This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2197 − 16
Standard Test Method for
Adhesion of Organic Coatings by Scrape Adhesion1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2197; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3. Summary of Test Method
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the adhe- 3.1 The materials under test are applied at uniform thickness
sion of organic coatings such as paint, varnish, and lacquer to flat panels, usually sheet metal of uniform surface texture.
when applied to smooth, flat (planar) panel surfaces. After drying, the adhesion is determined by pushing the panels
beneath a rounded stylus or loop that is loaded in increasing
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the amounts until the coating is removed from the substrate
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information surface.
only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 4. Significance and Use
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 4.1 Coatings to perform satisfactorily must adhere to the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- substrates on which they are applied. This test method has been
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- found useful in differentiating the degree of adhesion of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. coatings to substrates. It is most useful in providing relative
ratings for a series of coated panels exhibiting significant
2. Referenced Documents differences in adhesion.
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 4.2 Studies performed in a laboratory using the loop stylus
D609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels specified in the previous edition showed meaningful adhesion
for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and data were impossible when loads of 10 to 20 kg were required
Related Coating Products to break the surface of a solvent based coating. The chrome
D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness plated loop stylus chattered and skipped across the coating
of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels surface when loads of this magnitude were required. Similar
D1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick- meaningless data were obtained when powder coatings were
tested that required more than 10 kg to break the surface.
ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
Therefore, testing under these conditions is not applicable.
D7091 Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry
Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to
5. Apparatus
Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coat-
ings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals 5.1 Application Equipment, as described in Practices D823.
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in 5.2 Film-Thickness Measuring Apparatus, as described in
ASTM Test Methods Test Method D1005 or Practice D7091.
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
5.3 Balanced Beam, Scrape Adhesion Tester (Figs. 1 and 2),
Determine the Precision of a Test Method consisting of a balanced beam to which is secured a platform
for supporting weights, and a rod at an angle of 45° that holds
the scraping loop. The rod shall be set so that the scraping loop
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint contacts test surfaces directly below the weights. The loop
and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of shall be 1.6-mm (1⁄16-in.) diameter rod, bent into a “U” shape
Subcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016. Published January 2017. Originally with an outside radius of 3.25 6 0.05 mm (0.128 6 0.002 in.)
approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D2197 – 13. DOI: and hardened to Rockwell HRC 56 to 58, and shall be a smooth
10.1520/D2197-16.
2
finish. The loop can be either chromium plated, nickel plated,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, [Link], or
or heat treated polished steel, as agreed upon between the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@[Link]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on purchaser and the supplier. These testers are adjustable to
the ASTM website. accommodate flat, metallic, and nonmetallic specimens to
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D2197 − 16
FIG. 1 Balanced-Beam Scrape-Adhesion Tester
FIG. 2 Balanced Beam Scrape Adhesion and Mar Tester
12-mm (0.5-in.) thick and 100 to 400 mm (4 to 16 in.) wide and unless otherwise specified or agreed by the seller and the
long; the specimen should be at least 12-mm (1⁄2-in.) wide. purchaser. Test at least two replicate specimens of each
material.
6. Preparation of Specimens
8. Procedure
6.1 Apply the materials under test to panels of the compo-
sition and surface condition on which it is desired to determine 8.1 When using the instrument shown in Fig. 1, level the
adhesion. The panel material (6.1.1), surface preparation, base plate of the apparatus and place it so that the weight
thickness, and number of coats shall be specified or agreed holder is toward the operator. This places the beam release on
upon by the seller and the purchaser. Apply uniform coatings the operator’s right and allows freedom to move the test
and air dry or bake under conditions of humidity and tempera- specimen manually under the weighted scraping element
ture mutually agreeable to the seller and purchaser. Either mask (loop). Adjust the main bearing support so that the beam is
the panel or remove material after application, so that 13 mm balanced in the horizontal plane when the loop is just touching
(1⁄2 in.) at one end of the panel is uncoated. the specimen surface.
6.1.1 The surface of the panel must be hard enough that it 8.2 Raise the beam and lock it. Wipe the loop with clean
will not be damaged by the scraping loop. If no panel material cloth or chamois. Place a test panel on the sliding platform so
is specified, use 0.8-mm (0.032-in.) cold-rolled carbon steel that it may be moved away from the operator and the uncoated
prepared in accordance with Methods B or C of Practice D609. portion is toward the main beam support. Place weights on the
weight support using an initial amount that is estimated to be
7. Conditioning and Number of Tests appropriate for the particular coating. Carefully lower the beam
7.1 Condition the test panels for at least 48 h at 23 6 2°C until the loop rests on the uncoated portion of the test specimen
(73.5 6 3.5°F) and 50 6 5 % relative humidity, and test in the and the full load is applied, then slowly (1 to 2 s/in.) push the
same environment, or immediately on removal therefrom, sliding platform away from the operator for a distance of at
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D2197 − 16
TABLE 1 Film Thickness (microns)
Repeatability Reproducibility
Standard Standard Repeatability Reproducibility
Material AverageA Deviation Deviation Limit Limit
X̄ sr SR r R
Panel Set A and C 52.1 4.2 4.6 11.7 12.8
Panel Set B and H 123.7 6.8 17.4 19.0 48.7
Panel Set D and GB 35.8 7.3 23.7 20.4 66.3
A
The average of the laboratories’ averages.
