Week 4 - Tutorial 3
Centrifugal Pump &
Compressor
Tutorial by: Abhijit Date
Centrifugal pump Work done on the fluid per unit time,
𝑊ሶ = 𝑚ሶ 𝑉𝑤2 𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑤1 𝑈1 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑉
ሶ 𝑤2 𝑈2
𝑉𝑤2 𝑈2
𝐻𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 =
𝑔
𝑔𝐻𝑛𝑒𝑡
Manometric efficiency 𝜂𝑚 =
𝑉𝑤2 𝑈2
𝜌𝑄𝑔𝐻𝑛𝑒𝑡
Overall efficiency 𝜂𝑜 =
𝑊ሶ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛
𝑄 = 𝐴2 × 𝑉𝑓2
𝑄 = 𝜋 × 𝐷2 × 𝐵2 × 𝑉𝑓2 Mechanical efficiency
𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑤2 𝑈2
𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ =
𝑊ሶ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛
𝑊ሶ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
Slip factor Actual theoretical head,
Work head imparted to 𝑄
′
𝑉𝑤2 the fluid 𝑉𝑤2 = 𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑓2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2 = 𝑈2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽2
𝐴
𝜎𝑠 = 𝜎𝑠 𝑉𝑤2 𝑈2
𝑉𝑤2 𝐻𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
𝑔
2
Q1. A pumping station in Australia must pump water from sea to top of the hill with a net delivery head
of 50m and at constant volume flow rate of 0.1 m3/sec. A 3-pole-pair electric motor is connected to the
pump operating at supply frequency of 50 Hz. An axial inflow centrifugal pump was purchased to fulfill
this requirement. It has outlet diameter of 360 mm and inlet diameter of 170 mm. (i) Estimate all
parameters of inlet and outlet velocity triangles, and outlet height. Consider constant flow velocity and
manometric efficiency of the pump to be 68%. (ii) If mechanical efficiency is 0.75, calculate the power
supplied to the shaft and overall efficiency, (iii) If the slip factor is 0.8, recalculate the head imparted by
the pump (i.e. actual theoretical head).
Solution
Given,
Head_net H_net 50 m
Flow Q 0.1 m3/sec
Motor pole-pairs P 3
Frequency f 50 Hz
Outlet Diameter D2 360 mm
Inlet Diameter D1 170 mm
Manometric efficiency ηman 68 %
Head_net H_net 50 m
(i) Flow Q 0.1 m3/sec
Motor pole-pair P 3
Speed of the pump Frequency f 50 Hz
Outlet Diameter D2 360 mm
Inlet Diameter D1 170 mm
60𝑓 60 × 50 Manometric efficiency ηman 68 %
𝑁= = = 1000 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑝 3
Flow velocity at inlet
𝑄 = 𝐴1 × 𝑉𝑓1
𝜋
𝑄= × 𝐷1 2 × 𝑉𝑓1
4
4×𝑄 4 × 0.1
𝑉𝑓1 = 2 = 2 = 4.408 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜋 × 𝐷1 𝜋 × 0.17
Blade velocity at inlet
𝜋𝐷1 𝑁 𝜋 × 0.17 × 1000
𝑈1 = = = 8.901 𝑚Τ𝑠 𝑒𝑐
60 60
Head_net H_net 50 m
Flow Q 0.1 m3/sec
Inlet blade angle Motor pole P 3
𝑉𝑓1 Frequency f 50 Hz
tan 𝛽1 = Outlet Diameter D2 360 mm
𝑈1
𝑉𝑓1 4.408 Inlet Diameter D1 170 mm
𝛽1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 26.34𝑜
𝑈1 8.901 Manometric efficiency ηman 68 %
Relative velocity at inlet,
2
𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉𝑓1 + 𝑈12 = 4.4062 + 8.9012 = 9.93 𝑚Τ𝑠 𝑒𝑐
At Outlet,
Constant flow velocity,
𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2
For whirl velocity at outlet,
𝑔𝐻𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝜋𝐷2 𝑁 𝜋 × 0.36 × 1000
𝜂𝑚 = 𝑈2 = = = 18.85 𝑚Τ𝑠 𝑒𝑐
𝑉𝑤2 𝑈2 60 60
𝑔𝐻𝑛𝑒𝑡 9.81 × 50
𝑉𝑤2 = = = 38.27 𝑚Τ𝑠 𝑒𝑐
𝜂𝑚 𝑈2 0.68 × 18.85
Outlet absolute velocity, Head_net H_net 50 m
2 2 Flow Q 0.1 m3/sec
𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑤2 + 𝑉𝑓2 = 38.272 + 4.4062 = 38.52 𝑚Τ𝑠 𝑒𝑐
Motor pole P 3
Frequency f 50 Hz
Outlet Diameter D2 360 mm
𝑉𝑟2 = 𝑉f22 + 𝑈2 − 𝑉w2 2 = 19.91 𝑚Τ𝑠 𝑒𝑐 Inlet Diameter D1 170 mm
Manometric efficiency ηman 68 %
Outlet blade angle,
𝑉𝑓2 4.406
tan 𝛽2 = = = 0.227 𝛽2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 0.227 = 12.79𝑜
𝑉𝑤2 − 𝑈2 38.27 − 18.85
Outlet flow angle
𝑉𝑓2 4.406 4.406
