜋
and 0.10. The changes of 𝑣( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) with the effect of 𝜑1 are displayed in Figures 1.1(a) and
𝜋
1.1(b) respectively. According to the figures 𝑣( 2 ) first increases from 0.05 with the increase of 𝑦
𝜋
to critical value and then decreases to 0 for every 𝜑1 . But 𝜃 ( 2 ) is decreasing from maximum
𝜋
temperature to 0 as 𝑦 is increasing for all 𝜑1 . Now for any fixed 𝑦 say y=0.2, the values of 𝑣 ( )
2

19
 𝜋
are 0.0715134, 0.0903574, 0.126394 and values of 𝜃 ( 2 ) are 3.15202, 3.05519, 2.89163 for

𝜑1 =0.02, 0.05 and 0.10 respectively. So, velocity is slightly decreasing and temperature is
increasing with the increment of 𝜑1 . These are stable solutions of velocity and temperature. It can
be seen that temperature attains its maximum value near the surface. The fluid thermal capacity is
inflated by the higher volume fraction of alumina nanoparticles therefore, temperature increases
for higher values of 𝜑1 .

𝜋 𝜋
Fig. 1.1 (a)𝑣( 2 ) and (b) 𝜃 ( 2 ) for different values of 𝜑1

(ii) Variation of 𝜑2

Here we have taken the values 𝜑2 =0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 as the volume fraction of Cu. The influences
𝜋 𝜋
on 𝑣( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) are presented with graph in Figures 1.2(a) and 1.2(b) respectively. The values
𝜋 𝜋
of 𝑣 ( 2 ) is increasing with the increase of 𝑦 to the critical value and then decreasing but 𝜃 ( 2 ) is

decreasing from maximum temperature to 0 as 𝑦 is increasing for all 𝜑2 . At y=0.2, the values of
𝜋 𝜋
𝑣 ( 2 ) are 3.15202, 2.80687, 2.62107 and values of 𝜃 ( 2 ) are 0.0715134, 0.0965413, 0.132894 for

𝜑2=0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 respectively. It indicates that velocity is decreasing but temperature is
increasing with increasing 𝜑2 . The inclusion of copper nanoparticles changes the thermophysical
properties of the hybrid nanofluid therefore, the temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness
increase with the increment of 𝜑2 .

20
 𝜋 𝜋
Fig. 1.2 (a)𝑣( 2 ) and (b) 𝜃 ( 2 ) for different values of 𝜑2

(iii) Variation of 𝜑3
𝜋 𝜋
Again, with the target to observe the effect of 𝜑3 on 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) the values of 𝜑3=0.01, 0.05
𝜋 𝜋
and 0.10 is taken as the volume fraction of Ag. The influences on 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) are presented
𝜋 𝜋
with graph in Figures 1.3(a) and 1.4(b). The changes of 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) with respect to 𝑦 are the
𝜋
same as explained before which means 𝑣 ( ) is increasing with the increase of 𝑦 to the critical
2
𝜋
value and then decreasing but 𝜃 ( 2 ) is decreasing from maximum temperature to 0 as y is
𝜋
decreasing for all 𝜑3 . At y=0.2, the values of 𝑣 ( 2 ) are 3.15202, 2.78711, 2.60347 and values of
𝜋
𝜃 ( ) are 0.0715134, 0.0987235, 0.138837 for 𝜑3=0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 respectively. So, velocity
2

is decreasing, whereas temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness is increasing with the
increment of 𝜑3 due to the thermophysical properties of silver nanoparticles.

21
 𝜋 𝜋
Fig. 1.3 (a)𝑣( 2 ) and (b) 𝜃 ( 2 ) for different values of 𝜑3

(iv) Variation of 𝑀
𝜋 𝜋
In order to observe the effect of 𝑀 on 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) have taken 𝑀=0.00, 0.10 and 0.20 as the
𝜋 𝜋
values of magnetic field parameter. The influences on 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) are presented with graph
𝜋
in Figures 1.4(a) and 1.4(b). The values of 𝑣 ( 2 ) is increasing with the increase of 𝑦 to the critical
𝜋
value and then decreasing but 𝜃 ( 2 ) is decreasing from maximum temperature to 0 as 𝑦 is
𝜋 𝜋
increasing for all 𝑀. The effect of on 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) are equivalent with 𝑀. At y=0.2, the values
𝜋 𝜋
of 𝑣 ( 2 ) are 2.62111, 3.15202, 3.77969 and values of 𝜃 ( 2 ) are 0.0715134, 0.0715134,

0.0715134 for 𝑀=0.00, 0.10 and 0.20 respectively. The maximum velocity is increasing notably
with the increase of magnetic source parameter but it has no effect on temperature. If 𝑀≠0.00,
velocity continuously becomes stronger due to the magnetic source.

22
 𝜋 𝜋
Fig. 1.4 (a)𝑣( 2 ) and (b) 𝜃 ( 2 ) for different values of 𝑀

(v) Variation of 𝑠𝑤
𝜋 𝜋
The effect of 𝑠𝑤 as suction parameter on 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) is observed by taking the values 𝑠𝑤 =
𝜋 𝜋
2.50, 2.80 and 3.00. The influences on 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) are presented with graph in Figures 1.5(a)
𝜋
and 1.5(b) which are equivalent with 𝑠𝑤 . The values of 𝑣 ( 2 ) is increasing with the increase of 𝑦
𝜋
to the critical value and then decreasing but 𝜃 ( ) is decreasing from maximum temperature to 0
2
𝜋
as 𝑦 is increasing for all 𝑠𝑤 At 𝑦=0.2 the values of 𝑣 ( 2 ) are 3.15202, 3.4215, 3.61713 and values
𝜋
of 𝜃 ( 2 ) are 0.0715134, 0.0520997, 0.042183 for 𝑠𝑤 =2.50, 2.80 and 3.00 respectively. So, the

maximum velocity is increasing and temperature is decreasing with the increment of 𝑠𝑤 .

23
 𝜋 𝜋
Fig. 1.5 (a)𝑣( 2 ) and (b) 𝜃 ( 2 ) for different values of 𝑠𝑤

(vi) Variation of 𝐻
𝜋 𝜋
The effect of 𝐻 as heat source parameter on 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) is observed by taking the values
𝜋
𝐻 =0.00, 0.50 and 0.90 and 𝜃 ( 2 ) is observed by taking the values 𝐻 =0.00, 1.50 and 4.00. The
𝜋 𝜋
influences on 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) are presented with graph in Figures 1.6(a) and 1.6(b) which are
𝜋
equivalent with 𝐻. The values of 𝑣 ( ) is increasing with the increase of 𝑦 to the critical value
2
𝜋
and then decreasing but 𝜃 ( 2 ) is decreasing from maximum temperature to 0 as 𝑦 is increasing for
𝜋
all 𝐻. At 𝑦=0.2 the values of 𝑣 ( 2 ) are 2.34443, 10.5895, 35.9483 for 𝐻=0.10, 0.50 and 0.90
𝜋
respectively and values of 𝜃 ( ) are 0.0714562, 0.0810529, 0.103717 for 𝐻=0.00, 1.50 and 4.00
2

respectively. It indicates that, when heat source is increased, velocity is significantly increased and
temperature is increased slightly. It is because higher value of 𝐻 produces higher heat which
stimulates the increase in velocity and temperature.

24
 𝜋 𝜋
Fig. 1.6 (a)𝑣( 2 ) and (b) 𝜃 ( 2 ) for different values of 𝐻

(vii) Variation of 𝑃𝑟
𝜋 𝜋
The influences of 𝑃𝑟 as Prandtl number on 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) is observed by taking the values

𝑃𝑟=6.00, 7.00 and 8.00. The changes are presented with graphs in Figures 1.7(a) and 1.7(b). The
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
effect of on 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) are equivalent with 𝑃𝑟. The values of 𝑣 ( 2 ) is increasing with the
𝜋
increase of 𝑦 to the critical value and then decreasing but 𝜃 ( 2 ) is decreasing from maximum
𝜋
temperature to 0 as 𝑦 is increasing for all 𝑃𝑟. At 𝑦=0.2 the values of 𝑣 ( 2 ) are 3.15202, 3.21369,
𝜋
3.24446 and values of 𝜃 ( 2 ) are 0.0715134, 0.0460674, 0.0296757 for 𝑃𝑟=6.00, 7.00 and 8.00

respectively. So, maximum velocity slightly increases but temperature decreases with the
increment of 𝑃𝑟.

25
 𝜋 𝜋
Fig. 1.7 (a)𝑣( 2 ) and (b) 𝜃 ( 2 ) for different values of 𝑃𝑟

(viii) Variation of 𝑅𝑖
𝜋 𝜋
With the variation of Richardson number, we will observe the change of 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ). The

change is presented in Figures 1.8(a) and 1.8(b) where 𝑅𝑖=3.00, 5.00 and 7.00 are taken. At 𝑦=0.2
𝜋 𝜋
the values of 𝑣 ( 2 ) are 3.15202, 5.23475, 7.31748 and values of 𝜃 ( 2 ) are 0.0715134, 0.0715134,

0.0715134 for 𝑅𝑖=3.00, 5.00 and 7.00 respectively. We observe that maximum velocity is
significantly increased by the increment of 𝑅𝑖 whether there is no change in temperature.

𝜋 𝜋
Fig. 1.8 (a)𝑣( ) and (b) 𝜃 ( ) for different values of 𝑅𝑖
2 2

26
B. Changes in skin friction and local Nusselt number

We will observe the changes of 𝑣 ′ (0) and −𝜃′(0) of fluid with heat source and magnetic source
with respect to 𝑡. For this we will start with initial assumption of parameters 𝑃𝑟 = 6, 𝑠𝑐 = 2.5,
𝜑1 = 0.02, 𝜑2 = 0.01, 𝜑3 = 0.01, 𝑖 = 0.02,Ω = 0.02,𝐻 = 0.1, 𝑀 = 0.1, 𝑅𝑖 = 3,𝑑 = 0.05,𝑛 =
1. Now we will plot the values of 𝑣 ′ (0) and −𝜃′(0) obtained by Laplace transform along y-axis
and values of 𝑡 along x-axis in different frames and analyze them and will observe the changes in
𝑣 ′ (0) and −𝜃′(0) for different values of one parameter keeping all other fixed.

(i)Variation of 𝜑1

To observe the effect of volume fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles we have considered 𝜑1 =0.02, 0.05
and 0.10. The changes of 𝑣 ′ (0) and −𝜃′(0) with the effect of 𝜑1 are displayed in Figures 1.9(a)
and 1.9(b) respectively. According to the figures 𝑣′(0) is increasing with the increase of 𝑡 for
every 𝜑1 . But −𝜃′(0) is decreasing initially and then approaches infinity as 𝑡 is increasing for
all 𝜑1 . Now for any fixed 𝑡 say 𝑡=1.0 the values of 𝑣′(0) are 21.3456, 19.0191, 15.7669 and values
of −𝜃′(0) are 13.1533, 11.9838, 10.3057 for 𝜑1 =0.02, 0.05 and 0.10 respectively. The skin friction
coefficients is decreasing but the heat transfer coefficients is increasing with the increment of 𝜑1 .

