AP Human Geography

Migration
Chapter 3

Introduction
 Geographers study:

1.
2.
3.
 Most people migrate for:
1.
2.
3.
 Migration is the ____________ move to a new location
 Immigration is movement ________ a place
 Emigration is movement ________ a place
 Net migration is the difference in the number of immigrants and emigrants
1. If immigration > emigration = ____________
2. If immigration < emigration = ____________
 __________ is a general term for movements from one place to another
 The daily movements of people to school and work is called _________
Key Issue 1 Why do people migrate
Reasons for Migrating
 Push factor –
 Pull factor –
Economic Push & Pull Factors
 People are usually pushed from places with few ______ opportunities to places with many

 The U.S. has been a big destination for people seeking economic freedom and _________

Cultural Push & Pull Factors

 Cultural push factors can be very strong
 There have been push factors that have forced people from their homes

1.
2.
 Boundaries of new countries often trap people of a different ____________
 ______ are often a reason this happens
 Refugees are people who are forced from their ________ and not allowed to return
 These people are usually persecuted due to
1. 3.
2. 4.
5.

 They are essentially ____________ until another country allows them in

1
 The U.S. Committee for Refugees report the following numbers
1.
2.
3.
 The two largest groups of international refugees
1. 2.
 The two largest groups of internal refuges
1. 2.
 Other places with over 1 million internal refugees
1. 2. 3.
 There are also political pull factors from people seeking democracy
Environmental Push & Pull Factors
 People are drawn to areas with a mild ____________ and ____________

 People are __________ from areas with adverse conditions

 Too much or too little ________ is the major factor

 People living in a __________ plain can be dangerous
 Many places don’t get any water and the __________ endanger food supply
 The “______________” in the U.S. Midwest in the 1930’s is an example
Intervening Obstacles
 Intervening obstacles are factors that __________ migration

 ____________ factors use to be the most common

 People couldn’t migrate around __________ or through ________ or ________

 Today, __________ factors are the largest
 People need the correct paperwork including __________ or ______
Distance of Migration
Internal Migration
 Internal migration is when people move to another region within the _________ country

 The ________-decay principle states that people are less likely to travel to far places

 Due to this, internal migration is much more ________

 People find it less traumatic to move within their country, due to familiar:
1. 3.
2. 4. .
 Interregional migration
1.
2.
 Intraregional migration
1.
2.

2
International Migration
 There are two types of international migration
1. 2. .
 Voluntary Migration
1.
2.
 Forced Migration
1. People are compelled to leave by __________ factors
2. Usually by ________ actions of individuals or groups
 International Migration is more likely to occur in a stage ____ society
1. Migration patterns in stage ____ are due to ____________ change
2. International and ____________ migration become important
3. Advances in agricultural technology provoke people to move to ________
 Internal migration is much more likely in stage ____ and ____
1. ____________ movement is most common
2. Most people move from cities to _________
Characteristics of Migrants
 Most long distance migrants are _________
 Most migrants are ________ adults (unmarried, no kids)

Gender of Migrants
 It was theorized that males were much more likely to migrate

1.
2.
 This was true in the U.S. until the 1990’s
1. ____% of immigrants were ________ during 20th century
2. ____% of immigrants were ________ during 1990’s
 The same trend can be seen with the U.S. largest immigrant group, Mexicans
1. 1980’s –
2. 1990’s –
 These numbers reflect a change in the ___________ and ___________ in Mexico
 Women had been obliged to marry young and stay in the __________ to raise children
 Today, many of them migrate to the U.S.:
1.
2.
Family Status of Migrants
 It was also theorized that most migrants were ________ adults seeking work
 This pattern continues in the U.S.

1. 40% of immigrants are between the ages of ________ (23% of U.S. population)
2. 5% of immigrants are over the age of ______ (12% of U.S. population)
3. __________ immigrants are on the rise (more __________ coming)
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 Most of the Mexican immigrants
1.
2.
 Most Mexican illegal immigrants have ________ at home but can earn a better wage here
 Many employers like to hire these people because:
1.
2.
3.
Key Issue 2 Where are Migrants distributed
 3% of the world’s population are ____________ immigrants