tan 𝛼2 = = 𝛼2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 6.57𝑜
𝑉𝑤2 38.27 38.27
Outlet width,
𝑄 = 𝐴2 × 𝑉𝑓2
𝑄 = 𝜋 × 𝐷2 × 𝐵2 × 𝑉𝑓2
𝑄 0.1
𝐵2 = = = 0.0201 𝑚
𝜋 × 𝐷2 × 𝑉𝑓2 𝜋 × 0.36 × 4.406
Head_net H_net 50 m
(ii) Shaft power supplied and Overall efficiency Flow Q 0.1 m3/sec
Motor pole P 3
𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑤2 𝑈2 1000 × 0.1 × 38.27 × 18.85 Frequency f 50 Hz
𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = = Outlet Diameter D2 360 mm
ሶ
𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 ሶ
𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 Inlet Diameter D1 170 mm
Manometric efficiency ηman 68 %
1000 × 0.1 × 38.27 × 18.85
ሶ
𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 = = 96.19 kW
0.75
Overall efficiency
𝜌𝑄𝑔𝐻𝑛𝑒𝑡 1000 × 9.81 × 0.1 × 50
𝜂𝑜 = = = 51 %
ሶ
𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 96.19 × 1000
(iii) When slip factor is 0.8
′
𝑉𝑤2 ′
𝜎𝑠 = 𝑉𝑤2 = 𝜎𝑠 × 𝑉𝑤2 = 0.8 ∗ 38.27 = 30.62 𝑚Τ𝑠 𝑒𝑐
𝑉𝑤2
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
′
𝑉𝑤2 𝑈2 30.62 × 18.85
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑒𝑎d 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 = H𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = = = 58.84 𝑚
𝑔 9.81
Centrifugal compressor
8
Centrifugal compressor Work done on the fluid per unit time,
𝛼2
𝑊ሶ = 𝑚ሶ 𝑉𝑤2 𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑤1 𝑈1 𝑊ሶ = 𝑚𝑉
ሶ 𝑤2 𝑈2
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑉𝑟2 = 𝑉𝑓2
∴ 𝑊ሶ = 𝑚ሶ 𝑈22
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝐵
- + 𝑎𝑠 𝑉𝑤2 = 𝑈2
- +
- +
- +
- +
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝐸
- + 𝜔
𝐸
𝑉1 =
𝑉𝑓1 𝛽1
𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑈1
9
Centrifugal compressor Work done on the fluid per unit time,
𝛽2 𝛼2 𝛼2
𝑊ሶ = 𝑚ሶ 𝑉𝑤2 𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑤1 𝑈1 𝑊ሶ = 𝑚𝑉
ሶ 𝑤2 𝑈2
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑉𝑟2 = 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉𝑟2 𝑉𝑓2
𝛽2
∴ 𝑊ሶ = 𝑚ሶ 𝑈22
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝐵
- + 𝑎𝑠 𝑉𝑤2 = 𝑈2
- +
- +
- +
- +
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝐸
- + 𝜔 Slip factor
𝐸
′ ′
𝑉𝑤2 𝑉𝑤2 ∴ 𝑊ሶ = 𝜎𝑠 𝑚𝑈
ሶ 22
𝜎𝑠 = =
𝑉1 𝑉𝑤2 𝑈2
𝑉1 =
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉𝑓
∝1 𝛽1 𝛽1
𝑉𝑤1
𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑈1 𝑈1
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝜎𝑠 as suggested by Stanitz
𝑂
0.63 𝜋
𝜎𝑠 = 1 − 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠/𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑠
𝑛
Work done on the fluid per unit time, with
whirl at the inlet
𝑊ሶ = 𝑚ሶ 𝑉𝑤2 𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑤1 𝑈1
10
Centrifugal compressor For adiabatic compressor, power can be written as
𝑊ሶ = 𝜑𝜎𝑠 𝑚𝑈
ሶ 22 𝑊ሶ = 𝑚ሶ 𝑐𝑝𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑇02 − 𝑇01
where 𝑇01 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑇02 are stagnation temperatures at inlet and
where 𝜑 is the power input factor outlet of impeller
∴ 𝑚ሶ 𝜑𝜎𝑠 𝑈22 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑐𝑝𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑇02 − 𝑇01 Point 3 is at the outlet of the diffuser
𝑇02 𝑇03 𝜑𝜎𝑠 𝑈22
= =1+
𝑇01 𝑇01 𝑐𝑝𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑇01
𝑇03𝑠 − 𝑇01
𝜂𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 =
𝑇03 − 𝑇01
𝛾 𝛾
𝑃03 𝑇03𝑠 𝛾−1 𝜂𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 𝑇02 − 𝑇01 𝛾−1
= = 1+
𝑃01 𝑇01 𝑇01
Mechanical efficiency 𝑄(𝑃03 −𝑃01 )
Overall efficiency 𝜂𝑜 =
𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑤2 𝑈2 𝑊ሶ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛
𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ =
𝑊ሶ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑊ሶ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 =
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
11
Q2. A single inlet centrifugal compressor handles 528 kg/min of air. The ambient air
conditions are 1 bar and 20oC. The compressor runs at 20000 rpm with isentropic efficiency
of 80%. The air is compressed in the compressor from 1 bar static pressure to 4 bar total
pressure. The air enters the impeller eye with a velocity of 145 m/s with no pre-whirl.
Assuming that the ratio of whirl speed to tip speed is 0.9. Calculate:
i. Rise in total temperature during compression if the change in K.E. is negligible.
ii. The tip diameter of the impeller.
iii. Power required
iv. Eye diameter if the hub diameter is 12 cm.
Solution
Given,
Mass flow rate 𝑚 528
= 8.8 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
60
Inlet Pressure (static) P1 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Inlet temperature 𝑇1 20 + 273 = 293 𝐾
Speed 𝑁 20000 𝑟𝑝𝑚
Isentropic Efficiency 𝜂𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛 80 %
Outlet pressure (total) P02 4.0 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Inlet flow velocity Vf1 = 𝑉1 145 𝑚/𝑠
Ratio of whirl speed to 𝑉𝑤2 0.9
tip speed U2
Hub diameter Dℎ 12 𝑐𝑚 = 0.12 𝑚
i. Rise in total temperature during compression if the change in Kinetic Energy is negligible
The stagnation temperature at inlet to the machine,
𝑉12 1452
𝑇01 = 𝑇1 + = 293 + = 303.6 𝐾
2𝑐𝑝 2 × 1.005 × 1000
Now,
𝛾−1 𝛾
𝑇01 𝑃01 𝛾 𝑇01 𝛾−1
= 𝑃01 = 𝑃1 × 𝑇02 − 𝑇01
𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑇1
1.4
303.6 1.4−1
𝑃01 = 1 × = 1.131 𝑏𝑎𝑟
293
𝛾−1 1.4−1
𝑇02 ′ 𝑃02 𝛾 4.0 1.4
′
= = = 1.435 𝑇02 = 303.5 × 1.435 = 435.6 𝐾
𝑇01 𝑃01 1.131
Isentropic rise in total temperature = 435.6 -303.6 = 132oC
𝑇02𝑠 − 𝑇01
𝜂𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 =
𝑇02 − 𝑇01
132
Actual rise in total temperature = 𝑇02 − 𝑇01 = = 165𝑜 C
𝜂𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛
(ii) The tip diameter of the impeller, D2
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘/kg 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 = 𝑐𝑝 × Δ𝑇 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 1.005 × 165 = 165.8 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
Work/kg consumed by the compressor is also given by Euler’s equation without pre-whirl as,
𝑉′𝑤2 × 𝑈2 = 165.8 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊= 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
1000
𝑉′𝑤2
= 0.9 ∴ 𝑉′𝑤2 = 0.9 × 𝑈2
𝑈2
1
0.9 × 𝑈2 2 165.8 × 1000 2
165.8 = 𝑈2 = = 429.2 𝑚Τ𝑠
1000 0.9
𝜋𝐷2 𝑁 𝜋𝐷2 × 20000 429.2 × 60
𝑈2 = 429.2 = = 𝐷2 = = 0.4098 𝑚
60 60 𝜋 × 20000
(iii) Power required, P:
𝑃 = 𝑚ሶ × 165.8 = 8.8 × 165.8 = 1459 𝑘𝑊
(iv) Eye diameter if hub diameter is 12 cm, D1,
From continuity equation, we have
𝜋 2
𝑚ሶ = (𝐷1 − 𝐷ℎ2 ) × 𝑉f1 × 𝜌1
4
But density at entry is given by,
𝑃1 1 × 105 𝑘𝑔 𝜋 2
𝜌1 = = = 1.189 3 8.8 = (𝐷1 − 0.122 ) × 145 × 1.189
𝑅𝑇1 287 × 293 𝑚 4
8.8 × 4
𝐷12 = + 0.122 = 0.07939 𝑚2 𝐷1 = 0.2818 𝑚
𝜋 × 145 × 1.189
Q3. A centrifugal compressor running at 10000 rpm delivers 660 m3/min of free air. The air is compressed from 1 bar
and 20°C to a pressure ratio of 4 with an isentropic efficiency of 82%. Blades are radial at outlet of the impeller and
flow velocity of 62 m/s may be assumed throughout constant. The outlet radius of the impeller is twice the inner
and the slip factor may be assumed as 0.9. The blade area coefficient may be assumed 0.9 at inlet. Calculate:
i. Final total temperature of air
ii. Theoretical power
iii. Impeller diameters at inlet and outlet
iv. Impeller blade angle at inlet
v. Breadth of impeller at inlet.