Fig. 1.9 (a) 𝑣 ′ (0) and (b) −𝜃′(0) for different values of 𝜑1

27
(ii) Variation of 𝜑2

Here we have taken the values 𝜑2 =0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 as the volume fraction of Cu. The influences
on 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) are presented with graph in Figures 1.10(a) and 1.10(b) respectively. The
values of 𝑣′(0) is increasing with the increase of 𝑡 to a certain position but −𝜃′(0) is decreasing
to a certain point and then approaches to infinity as 𝑡 is increasing for all 𝜑2 . At 𝑡=1.0 the values
of 𝑣′(0) are 21.3456, 17.7093, 14.4613 and values of −𝜃′(0) are 13.1533, 11.6528, 10.055 for
𝜑2=0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 respectively. As higher value of volume fraction of copper nanoparticles
generates higher density and thermal conductivity, the skin friction coefficients get smaller but the
heat transfer coefficients becomes stronger with increasing 𝜑2 .

Fig. 1.10 (a) 𝑣 ′ (0) and (b) −𝜃′(0) for different values of 𝜑2

(iii) Variation of 𝜑3
Again, with the target to observe the effect of 𝜑3 on 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) the values of 𝜑3=0.01, 0.05
and 0.10 is taken as the volume fraction of Ag. The influences on 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) are presented
with graph in Figures 1.4(a) and 1.4(b). The changes of 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) with respect to 𝑡 are the
same as explained before which means 𝑣′(0) is increasing with the increase of 𝑡 to a certain
position but −𝜃′(0) is decreasing to a certain point and then approaches to infinity as 𝑡 is
decreasing for all 𝜑3 . At 𝑡=1.0 the values of 𝑣 ′ (0) are 21.3456, 17.4585, 13.9731 and values of
−𝜃′(0) are 13.1533, 11.5411, 9.83626 for 𝜑3 =0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 respectively. Inclusion of silver
nanoparticles effects to decrease skin friction coefficients and enhancing heat transfer coefficients.
28
 Fig. 1.11 (a) 𝑣 ′ (0) and (b) −𝜃′(0) for different values of 𝜑3

(iv) Variation of 𝑀

In order to observe the effect of 𝑀 on 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) have taken 𝑀 = 0.00, 0.10 and 0.20 as
the values of magnetic field parameter. The influences on 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) are presented with
graph in Figures 1.12(a) and 1.12(b). The values of 𝑣′(0) is increasing with the increase of 𝑡 to a
certain position but −𝜃′(0) is decreasing to a certain point and then approaches to infinity as 𝑡 is
increasing for all 𝑀. At 𝑡=1.0 the values of 𝑣′(0) are 19.485, 21.3456, 23.3708 and values of
−𝜃′(0) are 13.1533, 13.1533, 13.1533 for 𝑀 = 0.00, 0.10 and 0.20 respectively. The existence of
a magnetic source enhances the skin friction coefficients however doesn’t affect the heat transfer
coefficients.

29
 Fig. 1.12 (a) 𝑣 ′ (0) and (b) −𝜃′(0) for different values of 𝑀

(v) Variation of 𝑠𝑤

The effect of 𝑠𝑤 as suction parameter on 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) is observed by taking the values 𝑠𝑤 =
2.50, 2.80 and 3.00. The influences on 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) are presented with graph in Figures 1.7(a)
and 1.7(b) which are equivalent with 𝑠𝑤 . The values of 𝑣′(0) is increasing with the increase of 𝑡
to a certain position but −𝜃′(0) is decreasing to a certain point and then approaches to infinity as
𝑡 is increasing for all 𝑠𝑤 . At 𝑡=1.0 the values of 𝑣′(0) are 21.3456, 25.063, 27.8038 and values of
−𝜃′(0) are 13.1533, 14.7408, 15.7986 for 𝑠𝑤 =2.50, 2.80 and 3.00 respectively. So, increment of
suction parameter enhances the skin friction coefficients slightly but the heat transfer coefficients
become smaller.

30
 Fig. 1.13 (a) 𝑣 ′ (0) and (b) −𝜃′(0) for different values of 𝑠𝑤

(vi) Variation of 𝐻

The effect of 𝐻 as suction parameter on 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) is observed by taking the values 𝐻 =
0.00, 0.50 and 0.90. The influences on 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) are presented with graph in Figures 1.7(a)
and 1.7(b) which are equivalent with 𝐻. The values of 𝑣′(0) is increasing with the increase of 𝑡
to a certain position but −𝜃′(0) is decreasing to a certain point and then approaches to infinity as
𝑡 is increasing for all 𝐻 At 𝑡=1.0 the values of 𝑣′(0) are 18.1856, 41.1763, 80.8622 and values of
−𝜃′(0) are 13.1934, 12.9903, 12.823 for 𝐻=0.00, 0.50 and 0.90 respectively. The skin friction
coefficients increase significantly with the increment of 𝐻. On the other hand, when 𝐻=0.00, the
heat transfer happens equally by conduction and convection and when 𝐻≠0.00, it continuously
becomes stronger due to the source of heat.

(vii) Variation of 𝑃𝑟

The influences of 𝑃𝑟 as Prandtl number on 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) is observed by taking the values
𝑃𝑟=6.00, 7.00 and 8.00. The changes are presented with graphs in Figures 1.9(a) and 1.9(b). The
effect of on 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) are equivalent with 𝑃𝑟. The values of 𝑣′(0) is increasing with the
increase of 𝑡 to a certain position but −𝜃′(0) is decreasing to a certain point and then approaches
to infinity as 𝑡 is increasing for all 𝑃𝑟. At 𝑡=1.0 the values of 𝑣′(0) are 21.3456, 25.4538, 29.5655
and values of −𝜃′(0) are 13.1533, 15.3521, 17.551 for 𝑃𝑟=6.00, 7.00 and 8.00 respectively. The
skin friction coefficients get increased by increment of 𝑃𝑟 but it significantly weaken heat transfer.

31
 Fig. 1.14 (a) 𝑣 ′ (0) and (b) −𝜃′(0) for different values of 𝐻

.
Fig. 1.15 (a) 𝑣 ′ (0) and (b) −𝜃′(0) for different values of 𝑃𝑟

(viii) Variation of 𝑅𝑖

With the variation of Richardson number 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) also change. The change is presented
in Figures 1.16(a) and 1.16(b) where 𝑅𝑖=3.00, 5.00 and 7.00 are taken. The effect of on 𝑣′(0) and
−𝜃′(0) are equivalent with 𝑀. At 𝑡=1.0 the values of 𝑣′(0) are 21.3456, 49.3637, 69.1619 and
values of −𝜃′(0) are 13.1533, 13.1533, 13.1533 for 𝑅𝑖=3.00, 5.00 and 7.00 respectively. It can

32
be seen that increasing mixed convective parameter significantly increases the skin friction
coefficient but doesn’t affect the heat transfer.

Fig. 1.16 (a) 𝑣 ′ (0) and (b) −𝜃′(0) for different values of 𝑅𝑖

1.7 Conclusions

The Stokes’ second problem for hybrid nanofluid is analytically and theoretically investigated. We
solve the dimensionless partial differential equation by applying Laplace transform and express
the transient exact solution with exponentials and error functions. The stable solution is illustrated
with graphs. Analyzing the numerical solutions and graphs, we observe that different parameters
have different effect on the velocity and temperature of the nanofluid. Similarly, different
parameters projects distinct influence on skin friction coefficients and heat transfer coefficients.

(i) Higher volume fractions of alumina, copper and silver nanoparticles cause notable
increment in the temperature and decrement in the velocity.
(ii) Increase in the suction parameter and Prandtl number cause decrease in temperature
and increase in velocity.
(iii) Increase of the heat source parameter leads to significant increase in the temperature
and velocity.
(iv) The magnetic source parameter and Richardson’s number has no effect on the
temperature and heat transfer coefficients.

33
(v) The velocity increases when there is a magnetic source and with increasing mixed
convective parameter.
(vi) The skin friction coefficients become smaller in magnitude but the heat transfer
coefficients increase significantly with the increase of volume fractions of alumina,
copper and silver nanoparticles.
(vii) With increasing heat source parameter, both the skin friction coefficients and the heat
transfer coefficients become larger in value.
(viii) Increase in the Prandtl number and suction parameter cause increment in skin friction
coefficients and weakens the heat transfer.
(ix) The existence of a magnetic source increases skin friction coefficients.
(x) The increment of Richardson’s number gives rise to the numerical value of skin friction
coefficients.

34
 Chapter Two
Stokes' Second Problem with Sinusoidal Surface
Temperature Variations for Hybrid Nanofluid Associated
with a Heat Source and Magnetic Field

2.1 Introduction

The study of the flow of a viscous fluid around an oscillating flat plate is known as Stokes' second
problem. Because of its applications in modern engineering and industrial fields, it has been
attracting researchers for quite some time. Researchers analyzed this problem for different type of
fluids such as Newtonian fluids [1-3], non-Newtonian fluids [4], Maxwell fluids [5], Rivlin-
Ericksen fluids [6], power law fluids [7], dipolar fluids [8] and micropolar fluids [9] and in various
phenomena such as acoustic streaming around oscillating body and boundary layers with free-
stream fluctuation [3], geophysical applications such as earthquake dynamics and ice sheet
fractures [10], as well as flows within vibrating media [11].

Nanofluids were introduced by Choi [12] in 1995 with great thermal conductivity, stability,
viscosity, ultrasound intensity etc. Xuan and Li [68] described a preparation method of nanofluid
and observed the improvement of thermo-physical properties. Later, Timofeeva et al. [69]
summarized the thermal properties and ensured the enhancement of heat transfer rate by comparing
with base fluids.

While working with nanofluid researchers were also interested in hybridization process and
observed that a suitable combination of dissimilar nanoparticles can result a great enhancement in
heat transfer rate. Sarkar et al. [27] worked on the development and application of hybrid
nanofluid. Muneeshwaran et al. [70] reviewed the influence of hybrid nanofluid in heat transfer
enhancement compared to nanofluid. Scott et al. [71] examined hybrid nanofluid in cavity to
observe heat transfer enhancement. Verma et al. [72] observed heat transfer of hybrid nanofluid in
converging/diverging channel.

35
Bhavnani et al. [73] investigated the properties of natural convection heat transfer of sinusoidally
wavy surfaces on vertical plates kept at a constant temperature. In the presence of effective
electrical conductivity, Aly et al. [74] examined the effects of velocity slip on the flow and heat
transfer of four nanofluids across a non-linear stretched sheet while accounting for thermal
radiation and magnetic fields. They found that the considered parameters affect significantly
velocity and skin friction profiles. Hakeem et al. [75] analyzed the effect of a magnetic field on a
water based nanofluid having a steady laminar flow over a shrinking sheet with second order slip
boundary condition.