 The U.S. is home to the __________ number

Global Migration Patterns

 Net in-migration at a Global scale  Net out-migration at a Global scale
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
 The pattern reflected is that ________ migrate to ________
 The U.S. is home to ____ million foreign-born people
1. ____% are from Latin America
2. ____% are from Asia
3. ____% of Latin immigrants are from Mexico
 Other countries with large immigration to the U.S.
1. 5.
2. 6.
3. 7.
4. 8. .
 Immigrants comprise about _____% of the U.S. population
 The U.S. has the largest number of immigrants, but some countries have a higher percentage:
1. Canada – 3. Kuwait –
2. Australia – 4. United Arab Emirates –
 Europe has about _____% immigrant population

U.S. Immigration Patterns

 The U.S. is overwhelmingly populated by direct descendants of ____________
 About ____ million people have migrated since ______
 About ____ million of them are still alive
 The U.S. has had three main eras of immigration:
1.
2.
3.

4
Colonial Immigration from England & Africa
 Africans were forced to migrate as __________
 The British were primarily responsible for the forced emigration

1. About __________ Africans were brought over prior to 1808

2. The importation of slaves was made illegal in ______
3. Another __________ Africans were forced here during the next half century
 Europeans were voluntary migrants:
1. The 1st settlers were at ____________ in Virginia
2. 1 million migrated to the colonies prior to ____________
3. 1 million from independence until ______
4. About ______ were from Great Britain
19th Century immigration from Europe
 There have been about _____ million European migrants in the last _____ years

 About _____ million have come to the U.S.

 The other 65 million went to more temperate zones where their ___________ methods could
be transplanted
 The total number of European immigrants to the U.S. __________ every year
 The total number of immigrants to U.S. by country:
1. Germans – million
2. Italy – million
3. United Kingdom – million
4. Ireland – million
5. Russia – million
st
1 peak of European Immigration
 The first peak occurred in the 1840’s and 1850’s

1. _____ million people migrated in that 20 year span

2. That’s more than ________ as many in the previous 250 years
 95% of the immigrants were from ________ and ________ Europe
1.
2.
nd
2 peak of European Immigration
 U.S. immigration declined as a result of the __________ War

 It began to pick up again during the ______ and peaked in the ______

 Again most were from __________ and __________ Europe

 This time there was a more even spread of countries, including Norway and ____________
 These countries were hitting stage ____ of the demographic transition
 People were forced to look elsewhere for jobs if they couldn’t find land to __________
3rd peak of European Immigration
rd
 The 3 peak of European immigration began in the late ________

 Nearly a million people a year immigrated to the U.S. in the 1 ____ years of the 1900’s
st

 More than _____ of the immigrants were European

 Most of them came from __________ and __________ Europe
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 __________, __________, and __________________were the main sources of immigrants
 These people came for the same reason north and western Europeans came before, the
_____________ of the industrial revolution
Recent Immigration from LDC’s
 Immigration to the U.S. halted during the Great _______________

 There was actually more __________ in the 30’s and 40’s

 Immigration began to pick up beginning in the 1950’s and especially during the _________

 The main source for these immigrants was ________ and Latin America

Immigration from Asia

 Only 1 million Asian immigrants came to the U.S. prior to _________
 Asian immigration to the U.S. soared after 1950:
1. 1960’s – 3. 1990’s –
2. 1970’s –
 Asia was the leading source of immigrants in the ________ and ________ until over taken
by Latin America
 40% of immigrants to ____________ are Asian
 Canada takes in ____ more immigrants per capita than the U.S annually
Immigration from Latin America
 Immigration from Latin America by era:
1. 1820 – 1960 = 2. 1960 – 2005 =
 Immigration from Latin America by decade:
1. 1950’s – per year 4. 1980’s – per year
2. 1960’s – per year 5. 1990’s – per year
3. 1970’s – per year 6. Since 2000 – per year
 Mexico passed __________ as the historical #1 exporter of people to the U.S. in _____
 The next largest sources of immigration from Latin America are:
1. 2. .
 The U.S. passed the Immigration Reform and Control Act of ________
 The act gave ________ to several hundred thousand illegal immigrants
Impact of Immigration on the U.S.
Legacy of European Migration
 The era of European immigration stopped in 1914 with ________
 European immigration accounted for

1.
2.
Europe’s Demographic Transition
 Many Europeans came to the U.S. after they entered stage _____
 During this time, smaller farms were consolidated, leaving many farmers without ______

 This was called the __________ movement in England

 Farmers with no land either:

1.
2.
 As European countries grew rapidly, the U.S took most of the excess _____________
 Now with many countries in stage ___, few countries have the need to send so many people
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Diffusion of European Culture
 65 million Europeans emigrated in the past 200 years
 They brought their culture and traditions with them to their new homes, including:
1. 3.
2. 4. .
 They have also created conflict by migrating to areas and imposing their traditions
 This has happened particularly in:
1. 2. 3.
Undocumented Immigration to the U.S.
 Legal immigration to the U.S. is at it’s highest level in ______ years

 The amount of people wishing to come to the U.S. is __________ than quotas allow

 As a result, many people are coming here __________

 These people are called ____________ immigrants
 It’s impossible to know the exact __________ of undocumented immigrants
 The Urban Institute estimates about 9.3 million in 2005:
1. 5.3 million from
2. 2.2 million from
3. 1 million form
4. ½ million from
5. ½ million from
 The Pew Hispanic Center estimates are around 11 million for 2005, including:
1.
2.
3.
 The Pew Hispanic Center estimates:
1.
2.
3.
 These undocumented immigrants account for about ______ of the U.S. labor force
 They constitute about:
1. 24% of 3. 14% of
2. 17% of 4. 12% of
 There are two sources for how undocumented immigrants get here:
1. 50% are here on student ________ and stay after expiration date
2. 50% slip across ________ undetected
 Crossing the border has not been difficult
1.
2.
3.
 The heaviest law enforcement is:
1.
2.
3.
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 Once in the country illegal immigrants can purchase papers for as little as ______
 The Immigration Reform and Control Act was passed in 1986
1. Allowed all immigrants to apply for permanent residence if they were here since _______
2. Made further illegal immigration more difficult by ____ and ________ of employers
3. Not many took advantage because they feared rejection and ___________
Destination of Immigrants Within the U.S.
 More than ½ of all immigrants are clustered in 4 states
1. 3.
2. 4.
 The overall breakdown of immigrant destinations
1. ___% in California
2. ___% in Texas and Florida
3. ___% in New York, Illinois, Georgia, and New Jersey
4. ___% in the remaining 42 states
 There are several factors that influence where immigrants go
1.
2.
3.
 Many immigrants go to a place that is closer to where they come from
1.
2.
 Chain Migration is when people of the same ethnicity settle where previous _________ have
 Prospects of a ______ will also influence where people migrate
 For example Mexicans move to the _________ for unwanted industrial jobs
Key Issue 3 Why do migrants face obstacles?
 The biggest issue facing immigrants in history has been the travel
 Today, migrants get to their destination primarily by car or plane
 There are 2 major problems faced by immigrants today
1. Getting permission by the local government to enter
2. Facing hostile attitudes of citizens

Immigration Policies of Host Countries

 There have been 2 modern policies of governments towards immigration
1.
2.
U.S. Quota Laws
 Unrestricted immigration to the U.S. ended with the __________ Act of 1921

 It established _______ amounts of people who could migrate from each country per ___

 The quota was set at _____ of the amount of native people already living in U.S.
 This limited the number of people in the Eastern Hemisphere to __________
 This system lasted until the __________
 These laws were used to ensure the majority of immigrants remained from ____________
 The law was ________ several times
8
 1. 1968 – quota by __________ was replaced by quota per __________
2. 1978 – that was replaced by __________ quota of __________
3. Current Law – global quota of __________ (with ____ limit on any one country)
 There are several people who get preferential treatment
1.
2.
3.
4.
 Policies giving preferential treatment to skilled workers has created “________ ________”
 This where many talented and educated individuals leave their home countries for
opportunities in the ______ or ________
 Some examples of people with a college education:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Temporary Migration for Work
 Guest workers are very popular in __________ and the ______________
 Examples of percentages in Europe:

1. 50% in
2. 15% in
3. 10% in
 About __________ immigrants enter Europe legally every year
 About __________ immigrants enter Europe illegally every year
 Guest workers help an economy by taking ______ others would not
 It also helps their native country:
1.
2.
 The largest movement between countries is 750,000 __________ to Germany

Time-Contract Workers
 Workers who come to a country for work for a period of time, usually until a job is ________
th
 This was done extensively by ___________ immigrants in the 19 century

 __________ were particularly active as time-contract workers

Distinguishing Between Economic Migrants & Refugees

 It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between someone who is:

1.
2.
 The distinction is important because many countries treat the two groups differently
 __________ are given special priority

9
Emigrants from Cuba
 The U.S. regarded emigrants from Cuba as ____________ refugees since ______

 It was in 1959 that Fidel Castro seized power and control of ______ businesses and banks

 More than __________ Cubans were admitted to the U.S. in the following few years
 Fidel Castro put a stop to the flood of migration until ______
 He decided to allow political ___________ and criminals to leave
 Within a few weeks more than __________ Cubans headed for the U.S. in what became
known as the __________ boatlift
 South Florida was overwhelmed with the flood of ____________
 They either needed to find families or a sponsor or they were sent to a __________ to wait
 Beginning in 1987 the U.S. agreed to a __________ of 20,000 Cubans a year

Emigrants from Haiti

 After the Mariel boatlift in 1980, many _______________ tried to come to the U.S.

 The U.S. did not see these people as political refugees, they saw them as ______ migrants

 Because of this they were ______ allowed to stay in the U.S.

 The migrating Haitians ______ the U.S. government and the U.S. allowed them in
 In 1991 military leaders overthrew an _______ president and 1000’s again fled to the U.S.
 They would be admitted to the U.S. if:
1.
2.
 In 1994 the U.S. invaded and ensured a democratic election, yet
1.
2.
Emigrants from Vietnam
 The U.S. evacuated Vietnam in April of __________
 The South Vietnamese who supported the U.S. were vulnerable to ___________ by the north

 As the U.S. fled Saigon, many Vietnamese were taken by helicopter to ____ vessels nearby

 Many were not able to get on the helicopters and tried to escape by ______
 The people who fled into the South China Sea were known as the ______ people
 They hoped _____ naval vessels would pick them up
 The navy didn’t pick these people up because they knew they would have a claim as _______
 In the late ______ another wave of boat people attempted to leave Vietnam
 Many of them drowned, but some made it to their destinations
1.
2.
Cultural Problems Faced While Living in Other Countries
 Even when an immigrant is admitted to a new country, their problems are not __________
 Many are subject to __________ or __________ persecution in their new home

U.S. Attitudes Toward Immigrants

 Every group that has come to the U.S. has faced ____________

 The early _________ and _________ immigrants were not liked in the 1850’s
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 In 1910, the Italian, Russian, and Polish were viewed as dirty and ____________
 Recently, the people in California have voted to deny undocumented immigrants access to
____________ services
Attitudes Toward Guest Workers
 Most European guest workers suffer from __________ living conditions

 Their main purpose is to send money back ______

 As a result they don’t have much for ________ and ________

 They are very isolated due to ________ and cultural barriers
 Although both sides view the move as temporary, it’s often more ________
 Many western Europeans ______ guest workers
 Political parties who have ______ guest workers have gained popularity in many countries
 Kuwait:
1.
2.
3.
 The British brought Indians to ______ in the early 1900’s
 These groups got along very well for nearly a century
1.
2.
 The Indian population surpassed the natives and they took ____________ control of the
government in 1987
 The ______ of Fiji seized control and ____________ ensured that the natives would
control parliament
 There are many places where ________-immigrant talk occurs
 Many believe that kicking out immigrants would
1.
2.
 The truth is, there is no ________ evidence that this is true

Key Issue 4 Why do people migrate within a country?

 Internal migration is much ________ likely than international migration

 Interregional migration is usually from ______ to ______

 Intraregional migration is usually from an older ______ to a new one

Migration Between Regions of a Country

 ____________ migration was the most prevalent
 Farmers moved from densely populated areas to the _______________
 Today people move between regions for ________

Migration Between Regions Within the U.S.

 The most popular example of large-scale interregional migration was the settling of the U.S.