B
Only five laboratories reported.
TABLE 2 Load (kg)
Repeatability Reproducibility
Standard Standard Repeatability Reproducibility
Material AverageA Deviation Deviation Limit Limit
X̄ sr SR r R
Panel Set A and C 2.30 0.30 1.14 0.83 3.18
Panel Set B and HB 6.39 0.42 2.67 1.17 7.47
Panel Set D and GC 2.54 0.59 1.07 1.65 2.99
A
The average of the laboratories’ averages.
B
Only five laboratories reported.
C
Only four laboratories reported.
least 75 mm (3 in.). If the coating is removed, continue the E691 was followed for the design and analysis of the data; the
testing, using successively smaller loads (0.5-kg increments) details are given in ASTM Research Report No. RR:D01-
until the coating is not removed. If the coating is not removed 1181.3
by the initial scrape, continue the testing, using successively 10.1.1 Repeatability (r)—The difference between repetitive
larger loads (0.5-kg increments) until the coating is removed or results obtained by the same operator in a given laboratory
until the maximum load of 10 kg has been applied. Use a new applying the same test method with the same apparatus under
area of the test surface each time a scrape is made. constant operating conditions on identical test material within
8.3 When the critical load has been approximately located, short intervals of time would in the long run, in the normal and
repeat the test five times at each of three loadings: above, correct operation of the test method, exceed the following
below, and at the load determined in the first trial. Use the values only in one case in 20.
replicate specimen to apply different loads in random fashion [Link] Repeatability can be interpreted as maximum dif-
so the same load is not made in succession. ference between two results, obtained under repeatability
8.3.1 Periodically examine the loop to ensure that the conditions that are accepted as plausible due to random causes
original smooth surface is intact. If the contacting surface is under normal and correct operation of the test method.
worn, reverse the loop. When both sides are worn, replace with [Link] Repeatability limits are listed in Table 1 and Table
a new loop. 2.
10.1.2 Reproducibility (R)—The difference between two
8.4 For each applied load, tabulate the number of times the single and independent results obtained by different operators
coating was removed or adhered. The load where the scrape applying the same test method in different laboratories using
results change from mainly adhering to mainly removed, different apparatus on identical test material would, in the long
ignoring the first 13 mm (1⁄2 in.) of the scratch if the coating run, in the normal and correct operation of the test method,
was removed, is the adhesion failure end point. exceed the following values only in one case in 20.
[Link] Reproducibility can be interpreted as maximum
9. Report
difference between two results, obtained under reproducibility
9.1 Report the following information: conditions that are accepted as plausible due to random causes
9.1.1 Load in kilograms at the adhesion failure end point, under normal and correct operation of the test method.
9.1.2 Panel material and surface preparation, [Link] Repeatability limits are listed in Table 1 and Table
9.1.3 “U” shape loop surface finish, 2.
9.1.4 Dry-film thickness, and 10.1.3 The above terms (repeatability limit and reproduc-
9.1.5 Any deviation from the specified procedure. ibility limit) are used as specified in Practice E177
10.1.4 Any judgment in accordance with statements 10.1.1
10. Precision and Bias
and 10.1.2 would have an approximate 95 % probability of
10.1 The precision of this test method is based on an being correct.
interlaboratory study of D2197, Standard Test Method for
Adhesion of Organic Coatings by Scrape Adhesion, conducted 3
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
in 2015. Six laboratories tested three panel pairings. Every be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D01-1181. Contact ASTM Customer
“test result” represents an individual determination. Practice Service at service@[Link].
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D2197 − 16
10.2 Bias—At the time of the study, there was no accepted Panel set D: Epoxy Coating
reference material suitable for determining the bias for this test Panel set H: Polyurethane Coating
method, therefore no statement on bias is being made. Panel set G: Epoxy Coating
10.3 The precision statement was determined through sta- 10.4 To judge the equivalency of two test results, it is
tistical examination of 64 test results, from 6 laboratories, on 3 recommended to choose the panel set type closest in charac-
pairings of materials. The materials used were described as the teristics to the test panels.
following:
Panel set A: Acrylic Coating 11. Keywords
Panel set B: Polyurethane Coating 11.1 adhesion; balanced-beam scrape adhesion tester;
Panel set C: Acrylic Coating scrape
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