2.2 Formulation of the Problem

Assume a viscous, incompressible, unsteady, laminar flow of a hybrid nanofluid over a flat plate.
Initially, the fluid is kept at rest. When 𝑡̃ → 0+ , The plate begins to move at a velocity 𝑣̃ =
𝑣∞ 𝑏sin(𝑛𝑡̃), where 𝑡̃ is time, 𝑛 is the oscillation frequency of the free stream velocity, 𝑣∞ is the
free stream velocity outside boundary layer. Consequently, a fluid flow is created, and its velocity
changes as time and distance from the flat plate varies. The following are the governing equations
for a hybrid nanofluid's mass, momentum, and energy:

𝜕𝑢
̃ 𝜕𝑣̃
+ = 0, (2.1)
𝜕𝑥̌ 𝜕𝑦̃

𝜕𝑇̃ 𝑘 𝜕 2𝑇̃ 𝜕𝑇̃ 𝑄

= (𝜌𝑐)ℎ𝑛𝑓 + 𝑠𝑤 𝜕𝑦̃ + (𝜌𝑐) (𝑇̃ − 𝑇0 ), (2.2)
𝜕𝑡̌ ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜕 2 𝑦̃ 𝑓

𝜕𝑢
̃ 𝜇 𝜕2𝑢
̃ 𝜕𝑣̃ 𝑔(𝜌𝛽)ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜎𝐵 2 𝐿2 𝑘𝑓 𝑣̃
= 𝜌ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜕2 𝑦̃ + 𝑠𝑤 𝜕𝑦̃ + (𝑇̃ − 𝑇∞ ) − ( 0 + 2𝑖Ω + 𝑘 )𝑣 (2.3)
𝜕𝑡̌ ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜌ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜌𝑣 ℎ𝑛𝑓 ∞

subject to the boundary conditions

𝜋𝑚𝑥̃
𝑣̃ = 𝑣∞ 𝑏sin(𝑛𝑡̃), 𝑇̃ = 𝑇∞ + (𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇∞ )(1 + asin( 𝐿 )) 𝑎𝑡 𝑦̃ = 0,

𝑣̃ → 0, 𝑇 → 𝑇∞ , 𝑎𝑠 𝑦 → ∞, (2.4)

when 𝑡̃ > 0,

where (𝑥̃, 𝑦̃) are distances along and normal to the surface,(𝑢̃, 𝑣̌) are corresponding velocities
along 𝑥̃ and 𝑦̃ directions, 𝑎 is the relative amplitude of the oscillation, 𝑚 is the oscillation
frequency of sinusoidal temperature,𝑛 is the oscillation frequency of the free stream velocity, 2𝐿
36
is the wave length, 𝑇𝑤 is the temperature of the fluid and 𝑇∞ is the ambient temperature of the
hybrid nanofluid.

Necessary quantities of hybrid nanofluids are presented in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1: Necessary quantities of hybrid nanofluids

𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 = 𝜑1 +𝜑2 +𝜑3 ,

𝜌𝑛𝑝1 𝜌𝑛𝑝2 𝜌𝑛𝑝3

𝜌1 = , 𝜌2 = , 𝜌3 = ,
𝜌𝑓 𝜌𝑓 𝜌𝑓

𝛽𝑛𝑝1 𝛽𝑛𝑝2 𝛽𝑛𝑝3

𝛽1 = , 𝛽2 = , 𝛽3 = ,
𝛽𝑓 𝛽𝑓 𝛽𝑓

𝑘𝑛𝑝1 𝑘𝑛𝑝2 𝑘𝑛𝑝3

𝑘1 = , 𝑘2 = , 𝑘3 = ,
𝑘𝑓 𝑘𝑓 𝑘𝑓

𝜎𝑛𝑝1 𝜎𝑛𝑝2 𝜎𝑛𝑝3

𝜎1 = , 𝜎2 = , 𝜎3 = ,
𝜎𝑓 𝜎𝑓 𝜎𝑓

𝜌𝑛𝑝1 𝑐𝑛𝑝1 𝜌𝑛𝑝2 𝑐𝑛𝑝2 𝜌𝑛𝑝3 𝑐𝑛𝑝3

(𝜌𝑐)1 = , (𝜌𝑐)2 = , (𝜌𝑐)3 = ,
𝜌 𝑓 𝑐𝑓 𝜌 𝑓 𝑐𝑓 𝜌 𝑓 𝑐𝑓

𝜎ℎ𝑛𝑓 = 𝜎1 𝜑1 +𝜎2 𝜑2 +𝜎3 𝜑3

𝜌ℎ𝑛𝑓
= (1 − 𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 ) + 𝜌1 𝜑1 +𝜌2 𝜑2 +𝜌3 𝜑3 ,
𝜌𝑓

(𝜌𝑐)ℎ𝑛𝑓
= (1 − 𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 ) + (𝜌𝑐)1 𝜑1 +(𝜌𝑐)2 𝜑2 +(𝜌𝑐)3 𝜑3 ,
(𝜌𝑐)𝑓

(𝜌𝛽)ℎ𝑛𝑓 = (𝜌𝛽)𝑓 (1 − 𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 ) + (𝜌𝛽)𝑛𝑝1 𝜑1 +(𝜌𝛽)𝑛𝑝2 𝜑2 +(𝜌𝛽)𝑛𝑝3 𝜑3 ,

𝑘ℎ𝑛𝑓
= 𝑘1 𝜑1 +𝑘2 𝜑2 +𝑘3 𝜑3
𝑘𝑓

𝜎ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜎ℎ𝑛𝑓 (1 + 2𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 ) + 2𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 (1 − 𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 )

=
𝜎𝑓 𝜎ℎ𝑛𝑓 (1 − 𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 ) + 𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 (2 + 𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 )

𝜇𝑛𝑓1 𝜑1 +𝜇𝑛𝑓2 𝜑2 +𝜇𝑛𝑓3 𝜑3 𝜇𝑛𝑓1 2

𝜇ℎ𝑛𝑓 = , = 1 + 2.5𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 + 6.2𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 ,
𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜇𝑓

37
 𝜇𝑛𝑓2 2 𝜇𝑛𝑓3 2
= 1 + 13.5𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 + 904.4𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 , = 1 + 37.1𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 + 612.6 𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 ,
𝜇𝑏𝑓 𝜇𝑓

Here, 𝜑ℎ𝑛𝑓 , 𝜇ℎ𝑛𝑓 , 𝜌ℎ𝑛𝑓 , 𝜎ℎ𝑛𝑓 , 𝑘ℎ𝑛𝑓 , (𝜌𝛽 )ℎ𝑛𝑓 , (𝜌𝑐)ℎ𝑛𝑓 are volume fraction, dynamic viscosity,
density, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, volumetric thermal expansion coefficients
and heat capacity of the hybrid nanofluid. Subscripts ℎ𝑛𝑓 and 𝑓 stands for hybrid nanofluid and
base fluid, 𝑛𝑝1, 𝑛𝑝2, 𝑛𝑝3 indicates nanoparticles and 𝑛𝑓1, 𝑛𝑓2, 𝑛𝑓3 are the nanofluids containing
corresponding nanoparticles. Al2O3, Cu and Ag are the nanoparticles and their thermal properties
are presented below in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2: Thermal and physical properties of base fluid and nanoparticles
Properties Fluid (H2O) Al2O3 Cu Ag

4179 756 385 235

𝑐(𝐽𝐾𝑔−1 𝐾 −1 )
997.1 3970 8933 10500
𝜌(𝑘𝑔𝑚−1 )
0.613 40 401 429
𝑘(𝑊𝑚−1 𝐾 −1 )

𝛽(𝐾 −1 ) 21×10−5 0.85×10−5 1.67×10−5 1.89×10−5

0.05 3.69×107 5.69×107 3.60×107

𝜎(𝛺/𝑚)−1

The values are taken from the references [72,73].

Denoting 𝑣𝑓 as the dynamic viscosity of the base fluid, we establish the dimensionless variables
for time, normal distance to the surface, velocity and temperature of the hybrid nanofluid,
𝑤 𝑣̃ 𝑇̃ −𝑇
𝑡 = 𝑡̃, 𝑦 = 𝑦̃√𝑣 , 𝑣 = 𝑣 , 𝜃 = 𝑇 −𝑇∞ (2.5)
𝑓 ∞ 𝑤 ∞

Using (2.5), we obtain from (2.1) - (2.4)

𝜕𝛳 𝐴 𝜕2𝛳 𝜕𝛳
= 2
+ 𝑠𝑤 + 𝐻𝜃 (2.6)
𝜕𝑡 𝑃𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

38
 𝜕𝑣 𝜕2𝑣 𝜕𝑣 1
= 𝐵 2 + 𝑠𝑤 − (𝑀 + + 2𝑖𝛺) 𝑣 + 𝑅𝑖𝜃 (2.7)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑘

Subject to the boundary condition,

𝜃 = 0 , 𝑣 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0
(2.8)
𝑦 = 0 ∶ 𝜃 = 1 + asin(𝑚𝑡) , 𝑣 = 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝑡)
} , when 𝑡 > 0
𝑦 → ∞ ∶ 𝜃 = 0, 𝑣 = 0

Here,𝜃 is the temperature of the fluid, 𝑣 is the velocity of the fluid, 𝑠𝑤 is suction parameter, 𝑃𝑟 is
Prandtl number, 𝑅𝑖 is Richardson’s number, 𝐻 is the heat source parameter, 𝑀 is magnetic field
parameter and 𝑘 is thermal conductivity of the fluid.

The physical quantities as ratios are,

𝜅
ℎ𝑛𝑓 (𝜌𝑐)𝑓 𝜇
𝐴 = (𝜌𝑐) , 𝐵 = 𝜌ℎ𝑛𝑓
ℎ𝑛𝑓 𝜅𝑓 ℎ𝑛𝑓

Mixed convective parameter (Richardson’s number), heat source parameter, magnetic field
parameter and Prandtl number are defined by
𝑔𝛽𝑓 𝑇0 𝑄 (𝐵0 )2𝜎𝑓 𝜈 𝜈𝑓 (𝜌𝑐)𝑓
𝑅𝑖 = , 𝐻 = (𝜌𝑐) , 𝑀 = , 𝑃𝑟 = 𝛼𝑓 =
𝑣2 𝑓 𝑣 𝑓 𝑘𝑓

2.3 Conversions of Governing Equations

Define Laplace transform,

∞
𝑈(𝑠, 𝑦) = {𝑢(𝑡, 𝑦)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑢(𝑡, 𝑦)𝑑𝑡 ,𝑠 > 0 (2.9)
0

∞
Θ(𝑠, 𝑦) = {𝜃 (𝑡, 𝑦)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝜃 (𝑡, 𝑦)𝑑𝑡 ,𝑠 > 0 (2.10)
0

We will use (2.9) - (2.10) to solve the governing equations (2.6) - (2.8) and then find the exact
solutions.