________

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Changing Center of Population
 The U.S. __________ Bureau calculates the center of population

 This is the middle point of population ______-west & ______-south

 The population center was east of Baltimore in ________
 Westward expansion was slowed by:
1.
2.
 The center of population steadily moved ____________ with westward expansion
Early Settlement in the Interior
 Transportation improvements of the ________ century moved the population center

 The ________ Canal was the best example

 It made travel from New York to the Great Lakes __________ and relatively cheap

 People began to move to the west for the cheap ________

 By 1880 the population center was near _______________ Ohio

 Many people were lured all the way to __________ by the gold rush
 Many stopped east of the Mississippi in forested areas with over 40 inches of ____________
 They chopped down the trees and used the wood to build ________ and ________
 As they moved further west, they ran into an area with only ___ inches of rain and no forest
 They called this area the Great American ________ and considered it unfit for agriculture
 Today we call that region the ________ ________ and it is some of the best farmland
in the world
Settlement of the Great Plains
 From 1830-1880 the population center moved west at a rate of about _____ miles per year

 After 1880 the population center began to move west by only ___ miles per year
 This was due to 2 things:

1.
2.
 The settling of the Great Plains was aided by technology:
1.
2.
3.
 The expansion of _______________ helped to encourage westward migration
 The ____________ government granted large plots of land to these companies
 They in turn sold much of the land to ___________
 Between 1950 and 1980 the population center began to move west by about __ miles per year
 The center of population moved west of the Mississippi for the first time in ______
 Today it is ___ miles west of the Mississippi
Recent Growth of the South
 The population center moved nearly due west from 1790 to 1920
 After 1920 the population center began to move south
 People have been lured to the south for 2 reasons:
1. 2. .
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 Migration of African Americans followed a different path
1. They migrated to the ________ during the 20th century
2. Today migration is ________ among African Americans
3. Whites have been much more likely to migrate ________ than ________
 Since 2000, the migration south has halted
 Job opportunities are shifting equally among all regions
Migration Between Regions in other Countries
 Other countries have used ___________ to help settle their land as well

Russia
 The former Soviet Union had a policy of constructing factories near ____________ resources

 Russia’s far northern region is very rich in ___________

 The far north, including Siberia, contains:
1. 2. .
 The government used a policy of _________ migration to try to settle these remote areas
 More recently they tried a system of incentives to get ____________ migration
 These incentives include:
1. 2. 3. .
 These incentives failed because:
1. 2. .
 With the breakup of the Soviet Union, the government no longer sets “optimal” locations for
____________
Brazil
 Most Brazilians live on the _______________ coast

 The interior of the country is ____________ populated

 In an attempt to settle the interior, the government changed it’s capital from Rio to ________
600 miles inland
Indonesia
 Indonesia tried to encourage migration from the Island of ________ to less populated islands

 Java contains nearly _____ of the country’s population

 The government began a program where they gave away:

1.
2.
3.
4.
 This program was largely unsuccessful in lowering Java’s large population ____________
 One reason was that much of the land given away is not suited for ____________
Europe
 Many countries in Europe have large population __________ and sparsely settled areas
 Italy
1. Most move from __________ to __________ for job opportunities
2. The north has a ____ unemployment rate compared to ____ in the south
3. The south has only _____ of the national income

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 England
1. England has the same situation as Italy, except the ____________ is wealthier
2. The north was the first to __________
3. The industries in the north are __________
India
 India ____________ migration of people
 They especially limit migration or visitation to the state of ____________

Migration Within One Region

 Migration within the same region is much more ____________
 Since 1800 the most popular type of migration is from rural areas to ____________
 The percent of people in the U.S. living in cities has grown dramatically
1. 1800 – 2. 1920 – 3. 2000 –
Migration from Rural to Urban Areas
 Migration to urban areas is much more prevalent in __________

 Recently there has been migration to cities in ________

 Growth of cities in LDC’s

1. 50% from ________ 2. 50% from ______ ______

 About 20 million people a year migrate to __________ worldwide
 Migration to one of the world’s largest cities, Sao Paulo, has reached ________ annually
 Many of these people cannot find housing and have to live in squatter settlements known as
__________
 These settlements lack running __________ and __________
Migration from Urban to Suburban Areas
 In MDC’s intraregional migration is primarily from older cities to ____________

 There is __________ as many people moving from cities to suburbs than the other way

 As a result, the amount of land occupied by cities has ____________

 Farmland on the outskirts of cities has been used to build __________
 The reasons for this movement is not economic, instead people move to suburbs for:
1.
2.
3.
Migration from Metropolitan to Nonmetropolitan Areas
 Recently we have seen a trend called ______________

 This means that there is net-in migration from cities to ________ areas
 This movement is again due to ____________ choices
 Today, no place in a MDC is completely __________
 Transportation systems and the ____________ have ended isolation of rural residents
 ____________ are the most likely group to move to a rural area
 Today, counterurbanization in the U.S. has ____________

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