vi. Diffuser blade angle at outlet
Solution
Given,
Speed N 10000 rpm
Volume flow rate of air v 660 m3/min
Inlet pressure p1 1 bar
Inlet temperature T1 20+273 = 293 K
Pressure ratio rp 4
Isentropic efficiency ηisen 0.82
Inlet & Outlet flow velocity Vf1 = Vf2 62 m/sec
Outer radius r2 2r1
Blade area coefficient Ka 0.9
Slip factor 𝜎𝑠 0.9
Assuming zero whirl at inlet, the stagnation temperature at inlet to the machine,
𝑉12 622 𝑇01 𝑃01
𝛾−1
𝛾 𝑇01
𝛾
𝛾−1
𝑇01 = 𝑇1 + = 293 + = 294.91 𝐾 = 𝑃01 = 𝑃1 ×
2𝑐𝑝 2 × 1.005 × 1000 𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑇1
1.4
294.91 1.4−1
𝑃01 = 1× = 1.023 𝑏𝑎𝑟
293
(i) Final total temperature of air, T02
𝑇02𝑠 𝛾−1 1.4−1
= 𝑟𝑝 𝛾 = 4 1.4 = 1.486 𝑇02𝑠 = 294.91 × 1.486 = 438.24 𝐾
𝑇01
Now,
𝑇02𝑠 − 𝑇01 438.24 − 294.91
𝜂𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛 = 𝑇02 = 294.91 + = 469.7 𝐾
𝑇02 − 𝑇01 0.82
(ii) Theoretical power, P 660
𝑃𝑉 1 × 105 ×
Mass flow rate, 60
𝑚ሶ = = = 13 𝑚3 Τ𝑠 𝑒𝑐
𝑅𝑇 287 × 294.91
∴ 𝑃 = 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 𝑇02 − 𝑇01 = 13 × 1.005 × 469.7 − 294.91 = 2283.63 𝑘𝑊
(iii) Impeller diameters at inlet and outlet, D1 & D2,
For radial blades, work input to the compressor is given by,
𝜎𝑠 𝑈2 2
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = = 𝑐𝑝 𝑇02 − 𝑇01
1000
Here T2 is the final temperature of air from the exit of compressor.
1000 × 𝑐𝑝 𝑇02 − 𝑇01 1000 × 1.005 469.7 − 294.91
𝑈2 = = = 441. 8 𝑚Τ𝑠
𝜎𝑠 0.9
Also,
𝜋𝐷2 𝑁 60 × 441.8
𝑈2 = = 441.8 ∴ 𝐷2 = = 0.844 𝑚
60 𝜋 × 10000
𝐷2 0.844
𝐷1 = = = 0.422 𝑚
2 2
(iv) Impeller blade angle at inlet β1,
𝑉𝑓1 62
tan 𝛽1 = = 𝛽1 = 15.7𝑜
𝑈1 220.9
(v) Breadth of impeller at inlet B1,
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 2𝜋𝑟1 𝐵1 𝑉𝑓1 𝐾𝑎
Where Ka is the blade area coefficient
660
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 60
∴ 𝐵1 = = = 0.1487 𝑚
2𝜋𝑟1 𝑉𝑓1 𝐾𝑎 0.422
2 × 𝜋 × 2 × 62 × 0.9
(vi) Diffuser blade angle at outlet, α2,
𝑉𝑓2 62
tan 𝛼2 = =
𝜎𝑠 . 𝑈2 0.9 × 441.8
𝛼2 = 7.99𝑜