We have

𝜕𝛳 𝐴 𝜕2 𝛳 𝜕𝛳
𝜕𝑡
= 𝑃𝑟 𝜕𝑦2 + 𝑠𝑤 𝜕𝑦 + 𝐻𝜃
(2.11)

39
with boundary conditions,

𝜃(0, 𝑦) = 0, 𝜃(𝑡, 0) = 1 + 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚𝑡), 𝜃(𝑡, ∞) = 0

Applying Laplace transform in boundary conditions, we get,

1 𝑎𝑚 (2.12)
Θ(0, 𝑦) = 0, Θ(𝑠, 0) = 𝑠 + 𝑚2 +𝑠 2 , Θ(𝑠, ∞) = 0

Applying Laplace transform in (2.11),

𝐴
𝑠Θ(𝑠, 𝑦) − Θ(0, 𝑦) = 𝑃𝑟 Θ𝑦𝑦 (𝑠, 𝑦) + 𝑠𝑤 Θ𝑦 (𝑠, 𝑦) + 𝐻Θ(𝑠, 𝑦)

𝐴 (2.13)
Θ𝑦𝑦 (𝑠, 𝑦) + 𝑠𝑤 Θ 𝑦 (𝑠, 𝑦) + (𝐻 − 𝑠)Θ(𝑠, 𝑦) = 0
Pr

We get the auxiliary equation as,

𝐴 2
𝑚 + 𝑠𝑤 𝑚 + (𝐻 − 𝑠) = 0
Pr

𝐴
−𝑠𝑤 ±√(𝑠𝑤)2 −4( )(𝐻−𝑠)
Pr
𝑚= 𝐴 = 𝛽, −𝛽(say) (2.14)
2( )
Pr

Solving we get,

Θ(𝑠, 𝑦) = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝛽𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝛽𝑦 (2.15)

Where 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are any constants.

Applying boundary conditions in equation (2.15)

1 𝑎𝑚
𝑐1 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐2 = + (2.16)
𝑠 𝑚2 +𝑠2

So now

1 𝑎𝑚
Θ(𝑠, 𝑦) = (𝑠 + 𝑚2+𝑠 2 )𝑒 −𝛽𝑦

40
 𝐴
−𝑠𝑤 −√(𝑠𝑤 )2 −4( )(𝐻−𝑠)
Pr
𝐴 𝑦
1 𝑎𝑚 2( )
=( + )𝑒 Pr
𝑠 𝑚2 +𝑠 2

𝐴
−𝑠𝑤−√(𝑠𝑤 )2 −4( )(𝐻−𝑆)
Pr
( 𝐴 )𝑦
1 𝑎𝑚 2( )
= (𝑠 + 𝑚2 +𝑠 2 )𝑒 Pr

−𝑠𝑤 )2 1
( 𝐴 −
√𝑃𝑟.(𝑠𝑤 1
2 + 𝐴 .𝑠− 𝐴 .𝐻)𝑦
1 𝑎𝑚 2( ) 4𝐴
= ( 𝑠 + 𝑚2 +𝑠 2 )𝑒 Pr 𝑃𝑟 𝑃𝑟

1 𝑎𝑚 (2.17)
= (𝑠 + 𝑚2 +𝑠 2 )𝑒 −(𝑗+𝑘√𝑠+𝑤 )𝑦

1 𝑃𝑟.𝑠𝑤 2 𝑤 𝑠
Where, 𝑘 = √ 𝐴 , 𝑤= − 𝐻, 𝑗 = − 2𝐴/𝑃𝑟
4𝐴2
𝑃𝑟

Applying inverse Laplace transformation in (2.17), we get,

1
𝜃 (𝑡, 𝑦) = (2𝑒 −((𝑗+√𝑤𝑘)𝑦) 𝑒𝑟𝑓[𝜆2 ] + 𝑒 −𝑗𝑦 (2𝑒 −√𝑤𝑘𝑦 + 𝑖𝑎𝑒 −𝑖𝑚𝑡−𝑘√𝑤−𝑖𝑚𝑦 (2.18)
4
+ 𝑖𝑎𝑒 −𝑖𝑚𝑡+𝑘√𝑤−𝑖𝑚𝑦 − 𝑖𝑎𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑡−𝑘√𝑤+𝑖𝑚𝑦 − 𝑖𝑎𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑡+𝑘√𝑤+𝑖𝑚𝑦
+ 𝑖𝑎𝑒 −𝑖𝑚𝑡−𝑘√𝑤−𝑖𝑚𝑦 𝑒𝑟𝑓[𝜆4 ] − 𝑖𝑎𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑡−𝑘√𝑤+𝑖𝑚𝑦 𝑒𝑟𝑓[𝜆6 ]
− 𝑖𝑎𝑒 −𝑖𝑚𝑡+𝑘√𝑤−𝑖𝑦 𝑒𝑟𝑓[𝜆3 ] + 𝑖𝑎𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑡+𝑘√𝑤+𝑖𝑚𝑦 𝑒𝑟𝑓[𝜆5 ]
+ 2𝑒 √𝑤𝑘𝑦 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐[𝜆1 ]))
Here,
2√𝑤𝑡±𝑘𝑦 2√𝑤−𝑖𝑚𝑡±𝑘𝑦 2√𝑤+𝑖𝑚𝑡±𝑘𝑦
𝜆1,2 = , 𝜆3,4 = , 𝜆5,6 =
2 √𝑡 2 √𝑡 2 √𝑡

The governing equation for velocity is,

𝜕𝑣 𝜕2𝑣 𝜕𝑣 1
= 𝐵 2 + 𝑠𝑤 − (𝑀 + + 2𝑖𝛺) 𝑣 + 𝑅𝑖𝜃 (2.19)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑘

With boundary conditions,

𝑣 (0, 𝑦) = 0, 𝑣 (𝑡, 0) = 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝑡), 𝑣(𝑡, ∞) = 0 (2.20)

Applying Laplace transform in (2.20),

𝑏𝑛
𝑣(0, 𝑦) = 0, 𝑣(𝑠, 0) = , 𝑣(𝑠, ∞) = 0 (2.21)
𝑠2 + 𝑛2

41
Applying Laplace transform in the equation (2.12),
1
𝑠 𝑣 (𝑠, 𝑦) − 𝑣 (0, 𝑦) = 𝐵𝑣𝑦𝑦 (𝑠, 𝑦) + 𝑠𝑤 𝑣𝑦 (𝑠, 𝑦) − (𝑀 + + 2𝑖Ω) 𝑣 (𝑠, 𝑦) + 𝑅𝑖Θ
𝑘

1
𝑠 𝑣(𝑠, 𝑦) ‒ 𝑠𝑤 𝑣𝑦 (𝑠, 𝑦) − 𝐵𝑣𝑦𝑦 (𝑠, 𝑦) + (𝑀 + 𝑘 + 2𝑖Ω) 𝑣 (𝑠, 𝑦) = 𝑅𝑖𝑒 (−𝑗−𝑘√𝑠+𝑤 )𝑦

1
𝐵𝑣𝑦𝑦 (𝑠, 𝑦) + 𝑠𝑤 𝑣𝑦 (𝑠, 𝑦) − (𝑀 + + 2𝑖Ω + 𝑠) 𝑣(𝑠, 𝑦) = −𝑅𝑖𝑒 (−𝑗−𝑘√𝑠+𝑤 )𝑦 (2.22)
𝑘

The complementary function,

1 (2.23)
B𝑚2 + 𝑠𝑤 𝑚 − (𝑀 + 𝑘 + 2𝑖Ω + 𝑠) = 0

1
−𝑠𝑤 ±√𝑠𝑤 2 +4𝐵(𝑀+ +2𝑖Ω+𝑠)
𝑘 (2.24)
𝑚= = 𝜖, −𝜖
2𝐵

We get

𝑣 (𝑠, 𝑦) = 𝑐3 𝑒 𝜖𝑦 + 𝑐4 𝑒 −𝜖𝑦 (2.25)

where 𝑐3 and 𝑐4 are any constants

Now applying boundary condition, we get

𝑐3 = 0 (2.26)

Now,
1
−𝑠𝑤 −√𝑠𝑤 2 +4𝐵(𝑀+ +2𝑖Ω+𝑠)
𝑘
𝑦
𝑣𝑐 (𝑠, 𝑦) = 𝑐4 𝑒 2𝐵

= 𝑐4 𝑒 −(𝑗՚+𝑘՚√𝑤′+𝑠)𝑦 (2.27)

Where,

𝑠𝑤 2 1 𝑠𝑤 1
𝑤′ = + (𝑀 + + 2𝑖Ω) , 𝑗′ = , 𝑘′ = √
4𝐵 𝑘 2𝐵 𝐵

For particular integral,

42
 −𝑅𝑖𝑒−(𝑗+𝑘√𝑠+𝑤)𝑦
𝑣𝑝 (s, y) = (2.28)
𝑠(𝐵𝐷2 + 𝑠𝑤 𝐷 + 𝑐0 − 𝑠)

−𝑅𝑖𝑒−(𝑗+𝑘√𝑠+𝑤)𝑦
𝑣𝑝 (s, y) = 2
𝑠(𝐵(−𝑗 − 𝑘√𝑠 + 𝑤) + 𝑠𝑤 (−𝑗 − 𝑘√𝑠 + 𝑤) + 𝑐0 − 𝑠)

Simplifying,

−𝑅𝑖𝑒−(𝑗+𝑘√𝑠+𝑤)𝑦 (2.29)
𝑣𝑝 (𝑠, 𝑦) =
𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑝)(𝑠 − 𝑞)

Here,

1
𝑝= (2𝑎2 𝐵 − 2𝑐0 + 2𝑏𝐵𝑘 2 + 2𝑎2 𝐵2 𝑘 2 + 2𝐵c0𝑘 2 − 2𝑏𝐵2 𝑘 4 − 2𝑎𝑠𝑤
2(1 − 2𝐵𝑘 2 + 𝐵2 𝑘 4 )
− 2𝑎𝐵𝑘 2 𝑠𝑤 + 𝑘 2 𝑠𝑤 2

− 𝑘(2𝑎𝐵 − 𝑠𝑤 )√4𝑏 + 4𝑎2 𝐵 − 4𝑐0 − 4𝑏𝐵𝑘 2 + 4𝐵𝑐0 𝑘 2 − 4𝑎𝑠𝑤 + 𝑘 2 𝑠𝑤 2 ),

1
𝑞= (2𝑎2 𝐵 − 2𝑐0 + 2𝑏𝐵𝑘 2 + 2𝑎2 𝐵2 𝑘 2 + 2𝐵c0 𝑘 2 − 2𝑏𝐵2 𝑘 4 − 2𝑎𝑠𝑤
2(1 − 2𝐵𝑘 2 + 𝐵2 𝑘 4 )
− 2𝑎𝐵𝑘 2 𝑠𝑤 + 𝑘 2 𝑠𝑤 2 + 𝑘(2𝑎𝐵
− 𝑠𝑐)√4𝑏 + 4𝑎2 𝐵 − 4c0 − 4𝑏𝐵𝑘 2 + 4𝐵𝑐0 𝑘 2 − 4𝑎𝑠𝑤 + 𝑘 2 𝑠𝑤 2 )

Now,

𝑣 (s, y) = 𝑐4 𝑣c + 𝑣p (2.30)

𝑅𝑖𝑒 −(𝑗+𝑘√𝑠+𝑤)𝑦
𝑣 (𝑠, 𝑦) = 𝑐4 𝑒 −(𝑗՚+𝑘՚√𝑤′+𝑠)𝑦 −
𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑝)(𝑠 − 𝑞)

𝑏𝑛
Applying boundary condition 𝑣(𝑡, 0) = 𝑠 2+𝑛2,we get,

43
 𝑅𝑖 𝑏𝑛 (2.31)
𝑐4 = +
𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑝)(𝑠 − 𝑞) 𝑛2 + 𝑠2

Now,
−(𝑗+𝑘√𝑠+𝑤)𝑦
𝑅𝑖 𝑏𝑛 −(𝑗՚+𝑘՚√𝑤′+𝑠)𝑦 − 𝑅𝑖𝑒
𝑣(𝑠, 𝑦) = ( + 2 ) 𝑒 (2.32)
𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑝)(𝑠 − 𝑞) 𝑛 + 𝑠 2 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑝)(𝑠 − 𝑞)

Applying inverse Laplace transform in (2.32) we get,

44
 1 1
𝑣 (𝑡, 𝑦) = (− 2 𝑎𝑒 −𝑗𝑦 𝑅𝑖(2𝑒 𝛾2 𝑚3 + 2𝑒 𝛾1 𝑚3
4 (𝑚 + 𝑝 )(𝑝 − 𝑞)(𝑚2 + 𝑞 2 )
2

− 2𝑒 𝛾4 𝑚3 − 2𝑒 𝛾3 𝑚3 − 𝑖𝑒 𝛾6 𝑚2 𝑝 − 𝑖𝑒 𝛾5 𝑚2 𝑝 + 𝑖𝑒 𝛾8 𝑚2 𝑝 + 𝑖𝑒 𝛾7 𝑚2 𝑝
+ 𝑒 𝛾6 𝑚𝑝2 + 𝑒 𝛾5 𝑚𝑝2 + 𝑒 𝛾8 𝑚𝑝2 + 𝑒 𝛾7 𝑚𝑝2 − 2𝑒 𝛾4 𝑚𝑝2 − 2𝑒 𝛾3 𝑚𝑝2
+ 𝑖𝑒 𝛾6 𝑚2 𝑞 + 𝑖𝑒 𝛾5 𝑚2 𝑞 − 𝑖𝑒 𝛾7 𝑚2 𝑞 − 𝑖𝑒 𝛾7 𝑚2 𝑞 + 𝑖𝑒 𝛾6 𝑝2 𝑞
+ 𝑖𝑒 𝛾5 𝑝2 𝑞 − 𝑖𝑒 𝛾8 𝑝2 𝑞 − 𝑖𝑒 𝛾8 𝑝2 𝑞 − 𝑒 𝛾6 𝑚𝑞 2 − 𝑒 𝛾5 𝑚𝑞 2 − 𝑒 𝛾8 𝑚𝑞 2
− 𝑒 𝛾7 𝑚𝑞 2 + 2𝑒 𝛾1 𝑚𝑞 2 + 2𝑒 𝛾2 𝑚𝑞 2 − 𝑖𝑒 𝛾6 𝑝𝑞 2 − 𝑖𝑒 𝛾5 𝑝𝑞 2 + 𝑖𝑒 𝛾8 𝑝𝑞 2
+ 𝑖𝑒 𝛾7 𝑝𝑞 2 + 𝑒 𝛾6 (−𝑖𝑚 + 𝑝)(𝑝 − 𝑞)(𝑚 + 𝑖𝑞)erf[𝜒8 ] + 𝑒 𝛾8 (𝑖𝑚
+ 𝑝)(𝑝 − 𝑞)(𝑚 − 𝑖𝑞)erf[𝜒6 ] + 2𝑒 𝛾2 𝑚3 erf[𝜒2 ] + 2𝑒 𝛾2 𝑚𝑞 2 erf[𝜒2 ]
− 2𝑒 𝛾4 𝑚3 erf[𝜒4 ] − 2𝑒 𝛾4 𝑚𝑝2 erf[𝜒4 ] + 𝑖𝑒 𝛾5 𝑚2 𝑝erf[𝜒7 ]
− 𝑒 𝛾5 𝑚𝑝2 erf[𝜒7 ] − 𝑖𝑒 𝛾5 𝑚2 𝑞erf[𝜒7 ] − 𝑖𝑒 𝛾5 𝑝2 𝑞erf[𝜒7 ]
+ 𝑒 𝛾5 𝑚𝑞 2 erf[𝜒7 ] + 𝑖𝑒 𝛾5 𝑝𝑞 2 erf[𝜒5 ] − 𝑖𝑒 𝛾7 𝑚2 𝑝erf[𝜒5 ]
− 𝑒 𝛾7 𝑚𝑝2 erf[𝜒5 ] + 𝑖𝑒 𝛾7 𝑚2 𝑞erf[𝜒5 ] + 𝑖𝑒 𝛾7 𝑝2 𝑞erf[𝜒5 ]
+ 𝑒 𝛾7 𝑚𝑞 2 erf[𝜒5 ] − 𝑖𝑒 𝛾7 𝑝𝑞 2 erf[𝜒5 ] − 2𝑒 𝛾1 𝑚3 erf[𝜒1 ]
− 2𝑒 𝛾1 𝑚𝑞 2 erf[𝜒1 ] + 2𝑒 𝛾3 𝑚3 erf[𝜒3 ] + 2𝑒 𝛾3 𝑚𝑝2 erf[𝜒3 ]
1
− 2𝑒 −𝑗𝑦 𝑅𝑖(𝑒 −𝑘 √𝑤𝑦 𝑝(1 + 𝑒 2𝑘√𝑤𝑦 + erf[𝜒0 ]
𝑝(𝑝 − 𝑞)𝑞
− 𝑒 2𝑘√𝑤𝑦 erf[𝜒9 ]) + 𝑒 −𝑘 √𝑤𝑦 𝑞(−1 − 𝑒 2𝑘 √𝑤𝑦 − Erf[𝜒0 ]
+ 𝑒 2𝑘√𝑤𝑦 Erf[𝜒9 ]) − 𝑒 𝛾2 𝑞(−1 − 𝑒 2𝑘√𝑝+𝑤𝑦 − erf[𝜒2 ]
+ 𝑒 2𝑘√𝑝+𝑤𝑦 erf[𝜒1 ]) + 𝑒 𝛾4 𝑝(−1 − 𝑒 2𝑘√𝑞+𝑤𝑦 − erf[𝜒4 ]
+ 𝑒 2𝑘√𝑞+𝑤𝑦 erf[𝜒3 ]))
′ +𝑘 ′ (√−𝑖𝑛+𝑤 ′+√𝑖𝑛+𝑤 ′ )) ′ √𝑖𝑛+𝑤 ′ ′ √−𝑖𝑛+𝑤 ′
+ 𝑖𝑏𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝑡−𝑦(𝑗 (𝑒 𝑦𝑘 − 𝑒 2𝑖𝑛𝑡+𝑦𝑘
′ (2√−𝑖𝑛+𝑤 ′+√𝑖𝑛+𝑤 ′ ) ′ (√−𝑖𝑛+𝑤 ′ +2√𝑖𝑛+𝑤 ′ )
+ 𝑒 𝑦𝑘 − 𝑒 2𝑖𝑛𝑡+𝑦𝑘
′ √𝑖𝑛+𝑤 ′ ′ (2√−𝑖𝑛+𝑤 ′+√𝑖𝑛+𝑤 ′ )
+ 𝑒 𝑦𝑘 erf[𝜁4 ] − 𝑒 𝑦𝑘 erf[𝜁3 ]
2𝑖𝑛𝑡+𝑦𝑘 ′ √−𝑖𝑛+𝑤 ′ 2𝑖𝑛𝑡+𝑦𝑘 ′ (√−𝑖𝑛+𝑤 ′ +2√𝑖𝑛+𝑤 ′ )
−𝑒 erf[𝜁2 ] + 𝑒 erf[𝜁1 ])
1 ′
+ 𝑎𝑒 −𝑦𝑗 𝑟(2𝑒 𝜍1 𝑚3 + 2𝑒 𝜍2 𝑚3
(𝑚2 + 𝑝2 )(𝑝 2
− 𝑞)(𝑚 + 𝑞 ) 2

− 2𝑒 𝑚 − 2𝑒 𝑚 − 𝑖𝑒 𝜍8 𝑚2 𝑝 − 𝑖𝑒 𝜍7 𝑚2 𝑝 + 𝑖𝑒 𝜍6 𝑚2 𝑝 + 𝑖𝑒 𝜍5 𝑚2 𝑝
𝜍4 3 𝜍3 3

+ 𝑒 𝜍8 𝑚𝑝2 + 𝑒 𝜍7 𝑚𝑝2 + 𝑒 𝜍6 𝑚𝑝2 + 𝑒 𝜍5 𝑚𝑝2 − 2𝑒 𝜍4 𝑚𝑝2 − 2𝑒 𝜍3 𝑚𝑝2

+ 𝑖𝑒 𝜍8 𝑚2 𝑞 + 𝑖𝑒 𝜍7 𝑚2 𝑞 − 𝑖𝑒 𝜍6 𝑚2 𝑞 − 𝑖𝑒 𝜍5 𝑚2 𝑞 + 𝑖𝑒 𝜍8 𝑝2 𝑞
+ 𝑖𝑒 𝜍7 𝑝2 𝑞 − 𝑖𝑒 𝜍6 𝑝2 𝑞 − 𝑖𝑒 𝜍5 𝑝2 𝑞 − 𝑒 𝜍8 𝑚𝑞 2 − 𝑒 𝜍7 𝑚𝑞 2 − 𝑒 𝜍6 𝑚𝑞 2
− 𝑒 𝜍5 𝑚𝑞 2 + 2𝑒 𝜍2 𝑚𝑞 2 + 2𝑒 𝜍1 𝑚𝑞 2 − 𝑖𝑒 𝜍8 𝑝𝑞 2 − 𝑖𝑒 𝜍7 𝑝𝑞 2 + 𝑖𝑒 𝜍6 𝑝𝑞 2
+ 𝑖𝑒 𝜍5 𝑝𝑞 2 + 𝑒 𝜍8 (−𝑖𝑚 + 𝑝)(𝑝 − 𝑞)(𝑚 + 𝑖𝑞)erf[𝜅0 ]
+ 𝑖𝑒 𝜍7 𝑚2 𝑝erf[𝜅9 ] − 𝑒 𝜍7 𝑚𝑝2 erf[𝜅9 ] − 𝑖𝑒 𝜍7 𝑚2 𝑞erf[𝜅9 ]
− 𝑖𝑒 𝜍7 𝑝2 𝑞erf[𝜅9 ] + 𝑒 𝜍7 𝑚𝑞 2 erf[𝜅9 ] + 𝑖𝑒 𝜍7 𝑝𝑞 2 erf[𝜅9 ] + 𝑒 𝜍6 (𝑖𝑚
+ 𝑝)(𝑝 − 𝑞)(𝑚 − 𝑖𝑞)erf[𝜅8 ] − 𝑖𝑒 𝜍5 𝑚2 𝑝erf[𝜅7 ] − 𝑒 𝜍5 𝑚𝑝2 erf[𝜅7 ]
+ 𝑖𝑒 𝜍5 𝑚2 𝑞erf[𝜅7 ] + 𝑖𝑒 𝜍5 𝑝2 𝑞erf[𝜅7 ] + 𝑒 𝜍5 𝑚𝑞 2 erf[𝜅7 ]
− 𝑖𝑒 𝜍5 𝑝𝑞 2 erf[𝜅7 ] + 2𝑒 𝜍2 𝑚3 erf[𝜅4 ] + 2𝑒 𝜍2 𝑚𝑞 2 erf[𝜅4 ]
− 2𝑒 𝜍1 𝑚3 erf[𝜅3 ] − 2𝑒 𝜍1 𝑚𝑞 2 erf[𝜅3 ] − 2𝑒 𝜍4 𝑚3 erf[𝜅6 ]
− 2𝑒 𝜍4 𝑚𝑝2 erf[𝜅6 ] + 2𝑒 𝜍3 𝑚3 erf[𝜅5 ] + 2𝑒 𝜍3 𝑚𝑝2 erf[𝜅5 ]

45
 1 ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
+ 2𝑒 −𝑦𝑗 𝑟(𝑒 −𝑦𝑘 √𝑤 𝑝(1 + 𝑒 2𝑦𝑘 √𝑤 + erf[𝜅2 ] − 𝑒 2𝑦𝑘 √𝑤 erf[𝜅1 ])
𝑝(𝑝 − 𝑞)𝑞
′ √𝑤 ′ ′ √𝑤 ′ ′ √𝑤 ′
+ 𝑒 −𝑦𝑘 𝑞(−1 − 𝑒 2𝑦𝑘 − erf[𝜅2 ] + 𝑒 2𝑦𝑘 erf[𝜅1 ])
′ √𝑝+𝑤 ′ ′ √𝑝+𝑤 ′
− 𝑒 𝜍2 𝑞(−1 − 𝑒 2𝑦𝑘 − erf[𝜅4 ] + 𝑒 2𝑦𝑘 erf[𝜅3 ]) (2.33)
2𝑦𝑘 ′ √𝑞+𝑤 ′ 2𝑦𝑘 ′ √𝑞+𝑤 ′
+ 𝑒 𝜍4 𝑝(−1 − 𝑒 − erf[𝜅6 ] + 𝑒 erf[𝜅5 ])))

Here,

𝛾1,2 = 𝑝𝑡 ± 𝑘√𝑝 + 𝑤𝑦, 𝛾3,4 = 𝑞𝑡 ± 𝑘√𝑞 + 𝑤𝑦, 𝛾5,6 = −𝑖𝑚𝑡 ± 𝑘√−𝑖𝑚 + 𝑤𝑦, 𝛾7,8 = 𝑖𝑚𝑡 ±
2𝑡 √𝑝+𝑤±𝑘𝑦 2𝑡 √𝑞+𝑤±𝑘𝑦 2𝑡√𝑤+𝑖𝑚±𝑘𝑦 2𝑡√𝑤−𝑖𝑚±𝑘𝑦
𝑘√𝑖𝑚 + 𝑤𝑦, 𝜒1,2 = , 𝜒3,4 = , 𝜒5,6 = , 𝜒7,8 = ,
2 √𝑡 2 √𝑡 2 √𝑡 2 √𝑡
2𝑡 √𝑤±𝑘𝑦
𝜒9,0 = , 𝜍1,2 = 𝑝𝑡 ± 𝑘 ′ √𝑝 + 𝑤 ′ 𝑦, 𝜍3,4 = 𝑞𝑡 ± 𝑘 ′ √𝑞 + 𝑤 ′ 𝑦, 𝜍5,6 = 𝑖𝑚𝑡 ± 𝑘 ′ √𝑖𝑚 + 𝑤 ′ 𝑦,
2 √𝑡
2𝑡√𝑤 ′±𝑦𝑘 ′ 2𝑡√𝑝+𝑤 ′ ±𝑦𝑘 ′ 2𝑡√𝑞+𝑤 ′ ±𝑦𝑘 ′
𝜍7,8 = −𝑖𝑚𝑡 ± 𝑘 ′ √−𝑖𝑚𝑤 ′ 𝑦, 𝜅1,2 = , 𝜅3,4 = , 𝜅5,6 = , 𝜅7,8 =
2√𝑡 2 √𝑡 2 √𝑡
2𝑡√𝑖𝑚+𝑤 ′ ±𝑘 ′ 𝑦 2𝑡√−𝑖𝑚+𝑤 ′ ±𝑘 ′ 𝑦 2𝑡√𝑖𝑛+𝑤 ′ ±𝑘 ′ 𝑦 2𝑡√−𝑖𝑛+𝑤 ′±𝑘 ′ 𝑦
, 𝜅9,0 = , 𝜁1,2 = , 𝜁3,4 =
2 √𝑡 2 √𝑡 2 √𝑡 2√𝑡

2.4 Quantities to be Investigated

The volume friction of Al2O3, Cu and Ag are 𝜑1 , 𝜑2 and 𝜑3 respectively. The skin friction 𝐶𝑓 and
the local Nusselt number 𝑁𝑢𝑥 defined as
𝜏 𝑥𝑞
𝐶𝑓 = 𝜌 2 and 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 𝑘 . (2.34)
𝑓 𝑢𝑤 𝑓 (𝑇𝑤−𝑇∞ )

where 𝜏 is share stress and 𝑞 is the heat flux defined by

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑇 (2.35)
𝜏 = 𝜇ℎ𝑛𝑓 (𝜕𝑦 ) , 𝑞 = −𝑘ℎ𝑛𝑓 (𝜕𝑦) .
𝑦=0 𝑦=0

Combining (2.34) and (2.35) we have

1/2 𝜇ℎ𝑛𝑓 −1/2 𝑘ℎ𝑛𝑓 (2.36)
𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝐶𝑓 = 𝑣 ′ (0) and 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = − 𝜃′(0) ,
𝜇𝑓 𝑘𝑓

𝑢𝑤 𝑥
where 𝑅𝑒𝑥 = is the local Reynold’s number.
𝜈𝑓

Differentiating (2.33) with respect to y and putting y=0, we obtain the skin friction coefficients for
𝑣 (𝑡, 0) = 𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝑡),

46
 1/2 𝜇ℎ𝑛𝑓 1
𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝐶𝑓 = [ (𝑖𝑏𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝑡 (−1 + 𝑒 2𝑖𝑛𝑡 )(𝑗′
𝜇𝑓 2𝑝(𝑚2 + 𝑝2 )(𝑝 − 𝑞 )𝑞(𝑚2 + 𝑞 2 )
+ 𝑘′(√𝑐 − 𝑖𝑛 + √𝑐 + 𝑖𝑛))𝑝(𝑚2 + 𝑝2 )(𝑝 − 𝑞)𝑞(𝑚2 + 𝑞 2 ) + 2(𝑚2
+ 𝑝2 )((−1 + 𝑒 𝑞𝑡 )𝑝 + 𝑞 − 𝑒 𝑝𝑡 𝑞)(𝑚2 + 𝑞 2 )𝑅𝑖 + 2𝑗(𝑚2 + 𝑝2 )(𝑝
− 𝑒 𝑞𝑡 𝑝 + (−1 + 𝑒 𝑝𝑡 )𝑞)(𝑚2 + 𝑞 2 )𝑅𝑖 + 𝑎𝑗′𝑒 −𝑖𝑚𝑡 𝑝𝑞(2𝑒 (𝑖𝑚+𝑞)𝑡 𝑚(𝑚2
+ 𝑝2 ) + 𝑖(𝑚 + 𝑖𝑝)(𝑝 − 𝑞)(𝑚 + 𝑖𝑞) + 𝑖𝑒 2𝑖𝑚𝑡 (𝑖 + 𝑝)(𝑝 − 𝑞)(𝑖𝑚 + 𝑞)
− 2𝑒 (𝑖𝑚+𝑝)𝑡 𝑚(𝑚2 + 𝑞 2 ))𝑅𝑖 + 𝑎𝑗𝑒 −𝑖𝑚𝑡 𝑝𝑞(−2𝑒 (𝑖𝑚+𝑞)𝑡 𝑚(𝑚2 + 𝑝2 )
+ (−𝑖𝑚 + 𝑝)(𝑝 − 𝑞)(𝑚 + 𝑖𝑞) + 𝑒 2𝑖𝑚𝑡 (𝑚 − 𝑖𝑝)(𝑝 − 𝑞)(𝑖𝑚 + 𝑞)
+ 2𝑒 (𝑖𝑚+𝑝)𝑡 𝑚(𝑚2 + 𝑞 2 ))𝑅𝑖 − 𝑖𝑤𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑘′𝑝(𝑚2 + 𝑝2 )(𝑝 − 𝑞)𝑞(𝑚2
+ 𝑞 2 )((−1 + 𝑒 2𝑖𝑛𝑡 )(√𝑤 ′ − 𝑖𝑛 + √𝑤 ′ + 𝑖𝑛) + √𝑤 ′ − 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑓[𝜉7,1 ]
− 𝑒 2𝑖𝑛𝑡 √𝑤 ′ + 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑓[𝜉7,0 ]) + 2𝑘(𝑚2 + 𝑝2 )(𝑚2 + 𝑞 2 )𝑅𝑖(√𝑤(𝑝
− 𝑞)𝑒𝑟𝑓[𝜉1,0 ] + 𝑒 𝑝𝑡 √𝑤 + 𝑝𝑞𝑒𝑟𝑓[𝜉2,0 ] − 𝑒 𝑞𝑡 𝑝√𝑤 + 𝑞𝑒𝑟𝑓[𝜉5 ])
+ 𝑎𝑒 −((4𝑤+𝑖𝑚+𝑝+𝑞)𝑡) 𝑘𝑝𝑞𝑟(𝑒 (4𝑤+𝑝+𝑞)𝑡 √𝑤 − 𝑖𝑚(𝑚 + 𝑖𝑝)(𝑝
− 𝑞)(−𝑖𝑚 + 𝑞)𝑒𝑟𝑓[𝜉3,0 ] + 𝑒 (4𝑤+2𝑖𝑚+𝑝+𝑞)𝑡 √𝑤 + 𝑖𝑚(𝑖𝑚 + 𝑝)(𝑝
− 𝑞)(𝑚 − 𝑖𝑞)𝑒𝑟𝑓[𝜉6 ] + 2𝑒 (4𝑤+𝑖𝑚+𝑝+𝑞)𝑡 𝑚(𝑒 𝑝𝑡 √𝑤 + 𝑝(𝑚2
+ 𝑞 2 )𝑒𝑟𝑓[𝜉2,0 ] − 𝑒 𝑞𝑡 (𝑚2 + 𝑝2 )√𝑤 + 𝑞𝑒𝑟𝑓[𝜉3,0 ])) + 2𝑘′(𝑚2
+ 𝑝2 )(𝑚2 + 𝑞 2 )𝑅𝑖(𝑤′(−𝑝 + 𝑞)𝑒𝑟𝑓[𝜉1,1 ] − 𝑒 𝑝𝑡 √𝑤 ′ + 𝑝𝑞𝑒𝑟𝑓[𝜉2,1 ]
+ 𝑒 𝑞𝑡 𝑝√𝑤 ′ + 𝑞𝑒𝑟𝑓[𝜉3,1 ])
′ +𝑖𝑚+𝑝+𝑞)𝑡)
+ 𝑎𝑒 −((4𝑤 𝑘′𝑝𝑞𝑟(𝑖𝑒 (4𝑤′+𝑝+𝑞)𝑡 √𝑐 − 𝑖𝑚(𝑚 + 𝑖𝑝)(𝑝 − 𝑞)(𝑚
+ 𝑖𝑞)𝑒𝑟𝑓[𝜉7,2 ] − 𝑖𝑒 (4𝑤′+2𝑖𝑚+𝑝+𝑞)𝑡 √𝑤′ + 𝑖𝑚1(𝑚 − 𝑖𝑝)(𝑝 − 𝑞)(𝑚
− 𝑖𝑞)𝑒𝑟𝑓[𝜉7,2 ] + 2𝑒 (4𝑤′+𝑖𝑚+𝑝+𝑞)𝑡 𝑚(−𝑒 𝑝𝑡 √𝑤′ + 𝑝(𝑚2
+ 𝑞 2 )𝑒𝑟𝑓[ 𝜉2,2 ] + 𝑒 𝑞𝑡 (𝑚2 + 𝑝2 )√𝑤′ + 𝑞𝑒𝑟𝑓[𝜉3,1 ])))] (2.37)

Here,

𝜉1,0 = √𝑤𝑡, 𝜉1,1 = √𝑤′𝑡, 𝜉2,0 = √𝑤 + 𝑝√𝑡, 𝜉2,1 = √𝑤′ + 𝑝√𝑡 , 𝜉2,2 = √𝑤 ′ − 𝑝√𝑡,
𝜉3,0 = √𝑤 + 𝑞 √𝑡, 𝜉3,1 = √𝑤′ + 𝑞 √𝑡, 𝜉5,6 = √𝑤 ± 𝑖𝑚√𝑡, 𝜉7,0 = √𝑤 + 𝑖𝑛√𝑡, 𝜉7,1 =
√𝑤 ′ − 𝑖𝑛√𝑡, 𝜉7,2 = √𝑤 ′ − 𝑖𝑚√𝑡

Again, differentiating (2.18) with respect to y and putting y=0, we have,

47
 −1/2 𝑘ℎ𝑛𝑓 1 −𝑖𝑚𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑡
2𝑒 −𝑤𝑡 𝑘
𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑁𝑢𝑥 =− [ (−𝑗 − 𝑖𝑗𝑎𝑒 + 𝑖𝑗𝑎𝑒 − √𝑤𝑘 −
𝑘𝑓 2 √𝜋 √𝑡
− (𝑗 + √𝑤𝑘)𝑒𝑟𝑓 [𝜁1 ] − 𝑖𝑎𝑒 −𝑖𝑚𝑡 𝑘√𝑤 − 𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑓[𝜁3 ]

+ 𝑖𝑎𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑡 𝑘√𝑤 + 𝑖𝑚 𝑒𝑟𝑓[𝜁2 ] − 𝑗 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 [𝜁1 ] + √𝑤𝑘 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 [𝜁1 ])] (2.38)

Here,
𝜁1 = √𝑤𝑡, 𝜁2,3 = √𝑤 ± 𝑖𝑚√𝑡

2.5 Results and Discussion

A. Effects on velocity and temperature

In this study, we will observe the changes of velocity(𝑣) and temperature(𝜃) of fluid with heat
source and magnetic source with respect to spatial parameter 𝑦. For this we will apply Laplace
transform method with initial assumption of parameters 𝑃𝑟 = 6, 𝑠𝑤 = 2.5, 𝜑1 = 0.02, 𝜑2 = 0.01,
𝜑3 = 0.01, 𝑖 = 0.02, Ω = 0.02, 𝐻 = 0.1, 𝑀 = 0.1, 𝑅𝑖 = 3, 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 0.05, 𝑚 = 𝑛 = 1. Now we
𝜋 𝜋
will plot the values of 𝑣( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) obtained by Laplace transform along y-axis and values of
𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 along x-axis in different frames and analyze them and will observe the changes in 𝑣( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 )

for different values of one parameter keeping all other fixed.

(i) Variation of 𝜑1

To observe the effect of volume fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles we have considered 𝜑1 =0.02, 0.05
𝜋 𝜋
and 0.10. The changes of 𝑣( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) with the effect of 𝜑1 are displayed in Figures 1.1(a) and
𝜋
1.1(b) respectively. According to the figures 𝑣( 2 ) first increases from 0.05 with the increase of 𝑦
𝜋
to critical value and then decreases to 0 for every 𝜑1 . But 𝜃 ( 2 ) is decreasing from maximum
𝜋
temperature to 0 as 𝑦 is increasing for all 𝜑1 . Now for any fixed 𝑦 say y=0.2, the values of 𝑣 ( 2 )
𝜋
are 3.15202, 3.05519, 2.89163 and values of 𝜃 ( 2 ) are 0.0715134, 0.0903574, 0.126394 for

𝜑1 =0.02, 0.05 and 0.10 respectively. So, velocity is slightly decreasing and temperature is
increasing with the increment of 𝜑1 . These are stable solutions of velocity and temperature. It can

48
be seen that temperature attains its maximum value near the surface. The fluid thermal capacity is
inflated by the higher volume fraction of alumina nanoparticles therefore, temperature increases
for higher values of 𝜑1 .

𝜋 𝜋
Fig. 2.1 (a)𝑣( 2 ) and (b) 𝜃 ( 2 ) for different values of 𝜑1

(ii) Variation of 𝜑2

Here we have taken the values 𝜑2 =0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 as the volume fraction of Cu. The influences
𝜋 𝜋
on 𝑣( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) are presented with graph in Figures 1.2(a) and 1.2(b) respectively. The values
𝜋 𝜋
of 𝑣 ( 2 ) is increasing with the increase of 𝑦 to the critical value and then decreasing but 𝜃 ( 2 ) is

decreasing from maximum temperature to 0 as 𝑦 is increasing for all 𝜑2 . At y=0.2, the values of
𝜋 𝜋
𝑣 ( 2 ) are 3.15202, 2.80687, 2.62107 and values of 𝜃 ( 2 ) are 0.0715134, 0.0965413, 0.132894 for

𝜑2 =0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 respectively. It indicates that velocity is decreasing but temperature is

increasing with increasing 𝜑2 . The inclusion of copper nanoparticles changes the thermophysical
properties of the hybrid nanofluid therefore, the temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness
increase with the increment of 𝜑2 .

49
 𝜋 𝜋
Fig. 2.2 (a)𝑣( 2 ) and (b) 𝜃 ( 2 ) for different values of 𝜑2

(iii) Variation of 𝜑3
𝜋 𝜋
Again, with the target to observe the effect of 𝜑3 on 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) the values of 𝜑3 =0.01, 0.05

𝜋 𝜋
and 0.10 is taken as the volume fraction of Ag. The influences on 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) are presented
𝜋 𝜋
with graph in Figures 1.3(a) and 1.4(b). The changes of 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) with respect to 𝑦 are the
𝜋
same as explained before which means 𝑣 ( 2 ) is increasing with the increase of 𝑦 to the critical
𝜋
value and then decreasing but 𝜃 ( 2 ) is decreasing from maximum temperature to 0 as y is
𝜋
decreasing for all 𝜑3 . At y=0.2, the values of 𝑣 ( 2 ) are 3.15202, 2.78711, 2.60347 and values of
𝜋
𝜃 ( 2 ) are 0.0715134, 0.0987235, 0.138837 for 𝜑3 =0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 respectively. So, velocity

is decreasing, whereas temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness is increasing with the
increment of 𝜑3 due to the thermophysical properties of silver nanoparticles.

50
 𝜋 𝜋
Fig. 2.3 (a)𝑣( 2 ) and (b) 𝜃 ( 2 ) for different values of 𝜑3

(iv) Variation of 𝑀
𝜋 𝜋
In order to observe the effect of 𝑀 on 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) have taken 𝑀=0.00, 0.10 and 0.20 as the
𝜋 𝜋
values of magnetic field parameter. The influences on 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) are presented with graph
𝜋
in Figures 1.4(a) and 1.4(b). The values of 𝑣 ( 2 ) is increasing with the increase of 𝑦 to the critical
𝜋
value and then decreasing but 𝜃 ( 2 ) is decreasing from maximum temperature to 0 as 𝑦 is
𝜋 𝜋
increasing for all 𝑀. The effect of on 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) are equivalent with 𝑀. At y=0.2, the values
𝜋 𝜋
of 𝑣 ( 2 ) are 2.62111, 3.15202, 3.77969 and values of 𝜃 ( 2 ) are 0.0715134, 0.0715134,

0.0715134 for 𝑀=0.00, 0.10 and 0.20 respectively. The maximum velocity is increasing notably
with the increase of magnetic source parameter but it has no effect on temperature. If 𝑀≠0.00,
velocity continuously becomes stronger due to the magnetic source.

51
 𝜋 𝜋
Fig. 2.4 (a)𝑣( 2 ) and (b) 𝜃 ( 2 ) for different values of 𝑀

(v) Variation of 𝑠𝑤
𝜋 𝜋
The effect of 𝑠𝑤 as suction parameter on 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) is observed by taking the values 𝑠𝑤 =
𝜋 𝜋
2.50, 2.80 and 3.00. The influences on 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) are presented with graph in Figures 1.5(a)
𝜋
and 1.5(b) which are equivalent with 𝑠𝑤 . The values of 𝑣 ( 2 ) is increasing with the increase of 𝑦
𝜋
to the critical value and then decreasing but 𝜃 ( 2 ) is decreasing from maximum temperature to 0
𝜋
as 𝑦 is increasing for all 𝑠𝑤 At 𝑦=0.2 the values of 𝑣 ( 2 ) are 3.15202, 3.4215, 3.61713 and values
𝜋
of 𝜃 ( 2 ) are 0.0715134, 0.0520997, 0.042183 for 𝑠𝑤 =2.50, 2.80 and 3.00 respectively. So, the

maximum velocity is increasing and temperature is decreasing with the increment of 𝑠𝑤 .

52
 𝜋 𝜋
Fig. 2.5 (a)𝑣( 2 ) and (b) 𝜃 ( 2 ) for different values of 𝑠𝑤

(vi) Variation of 𝐻
𝜋 𝜋
The effect of 𝐻 as heat source parameter on 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) is observed by taking the values
𝜋
𝐻 =0.00, 0.50 and 0.90 and 𝜃 ( 2 ) is observed by taking the values 𝐻 =0.00, 1.50 and 4.00. The
𝜋 𝜋
influences on 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) are presented with graph in Figures 1.6(a) and 1.6(b) which are
𝜋
equivalent with 𝐻. The values of 𝑣 ( 2 ) is increasing with the increase of 𝑦 to the critical value
𝜋
and then decreasing but 𝜃 ( 2 ) is decreasing from maximum temperature to 0 as 𝑦 is increasing for
𝜋
all 𝐻. At 𝑦=0.2 the values of 𝑣 ( 2 ) are 2.34443, 10.5895, 35.9483 for 𝐻=0.10, 0.50 and 0.90
𝜋
respectively and values of 𝜃 ( 2 ) are 0.0714562, 0.0810529, 0.103717 for 𝐻=0.00, 1.50 and 4.00

respectively. It indicates that, when heat source is increased, velocity is significantly increased and
temperature is increased slightly. It is because higher value of 𝐻 produces higher heat which
stimulates the increase in velocity and temperature.

53
 𝜋 𝜋
Fig. 2.6 (a)𝑣( 2 ) and (b) 𝜃 ( 2 ) for different values of 𝐻

(vii) Variation of 𝑃𝑟
𝜋 𝜋
The influences of 𝑃𝑟 as Prandtl number on 𝑣 ( ) and 𝜃 ( ) is observed by taking the values
2 2

𝑃𝑟=6.00, 7.00 and 8.00. The changes are presented with graphs in Figures 1.7(a) and 1.7(b). The
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
effect of on 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ) are equivalent with 𝑃𝑟. The values of 𝑣 ( 2 ) is increasing with the
𝜋
increase of 𝑦 to the critical value and then decreasing but 𝜃 ( ) is decreasing from maximum
2
𝜋
temperature to 0 as 𝑦 is increasing for all 𝑃𝑟. At 𝑦=0.2 the values of 𝑣 ( 2 ) are 3.15202, 3.21369,
𝜋
3.24446 and values of 𝜃 ( 2 ) are 0.0715134, 0.0460674, 0.0296757 for 𝑃𝑟=6.00, 7.00 and 8.00

respectively. So, maximum velocity slightly increases but temperature and thermal boundary layer
thickness decreases with the increment of 𝑃𝑟.

(viii) Variation of 𝑅𝑖

With the variation of Richardson number (mixed convective parameter), we will observe the
𝜋 𝜋
change of 𝑣 ( 2 ) and 𝜃 ( 2 ). The change is presented in Figures 1.8(a) and 1.8(b) where 𝑅𝑖=3.00,
𝜋
5.00 and 7.00 are taken. At 𝑦=0.2 the values of 𝑣 ( 2 ) are 3.15202, 5.23475, 7.31748 and values of
𝜋
𝜃 ( ) are 0.0715134, 0.0715134, 0.0715134 for 𝑅𝑖=3.00, 5.00 and 7.00 respectively. We observe
2

54
that maximum velocity is significantly increased by the increment of 𝑅𝑖 whether there is no change
in temperature.

𝜋 𝜋
Fig. 2.7 (a)𝑣( 2 ) and (b) 𝜃 ( 2 ) for different values of 𝑃𝑟

𝜋 𝜋
Fig. 2.8 (a)𝑣( 2 ) and (b) 𝜃 ( 2 ) for different values of 𝑅𝑖

55
B. Changes in skin friction and local Nusselt number

We will observe the changes of 𝑣 ′ (0) and −𝜃′(0) of fluid with heat source and magnetic source
with respect to 𝑡. For this we will start with initial assumption of parameters 𝑃𝑟 = 6, 𝑠𝑤 = 2.5,
𝜑1 = 0.02, 𝜑2 = 0.01, 𝜑3 = 0.01, 𝑖 = 0.02, Ω = 0.02, 𝐻 = 0.1, 𝑀 = 0.1, 𝑅𝑖 = 3, 𝑎 = 𝑏 =
0.05, 𝑚 = 𝑛 = 1. Now we will plot the values of 𝑣 ′ (0) and −𝜃′(0) obtained by Laplace
transform along y-axis and values of 𝑡 along x-axis in different frames and analyze them and will
observe the changes in 𝑣 ′ (0) and −𝜃′(0) for different values of one parameter keeping all other
fixed.

(i)Variation of 𝜑1

To observe the effect of volume fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles we have considered 𝜑1 =0.02, 0.10
and 0.10. The changes of 𝑣 ′ (0) and −𝜃′(0) with the effect of 𝜑1 are displayed in Figures 1.9(a)
and 1.9(b) respectively. Now for any fixed 𝑡 say 𝑡=1.0 the values of 𝑣′(0) are 13.718, 12.4994,

10.7508 and values of −𝜃′(0) are 13.1533, 11.9838, 10.3057 for 𝜑1 =0.02, 0.05 and 0.10

respectively. The thermophysical properties of alumina effects heat transfer strongly. So, the skin
friction coefficients become smaller but the heat transfer coefficients gets higher with the
increment of 𝜑1 .

Fig. 2.11 (a) 𝑣 ′ (0) and (b) −𝜃′(0) for different values of 𝜑2

56
(ii) Variation of 𝜑2

Here we have taken the values 𝜑2 =0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 as the volume fraction of Cu. The influences
on 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) are presented with graph in Figures 1.10(a) and 1.10(b) respectively. At
𝑡=1.0 the values of 𝑣′(0) are 21.6558, 17.9663, 14.6686 and values of −𝜃′(0) are 13.718,

12.1546, 10.4896 for 𝜑2 =0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 respectively. As higher value of volume fraction of

copper nanoparticles generates higher density and thermal conductivity, skin friction coefficients
gets smaller & heat transfer coefficients gets stronger with increasing 𝜑2 .

Fig. 2.12 (a) 𝑣 ′ (0) and (b) −𝜃′(0) for different values of 𝜑2

(iii) Variation of 𝜑3

Again, with the target to observe the effect of 𝜑3 on 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) the values of 𝜑3 =0.01, 0.05

and 0.10 is taken as the volume fraction of Ag. The influences on 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) are presented
with graph in Figures 1.4(a) and 1.4(b). At 𝑡=1.0 the values of 𝑣 ′ (0) are 21.6558, 17.7107, 14.171
and values of −𝜃′(0) are 13.718, 12.0381, 10.2617 for 𝜑3 =0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 respectively.
Inclusion of silver nanoparticles effects to decrease skin friction coefficients & increase heat
transfer coefficients with the increment of 𝜑3 . Silver nanoparticles thermophysical properties
enhances heat transfer.

57
 Fig. 2.13 (a) 𝑣 ′ (0) and (b) −𝜃′(0) for different values of 𝜑3

(iv) Variation of 𝑀

In order to observe the effect of 𝑀 on 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) have taken 𝑀 = 0.00, 0.10 and 0.20 as
the values of magnetic field parameter. The influences on 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) are presented with
graph in Figures 1.12(a) and 1.12(b). At 𝑡=1.0 the values of 𝑣′(0) are 19.7772, 21.6558, 23.7. The
existence of a magnetic source enhances the skin friction coefficients however doesn’t affect heat
transfer coefficients.

Fig. 2.14 (a) 𝑣 ′ (0) and (b) −𝜃′(0) for different values of 𝑀

58
(v) Variation of 𝑠𝑤

The effect of 𝑠𝑤 as suction parameter on 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) is observed by taking the values 𝑠𝑤 =
2.50, 2.80 and 3.00. The influences on 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) are presented with graph in Figures 1.7(a)
and 1.7(b) which are equivalent with 𝑠𝑤 . At 𝑡=1.0 the values of 𝑣′(0) are 21.6558, 25.4199,
28.1942 and values of −𝜃′(0) are 13.718, 15.371, 16.4727 for 𝑠𝑤 =2.50, 2.80 and 3.00
respectively. So, both 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) are increasing with the increment of 𝑠𝑤 .

Fig. 2.15 (a) 𝑣 ′ (0) and (b) −𝜃′(0) for different values of 𝑠𝑤

(vi) Variation of 𝐻

The effect of 𝐻 as suction parameter on 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) is observed by taking the values 𝐻 =
0.00, 0.50 and 0.90. The influences on 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) are presented with graph in Figures 1.7(a)
and 1.7(b) which are equivalent with 𝐻. At 𝑡=1.0 the values of 𝑣′(0) are 18.463, 41.6727, 81.6838
and values of −𝜃′(0) are 13.7598, 13.5485, 13.3745 for 𝐻=0.00, 0.50 and 0.90 respectively. The
skin friction coefficients increase significantly with the increment of 𝐻. On the other hand, when
𝐻=0.00, the heat transfer happens equally by conduction and convection and when 𝐻≠0.00, it
continuously becomes stronger due to the source of heat and sinusoidal oscillation.

59
 Fig. 2.16 (a) 𝑣 ′ (0) and (b) −𝜃′(0) for different values of 𝐻

(vii) Variation of 𝑃𝑟

The influences of 𝑃𝑟 as Prandtl number on 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) is observed by taking the values
𝑃𝑟=6.00, 7.00 and 8.00. The changes are presented with graphs in Figures 1.9(a) and 1.9(b). The
effect of on 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) are equivalent with 𝑃𝑟. It is evident from the graph that increasing
𝑃𝑟 enhances skin friction coefficients but reduces heat transfer coefficients.

Fig. 2.17 (a) 𝑣 ′ (0) and (b) −𝜃′(0) for different values of 𝑃𝑟

60
(viii) Variation of 𝑅𝑖

With the variation of Richardson number 𝑣′(0) and −𝜃′(0) also change. The change is presented
in Figures 1.16(a) and 1.16(b) where 𝑅𝑖=3.00, 5.00 and 7.00 are taken. The effect of on 𝑣′(0) and
−𝜃′(0) are equivalent with 𝑀. At 𝑡=1.0 the values of 𝑣′(0) are 21.6558, 36.1808, 50.705 and
values of −𝜃′(0) are 13.718, 13.718, 13.718 for 𝑅𝑖=3.00, 5.00 and 7.00 respectively. So mixed
convective parameter gives a raise to the skin friction coefficients but doesn’t affect heat transfer.

Fig. 2.18 (a) 𝑣 ′ (0) and (b) −𝜃′(0) for different values of 𝑃𝑟

(ix) Variation of 𝑚

The frequency of sinusoidal oscillation of the temperature has no effect on skin friction
coefficients. But it significantly raises the number of oscillations of −𝜃′(0) at the time interval 𝑡=
[0,20].

61
 Fig. 2.19 (a) 𝑣 ′ (0) and (b) −𝜃′(0) for different values of 𝑚

(x) Variation of 𝑛

The number of waves of velocity function 𝑛 increases 𝑣′(0) slightly while it has no effect on
−𝜃′(0).

Fig. 2.20 (a) 𝑣 ′ (0) and (b) −𝜃′(0) for different values of 𝑛

62
2.6 Conclusions

The Stokes’ second problem for hybrid nanofluid with sinusoidal temperature variations is studied
both analytically and theoretically. The dimensionless partial differential equation is solved using
Laplace transforms, and the transient exact solution is expressed in terms of exponentials and error
functions. The stable solution is illustrated through graphical representations. By analyzing the
numerical results and graphs, it is observed that various parameters influence the velocity and
temperature of the nanofluid in different ways. Similarly, different parameters have distinct effects
on skin friction coefficients and heat transfer coefficients. Key findings include:

(i) Higher volume fractions of alumina, copper, and silver nanoparticles lead to a significant
increase in temperature and a decrease in velocity.

(ii) An increase in the suction parameter and Prandtl number results in a decrease in temperature
and a slight increase in velocity.

(iii) A higher heat source parameter causes a substantial increase in both temperature and velocity.

(iv) The magnetic source parameter and mixed convective parameter do not affect the temperature
or heat transfer coefficients.

(v) Fluid velocity increases notably with the presence of a magnetic source and as the mixed
convective parameter rises.

(vi) As the volume fractions of alumina, copper, and silver nanoparticles increase, skin friction
coefficients decrease, while heat transfer coefficients increase.

(vii) Increasing the heat source parameter leads to a significant rise in skin friction coefficients and
a stronger heat transfer coefficient.

(viii) Higher Prandtl number and suction parameter result in a notable increase in skin friction
coefficients and a decrease in heat transfer coefficients.

(ix) The presence of a magnetic source raises skin friction coefficients.

(x) An increase in the mixed convective parameter raises the value of skin friction coefficients.

(xi) An increase in the temperature oscillation frequency leads to a significant rise in the number
of oscillations in the heat transfer coefficients.
63
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